GRAV GRAVITY BASED BAS ED POWER GENERA GENERATION A SEMINAR REPORT SUBMITTED BY
PRAKHAR PANDEY In partial fullment for the award of the degree Of
Bachelor of Engineering IN ELECTRICAL AND AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
AT PS Institute OF Technology and Science Depat!ent o" EN Kanpu April!"#$
CERTIFICATE
We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the B.Tech. ech. Major Major
#a$ity ty %ased %ased Po&e Po&e roje roject ct Repo Report rt entit! entit!ed ed " #a$i
#eneation#$ in partia! f%!&!'ent of the re(%ire'ents for the award of the the
Bach Bache! e!or or
of
Techn echno o!ogy !ogy
in
E!ect !ectri ric ca!
)
E!ec !ectro tronics ics
Engi Engine neer erin ing g and and s% s%b' b'it itte ted d to the the *epa *epart rt'e 'ent nt of E!ec E!ectr trica ica!! ) E!ectronics Engineering of +IT, -anp%r is an a%thentic record of 'y own work carried o%t d%ring the Acade'ic year /012,13
The 'atter presented presented in this Report Report has not been s%b'itted s%b'itted by %s for the award of any other degree e!sewhere. rakhar andey 4ro%p 5eader 4ro%p,16 This is to certify that the abo7e state'ent 'ade by the candidate is correct to the best of 'y know!edge.
Signature of Supervisor(s) Date:
Sawan Kr. Kr. Sharma
Supervisor(s
Project
Dr. Anshuman Tyagi Dr. Tyagi 8ead E!ectrica! ) E!ectronics Engineering *epart'ent *epart'ent
(I) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my privilege to express our sincerest regards to our project guide, Mr. Sawan Kumar Sharma, for their valuable inputs, able guidance, encouragement, whole-hearted cooperation and constructive criticism throughout the duration of our project. We deeply express our sincere thans to our !ead of "epartment Dr. Anshuman Tyag for encouraging and and allo allowi wing ng us to pres presen entt the the pro project ject on the the topi topicc # GRAV GRAVITY BASED BASED POWER POWER GENERATION$ at our department premises for the partial fulfillment of the re%uirements leading to the award of &-'ech degree. We tae this opportunity to than all our lecturers who have directly or indirectly helped our project. We pay our respects and love to our parents and all other family members and friends for their love and encouragement through out our career. ast but not the least we express our thans to our friends for their cooperation and support.
(II) ABSTRACT
onserving energy has become the biggest issue in present scenario. "ue to the development and moderni*ation the electricity demand is increasing at high extent. 'o fulfil this demand globally which is without any harmful effect on environment is possible by using gravity power power generation. generation. 'he reason behind generating power by using gravity is that it is available all over the earth. omparing to the other sources lie chemical, thermal and other sources gravity is wea, is scalable. 'his weaness is due to uniformity, or steady state of our interactions with grav gravity ity.. +s grav gravity ity is wea wea as comp compare ared d to the the othe otherr sour source ces, s, it cann cannot ot be effi efficie cientl ntly y converted into electrical energy or in the other form. 'he concept of gravity power generation is simple. 'he basic concept of gravity power generation mechanism is, when a body moves down from higher altitude to lower one its potential energy is converted into inetic energy. 'his motion is converted into circular motion and that circular motion is converted into electricity by using + /+'0/1. 0ur aim is to create a solution that is affordable - without locing people into ongoing costs 2 but not at the expense of %uality or elegant design. ravity ight offers people an opportunity to brea the fuel poverty cycle cause by erosene lamps. 'his starts a positive cycle - of money saved, increased productive hours and improved health. In parallel, by replacing erosene lamps, ravityight eliminates the carbon dioxide and blac carbon these emit. In recent times due to effects of pollution and global warming there is a need for generating power from renewable sources. 'he reason for generating power using gravity is that it is available all over the arth, abundant and consistent too. In this project, the gravitational energy of a heavy particle is converted to the electrical energy. When the heavy particle falls down from a higher altitude a ltitude to a lower one, its potential energy is converted into the inetic energy. 'hen this energy is converted to electricity by using a synchronous motor. With the increasing of the altitude of the load, the lighting time increases. If load increases, power production also increases, but the lighting time decreases.
(III) TABLE O! CONTENTS Cha"#$r N%.
T#&$
Pag$ N%.
ertificate
I
+cnowledgment
II
+bstract
III
3.
Introduction
-43
5.
iterature 0verview
-46
7.
Woring mechanism
-48
3. !or"ing
#
%$3.& 'acuation
#&
3.3 esut
#3
1ystem "esign
-39
9.3 !ardware
-39
9.
6.
;.
*.. Synchronous Synchronous +otor
#*
*..& ,icyce whee
#-
*..3 ,a ,earing
#&$
*..* Puey ,et
#&
*.. /oa0
#&*
*..1 /2D
#&
*.. esistors
#&1
*..% 'apacitor
#&-
*..- ectifier
#3$
+dvantage : +pplication
-77
. A0vantages
#33
.& Appications
#33
onclusion : 1cope
-79
<.
/eferences
-7;
C'APTER (
INTROD)CTION
"uring the last few decades power re%uirement has reached to high extent, for various purposes, due to ever increasing population, development and moderni*ation. =ower can be harnes harnessed sed throug through h variou variouss method methodss using using /enewa /enewable ble energy energy source source or on-/e on-/enew newabl ablee energy source. &ut all this method used to produce electricity, have their own limitations and energy can be grasped only in a specific %uantity and only for some extent. 'herefore there is vital need for having a source which would generate power overcoming these limitations. ravity is one such source which can serve our purpose. ravitational force is force that attracts any object with mass. 'he primary objective is to provide a gravity power generation mechanism which can continuously convert gravity potential energy into inetic energy. 'his motion motion is conver converted ted into into circula circularr motion motion and is then then conver converted ted into into electri electricity city using a generator. 'hus 'hus in this paper we are a re mainly concerned with study of power generation using a techn techni% i%ue ue whic which h prod produc uces es powe powerr from from grav gravity ity forc force. e. ravi ravity ty engi engine ne is a free free ener energy gy generator that apparently harnesses power of gravity and use it to mae mechanical wor. ven today, after advancement of science and technology, more than 3 billion people do not have access even to basic electricity. 'hat is almost 3 among every 6 people. 'hese people use other costly and harmful resources lie erosene to light their homes. ravity being one of the fundamental forces of nature is available everywhere across the arth. urrently it is a dream to meet all energy re%uirements of the world. &ut when we have a light that gives free, clean energy at least the basic re%uirement of millions of people will be fulfilled. ow a days due to the effects effects of pollution pollution and global global warming warming there is a need for generating power from renewable sources. "ue to the availability of gravity all over the earth, abundant and consistent it is very suitable to generating power by using gravity. nergy dema demand nd is incr increas easin ing g day by day with with rapi rapid d grow growth th in indu industr strial iali*a i*ati tion on as well well as moderni*ation. &ut the energy resources are gradually decr easing at high extent. Within a few years the energy resources resources will be finished and hence there will be lac of fuel (coal, wood, wood, water, etc.) for power generation. 'he other renewable sources such as solar, wind, biomasses etc. are available only for a particular duration of time during the day and night. 'herefore the gravity gravity power power generat generation ion is one of the method method to generat generatee powers powers which which fulfil fulfil energy energy demands and re%uirements of present time. It is possible to deflect gravitational action away from an object so that the object is partially deviated. 'hat effect maes it possible to extract energy from the gravitational field, which maes the generation of gravitational electric power technologically feasible. 1uch plants would be near about similar to hydro-electric plants. ravitational electric power plant has advantages over the hydro-electric
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plan plant, t, such such as not not need needin ing g of fuel fuel and and not not pollu polluti ting ng the the envi enviro ronm nmen ent. t. !owe !oweve ver, r, the the gravitational electric plant would be much smaller than hydro-electric plants. 'he location of that plant would not be restricted to suitable water elevations and gravitational electric power plants and their produced energy would be much expensive. If the gravitational power electric generation comes under operation and woring then it can replace all existing nuclear and fossil fuel plants and it would essentially solve the problem of global warming to the extent it is caused by fossil fuel used. +pproximately 3>7 of the World?s population is off-grid (having no access to mains power). 'his situation is not set to change in the near future, according to the World World &an and the World !ealth 0rganisation, and is identified as a major obstacle to the proliferation of education, and recognised as a limiting factor for growth in developing economies. 'he vast proportion of existing solutions for heat and light in remote, re mote, off-grid, areas a reas rely on bio-mass (carbon-based fuel sources). oncerns over ecological impact aside, a reliance on burning biomass for lighting (specifically oil) is expensive, eeping millions in fuel poverty, is unhealthy (producing toxic fumes and poor %uality light) and dangerous (fire).
