TABLE OF CONTENTS – CON LAW I I. FRAMIN FRAMING G AND AND INTERP INTERPRET RETA ATION OF CONST CONSTITU ITUTIO TION, N, AND AND THE POWERS OF THE COURTS ............................................................................2 a) #) &)
The Cons!"! Cons!"!on..... on............ .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .................... .............................2 ................2 A$$%oa&hes o Ine%$%e!n' he Cons!"!on............................................................2 The Ro(e Ro(e o o he he Co"%s Co"%s !n !n he Cons!" Cons!"!ona( !ona( F%a*e+o%... F%a*e+o%.......... ............. ............. .............. ............. ..........2 ....2 Ma%#"%- . Ma/!son 0134) $'. 22..............................................................................2 /) Uses o 5"/!&! 5"/!&!a( a( Re!e+...... Re!e+............ ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ...........2 .....2 e) L!*!a! L!*!a!ons ons on he Po+e%s Po+e%s o he Fe/e%a( Fe/e%a( Co"%s....... Co"%s.............. ............. ................. ................................2 .....................2 ) A/!so%A/!so%- O$!n!ons, O$!n!ons, San/!n', San/!n', an/ Po(!!&a( Po(!!&a( 6"es!on 6"es!on Do&%!ne... Do&%!ne.......... ..................... ....................2 ......2 San/!n'.......................................................................................................................2 Po(!!&a( 6"es!on Do&%!ne..........................................................................................2 R!$eness an/ Mooness................................................................................................2 II. THE SEPARATION OF POWERS................................................................2 E7e&"!e A"ho%!-8........................................................................................................2 E7e&"!e P%!!(e'e, I*$ea&h*en, an/ I**"n!-......................................................2 Le'!s(a!e A"ho%!-...................................................................................................2 III. THE PO POWERS OF OF CO CONGRESS ESS....................................................................2 Co**e%&e C(a"se............................................................................................................2 P%e9Ne+ Dea(...............................................................................................................2 Ne+ Dea(........................................................ ......................................... ................................................. ................. ............2 ...2 The Re!a( o L!*!a!ons on Con'%ess:s Co**e%&e C(a"se Po+e%s...........................2 The 13h A*en/*en as an E7e%na( L!*! on he S&o$e o Co**e%&e C(a"se............2 E(eenh A*en/*en as a Ba%%!e% o Eno%&e*en o Co**e%&e C(a"se.......................2 Ohe%s Po+e%s o Con'%ess..............................................................................................2 The T%ea- an/ Wa% Po+e%s.........................................................................................2 The S$en/!n' Po+e%s..................................................................................................2 The Po+e% o Eno%&e he Re&ons%"&!on A*en/*ens.............................................2 I;. I;. Cons! Cons!" "!on !ona( a( L!*! L!*!s s on Sa Saee Po+e%s Po+e%s 0Do% 0Do%*a *an n Co** Co**e%& e%&ee C(a"se C(a"se)) . .2 The P%oh!#!!on o Fa&!a( D!s&%!*!na!on a'a!ns IC.......................................................2 E7&e$!ons o he P%oh!#!!on o Fa&!a( D!s&%!*!na!on a'a!ns IC.................................2 Fa&!a((- Ne"%a( Sa"es..................................................................................................2 P%ee*$!on.......................................................................................................................2 The Con%a&s an/ Ta!n's C(a"ses.................................................................................2 Lo&hne% E%a.....................................................................................................................2 "%!sss9W s9W%!'h !'h< <$'. $'. 2 US . C"%! M&C"((o M&C"((o&h &h . Ma%-(a Ma%-(an/< n/<$'. $'. 4 Ma%#"%- . . Ma Ma/!son<$'.> S&he&e% Po"(%-<$'. 43 43 E7 Pa%e M&Ca%/(e<$'. 11 A((en . W%!'h<$'.12 Bae% . Ca%%<$'. 1 o"n'so+n<$'. 1 US . N!7on<$'. 23 INS . Cha/h"<$'. 21
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G!## G!##on onss .. O' O'/en< /en<$' $'.. 2= Ma%!n Ma%!n . H"ne%: H"ne%:ss Lessee Lessee<$' <$'.. W!&a%/ . . F!( F!(# #"%n<$'. 42 42 US . Lo$e?<$'. 4@ N . US<$'. 4= Se*!no(e . FL<$'. @1 US . B"(e%<$'. @> Ph!((- . N<$'. 4 B(a!s/e((<$'. > Lo&hne% . N<$'. =3
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I.
FRAM FRAMIN ING G AND AND INTE INTERP RPRE RET TATION ION OF OF CONS CONSTI TITU TUTI TION ON,, AND THE POWERS OF THE COURTS a) Th Thee Cons Consti titu tuti tion on
INTRODUCTION Th!s &o"%se !s a#o" a#o" he &o"%s $%oe&!n' !n/!!/"a( %!'hs a'a!ns he *ao%!-. *ao%!-. We +!(( a(so /ea( +!h he s%"&"%e o 'oe%n*en 0!.e. se$a%a!on o $o+e%s an/ e/e%a(!s*). Ha*!(on an/ he B!(( o R!'hs 0BOR) Ha*!(on a%'"es ha he B!(( o R!'hs +as no !n&("/e/ o%!'!na((- +!h he a%!&(es o &one/e%a!on 0AOC) #e&a"se ! +o"(/ hae #een (!*!!n' !n he sense ha +ha a#o" a(( o he ohe% h!n's. Un/e% he AOC he 'oe%n*en +as e%- +ea. Ha*!(on:s a%'"*ens a%'"*ens a'a!ns a 0BOR)8 1. o" (!s (!s so*e so*e an/ /on: /on: (!s (!s ohe%s ohe%s 2. I -o" $" a %es% %es%a!n a!n on he he 'oe%n*en 'oe%n*en -o" ass"*e ass"*e ha ha +!ho" +!ho" he %es%a!n %es%a!n he $o+e% e7!ss. Ma-#e ! +e (!*! he $o+e%s o he 'oe%n*en he%e !s no nee/ o% a BOR. Ha*!(on a%'"e/ ha /e&(a%!n' %!'hs !s "nne&essa%- #e&a"se en"*e%a!n' en" *e%a!n' $o+e%s $%o!/e eno"'h $%oe&!on. US v. Cutiss!Wi"ht Co#. $%&'() #". *' F8 Cha%'e a'a!ns &o*$an- o% &ons$!%!n' o se(( a%*s o Bo(!!a !n !o(a!on o he 5o!n Reso("!on o Con'%ess. The (o+e% &o"% %"(e/ ha he A& 0$%es!/en!a( $%o&(a*a!on) +as "n&ons!"!ona( an/ ha he P%es!/en &o"(/ no $%oh!#! he sa(e o a%*s. ROL8 P%es!/en!a( $%o&(a*a!ons $e%a!n!n' o o%e!'n aa!%s a%e a(!/ an/ eno%&ea#(e. R8 Be&a"se e/e%a( $o+e% oe% e7e%na( aa!%s !n o%!'!n an/ &ha%a&e% !s /!e%en %o* ha oe% !ne%na( aa!%s. The e/e%a( 'oe%n*en has a(+a-s ha/ e7&("s!e a"ho%!- !n he a%ea o o%e!'n aa!%s. C+ass notes The%e +as no "es!on a#o" +hehe% Con'%ess &o"(/ $ass (e'!s(a!on o"(a+!n' a%*s sa(es, ho+ee% he !ss"e he%e %e(ae/ o he P%es!/en!a( $o+e%s an/ he /e(e'a!on o $o+e%s %o* he Con'%ess o he P%es!/en. Does he e/e%a( 'oe%n*en 'e !s $o+e%s on(- %o* he Cons!"!on A&&o%/!n' o h!s &ase, +hen ! &o*es o /o*es!& / o*es!& $o+e%s he- a%e (!*!e/ o he en"*e%ae/ $o+e%s $o+e %s %o* he &ons!"!on, an/ o%e!'n $o+e%s a%e no on(- %o* he C.
