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GUIDE TO NON-‐INVASIVE VENTILATION
INITIAL SETTINGS
• If patient has had NIV as inpatient on
past admissions, the settings used can be found in the Electronic Medical Record
• When interpreting these pressures, please note that some ventilators use differing nomenclature To convert, utilize the following diagram
• If patient has not been on NIV before, start with • IPAP = 10 cmH2O • EPAP = 5 cmH2O • O2 titrated to SpO2 of 88-‐94%
If issues with mask fitting, ask respiratory unit staff for help
TITRATIONS
IPAP or PS Over 5 minutes, titrate IPAP/PS to achieve Tidal Volume of 6ml/Kg Ideal Body Weight
• •
•
if after 15mins respiratory rate is >25 breaths/min , éIPAP to éTidal Volume by 1ml/kg (every 15 minutes) to a maximum of 8ml/kg if there is a persistent/worsening respiratory acidosis on hourly blood gases (venous pH <7.30, arterial pH <7.35)éIPAP to éTidal Volume by by 1ml/kg every hour to a maximum of 8ml/kg IPAP (PEEP+PS) should not exceed 20cmH2O as gastric insufflation likely
EPAP/PEEP Decrease FiO2 to 30% and titrate EPAP & FiO2 (BP allowing) every 5 minutes according to the following FiO2/ePAP scale to achieve SpO2 of 88-‐94%
Specific patient populations. OBSTRUCTED LUNGS (ASTHMA/COPD): EPAP/PEEP should not exceed 10cmH2O as if PEEP exceeds intrinsic PEEP, dynamic hyperinflation and gas trapping likely. If machine allows, éI:E ratio to >1:4 and é inspiratory flow rate to > 60L/min to allow greater time for exhalation HYPERTENSIVE APO: Both BPAP and CPAP are equally effective in treating APO. Start ePAP/PEEP at 10cmH2O and titrate up while rapidly titrating up high-‐dose IV GTN to the patient’s normal BP. IV diuretic only if patient clinically overloaded. Avoid in patients with low BP (cardiogenic shock) ACUTE INTERSTITIAL OPACIFICATION (MULTILOBAR PNEUMONIA/ARDS): likely to need ePAP/PEEP at 10cmH2O. May not prevent eventual respiratory failure-‐ be aware for early intubation/ palliation MORBID OBESITY: Patients on home CPAP may be on very high pressures (up to 20cmH2O-‐ check notes) to act as upper airway splint preventing apnoeas. This is not to assist with oxygenation/ventilation which may require less pressure but still likely to be PEEP >10 cmH2O.
Please discuss with your consultant if the patient has • FiO2 requirement >60% for more than 2 hours • ePAP/PEEP > 10cm H20 • IPAP/PEEP+PS > 20cm H20 • respiratory acidosis that is not improving • patient is tiring/ ê GCS as patient may be failing NIV and may made need intubation or palliation