'he charity 1olar +id identified erosene (nown in the @A as paraffin) as the predominant, bio-mass fuel source burned for lighting across developing +frican nations. 'hey also identified some obstacles to the adoption of alternatives to erosene that seemed to exist. onse%uently, they formulated a brief for us to design a non-erosene powered product that they felt would be more readily adopted by end users in these marets. 'his project was started in mid-5448. 'hey had observed that many individuals own traditional erosene lamps lamps and have usage usage pattern patternss that that are highly adapted adapted to these these device devices, s, such such as night night fishermen who hang the robust, tin (and fragile glass) products on the end of long poles, erected at the prow of fishing boats. 1olar-aid felt that if these erosene lamp bodies could be adap adapte ted d to run run off off a nonnon-bi biom omas asss powe powerr sour source, ce, whil whilee maint maintai aini ning ng fami familia liarr prod produc uctt semantics, consumer acceptance would be more widely, and %uicly, achieved. In addition to this, this, 1olar 1olar +id +id identi identified fied a price price barrier barrier,, and suggested suggested that that any solution solution should should have have maximum target retail.
=urchase, as and when the opportunity arose, without the need to save-up. 'his was seen as ey due to the lac of consumer credit mechanisms in their target marets. astly, they felt that an additional benefit to the adaptation of existing erosene lamps would be access to funding mechanisms within the carbon credits scheme for which they could %ualify, where they hoped to trade carbon credits through demonstrating %uantities of converted lamps that no-longer relied on carbon-based fuel sources.
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Big. 3.3 Bunctional bloc diagram of gravity based power generation
(.( Wha# Is Gra*#y P%w$r G$n$ra#%n 'he generation of power by using gravity as a form of energy is nown as gravity power generation. 'his is of the most latest practice to deploy supply to the remote area a rea which are too far from substations and are unable to get the supply. !ence this techni%ue provide with power supply in hilly areas where its impossible for f or a transmission line to reach and by using the natural phenomenon of gravity the power can be generated.
(.+ N$$, O- Gra*#y P%w$r G$n$ra#%n 'he motion of celestial bodies such as a moon, the earth, the planets etc. has been a subject of great interest for a long time. Bamous Bamous Indian +stronomer and mathematician, this motion motion and wrote wrote his conclu conclusio sion. n. +bout +bout a thousan thousand d years years after after +ryabh +ryabhat, at, the brillia brilliant nt combination combination of 'ycho 'ycho &raheC369; &raheC369;-3;43 -3;43DD and Eohanaase Eohanaase AeplerC36<3 AeplerC36<3-3;7 -3;74D 4D studied studied the planetary motion in great detail. (7)
'hey all came to point that there must be a force responsible for such a motion. 'he year 3;;6 was very fruitful as a %uestion strie before 1ir Issac ewton, that what is the force that produces this accelerationF 'hus this force that pulls objects toward centre of the earth was found out and proved, to be named as, ravitational force. Garious mechanisms are further developed to utili*e this gravitational force for producing re%uired power. Haximo ome*-acer have designed a system of obtaining electricity by means of use of the force of gravity, by incorporating pendulums whose weight and velocity provide energy for electricity generation. +nother such mechanism is developed by hun-han Wang CAaohsiung ityD which which generat generates es energy energy using using gravity gravity conver conversio sion n unit unit that that produc produces es positi positive ve tor%ue tor%uess by adopting adopting outward-spr outward-spreadin eading g single directional directional swing arms and reduces the negative negative tor%ues tor%ues by cooperating with folding action of single directional directional swing arms.
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C'APTER +
LITERAT)RE OVERVIEW
NEED AND ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES nergy is usually defined as the ability to do wor. 'his is an anthropocentric and utilitarian perspective of energy however, it is a useful definition for engineering where the aim of machines machines is to convert energy to wor. +s a more general description, description, we would say that that ener energy gy is a fund fundam amen ental tal entit entity y whos whosee avail availab abili ility ty and and flow flow are are re%ui re%uired red for for all all phenomena, natural or artificial. artifici al. +n understanding of how energy is generated and measured is central central to our decisio decisions ns concern concerning ing the use and conserv conservati ation on of energy energy.. argearge-scal scalee production of energy evolved over centuries but grew radically in the last 944 years and especially since the Industrial /evolution. + century of development and commerciali*ation of electric power technology has ensured an easy supply, and continuous measurement. nergy is derived in usable forms from numerous sources, such as flowing water, fossil fuels (e.g., coal and natural gas), uranium, and the sun. lectricity is a widely used form of energy. +ny of these sources can be used to generate electricity. i%uid fuels such as gasoline and diesel derived from fossil fuels are a widely used source of energy. 'hese fuels form the basis of our easy transport transportati ation. on. + comple complete te underst understand anding ing of the comple complexit xities ies of the energy energy system systemss within within the natura naturall enviro environme nment nt re%uir re%uires es nowle nowledge dge of some some basic basic physics physics and chemistry. +n energy system may be thought of as an interrelated networ of energy sources and stores of energy, connected by transmission and distribution of that energy to where it is needed. 'he transformation from stores of energy in food to wor, and subse%uent dissipation of energy is an example of such a system. 'he starting point of all energy in this Jfood chainJ or chainJ (considering only the vegetable and cereal part of our food) is the sun.