Do hese !ss"es %ea((- $%oe& !n/!!/"a( (!#e%!es Is ! so 'oo/ o hae a 'oe%n*en +!h (!*!e/ $o+e%s 0en"*e%ae/) L!*!!n' 'oe%n*ens en%en&hes e7!s!n' !ne%ess. Pe%ha$s +e nee/ o %e9h!n he !/ea ha ha!n' a $o+e%"( 'oe%n*en !s a ne'a!e. P# %!-- The Feea+ist $the /a0es) an Anti!Feea+ist $AF) A"u0ent Wh!(e he C !s /e*o&%a!&, ! a(so (!*!s he !n("en&e o /e*o&%a&- an/ *ao%!!es, o *ae he 'o: (ess s"#e& o $o$"(a% &on%o(s. 0When ! &o*es o &ons!"!ona( !ne%$%ea!on +e &ons!/e%8 Te7 – Inen –S%"&"%e o% F"n &!on).
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H1#o a2out a2otion 3+ini3 /o0 s1++a2us The AF !e+8 The AF +o"(/ $%ee% a o+n *ee!n' #ase/ on he !/ea ha ! !s *o%e /e*o&%a!& ha ee%-one has a sa- an/ ha he- +o"(/ #e !no(e/ !n he $o(!!&a( $%o&ess an/ /e#ae he !ss"es. A(ho"'h he AF:s AF:s %ea(!?e/ ha no ee%-h!n' &o"(/ #e /e&!/e/ /e &!/e/ #- a o+n *ee!n', he !/ea( *o/e( *aes a /!e%en&e. AF:s AF:s +o"(/ $%o#a#(- a/o&ae a %ee%en/"* !n he sa*e sense ha he- (!e he o+n *ee!n' *o/e(. The AF:s a%e o% h!s #e&a"se o $a%!&!$a!on an/ he !/ea ha -o" a%e *o%e (!e(- o %ea&h he %!'h /e&!s!on h%o"'h $"#(!& s$!%!. Th!s !e+ !s s!*!(a% s!*!(a% o he "%- a$$%oa&h o %e"!%!n' anon-n!*!-, anon-n!*!-, +h!&h $%o*oes /e#ae. The Fe/e%a(!s !e+8 The o+n *ee!n' !s a #a/ # a/ h!n' #e&a"se *!no%!- %!'hs +o"(/ #e oe%(ooe/ o e%(ooe/ 0a&!ons) an/ #e&a"se he /e#ae %ea((- +!(( no #e so en(!'hen!n' an/ $eo$(e +!(( "s oe #ase/ "$on he!% $%ese !e+s. The Fe/. !e+ /oes no +an o see he *ao%!- &onsan(%a*$(e oe% he *!no%!-. *!no%!-. Ma/!son:s !e+ !s ha he (a%'e% he %e$"#(!& he #ee% ! !s #e&a"se he %e$%esena!es +!(( #e he o$ an/ he &%ea* o he &%o$ 0e(!e). Ma/!son /!/ no +an he %e$%esena!es o #e oo /!%e&(- %es%a!ne/.
An!9Fe/e%a(!ss #e(!ee/ !n /e&en%a(!?a!on. T%a/!!ona( %e$"#(!&an heo%-. O$$ose/ a /%a*a!& e7$ans!on !n he $o+e%s o na!ona( 'oe%n*en. D!/ no (!e he !/ea o 'oe%n*en #- %e$%esena!es as o$$ose/ o /e&!s!ons *a/e #- he $eo$(e he*se(es. An!9e/s /es!%e/ o ao!/ e7%e*e /!s$a%!!es !n +ea(h, e/"&a!on, e/ "&a!on, an/ $o+e%. An!9e/s h"s o$$ose/ he $%o$ose/ Cons!"!on on he '%o"n/s ha ! +as a'a!ns %a/!!ona( %e$"#(!&an!s*, %e*oe/ he $eo$(e %o* he $o(!!&a( $%o&ess, an/ &%eae/ a $o+e%"( an/ %e*oe na!ona( 'oe%n*en. The a%!&(es o &one/e%a!on /!/ no '!e eno"'h $o+e% o he na!ona( 'oe%n*en. The &one/e%a!on +as *o%e (!e *an- saes a&!n' "n/e% " n/e% %ea!es han ! +as one en!-. The So"%&es o 5"/!&!a( De&!s!ons The o((o+!n' &ase !s a#o" ho+ +e 'o a#o" !ne%$%e!n' he &ons!"!on. Ma/!son . Ma%#"%- +!(( /ea( +!h he "es!on o +hose %o(e ! !s o !ne%$%e he C 0"(!*ae(esa#(!she/ "/!&!a( %e!e+). 2) A##oa3hes A##oa3hes to Inte#etin" Inte#etin" the Constitution Constitution M3Cu++o3h v. Ma1+an $%4%&) #". 55 0Con'%ess !s !n a #ee% $os!!on o "$ho(/ he $%!n&!$(es o Fe/e%a(!s*.) F8 Ma%sha(( 9 A&!on a'a!ns D 0&ash!e%) !n a #an o% a!("%e o $a- a sae a70e7$ens!e a7) assesse/ a'a!ns he #an. The &o"% #e(o+ he(/ o% he P. The &ash!e% o he US #an !ss"e/ #an noes !n !o(a!on o a MD sa"e $%o!/!n' ha no #an, +!ho" sae a"ho%!-, &o"(/ !ss"e #an noes e7&e$ on sa*$e/ $a$e% !ss"e/ ## - he sae. I8 Whehe%8 1. Con'%ess has he $o+e% o !n&o%$o%ae a #an. 2. The sae o MD *a- a7 he #an +!ho" !o(a!n' he &ons!"!on. H8 es an/ no, %ee%se/. R8 Be&a"se &on'%ess has he /!s&%e!on an/ $o+e% o &hoose an/ ena& he *eans o $e%o%* he /"!es !*$ose/ "$on ! %o* he Ne&essa%- an/ P%o$e% C(a"se. The C /oes