(6)
Big.5.3 atural nergy 1ources
'his natural energy system is part of a larger larger system that includes nutrients nutrients from the soil as input, other energy for cooing as input, etc. Bigure 3 is drawn to show the parts of transformation of this initial solar energy up to its final dissipation and one storage system (fossil fuels). + complete concept map would show all the other factors. 'he numerous energy systems in nature include the food chain, the climate and ocean systems, and the cycles of various various materials such as water, water, carbon, and nitrogen. Host of the energy systems currently in use, both natural and man-made, originate in the arth-1un relationship. 'he fossil fuels we use today are stores of solar energy. =hotosynthesis is an example of solar radiant energy transformed into stores of chemical energy that plants and animals (including humans) use to maintain themselves. themselves . 'he conversion of solar radiant nergy 1ystem 5 energy through photosynthesis is a fundamental natural energy system. 'he food chain is an example of a natural, solar based energy system that has sustained human life on arth. 0ften we tae for granted that energy will always be available for us to use. We fail to recogni*e the complexities of the energy systems that drive these environmental phenomena and sustain life on arth. We are intricate parts of the system as end users, completing the dissipation of energy to forms that are so spread out that it is impossible to use that energy again. Bossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) result from a transformation of plant and animal material over millions of years. 'he solar energy originally stored in the plant or animal is eventually converted into energy stored in carbon and hydrogen bonds of the fossil fuel. 'he fuels that too millions of years to mae are being used at an enormously rapid rate. Bossil fuels and fuels lie uranium are JspentJ once they are used to obtain energy. 'hese are called non-renewable non-renewable sources of energy. energy. +lthough +lthough new plants plants can be planted planted that eventually turn to coal, the process taes millions of years and that is why coal and other fossil fuels are considered non-renewable. (;)
1olar and wind energy arrive or circulate air on the arth everyday. 'hese sources are called renewable. Wood and trees used as fuel are called renewable, because they can be replanted. !owever, when we use them so that the rate of use far exceeds the rate of replenishment (trees tae time to grow), referring to these sources as JrenewableJ can be a misnomerK misnomerK nergy nergy use in each human human activity has grown exponentially exponentially since the early days of human civili*ation. Bor example, technological capabilities enable us to travel more and process more food. Bigure 7 shows the amount of energy (in calories) we spend for each calor calorie ie of food food we get. get. It show showss that that techn technol olog ogies ies have have mech mechan ani* i*ed ed and and made made large large production systems of cultivation and fishing. 'hese systems involve large expenditures of energy. 'his shows that for wet rice production in +sian countries, it taes between 4.45 and 4.3 calories of energy to produce 3 calorie worth of rice as food. arge-scale food production consumes enormous amounts of energy. Bor example, it taes over 5 calories of energy input to produce 3 calorie worth of eggs in large-scale farms, and it taes 34-36 calories of input for every calorie worth of beef produced in the @.1.. ote how the intensity of energy consumption for @.1. food production has grown almost ten-fold in the 54th century. +dd to this the fact that for every calorie of energy our body gets, we have to tae in over 6 calories worth of food. We are intricate parts of the system as end users, completing the dissipation of energy to forms that are so spread out that it is impossible to use that energy again.
/(0R$n$wa1&$ S%ur2$s O- En$rgy
+ rene renewa wabl blee natu natural ral resou resource rce is one one that that can can be rene renewe wed, d, or reple repleni nish shed ed in a reasonable amount of time (in years or a human-life span), once it has been used. /enewable energy is generated from natural sources (sun, wind, rain, tides, and vegetation) vegetation) and can be generated again and again when needed. It is generally replenished naturally. Bor example, trees are a renewable resource because once a tree is removed and used, a new tree can grow in its place
(<)
C'APTER 3
W%r4ng M$2hansm 3.( w%r4ng (. + gravity power generation mechanism comprisingL + gravity energy conversion conversion unit including a transmitting transmitting member, the transmitting transmitting member circulating correspondingly to a direction of gravity and being installed with a plural plurality ity of single single directi directiona onall swing swing arms arms outsid outsidee thereof thereof,, the gravity gravity energy energy conversion unit producing a larger positive tor%ue by casting the single directional arms outwards and producing a smaller negative tor%ue by cooperating with an inward-folding action of the single directional swing arm, so as to continuously cast the single directional arms by means of gravity, after being cast, the single directional swing arm, under the action ac tion of gravity, continuously descends from high to low, so as to mae mae the the conn connec ecte ted d tran transm smit ittin ting g memb member er cont contin inuo uous usly ly oper operate ate too, too, thus thus converting converting gravity potential potential energy energy into inetic inetic energy energy and then transmit the inetic inetic energy out to perform an energy conversion power generation.
'he gravity gravity power power generat generation ion mechan mechanism ism as claimed claimed in claim claim 3 furthe further r +. 'he comprising a power generating unit, the power generating unit including a generator which is driven by the transmitting member of the gravity energy conversion unit, and the power generating unit converting energy to generate electricity by use of the generator.
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3. 'he gravity power generation mechanism as claimed in claim 5, wherein the gravity energy conversion unit includesL at least two wheel members which are pivotally disposed along the direction of gravity at least one transmitting member which is installed on the wheel members and a plur plurali ality ty of sing single le dire directi ction onal al swing swing arms arms whic which h are posi positi tion oned ed outs outsid idee the the transmitting member by single directional pivot seats, and the single directional pivot seats only allow the respective single directional arms to pivotally rotate in opposite direction of the transmitting member.
gravity power generation generation mechanism mechanism as claimed in claim claim 7, wherein 5. 'he gravity the single directional swing arms are e%uidistantly positioned outside the transmitting member by use of the single directional pivot seats. gravity power generation mechanism as claimed in claim 7, wherein the respective sing single le direc directi tion onal al swin swing g arms arms is insta installe lled d with with a grav gravity ity memb member er,, each each sing single le directional swing arm includes at least one swing rod and a pivot rod that are pivotally coupled to each other, an outer end of the swing rod is disposed with the gravity member, and the other end of the swing rod utili*es an axial elongated pivot hole thereof to restrict a pivot pin of the pivot rod, the pivot rod is pivotally coupled to and restricted by the single directional pivot seat, and the swing rod and the pivot rod have a predetermined extension distance there between to generate an extension inertial force. 6. 'he gravity power generation mechanism as claimed in claim 7, wherein the single directional pivot seats only only allow the the respective single directional directional swing arms to be pivotally folded M4 degrees in opposite direction of the transmitting member, and the respective single directional swing arms freely rotate within a hori*ontal and vertical angle with respect to the transmitting member.
(M)
Big. 7.3 + gravity power generation system
gravity power generation mechanism mechanism comprisingL comprisingL a gravity energy conversion conversion 7. + gravity unit including a transmitting member, the transmitting member utili*ing a plurality of wheel members to circulate correspondingly corre spondingly to a direction of gravity, the transmitting member being installed with a plurality of single directional swing arms outside thereof, the gravity energy conversion unit produces a larger positive tor%ue by casting the single directional arms outwards and produces a smaller negative tor%ue by cooperating with an inward-folding actio action n of the the sing single le direc directi tion onal al swin swing g arms, arms, so as to mae mae the the transm transmitt ittin ing g memb member er continuously self-generate energy and a power generating unit including a connecting shaft and a generator, one end of the connecting shaft being connected to the wheel members of the gravity energy conversion unit and driven by the wheel members, the connecting shaft transmits rotational inetic energy to the generator, at this moment, the generator rotates to generate electricity. 'he gravity gravity power generat generation ion mechan mechanism ism as claimed claimed in claim claim <, wherein wherein the 8. 'he gravity energy conversion unit includes two wheel members, a transmitting member and a plurality of single directional swing arms, the two wheel members are pivotally disposed along the direction of gravity and the transmitting member is mounted on the two wheel members, the transmitting member and the two wheel members are drivingly lined to each other other,, the the sing single le direc directi tion onal al swin swing g arms arms utili utili*e *e singl singlee direc directi tion onal al pivo pivott seats seats to be e%uidistantly positioned outside the transmitting member, and the single directional pivot seats only allow the respective single directional swing arms to pivotally rotate in opposite direction of the transmitting member, (34)
each single directional swing arm includes at least one swing rod and a pivot rod that are pivotally coupled to each other, an outer end of the swing rod is disposed with a gravity member, and the other end of the swing rod uses an axial elongated pivot hole thereof for restricting a pivot pin of the pivot rod, and the pivot rod is pivotally coupled to and restricted by the single directional pivot seat to generate an extension inertial force the power generating unit includes a connecting shaft, a fly wheel and a generator, the connecting shaft is installed with an universal joint, and one end of the connecting shaft is connected to the wheel members of the gravity energy conversion unit and driven by the wheel members, the connecting shaft transmits rotational inetic energy to the generator after using the fly wheel to enhance inertial force.