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no e7&("/e implied powers. No ee%-h!n' *"s #e (a!/ o" – +h!&h +o"(/ #e !*$oss!#(e. 0MD sa-s ne&essa%- !s (!*!!n' +h!(e he D a%'"es ! *eans "se"( an/ essen!a(). The C /e%!es !s $o+e% %o* he $eo$(e, an/ no %o* he saes. MD +as +%on' !n !s &onen!on ha he $o+e%s o e/e%a( 'o: ' o: a%e /e(e'ae/ #- he saes. The $o+e% o a7 !s he $o+e% o /es%o-. The saes hae no $o+e% o !*$e/e, #"%/en, o% &on%o( he o$e%a!ons o &ons!"!ona( (a+s ena&e/ #- &on'%ess. &on '%ess. The MD sa"e !s "n&ons!"!ona( an/ o!/. ROL8 01) Ce%a!n e/e%a( $o+e%s '!!n' Con'%ess /!s&%e!on an/ $o+e% o &hoose an/ ena& he *eans o $e%o%* $e %o%* he /"!es !*$ose/ "$on ! a%e o #e !*$(!e/ %o* he Ne&essa%- an/ P%o$e% C(a"se. 02) The Fe/e%a( &ons!"!on an/ he (a+s *a/e $"%s"an o ! a%e s"$%e*e an/ &on%o( he Cons!"!ons an/ (a+s o he saes. C+ass notes The !ss"e !s +hehe% Con'%ess has he $o+e% o &%eae a Na!ona( Ban. An/ hen ! he/!/ hae h!s $o+e%, &o"(/ MD a7 h!s e/e%a( #an. Ta7 Ta7 +as e%- h!'h. I +o"(/ hae h ae an a/e%se a/ e%se ae&!ne%e%e +!h he #an:s a#!(!- o &on/"& #"s!ness. Cons!"!ona( Cons%"&!on8 We &anno ae he a& ha so*eh!n' !s a#sen !n he e7 as /e!n!!e #e&a"se ohe%+!se -o" hae a (e'a( &o/e an/ no a C. The C &anno #e e7$e&e/ o !n&("/e a(( $oss!#!(!!es. Een ho"'h an e7$%ess $%oh!#!!on !n he C a'a!ns se!n' "$ a #an +o"(/ /!sa((o+ !, ! /oes no o((o+ ha !s a#sen&e !n he C /oes no. o" o" +o"(/ no e7$e& o !n/ ee%-h!n' e7$(!&!(- !n he C. The%e a%e 2 a$$%oa&hes8 1. B%oa/ %a*e+o %a*e+o% % +!h #%e!#%e!- – (e7!# (e7!#(e, (e, *o%e a&&ess! a&&ess!#(e, #(e, /e*o&%a! /e*o&%a!&& an/ "n/e%san/a#(e /"e o !s #%e!-. 2. Dea!(e/ Dea!(e/ – +o"(/ +o"(/ hae hae o &oe% &oe% ee%- ee%-h!n' h!n' an/ an/ +o"(/ +o"(/ #e sa!&. sa!&. JThe 11h a*en/*en $%oh!#!s a &!!?en o FL %o* s"!n' he sae o FL !n a e/e%a( &o"% 0h!s !s $%e- *"&h !'no%e/ no+).K One *!'h a%'"e ha s!n&e he C s$e((e/ o" he %!'h o esa#(!sh $os o!&es 0A%!&(e 1, se&!on , &(a"se =) ha ! sa-s so*eh!n' a#o" he a#sen&e o a #an 0ha FRAMERS DID NOT INTEND FOR A NAT. 6AN7 ). On he ohe% han/, o$$os!!on *a- sa- ! +as intentiona++1 +e/t out #e&a"se ! !s so o#!o"s ha he- hae a %!'h o esa#(!sh a #an. One *!'h a%'"e ha he%e !s an !*$(!e/ $o+e% $o +e% o *ae a na!ona( #an #e&a"se he C /oes no *en!on ! e7$(!&!(- #" ! /oes *en!on $o+e%s o8 Co((e& a7es, $a- /e#, 'o o +a%
sa-s ha Con'%ess &an $"n!sh a'a!ns &o"ne%e!!n' +h!&h -o" *a- a%'"e !s s"$e%("o"s #e&a"se ! -o" a%e '!en he $o+e% $o +e% o /o so*eh!n' -o" sho"(/ a(so #e a#(e o %e'"(ae !. Re'a%/!n' he $os o!&e -o" *a-
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a%'"e ha s!n&e $"n!sh!n' a'a!ns &o"ne%e!!n' +as s$e((e/ o" -o" *a- &on&("/e ha Con'%ess &anno $"n!sh o% &%!*es a'a!ns he $os o!&e. Ba& o h!s &ase s$e&!!&a((-8 MD:s a%'"*en !n e%*s o he!% !s!on o he US8 The- !e+ he saes *o%e (!e • a UN an/ ha ! sho"(/ no #e eas- o !ne% a $o+e% on he e/e%a( 'oe%n*en. The- +an o *ae ! /!!&"( an/ #e (!*!!n' +hen '!!n' a $o+e% o he e/e%a( 'oe%n*en. The MD !e+ o he na!on !s a &o((e&!on o soe%e!'n en!!es. •
Ma%sha((:s a%'"*en !s ha he $o+e% &o*es %o* he $eo$(e an/ no he saes. H!s !e+ o he na"%e o he "n!on !s /!e%en han ha o MD. Ma%sha(( sa-s ha he- &o"(/ no hae "s ha/ one (a%'e na!ona( &onen!on #e&a"se ha +o"(/ #e !*$%a&!&a(. Ma%sha(( 0as a e/e%a(!s) +ans o see a s%on' na!ona( 'oe%n*en. Ma%sha(( !s sa-!n' ha Con'%ess &an se"$ he #an een +!ho" he Ne&essa%- an/ P%o$e% C(a"se.
Ne&essa%- an/ P%o$e% C(a"se 0NP) – A&&o%/!n' o Ma%sha((, Ne&essa%- sho"(/ #e &ons%"e/ as "se"(, /es!%a#(e o% he($"(, #" ha ! /oes no hae o #e so s%!& o sa- ha ! has o #e !n/!s$ensa#(e an/ he on(- +a-. A 'oe%n*en +o"(/ no +o% ! ! +e%e &ons%"e/ so s%!&(- o *ean !n/!s$ensa#(e. A(so ! -o" (oo a he &one7 o +he%e he NP &(a"se !s, ! !s !n a se&!on ha '!es $o+e%s o Con'%ess. I, o% e7a*$(e, ! +e%e !n se3tion &, 8hi3h esti3ts 3on"essiona+ #o8es , ! +o"(/ #e eas!e% o a%'"e he s%!& &ons%"&!on o he NP &(a"se. Ati3+e %, Se3tion %*, 3+ause -, 8hi3h +i0its the #o8es o/ the states sa1s 9a2so+ute+1 ne3essa1 – so -o" &an a%'"e ha ne&essa%- a(one &anno he%eo%e #e &ons%"e/ as a#so("e(- ne&essa%-. The 13h a*en/*en !n a(!n' a#o" /e(e'ae/ $o+e%s o Con'%ess o*!s he • +o%/, e7$%ess(- +h!(e he A%!&(es o Cone/e%a!on *en!ons he $h%ase. Th!s !*$(!es ha he $o+e%s a%e no (!*!e/ o h!n's e7$%ess(- (a!/ o". Du"eon v. U7 $%&4-) #". 4% su##. Euo#ean Cout o/ Hu0an Ri"hts Man !n N. I%e(an/ s"es #e&a"se o he (a+s &%!*!na(!?!n' ho*ose7"a( a&!!-. The (a+ !s oe%"%ne/ as a #%ea&h o A%!&(e o he Conen!on. P a%'"e/ he s"e%e/ ea%, s"e%!n' an/ s%ess #e&a"se o he (a+s. No e!/en&e ha s"&h a&!!- !s !n"%!o"s o *o%a( san/a%/s. C+ass notes Th!s &ase has o /o +!h he %!'h o $%!a&-. Th!s &ase a(so /ea(s +!h ho+ +e !ne%$%e ne&essa%-. Un/e% Ma%sha((:s !ne%$%ea!on o ne&essa%- $eo$(e +o"(/ #e en!(e/ o (ess $%!a&-. Th!s o$!n!on &ons%"es ne&essa%- o #e (ess (e7!#(e o *ean a $%ess!n' so&!a( nee/ !n h!s &one7, an/ ha he *eans *"s #e $%o$o%!onae o he en/.
Ho+ /o +e %e&on&!(e he 2 &ons%"&!ons o he sa*e +o%/ !n hese 2 &ases One *a/!s!n'"!sh ha one &ase !no(es sae soe%e!'n- +he%e he ohe% /ea(s +!h !n/!!/"a( %!'hs +he%e +e sho"(/ &ons%"e ne&essa%- na%%o+(- o $%oe& !n/!!/"a( %!'hs. Iss"e o +hehe% he saes &an a7 he na!ona( #an8
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MD:s a%'"*en8 Se&!on 13 /ea(s +!h (!*!a!ons on he $o+e%s o he saes an/ /ea(s +!h *onea%- !ss"es, -e ! /oes no sa- e7$(!&!(- ha he saes &anno a7 he na!ona( 'oe%n*en. Con!n"a!on o M&C"((o&h . Ma%-(an/. Can Ma%-(an/ a7 a e/e%a( #an MD a%'"es ha he $o+e% o a7 !s "n/a*ena( an/ ha he C /oes no *en!on ha he sae &anno !*$ose a a7. MD a%'"*en8 I -o" %es%!& MD %o* a7!n', hen -o" +!(( #e a#(e o (!*! he!% $o+e%s !n a a% %ea&h!n' a*o"n o a%eas. No &ons!"!ona( e7 e7$%ess(e- #ann!n' he a7a!on o a e/e%a( #an Ma%sha((:s a%'"*ens8 Ma%sha(( /!s!n'"!shes ha he%e !s no +o%%- a#o" MD a7!n' !s o+n &!!?ens "n"s( #e&a"se he- hae %e&o"%se h%o"'h o!n' an/ $a%!&!$a!n' !n 'oe%n*en. Th!s !s no he &ase +he%e MD a7es he e/e%a( 'oe%n*en. Th!s !s a s%"&"%a( a%'"*en !n e%*s o +ha +o%s. The%e +as noh!n' !n he C a#o" a7!n' he #an 0#" he- a%'"e !:s !*$(!e/ !n he ha!n' o se$a%a!on o $o+e%s – h!s !es !no US . N!7on. To hae &he&s an/ #a(an&es, -o" nee/ ee&!eness o he #%an&h, an/ so so*e!*e s-o" hae o a%'"e ha he $o+e% o a7 +as !*$(!e/). Ma%sha(( has no $%o#(e* he%e ha!n' $o(!!&!ans *ae $o(!!&a( /e&!s!ons, as (on' as he- +!(( #e a&&o"na#(e o hose +ho a%e !*$a&e/ #- he /e&!s!ons. Ma%sha(( !s a'a!ns he !/ea ha MD &an a7 $eo$(e +ho /o no hae a sa- !n he *ae%. Re$%esena!on – Re!no%&e*en he%e !s an !/ea ha he &o"% sho"(/ !ne%ene +he%e he e(e&o%a( $%o&ess /oes no +o% e%- +e((. Th!s a(so &o*es !no $(a+!h he Do%*an Co**e%&e C(a"se. The *a!n $o!n o h!s &ase has o /o +!h &ons!"!ona( !ne%$%ea!on. We *"s h!n a#o" he sa%!n' $e%s$e&!e8 as he $eo$(e, o% as MD as a (oose &o((e&!on. Th!s $%e/!s$os!!on !s e%- !*$o%an. o" &an 'e !no he "es!on o he !nen o he %a*e%s. 1) Ma%-(an/ – as saes, on(- 'ae "$ a e+ $o+e%s he- a%e soe%e!'n /oes no *ae sense ha saes +o"(/ hae a'%ee/ o an- (!*!a!ons 2) Ma%sha(( – +ha !s he #as!s o he (!*!a!on A%!&(e > Se&!on 2 – *"s o((o+ he e/e%a( (a+, (a+s a%e #ase/ on !ne%$%ea!on o C F(a+ !n s-se* – a7 +o"(/ ae& ohe% saes, an/ ohe% saes +o"(/ no hae a sa- !n Ma%-(an/ aa!%s An- *!//(e '%o"n/ L!*!s on a7!n' #- e/e%a( sa"e A%!&(e > S"$%e*a&- C(a"se S&h(en#- Tho"'hs8 Ohe% o%*s*o/e(s o 'oe%n*en a%e $oss!#(e, *an- /!e%en +a-s o !ne%$%e /o&"*ens. Co"n%!es s"&h as So"h A%!&a hae *"&h *o%e /ea!( !n he!% Cons!"!on. 3) The Ro+e o/ the Couts in the Constitutiona+ Fa0e8o: Ma2u1 v. Maison $%4*') #". --