'he grav gravity ity powe powerr gene generat ratio ion n mecha mechani nism sm as claim claimed ed in claim claim <, wher wherein ein a 9. 'he configuration path of the wheel members and the transmitting member of the gravity energy conversion unit is allowed to be similar to a round shape, an elliptic shape, a rectangular shape or a triangular shape and is designed correspondingly to the direction of gravity.
(:. 'he gravity power generation mechanism as claimed in claim <, wherein the transmit transmittin ting g member member and the wheel wheel member memberss of the gravity gravity energy energy conver conversio sion n unit unit are designed as a cooperation of a chain and chain wheels, a cooperation of a belt and pulleys or a cooperation of a wheel rail belt and driving delivery wheels.
Big.7.5 + gravity power generation system
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3.+ Ca&2u&a#%ns
'he diagram above has +r, &r and r areL +r N rotational speed of the small pulley + with the generator attached, (9) &rN rotatio rotational nal speed speed of the large large pulley pulley &,(7) &,(7) rN rotatio rotational nal speed speed r of the small small sprocet that?s attached to the large pulley (5). &y starting with the generator, in this case a synchronous motor is used. When it is turned the shaft of a motor, the motor acts lie a generator, producing electricity. 'here is a small pulley that is attached to the generator shaft and its diameter is 6.56 cm. and circumference circumference is 3;.6 cm. ow there needs a rotational speed for the small pulley of 6-; /=H to find some combination of large pulley with attached small pulley (or sprocet in this case), and possibly more than one of them that would cause a mass to fall at a reasonably slow speed for long enough to light the " for a reasonably long time .
Big. 7.7 @sing 3 g of load, the potential energy of the load for an altitude of 396 cm, 2p cm, 2pNmass Nmass Ogravity constant Oheight of the load Nmgh N mghN N 3g O M.83 ms-5 O 3.96m N39.57 E 'his potential energy is converted to the electrical energy by the generator. !ence, enerator output NGoltage NGoltage Ourrent flow Otime of load landingN45t landingN 45t N7.5 N7.5 GO 35 m+ O 95 s N 3.;5 E 'he height from where the load is falling by the gravity is, hN 396cm. 'ime re%uired to fall the load, t N 95 s. !ence, velocity of the falling mass, vN 7.96 cm per second. fficiencyN (0utput energy >Input nergy)P344Q N (3.;5E>39.57E)P344Q N33.57Q
(35)
3.3 R$su&#s Bor 3g of load from a height of 3.96m the input energy is 39.57 E and the output by the generator is 3.;5E. !ence the efficiency of gravity powered light is 33.57Q. 1ome o6servationa graph are graph are made from the gravity light for different weights are given belowL
Big. 7.9 raph between 'ime to !eight
Big. 7.6 raph between Goltage to Weight
(37)
C'APTER 5
SYSTEM DESIGN =ower generation is done through various methods, some of which uses /enewable energy sources and some use on /enewable nergy /esources. &ut all this methods can be used to produce the lectrical energy only for some extent. 'he energy generated from /enewable sources is also not continuous throughout the day for 59hrs.'herefore a source through which energy can be harvested continuously for 59hrs is to be found. ravity is the force that is present on the earth at every instant of time, hence with suitable mechanism it can be used as a source to generate lectrical energy. +n arrangement is made in such a way that the Ainetic nergy of a body due to the gravitational force is converted into electrical energy.
5.( 'ar,war$ In the above system following are some of the hardware which are used 3. 1ynch 1ynchro rono nous us machi machine ne 5. &icy icycle cle Wheel eel 7. &all all &e &earin ring 9. =ull =ulley ey and and &elt &eltss 6. oad ;. 1tee 1teell Blat Blat &ar <. " ight 8. /esistor M. apacitor 34. /ectifi /ectifier er
5.(.( Syn2hr%n%us ma2hn$ 5.(.(.( Syn2hr%n%us m%#%r
'he synchronous electrical generator (also called alternator) belongs to the family of electric rotating rotating machines. 0ther members of the family are the direct current (dc) motor or generator, the induction motor or generator, and a number of derivatives of all these three. What is common to all the members of this family is that the basic physical process involved in their operation is the conversion of electromagnetic energy to mechanical energy, and vice versa. 'herefore, to comprehend the physical principles governing the operation of electric rotatin rotating g machin machines, es, one has to underst understand and some some rudimen rudiments ts of electric electrical al and mechan mechanical ical engineering (39)
Th$%ry %- %"$ra#%n
When the motor is supplied with a.c. power supply, the stator poles get energised. 'his in turn attracts (opposite) the rotor poles, thus both the stator and rotor poles get magnetically interloced. It is this interloc which maes the rotor to rotate at the same synchronou synchronouss speed with the stator poles. 'he synchronous synchronous speed of rotation rotation is given by the expression sN354f>= sN 354f>=.. When the load on the motor is increased gradually, the rotor even though runs at same speed, tends to progressively fall bac in phase by some angle, #RJ, called the oad +ngle or the oupling +ngle. 'his oad angle is dependent on the amount of load that the motor is designed to handle. In other words, we can interpret as the tor%ue developed by the motor depends on the load angle, #RJ.'he electrical woring of a 1ynchronous Hotor can be compared to the transmission of power by a mechanical shaft. In the figure are shown two pulleys, #+J : #&J. =ulley #+J and the pulley #&J are assumed to be eyed on the same shaft. =ulley #+J transfers the power from the drive through the shaft, in turn maing the pulley #&J to rotate, thus transferring power to the load.
Big. 9.3 "etailed setch of synchronous motor
+ permanent magnet synchronous gener generator ator is a generator generator where where the excitation field is provided by a permanent magnet instead of a coil. 'he term synchronous refers here to the fact that the rotor and magnetic field rotate with the same speed, because the magnetic field is generated through a shaft mounted permanent magnet mechanism and current is induced into the stationary armature (36)
1ynchronous generators are the majority source of commercial electrical energy. 'hey are are comm common only ly used used to conv conver ertt the the mech mechan anic ical al powe powerr outp output ut of stea steam m tur turbin bines es,, gas turbines,, reciprocating engines and turbines engines and hydro turbines into electrical power for the grid. 1ome designs of Wind turbines also turbines also use this generator type. type .
Big 9.5 /otor movement In the majority of designs the rotating assembly in the centre of the generatorSthe Jrotor JScontains JScontains the magnet, and the JstatorJ is the stationary armature that is electrically connected to a load. +s shown in the diagram above, the perpendicular component of the stator field affects the tor%ue while the parallel component affects the voltage. 'he load supplied by the generator determines the voltage. If the load is inductive, then the angle between the rotor and stator fields will be greater than M4 degrees which corresponds to an increased generator voltage. 'his is nown as an overexcited generator. 'he opposite is true for a generator supplying a capacitive load which is nown as an under excited generator. + set of th thre reee co cond nduc ucto tors rs ma mae e up th thee arm armatu ature re wi wind ndin ing g in sta stand ndard ard ut utili ility ty e% e%ui uipm pment ent,, constituting three phases of a power circuitSthat correspond to the three wires we are accustomed to see on transmission lines. 'he phases are wound such that they are 354 degrees apart spatially on the stator, providing for a uniform force or tor%ue on the generator rotor. 'he uniformity of the tor%ue arises because the magnetic fields resulting from the induced currents in the three conductors of the armature winding combine spatially in such a way as to resemble the magnetic field of a single, rotating magnet. 'his stator magnetic field or Jstator fieldJ appears as a steady rotating field and spins at the same fre%uency as the rotor when wh en th thee ro roto torr co cont ntai ains ns a si sing ngle le di dipo pole le ma magn gnet etic ic fi fiel eld. d. 'h 'hee tw two o fi fiel elds ds mo move ve in JsynchronicityJ and maintain a fixed position relative to each other as they spin. 'hey are nown as synchronous generators because f, the fre%uency of the induced voltage in the stator (armature conductors) conventionally measured in hert*, hert*, is directly proportional to /=H, the rotation rate of the rotor usually given in revolutions per minute (or angular speed). If the rotor windings are arranged in such a way as to produce the effect of more than two magnetic poles, then each physical revolution of the rotor results in more magnetic poles moving past the armature windings. (3;)
ach passing of a north and 1outh =ole corresponds to a complete JcycleJ of a magnet field fiel d osc oscilla illatio tion. n. 'h 'here erefore fore,, the constant constant of pro propo portio rtionali nality ty is whe where re = is the number number of magnetic rotor poles (almost always an even number), and the factor of 354 comes from ;4 seconds per minute and two poles in a single magnet
Big 9.7 =hasor "iagram of Hotor 'his information can be used to determine the real and reactive power output from the generator.
Big. 9.9 =hasor diagram
In a permanent magnet generator, the magnetic field of the rotor is produced by permanent magnets. 0ther types of generator use electromagnets to produce a magnetic field in a rotor winding. 'he direct current in the rotor field winding is fed through a slip-ring assembly or provided by a brushless exciter on the same shaft. =ermanent magnet generators (=Hs) or alternators (=H+s) do not re%uire a " supply for the excitation circuit, nor do they have slip rings and rings and contact brushes. + ey disadvantage in =H+s or =Hs is that the air gap flux is not controllable, so the voltage of the machine cannot be easily regulated. + persistent magnetic field fie ld imposes safety issues is sues during assembly, field service or repair. !igh performance permanent magnets, themselves, have structural and therma the rmall issu issues. es. 'or or%ue %ue cur curren rentt HHB vec vector torially ially combines combines wit with h the per persist sistent ent flu flux x of permanent magnets, which leads to higher air-gap flux density and eventually, core saturation. In these permanent magnet alternators the speed is directly proportional to the output voltage of the alternator.
enerators may be classified by method of excitation, number of phases, the type of rotation, and their application. (3<)
By $;2#a#%n
'here are two main ways to produce the magnetic field used in the alternators, by using permanent using permanent magnets magnets which which create their own persistent magnetic field or by using field coils.. 'he alternators that use permanent magnets are specifically called magnetos coils magnetos.. In other alternators, wound field coils form an electromagnet electromagnet to to produce the rotating magnetic field. +ll devices that use permanent magnets and produce alternating current are called =H+ or permanent magnet alternator. + Jpermanent magnet generatorJ (=H) may produce either alternating current, or direct current if it has a commutator . If the permanent magnet device maes only + current, it is correctly called a =H+.
Dr$2# 2%nn$2#$, DC g$n$ra#%r
'his method of excitation consists of a smaller direct-current direct-current (") (") generator fixed on the same shaft with the alternator. alternator. 'he " generator generator generates a small amount amount of electricity electricity just enough to e7cite the e7cite the field coils of the connected alternator to generate electricity. + variation of this system is a type of alternator which uses direct current from the battery for excitation, after which the alternator is self-excited. Trans-%rma#%n an, r$2#-2a#%n
'his method depends on residual magnetism retained in the iron core to generate wea magnetic field which would allow wea voltage to be generated. 'he voltage is used to excite the field coils for the alternator to generate stronger voltage as part of its build up proc process ess.. +fter fter the the init initia iall + volt voltag agee build build-u -up, p, the the field field is supp supplie lied d with with rectified voltage from the alternator. Brush&$ss a&#$rna#%rs
+ brushless alternator is composed of two alternators built end-to-end on one shaft. 1maller brushless alternators may loo lie one unit but the two parts are readily identifiable on the large versions. 'he larger of the two sections is the main alternator and the smaller one is the exciter. 'he exciter has stationary field coils and a rotating armature (power coils). 'he main alternator uses the opposite configuration with a rotating field and stationary armature. + bridge rectifier , called the rotating rectifier assembly, is mounted on the rotor. either brushes nor slip rings are used, which reduces the number of wearing parts. 'he main alternator has a rotating field as described above and a stationary armature (power generation windings). Garying the amount of current current through through the stationary stationary exciter field coils varies the 7 phase output from the exciter. 'his output is rectified by a rotating rectifier assembly, mounted mounted on the rotor, and the resultant resultant " supplies supplies the rotating rotating field of the main alternator alternator and hence alternator output. 'he result of all this is that a small " exciter current indirectly controls the output of the main alternator. arly !onda four-cylinder motorcycles (&<64B, (&<64B, &764B, &764B, &644B, &644B, &664B) used a brushless !itachi 544W alternator. alterna tor. 'his had a fixed JrotorJ winding on the outer cover the outer end of the iron core was a disc that closed the outer rotor pole. 'he rotor comprised two intermeshed six- pole JclawsJ welded to and spaced apart by a non-magnetic ring. It bolted directly to the end of the five-bearing cran by the hub of one pole. 'he other pole had an open end to receive the stator winding. (38)
'he outer cover also mounted the three-phase stator windings. 'he magnetic circuit had two auxiliary air gaps between the rotor and its stationary core. 'he regulator was a conventional automotive type with vibrating points. +s it had no slip rings, it was very compact and rugged, but due to the auxiliary air gaps, it had poor efficiency.