0Po(!!&a( 6"es!on) F8 A he en/ o P%es!/en A/a*s: e%*, he a$$o!ne/ Ma%#"%- as "s!&e o he $ea&e an/ he Senae a$$%oe/ he a$$o!n*ens. Then P%es!/en 5ee%son oo oe% an/ %e"se/ o
CON LAW I O"(!ne
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/e(!e% he &o**!ss!ons. Ma/!son +as 5ee%son:s Se&. o sae +ho %e"se/ o /e(!e% he &o**!ss!on. I8 Whehe% he C '!es he SC he a"ho%!- o %e!e+ a&s o Con'%ess an/ /e&(a%e he* o!/ ! he- a%e %e$"'nan o he C. H8 es R8 A%!&(e ;I, se&!on 2 o he C '!es he SC he $o+e% o %e!e+ a&s o Con'%ess. The 'oe%n*en o he US !s a 'oe%n*en o (a+s, no o *en. When he P%es!/en o% h!s o!&e%s a&, he- a%e no s"#e& o e7a*!na!on #- he &o"%, ho+ee% +he%e he o!&e%s a%e '!en #- (a+ s$e&!!& /"!es on +h!&h !n/!!/"a( %!'hs /e$en/, he (a+ *"s $%o!/e a %e*e/-. The 5"/!&!a%- A& o 1= a"ho%!?e/ he &o"%s o !ss"e +%!s ! *an/a*"s. Ho +ee% a&&o%/!n' o he C he SC +as a &o"% o a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on +!h &e%a!n e7&e$!ons +he%e ! ha/ o%!'!na( "%!s/!&!on. Fo% he SC o !ss"e he +%! o *an/a*"s he%e +o"(/ '!e ! o%!'!na( "%!s/!&!on. Th!s +o"(/ #e an "n&ons!"!ona( e7e%&!se o o%!'!na( "%!s/!&!on #e-on/ he $o+e% o he &o"%. I !s he /"- o he "/!&!a( /e$a%*en o sa+ha he (a+ !s. Man/a*"s /en!e/. B- s!'n!n' he &o**!ss!on, a (e'a( %!'h +as &one%%e/ "$on Ma%#"%- o #e "s!&e o he $ea&e. A %e"sa( o /e(!e% he !s en!(e/ o a %e*e/- "n/e% he (a+. The SC /ea(s so(e(+!h %!'hs o he !n/!!/"a(s. I /oes no !n"!%e ho+ he P%es!/en $e%o%*s /"!es !n +h!&h ! has /!s&%e!on. 6"es!ons ha a%e $o(!!&a( &an n ee% #e *a/e !n h!s &o"%. Ho+ee% ! an !ss"e !s no #ase/ "$on $o(!!&a( /!s&%e!on, #" %ahe% ! !s #ase/ "$on $%!n&!$(es o (a+ o% a&s o Con'%ess – hen he SC +!(( /e&!/e. ROL8 The SC has he $o+e% o %e!e+ a&s o Con'%ess an/ ! he- a%e o"n/ %e$"'nan o he Cons!"!on, o /e&(a%e he* o!/. Noes %o* %ea/!n'8 The a&"a( ho(/!n' he%e !s ha he SC /oes no hae he $o+e% o /!%e& he P%es!/en o /e(!e% Ma%#"%-:s &o**!ss!on. The e7!sen&e o "/!&!a( %e!e+, +as he%eo%e esa#(!she/ !n a &ase !n +h!&h he Co"% &on&("/e/ ha ! ha/ no $o+e% o /o an-h!n' o %e*e/- o!&!a( !((e'a(!-. Insea/ he ho(/!n' +as ha he SC has he $o+e% o /e&(a%e a&s o Con'%ess "n&ons!"!ona(.
C+ass notes Th!s &ase esa#(!she/ "/!&!a( %e!e+. I !s !ne%es!n' ha Ma%sha(( 'ae h!s o$!n!on an/ /!/ no %e&"se h!*se( s!n&e he +as Se&. o Sae a he !*e o he een. I Ma%sha(( &on&("/e/ ha he SC /!/ no hae "%!s/!&!on, +h- /!/ he !%s /ea( +!h he "es!ons %e'a%/!n' "/!&!a( %e!e+. 5ee%son +as no ha$$- +!h h!s o$!n!on. I sae/ ha 5ee%son !o(ae/ he (a+. Ma%sha(( /!/ a&&o*$(!sh *a!n' a P%es!/en o anohe% $a%(oo #a/. To *ae a $%o$e%- ana(o'-, Ma/!son *a- a%'"e ha ! !s (!e a s!'ne/ /ee/ ha !s no a(!/ "n!( ! !s /e(!e%e/. Is he%e "%!s/!&!on "n/e% he 5"/!&!a%- A& Wh- /!/ Ma%#"%- 'o s%a!'h o he SC +!h h!s &ase Loo!n' a he e7 o he a& on $'. 2>, he A& sa-s he SC sha(( hae he $o+e% o !ss"e +%!s o *an/a*"s o $e%sons ho(/!n' o!&e "n/e% he a"ho%!- o he US. Ho+ee%, (oo!n' a he #e'!nn!n' o ha senen&e, he A& !s a(!n' a#o" a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on. A(so, he $%!o% se&!on o he a& /ea(s +!h o%!'!na( "%!s/!&!on, so -o" *aa%'"e ha aen !n !s en!%e- he +%! o *an/a*"s see*s o /ea( +!h a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on. I on(- so"n/s (!e o%!'!na( "%!s/!&!on +hen he $assa'e !s %ea/ !n !so(a!on.