A""&2a#%ns %- Syn2hr%n%us M%#%rs •
•
'hese motors are used as prime movers (drives) for centrifugal pumps, belt-driven reciprocating compressors, +ir &lowers, =aper Hills, rubber factories etc., because of their high efficiency : high speeds (r.p.m above ;44). ow speed 1ynchronous motors (r.p.m below ;44), are widely used for driving many positive displacement pumps lie screw : gear pumps, vacuum pumps, chippers, metal rolling mills, aluminium foil rolling machine
5.(.+ B2y2&$ wh$$&
+ bicycle wheel cons consis ists ts of a centra centrall hub and and a roun round d rim, rim, join joined ed by a numb number er of spoes. spoes. 1poes radiate from the hub to the rim, where they are anchored in a screw-thread attachment called a nipple. &y nipple. &y tightening and loosening the nipples, it is possible to bring the wheel bac into round (vertical true) or remove a side to side wobble (lateral true). 1poes may be arranged in a variety of patterns, of which three-cross, four-cross and radial are the most common. 'he pattern affects the strength, weight and characteristics of the wheel but is not particularly relevant to the process of truing.
Big .9.6 + bicycle wheel
(3M)
5.(.3 Ba&& B$arng
&all bearings are pretty simple. +t their very simplest, they?re made with just three partsL two rings and the balls that are held between them. !owever, that can mae for a pretty crappy bearing, because the the balls with rub against each other and friction is bad if you want your bearing to wor efficiently. !ere is a nice illustration of the parts of a ball bearing. Tou Tou should definitely definite ly clic on this lin and loo at the picture, because it provides a better explanation of bearing parts than I could ever put into text form. 1o, go clic on the picture. Brom this point forward, I am going to assume that you now the names of the parts in that picture. Eust a note, that the JseparatorJ in the picture is sometimes referred to as a JcageJ, so don?t be confused if you see me refer to a cage. Bas2a&&y< #h$r$ ar$ 3 #y"$s %- 1$arngs •
1teel>Hetal - 'hese are the basic metal bearings that most people are familiar with. very part of the bearing (or almost every part) is made with a type of steel. &earings can be made with chrome steel, stainless steel, or carbon alloy steel.
•
to steel types is available here here.. 1ometimes in metal bearings, the cage is made with nylon.
•
'eramic 'eramic - 1ometimes called Jfull ceramicJ bearings, every part of ceramic bearings are made with ceramic. 'he most common material is silicon nitride.
•
8y6ri0 - 'hese bearings are made with ceramic balls, but have steel inner and outer rings (hence the name).
•
Pastic Pastic - I now I said there are three types of bearings, but I?m including this one just in case anyone has a %uestion about it. =lastic bearings are all plastic and made with nylon, sometimes with glass balls. 'hey?re cheap and lightweight, but you don?t want to use it in your spinner. "on?t "on?t do it. Tou?re Tou?re probably going to have a bad time.
Man A,*an#ag$s an, Dsa,*an#ag$s #% Ea2h Ty"$
Stee9+eta •
=rosL ow cost, lots of variety and widely available
•
onsL !eavy, noisy, noisy, can lac chemical resistance (depending on type t ype of steel)
8y6ri0 'eramic •
=rosL ighter weight than full-metal bearings, more resistant to corrosion, corrosion, less noise, less vibration
•
onsL xpensive
(54)
u 'eramic •
=rosL !igh speed and acceleration capacity, long-lasting, reduced need for lubrication, %uiet, low vibration, lightweight
•
onsL Host expensive
Pastic •
o.
Big.9.; &all &earing
5.(.5 Pu&&$y an, B$&#s +s long as a conveyor system performs as itUs meant to, it goes unnoticed, which is a tad tad iron ironic ic cons consid ider erin ing g the the impo importa rtanc ncee of this this e%ui e%uipm pment ent with within in a busi busine ness ss vent ventur ureU eUss production chain. ItUs only when the mechanism stutters to a halt that we give the apparatus the credit it deserves. In the industrial realms where %uarried rocs and ore-rich aggregate are conveyed along steel-laced conveyor belts, the parts list weUre proposing rises exponentially, positioning high horsepower electrical motors next to precisely engineered pulleys. &elt cleaner cleanerss and convey conveyor or guards guards act as supple supplemen mentary tary compon component entss while while load load chutes chutes and discharge bucets sit at either end of this ilometres long belt system, eeping the chain of movement flowing from ore seam to surface processing stations. ItUs hard to discriminate between these parts when theyUre sitting in a sub-surface mine mine beca becaus usee they theyUre Ure mas mased ed by toug toughe hene ned d conv convey eyor or belt beltss and and narro narrow w subt subterr erran anean ean chambers, but bystanders can easily see the importance of pulleys if they stop and loo closely. 'he pulleys appear round when viewed at their profile edges, but the shape resolves to a long cylinder passing beneath the conveyor belt if more light is added to the scene. 'he rolled cylinders support the belt, lifting and moving the strip hori*ontally forward or through angled inclines. Burther pulleys are strategically located at set intervals along the strip of moving material, acting as deflecting and belt tracing managers until the belt reaches the return pulley, at which point rollers and tensioning mechanisms eep the system tuned. (53)
ItUs this configuration of pulleys and belts that determine the carriage characteristics of transported raw material.
Big. 9.< + pulley system + set of pulleys assembled so that they rotate independently on the same axle from a bloc. 'wo 'wo blocs blocs with a rope attached to one of the blocs and threaded through the two sets of pulleys form a bloc a bloc and tacle. tacle. + bloc and tacle is assembled so one bloc is attached to fixed mounting point and the other is attached to the moving load. 'he ideal mechan mechanical ical advan advantage tage of of the bloc and tacle is e%ual to the number of parts of the rope that support the moving bloc. In the diagram on the right the ideal mechanical advantage of each of the bloc and tacle assemblies shown is as followsL •
un 'acleL 5
(55)
Big. 9.8 'acle of "ifferent 'ypes 'ypes
•
uff 'acle
•
"ouble 'acleL 9
•
ym 'acleL 6
•
'hreefold purchaseL ;
ROPE AND P)LLEY SYSTEM + rope and pulley systemSthat is, a bloc a bloc and tacle Sis characterised by the use of a single continuous rope to transmit a tension force around one or more pulleys to lift or move a loadSthe rope may be a light line or a strong cable. 'his system is included in the list of simple machines identified by /enaissance scientists. If the rope and pulley system does not dissipate or store energy, then its mechanical advantage is advantage is the number of parts of the rope that act on the load. 'his can be shown as follows. onsider the set of pulleys that form the moving bloc and the parts of the rope that support this bloc. If there are p are p of of these parts of the rope supporting the load !; then a force balance on the moving bloc shows that the tension in each of the parts of the rope must be !9p. 'his !9p. 'his means the input force on the rope is T N!9p. 'hus, !9p. 'hus, the bloc and tacle reduces the input force by the factor p. factor p.
(57) 'he simplest theory of operation for a pulley system assumes that the pulleys and lines are weightless, and that there is no energy loss due to friction. It is also assumed that the lines do not stretch. In e%uilibrium, the forces on the moving bloc must sum to *ero. In addition the tension in the rope must be the same for each of its parts. 'his means that the two parts of the rope supporting the moving bloc must each support half the load.
5.(.6 L%a,
oad may refer toL •
1tructural load, load, forces which apply to a structure
•
argo,, paraphernalia being transported argo
•
Hechanical load, load, the external mechanical resistance against which a machine, such as a motor or engine, acts
•
lectrical load, load, a device connected to the output of a circuit
•
lectronic load, load, a simulated electrical load used for testing purposes
•
oad (computing), (computing) , a measure of how much processing a computer performs
•
=reload (disambiguation), (disambiguation), various meanings
•
+fterload, a medical term describing the maximum effect of a heartbeat driving blood +fterload, mass out of the heart into the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
Big. 9.M + load (some weight)
In e%uilibrium, the forces on the moving bloc must sum to *ero. In addition the tension in the rope must be the same for each of its parts. 'his means that the two parts of the rope supporting the moving bloc must each support half the load.
(59)
5.(.= LED &gh#
ight emitting emitting diodes ("s) were first developed developed in the 3M;4s, but only in the past decad decadee have have "s "s had had suff suffici icien entt inte intens nsity ity for for use use in more more than than a hand handfu full of ligh lighti ting ng applica applicatio tions ns (1trin (1tringfel gfellow low and raford raford 3MM<), 3MM<), and s pecifie pecifiers rs are confro confronte nted d with with an increas increasing ing number number of lighti lighting ng produc products ts that that incorp incorpora orate te "s "s for certain certain applica applicatio tions. ns. =rimarily, these applications have taen advantage of the characteristics of "s that have made them most suitable for indication indication,, not illumination illumination (&ierman (&ierman 3MM8).
Big.9.34 + detailed view of "
W%r4ng %- LED
+ =- junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. 'he same process is reversed here (i.e. the =- junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). 'his phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence electroluminescence,, which can be
defined as the emission of light from a semi-conductor under under the influence of an electric field.. 'he charge carriers recombine in a forward-biased =- junction as the electrons cross field from the -region and recombine with the holes existing in the =-region. Bree electrons are in the conduction band of energy levels, while holes are in the valence energy band. band. 'hus the energy level of the holes will be lesser than the energy levels of the electrons.
(56) 1ome portion of the energy must be dissipated in order to recombine the electrons and the holes. 'his energy is emitted in the form of heat and light. 'he electrons dissipate energy in the form of heat for silicon and germanium diodes but in gallium arsenide phosphide (a+s=) phosphide (a+s=) and gallium phosphide (a= phosphide (a= semiconductors, the electro electrons ns dissip dissipate ate energy energy by emitti emitting ng photons photons.. If the semicon semiconduc ductor tor is transl translucen ucent, t, the junction becomes the source of light as it is emitted, thus becoming a light-emitting diode, but when the junction is reverse biased no light will be produced by the " and, if the potential is great enough, the device will be damaged.
Big. 9.33 Woring mechanism of "
5.(.7 R$ss#%r + resisto resistorr is a passive two-terminal electric electrical al compo component nent that implements implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias voltages, bias active active elements, and terminate transmission lines, lines, among other uses. !igh-power !igh-power resistors resistors that can dissipate many watts watts of of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators generators.. (5;) Bixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Gariable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity. /esistors are common elements of electrical of electrical networs and networs and electronic circuits and circuits and are ubi%uitous ubi%uitous in electro electronic nic e%uip e%uipment ment.. =rac =racti tical cal resis resisto tors rs as discr discrete ete compo compone nent ntss can be composed of various compounds and forms. /esistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.. circuits 'he electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistanceL common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. magnitude. 'he nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, tolerance, indicated on the component.
Big. 9.35 + resistor 'he behaviour of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified by 0hm?s lawL lawL 0hm?s law states that the voltage (G) across a resistor is proportional to the current (I), (I), wher wheree the the cons constan tantt of prop propor ortio tiona nalit lity y is the the resis resista tanc ncee (/). (/). Bor Bor exam exampl ple, e, if a 744 ohm ohm resistor resistor is attached across the terminals of a 35 volt battery, then a current of 35 > 744 N 4.49 amperes flows through that resistor. =ractical resistors also have some inductance and capacitance capacitance which which affect the relation between voltage and current in alternating current circuits. current circuits. 'he ohm ohm (symbolL (symbolL V) is the 1I 1I unit unit of electrical resistance, resistance, named after eorg 1imon 0hm.. +n 0hm +n ohm ohm is e%ui e%uiva valen lentt to a volt volt per per ampere ampere.. 1inc 1incee resist resistor orss are are speci specifie fied d and and
manufactured over a very large range of values, the derived units of milliohm (3 mV N 347 V), ilohm (3 V N 34 7 V), and megohm (3 HV N 34 ; V) are also in common usage.
(5<)
S$r$s an, "ara&&$& r$ss#%rs
'he total resistance of resistors connected in series is the sum of their individual resistance values.
Big. 9.37 1eries connection of /esistance 'he total resistance of resistors connected in parallel is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistors.
Big. 9.39 =arallel connection of /esistor Bor example, a 34 ohm resistor connected in parallel with a 6 ohm resistor and a 36 ohm resistor produces produces 3>3>34 X 3>6 X 3>36 ohms of resistance, or 74>33 N 5.<5< ohms. + resistor networ that is a combination of parallel and series connections can be broen up into smaller parts that are either one or the other. 1ome complex networs of resistors cannot be resolved in this manner, re%uiring more sophisticated circuit analysis. enerally, the T-Y transform, transform, or matrix methods can methods can be used to solve such problems. P%w$r ,ss"a#%n +t any instant, the power P ( P (watts) resistance resistance (ohms) (ohms) is calculated asL
consumed
by
a
resistor
of
where 4 (volts) (volts) is the voltage across the resistor and 5 and 5 (amps) (amps) is the current current flowing flowing through it. @sing 0hm?s law, law, the two other forms can be derived. 'his power is converted into heat which must be dissipated by the resistor?s pacage before its temperature rises excessively. /esistors are rated according to their maximum power dissipation. "iscrete resistors in solid-state electronic systems are typically rated as 3>34, 3>8, or 3>9 watt. 'hey usually absorb much less than a watt of electrical power and re%uire little attention to their power rating. (58)
5.(.8 Ca"a2#%r apacitors are two-terminal electrical elements. apacitors a conductors, usually conduction conduction plates - but any two conductors co nductors 2separated by an insulator- a dielectric - with connection wires connected to the two conducting plates. apacitors occur naturally. 0n printed circuit boards to wires running parallel to each other on opposite sides of the board form a capacitor. 'hat?s a capacitor that comes about inadvertently, and we would normally prefer that it not be there. &ut, it?s there. It has electrical effects, and it will affect your circuit.
Big. 9.36 apacitor
'ae two electrical conductors (things that let electricity electricity flow flow through them) and separate them with an insulator (a material that doesn?t let electricity flow very well) and you mae a capacitorL something that can store electrical energy energy.. +dding electrical energy to a capacitor is called charging releasing the energy from a capacitor is nown as discharging. + capacitor is a bit lie a battery a battery,, but it has a different job to do. + battery uses chemicals to store electrical energy and release it very slowly through a circuit sometimes (in the case of a %uart* watch) watch) it can tae several years. + capacitor generally releases its energy much much more more rapidly rapidlySof Soften ten in seconds seconds or less. less. If you?re you?re taing taing a flash flash photog photograp raph, h, for example, you need your camera to produce a huge burst of light in a fraction of a second. + capacitor attached to the flash gun charges up for a few seconds using energy from your camera?s batteries. (It taes time to charge a capacitor and that?s why you typically have to wait a little while.) 0nce the capacitor is fully charged, it can release all that energy in an instant through the xenon flash bulb. bulb. ZapK
apacitors come in all shapes and si*es, but they usually have the same basic components. 'here are the two conductors (nown as plates, largely for historic reasons) and there?s the insulator in between them (called the dielectric). 'he two plates inside a capacitor are wired to two electrical connections on the outside called terminals, which are lie thin metal legs you can hoo into an electric circuit.