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Ma%sha(( see*s o (oo a ha $a% !n !so(a!on ha he A& /oes '!e he SC he $o+e%. The ne7 !ss"e !s +hehe% ha !s &ons!sen +!h he C 0A%!&(e III) We no+ ha he o$!n!on &on&("/e/ ha he 5"/!&!a%- A& !s no &ons!sen +!h A%!&(e III o he C. The o$!n!on sa-s ha Ma%#"%- +as en!(e/ o he &o**!ss!on, an/ ha h!s +as no a $o(!!&a( !ss"e, ho+ee% he %e*a!n!n' !ss"e !s +hehe% he SC &an /ee* a Con'%ess!ona( A& o #e "n&ons!"!ona(. Ma%sha((:s a%'"*en a#o" +h- he 5"/!&!a%- A& !s !n&ons!sen +!h A%!&(e III8 0As!/e8 he%e !s no ne&essa%!(- an o#(!'a!on o% Con'%ess o esa#(!sh (o+e% &o"%s a a((). Se&!on 2 *en!ons 9Pu2+i3 Ministes; +h!&h *a- o% *a- no e7en/ o a Se&. o Sae. Th!s o((o+s an/ $%e&e/es A*#assa/o%s an/ Cons"(s, +h!&h *a- s"''es ha h!s /oes no e7en/ o e(e&e/ o!&!a(s. 0Wh- /oesn: Con'%ess +an an A*#assa/o% %!e/ !n a sae &o"% We a%e a%a!/ ha he &o"% o one sae +!(( ao% a s!/e one +a- o% anohe% "s (!e a /!e%s!- o &!!?ensh!$ &ase, ! !s no ha he sae &o"%s &o"(/n: han/(e !ne%na!ona( (a+). S&hna#(- h!ns he C !s %ee%%!n' o o%e!'n A*#assa/o%s an/ Cons"(s an/ s!*!(a%(- ha $"#(!& *!n!se%s %ee%s o o%e!'ne%s. The +o%%- !s a#o" o%e!'n %e(a!ons so he %a*e%s +an hese &ases han/(e/ #- e/e%a( &o"%s. The a%'"*en han sh!s o sa- ha h!s !s "n/e% he "/!&!a( $o+e% #e&a"se a%!&(e III sa-s "/!&!a( $o+e% e7en/s o a(( &ases a%!s!n' "n/e% he (a+s o he Un!e/ Saes. So Ma%sha(( a%'"es ha a(ho"'h he%e !s "/!&!a( $o+e% he%e, he SC +o"(/ on(- hae a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on. Ma%#"%-:s a%'"*en !s ha he en"*e%ae/ !nsan&es +he%e he SC has o%!'!na( "%!s/!&!on 0A*#assa/o%s an/ Cons"(s an/ $a%!es o anohe% sae) !s no an e7ha"s!e (!s 0! /oes no sa- on(- !n he o((o+!n' &ases<), an/ ohe% !nsan&es &an #e !n&("/e/. Ma%sha((:s ho(/!n' !s ha Con'%ess CANNOT a// o +hen he SC has o%!'!na( "%!s/!&!on. Ma%sha(( a%'"es ha ! +o"(/ #e a s"%$("sa'e an/ s"$e%("o"s o (!s he &o"$(e o !nsan&es 0A*#assa/o%s e&.) an/ hen sa- ha ohe% non9(!se/ !nsan&es +!(( a(so hae o%!'!na( "%!s/!&!on. The%e !s a(so an a$$e((ae e7&e$!ons &(a"se – Ma%#"%- *a- "se h!s &(a"se o a%'"e ha he SC sho"(/ hae "%!s/!&!on. I oo *an- e7&e$!ons a%e *a/e ho"'h, one &o"(/ a%'"e ha ee%-h!n' +o"(/ #e&o*e o%!'!na( "%!s/!&!on an/ he e7&e$!ons /!/ a+a+!h he %"(e. The 5"/!&!a%- A& a(s a#o" o%!'!na( an/ no e7&("s!e "%!s/!&!on 0&on&"%%en). A(on' hose (!nes, A%!&(e III sa-s ha !n &ases %e'a%/!n' A*#assa/o%s he SC sha(( hae o%!'!na( "%!s/!&!on, ho+ee% ! /oes no sa- ha ! !s e7&("s!e. The%e !s e7ha"s!e an/ hen he%e !s &on&"%%en. Is he 5"/!&!a%- A& 0se&!on 14) &ons!sen +!h A%!&(e III
To inte#et the 3onstitution, 8e +oo: at %. Te
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A%e he %a*e%s he $eo$(e +ho +%oe he C, o% he $eo$(e +ho a/o$e/ ! Whose !nen a%e +e %-!n' o !'"%e o" Who a%e he %a*e%s Wh- !s he C #!n/!n' We hae $o+e% o &han'e he C as +e see ! h%o"'h a*en/*ens. Wh- sho"(/ he SC hae he !na( sa- on &ons!"!ona( !ne%$%ea!on as o$$ose/ o Con'%ess 1. The- a%e #es s"!e/ #e&a"se he- a%e !ns"(ae/ %o* $o(!!&s 0s%"&"%a( a%'"*en) 2. Te7 – A%!&(e III se&!on 2 The 5"/!&!a( Po+e% sho"(/ e7en/ o< 4. Wha a#o" he S"$%e*a&- C(a"se 0A%!&(e ;I) No a e%- s%on' a%'"*en. @. 11h A*en/*en *a- #e a e7"a( a%'"*en. Wha a#o" he a& ha ! +as he "/!&!a%- !se( ha *a/e he /e&!s!on ha he%e sho"(/ #e "/!&!a( %e!e+ !n he !%s $(a&e Matin v. Hunte>s ?essee $%4%() #". 5 0The S"$%e*e Co"% sha(( hae he $o+e% o %e!e+ /e&!s!ons o he Saes: S"$%e*e Co"%s ! he- !no(e a e/e%a( "es!on.) A%!&(e III Se&. 2 $%o!/es ha he S"$%e*e Co"% a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on *a- #e %e'"(ae/ an/ (!*!e/ as &on'%ess sha(( $%o!/e.
F8 Lan/ /!s$"e. The P 0H"ne%) &(a!*e/ he (an/ "n/e% a '%an %o* ;A ha &on!s&ae/ (an/s o+ne/ #- B%!!sh s"#e&s. D 0Ma%!n), a B%!, &(a!*e/ ha he ae*$e/ &on!s&a!on +as !nee&!e "n/e% an!9&on!s&a!on &(a"ses o %ea!es #e+een he US an/ U. Lo+e% &o"% he(/ o% Ma%!n an/ he ;A CA %ee%se/ o% H"ne% sa-!n' ha he sae:s !ne%es !n he (an/ ha/ ese/ #eo%e he %ea!es +e%e %e(ean an/ ha he A& o Co*$%o*!se /eeae/ Ma%!n:s &(a!*. The USSC %ee%se/ &(a!*!n' ha ;A ha/ no $e%e&e/ !s !(e #eo%e he %e(ean %ea!es, an/ /!/ no *en!on he A& o Co*$%o*!se. The USSC %e*an/e/ he &ase o he ;ACA an/ he- /e&(!ne/ sa!n' ha se&!on 2 o he 5"/!&!a%- A& +as "n&ons!"!ona( !nsoa% as ! e7en/e/ he a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on o he SC o he ;A &o"%. ROL8 The SC has a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on oe% !ss"es o e/e%a( (a+ !n he sae &o"%s. R8 Be&a"se ! !s he &ase an/ no he &o"% ha '!es he "%!s/!&!on. 1. A%!&(e III sa-s ha "/!&!a( $o+e% sha(( e7en/ o a(( &ases a%!s!n' "n/e% he C e&. A%!&(e ;I a(so *aes h!s !*$(!&a!on +!h he S"$%e*a&- C(a"se. The &ons!"!on +as /es!'ne/ o o$e%ae on he saes. 2. The US &o"%s &an !na(!/ae he sae $%o&ee/!n's %o* he e7e&"!e an/ (e'!s(a!e a"ho%!!es ! ! !s &on%a%- o he &ons!"!on. Th!s !s no *o%e /an'e%o"s han he sa*e %!'h oe% "/!&!a( %!#"na(s. I &anno #e sa!/ ha USSC %e!e+ o sae &o"% /e&!s!ons !s oe%(- !n%"s!e on sae $o+e% #e &a"se ! !s a&&e$e/ ha Con'%ess &an s"$e%se/e sae (a+s, an/ h!s !s e"a((- !n%"s!e. 4. In &e%a!n &ases he%e !s an !*$o%an&e an/ a ne&ess!- o "n!o%*!- o /e&!s!ons h%o"'ho" he +ho(e US. The (a+s on Cons!"!ona( !ss"es +o"(/ a%- %o* sae o sae ! he SC /!/ no hae a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on he%e. @. A(so, he C +as /es!'ne/ o% he &o**on an/ e"a( #ene! o a(( he $eo$(e o he US. The 2h se&!on o he 5"/!&!a%- A& /oes no (!*! he $o+e% o he USSC. C+ass notes
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Th!s sae esa#(!shes SC "/!&!a( %e!e+ oe% he sae &o"%s. I +o"(/ #e ha%/ o #e(!ee ha he SC &o"(/ hae "/!&!a( %e!e+ oe% Con'%ess an/ no oe% a sae &o"%. The /!s$"e +as oe% he !ne%$%ea!on o he an!9&on!s&a!on %ea-. Is he%e "%!s/!&!on "n/e% he sa"e o% Ma%!n 0he B%!) I Ma%!n ha/ +on, +o"(/ h!s sa"e hae '!en "%!s/!&!on o he ;A &o"% o% an a$$ea( No The o$!n!on sa-s ha ! &an: #e he &ase ha +e hae no a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on oe% sae &o"%s #e&a"se $e% A%!&(e III "/!&!a( $o+e% e7en/s o a(( &ases. ;!%'!n!a !s a%'"!n' ha he- +o"(/ no hae '!en "$ he !na(!- o he!% a"ho%!- o he!% sae SC +!ho" sa!n' so !n an e7$(!&! *anne%. As +e %e!e+ he 5"/!&!a%- A& o 1= 0$'. 1 s"$$(e*en) +e see no s"&h e7$%ess $%o!s!on. JTh!s !s "n&(ea% an/ e%- &on"s!n'K The A& sa-s ha ! on(- a$$(!es +hen -o" /%a+ !no "es!on he &ons%"&!on o a sa"e 0%ea-, &ons.) +hen -o" a%e a'a!ns he one &(a!*!n' !(e "n/e% a sa"e 0%ea-, &ons!"!on). I a /e&!s!on +as !n ao% o he $e%son &(a!*!n' !(e, s"&h a &ase *a- nee% *ae ! o he SC. A%'"*ens o% e/e%a( &o"%s o eno%&e he C8 1. Un!o%*!- – ! ! +e%e /one !n he saes -o" &o"(/ hae /!s&%e$an &ons%"&!ons o he C. 2. To ao!/ #!as an/ o%"* sho$$!n'. I he &ase &a*e o" he ohe% +a- sa-!n' ha he%e +as no a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on, -o" +o"(/ +an o %- an/ 'e hese &ases !no e/e%a( &o"%s an/ o" o sae &o"%s. ;!%'!n!a oo he $os!!on ha no a$$e((ae %e!e+ +o"(/ $%oe& he soe%e!'n- o he sae. Ho+ *"&h &an -o" %"s sae "/'es o han/(e e/e%a( !ss"es a) Soe%e!'n- a%'"*en %ee&e/8 F!%s, he ;!%'!n!a Co"%:s asse%!on ha ! +as soe%e!'n +as %ee&e/ on he '%o"n/s ha he e/e%a( Cons!"!on &" #a& "$on he sae:s soe%e!'n- !n n"*e%o"s %es$e&s. The%e +as no %eason o $%es"*e ha he sae "/!&!a%!es +e%e !**"ne %o* h!s se o (!*!a!ons. #) Un!o%*!-8 Se&on/(-, he%e !s a nee/ o% "n!o%*!- !n /e&!s!ons h%o"'ho" he na!on !ne%$%e!n' he Cons!"!on. ! he%e +e%e no %e!s!n' a"ho%!- o &on%o( hese a%%!n' an/ /!s&o%/an "/'*ens, an/ ha%*on!?e he* !no "n!o%*!-, he (a+s, he %ea!es an/ he Cons!"!on o he Un!e/ Saes +o"(/ #e /!e%en !n /!e%en saes. &) S%"&"%a(!s a$$%oa&h8 The Co"% %ea&he/ he!% /e&!s!on #- a!n' !no a&&o"n he s%"&"%e o o"% e/e%a( 'oe%n*en an/ he ee&s ha *"(!9sae /e&!s!ons +o"(/ hae on o"% Cons!"!on.
) Uses o/ @ui3ia+ Revie8 S?AERB State v. Post $%45) #". -' F8 N5. A$$ea( o &ons!"!ona( aa& on s(ae%-.
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ROL8 S(ae%- !s no !n&ons!sen +!h a &ons!"!ona( /e&(a%a!on ha a(( *en a%e #na"%e %ee. R8 Be&a"se no one !s a#so("e(- %ee. In a &!!(!?e/ sae, a(( %es!/ens '!e "$ a $o%!on o he!% %ee/o*s !n e7&han'e o% he #ene!s o &!!(!?a!on. F%ee/o* *"s #e (ooe/ a !n he &one7 o !s so&!e-. A he !*e he N5 &ons!"!on +as a/o$e/, s(ae%- +as a&&e$e/. The &o"% !s no !n&(!ne/ o &han'e ha !e+. C+ass notes The a%'"*en ha s(ae%- !s o"(a+e/ #- he &ons. !s8 Base/ on e7 – a(( *en a%e e"a( Inen – We he $eo$(e – +ho !s !n&("/e/ "n/e% +e The%e "s a(so an a%'"*en ha he C /!/ no a#o(!sh s(ae%- #e&a"se !n A%!&(e I ! %ee%s o %ee *en an/ 4 %e'a%/!n' $%o$e%- %!'h. A(so A%!&(e I; Se&!on 4 %ee%s o /e(!e%!n' "$ "'!!e s(aes. The N5 &ons. /!/ no hae hese s(ae $%o!s!ons. A(so an a%'"*en !s ha ! he %a*e%s o he C !nen/e/ o a#o(!sh s(ae%-, he- +o"(/ hae /one so e7$%ess(- !n he &on. In h!s &ase he &o"% oo he !e+ ha h!s !ss"e sho"(/ #e (e o% he $o(!!&a( $%o&ess. In ha sense ! +as a &ase !n he ao% o "/!&!a( %es%a!n. • •
See!n' ha he%e !s s(ae%-, he #%oa/ (an'"a'e o he $%ea*#(e *"s no &on(!&, an/ *"s no #e aen (!e%a((- o !n&("/e a(( $eo$(e Co"% *"s assess he $o(!!&a( &one7 !n !ne%$%e!n' 13@ $(an o% '%a/"a( a#o(!!on +as *ean "s ha, '%a/"a(, no o en/ o no+