(5M)
5.(.9 R$2#-$r + rect rectifi ifier er is an elect electric rical al devi device ce that that converts alt alterna ernatin ting g cur current rent (+) (+),, whic which h periodically reverses direction, dir ection, to direct current ("), which flows in only one direction. 'he process is nown as rectification. =hysically, rectifiers tae a number of input. Including vac vacuum uum tub tubee diodes diodes,, mer mercury cury-arc -arc val valves ves,, copp copper er and and sele seleni nium um oxid oxidee rectifiers. rectifiers. !istorically !istorically,, even synchronou synchronouss electromechanic electromechanical al switches switches and motors motors have been used. arly radio receivers, called crystal radios, radios, used a Jcat?s Jcat?s whiser J of fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena galena (lead (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or Jcrystal detectorJ.
Big. 9.3; + bridge bridge rectifier circuit
+ccording to the con conven ventio tional nal mod model el of of current flow flow (ori (origi gina nally lly estab establi lish shed ed by &enjamin Branlin and Branlin and still followed by most engineers today), current is defined to be positive when it flows through electrical conductors from conductors from the positive to the negative pole. In actuality, fre freee ele electr ctron onss in a conductor nearly arly alw always ays flow from the negati ative to the positive pole. In the vast majority of applications, however, the actual direction of current flow is irrelevant. 'herefore, in the discussion below the conventional model is retained. In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the left corner of the diamond is positive, and the input connected to the right corner is negative, current flows from the upper supply terminal to the right along the red (positive) path to the output, and returns to the lower supply terminal via the blue (negative) path.
(74)
Big. 9.3< &ridge rectifier polarity When the input connected to the left corner is negative, negative, and the input connected to the right corner is positive is positive,, current flows from the ower supply supply terminal to the right along the re0 (positive) (positive) path to the output, and returns to the upper supply terminal via the 6ue (negative) 6ue (negative) path.
Big.9.38 &ridge rectifier
In each case, the upper right output remains positive and lower right output negative. 1ince this is true whether the input is + or ", this circuit not only produces a " output from an + input, it can also provide what is sometimes called Jreverse polarity protectionJ.
(73) 'hat is, it permits normal functioning of "-powered e%uipment when batteries when batteries have been installed bacwards, or when the leads (wires) from a " power source have been reversed, and protects the e%uipment from potential damage caused by reverse polarity.
Big.9.3M +, half-wave half-wave and and full wave rectified signals.
=rior to the availability of integrated circuits, circuits, a bridge rectifier was constructed from Jdiscrete componentsJ, i.e., separate diodes. 1ince about 3M64, a single four-terminal component containing the four diodes connected in a bridge configuration became a standard commercial component and is now available with various voltage and current ratings.
(75)
C'APTER 6
ADVANTAGE ADVANTAGE AND APPLICAT APPLIC ATION ION
6.( A,*an#ag$s %- gra*#y 1as$, "%w$r g$n$ra#%n
ravity light needs no operating cost, so it can be operated as the demand of the light.
In the remote areas, it may play a great important role for the education as well as fulfilling the demand of the power. Horeover, the power can be stored in the battery so that it may give a great advantage to emergency situation.
+ non-renewable source of energy. energy.
Gery economical
Widely used in the areas of higher altitudes.
It does not need any repairing cost as it is very robust in nature.
6.+ A""&2a#%n A""&2a#%n %- gra*#y 1as$, "%w$r g$n$ra#%n
early our fossil fuel will reach to the extinction so the importance of renewable source of energy is very high.
0ne major advantage with the use of renewable energy is that as it is renewable it is therefore sustainable and so will never run out.
/enewable energy facilities generally re%uire less maintenance than traditional generators. 'heir fuel being derived from natural and available resources reduces the costs of operation.
ot only has this but it also helped in protecting protecting the environment as it is none polluting. 1o the power power generation using gravity shares a huge scope for the future
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C'APTER =
CONCL)SION AND SCOPE 'he present invention generally relates to a system and method for a gravity-driven electric generator having at least one envelope filled with a buoyant gas. In an embodiment, the gas containing envelope has an escape valve allowing a portion of the buoyant gas within the container to escape. When a critical amount of gas has escaped or is released from the envelope, the envelope descends along a support beam (or trac) via gravity. 'he descending envelope is connected to a power (or electric) generator. + valve on a reservoir containing the buoyant gas is then opened and the gas may refill the envelope. 'he filled envelope containing the buoyant gas then rises with respect to the outside environment. 'he rising apparatus apparatus then ascends either along a supporting supporting structure, structure, freely through through the air, or along a circular path until a portion of the gas in the envelope is released or compressed and the process repeats itself. In an embodiment, when a critical amount of the gas within the envelope has been compressed, the gas may be automatically or manually released from the envelope. In another embodiment, the envelope travels along a vertically-aligned circular-path which causes the apparatus to which it is connected to rotate about an axis. Hore specifically, the circular motion of the envelope produces electricity by turning a generator located at the center of the rotating apparatus. In still another embodiment, the entire apparatus descends in a free fall manner. In the preferred embodiment, the method of generating electricity has the steps ofL providing a shaft wherein the shaft is connected to an electric generator, providing an envelope wherein the envelope has an inlet valve and an outlet valve providing a source of a gas wherein the gas is inserted inserted into the inlet valve and released out of the outlet valve of the envelo envelope pe and wherein wherein the gas is buoya buoyant nt with with respec respectt to the surroun surroundin ding g enviro environme nment nt attaching the envelope to the shaft and allowing the envelope to rise with respect to the shaft releasing the buoyant gas from the envelope allowing the envelope to ascend or descend with respect to the shaft and producing an electrical current with the generator from the motion of the envelope along the shaft.
!ence by using the above system we can easily able to produce produce polluted polluted free power which can ease the life of people living in remote and hilly areas.
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SCOPE
early our fossil fuel will reach to the extinction so the importance of renewable source of energy is very high.
0ne major advantage with the use of renewable energy is that as it is renewable it is therefore sustainable and so will never run out.
/enewable energy facilities generally re%uire less maintenance than traditional generators. 'heir fuel being derived from natural and available resources reduces the costs of operation. ot only has this but it also helped in protecting protecting the environment as it is non polluting. 1o the power power generation using gravity shares a huge scope for the future
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RE!ERENCES
Introduction about the fume generationsL httpL>>www.a*ocleantech.com>article.aspxF+rticleI"N79M("ate of accessL 1ep 54, 5436) =resentation about the light powered by ravityL www.ema*e.com>[+ZZZI>ravity-ight("ate www.ema*e.com>[+ZZZI>ravity-ight("ate of accessL 1ep 54, 5436 Hr. /aesh 1. +mbade, Hr. /oushan =rabhaar, Hr. /upesh 1. 'ayade, #+ /eview on ravity =ower eneration$, 5nternationa eneration$, 5nternationa
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