1== – N.W. O%/!nan&e – ha saes no%h +es o he Oh!o R!e% +e%e o #e %ee saes. M!sso"%! Co*$%o*!se 0123) – ha he- (e M!sso"%! hae s(ae%13 – Co*$%o*!se 1@ – S. – Ne#. Co*$%o*!se De S3ott v. San/o $%45) #". - F8 S(ae s"e/ o% h!s %ee/o* ae% ha!n' #een aen o a %ee sae an/ %e"%ne/ o a s(ae sae. ROL8 In/!!/"a(s o he Ne'%o %a&e a%e NOT &ons!/e%e/ o #e &!!?ens !n he Cons!"!ona( sense. R8 Be&a"se C!!?ens o% Cons!"!ona( $"%$oses, %ee%s o soe%e!'n $eo$(e o he US as he- +e%e "n/e%soo/ o #e a he !*e o he &ons!"!on:s a/o$!on. A ha !*e, #(a&s +e%e &ons!/e%e/ o #e an !ne%!o% &(ass, one ha!n' no !nhe%en (!#e%- o% $%o$e%%!'hs. A sae &anno &one% %!'hs as a US &!!?en #- !%"e o sae (a+. The s(ae +as no &ons!/e%e/ a &!!?en o a sae !n he US !n he &ons!"!ona( sense an/ +as no en!(e/ o s"e !n US &o"%s. C+ass notes Th!s o$!n!on saes a e/e%a( %"(e ha #(a&s a%e no US &!!?ens an/ /o no hae he %!'hs ha &o*e +!h ha. S!n&e he%e +as no "%!s/!&!on, he%e !s an a%'"*en ha he &o"% ha/ no %eason o 'o on !n he o$!n!on. The o$!n!on 'oes on o sa- ha Con'%ess /oes no hae he $o+e% o o"(a+ s(ae%- !n he e%%!o%!es. See Ati3+e se3tion ' 3+ause - = this see0s to "ive Con"ess the #o8e to a2o+ish s+ave1. AT he sa*e !*e h!s *a- #e (!*!e/ #- so*eh!n' (!e he 1s A*en/*en – a(so an a%'"*en *a- #e ha
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ha &(a"se on(- a$$(!es o e%%!o%!es a he !*e o 1= =. The &o"% sa-s ha a#o(!sh!n' s(ae%- +o"(/ hae #een a !o(a!on o D"e P%o&ess #- a!n' $eo$(e:s $%o$e%- a+a-. Th!s &ase !s no "/!&!a( %es%a!n !n ha ! %ea&he/ o" o sa- ha Con'%ess /!/ no hae he $o+e% o a#o(!sh s(ae%-. This was the first time since Marbury that the SC struck down a statute. Ca+e v. 6u++ = P". (& Th!s &ase /ea(s +!h !ss"es o na"%a( 0*o%a() (a+ an/ ho+ ha sho"(/ ! !n +!h sa"es. Wha +o"(/ ha$$en +he%e *o%a( (a+ &on(!&s +!h &ons!"!ona( (a+ – e7a*$(e o s(ae%- – ! -o" hae a "/'e +ho /!/n: #e(!ee !n s(ae%- – o% o/a- a "/'e +ho /oesn: #e(!ee !n &a$!a( $"n!sh*en. THE POWER OF REPRISA? PO?ITICA? CONTRO? OF THE SUPREME COURT 1. Cons!"!ona( A*en/*en – Un/e% A%!&(e ; -o" nee/ 24 o #oh ho"ses an/ o he saes. Th!s $"%$ose"((- *a/e ! /!!&"( o $ass an a*en/*en o he C. 2. The $o+e% o a$$o!n – The P%es!/en a$$o!ns SC "s!&es a he a/!&e an/ &onsen o he Senae. A$$o!n*ens a%e no a(+a-s a '"a%anee o $o(!!&a( &on%o(. 4. I*$ea&h*en – No SC 5"s!&e has ee% #een %e*oe/ %o* o!&e !n US h!so%-. @. L!e Ten"%e – Th!s !s s"$$ose/ o $%o*oe "/!&!a( !n/e$en/en&e. . Con%o((!n' S!!n' 5"/'es8 !no%*a( *e&han!s*s an/ se(9!*$ose/ (!*!s. e) ?i0itations on the Po8es o/ the Feea+ Couts
Wh- /!s&o"%a'e a*en/*ens Sa#!(!• Wan +!/es$%ea/ a'%ee*en, *o%e $eo$(e &an $a%!&!$ae !n $o(!!&a( $%o&ess • 2=h a*en/*en – !s ! a &ons!"!ona( a*en/*en On(- &on'%ess &an /ee%*!ne, SC &an no a/"/!&ae $o(!!&a( "es!ons Wha !s &o*$ensa!on o% he se%!&es Ho+ a#o" he e(a$se/ !*e Cons!"!on +as !n !o(a!on o he A%!&(es o he Cone/e%a!on 9 E7&e$!on &(a"se – (!e%a((- E7&e$!on !s +ha ! *eans, &an: ae a+a- a(( a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on a%!&(e III #" hen, &o"(/ #e %ea/ !n &one7 +h!&h +o"(/ ass"*e/ ha &o"% has "%!s/!&!on oe% *os e/e%a( "es!on &ases E< #ate M3Ca+e $%4(&) #". 4 0 Art. III Sec. 2 saes ha !n a(( &ases no a((!n' +!h!n he S"$%e*e Co"%:s o%!'!na( "%!s/!&!on 0#" a((!n' +!h!n he e/e%a( "/!&!a( $o+e%) he S"$%e*e Co"% sha(( hae
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a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on #oh as o (a+ an/ a&, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.” ) F8 D +%oe a%!&(es !n a ne+s$a$e% an/ +as &ha%'e/ o% +%!!n' (!#e(o"s a%!&(es. D a$$ea(e/ %o* a /en!a( o ha#eas &o%$"s o he SC, #" Con'%ess $asse/ an a& o%#!//!n' he Co"% "%!s/!&!on. In 1>= an a& +as $asse/ +h!&h 'ae he &o"%s "%!s/!&!on o hea% &ases !no(!n' ha#eas &o%$"s +he%e $e%sons +e%e he(/ !n !o(a!on o he!% &ons!"!ona( %!'hs an/ 'ae a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on o he SC. Ae% a%'"*ens +e%e hea%/ !n h!s &ase Con'%ess %e$ea(e/ he 1>= A&. ROL8 A(ho"'h he SC 'es !s a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on %o* he Cons!"!on, he Cons!"!on a(so '!es Con'%ess he e7$%ess $o+e% o *ae e7&e$!ons o ha a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on. Con'%ess $ossesses he a"ho%!- o e(!*!nae a$$ea(s o he S"$%e*e Co"%, +h!&h ! ha/ &%eae/ !n he A& esa#(!sh!n' he ha#eas &o%$"s. R8 Be&a"se he e7&e$!ons o he SC "%!s/!&!on a%e e7$%ess. C+ass notes Ae% he S"$%e*e Co"% hea%/ a%'"*ens !n he McCardle &ase, #" #eo%e ! han/e/ /o+n !s /e&!s!on, Con'%ess $asse/ a (a+ %e$ea(!n' he $o%!on o he 1=> A& +h!&h a((o+e/ a$$ea(s o he S"$%e*e Co"%. Th"s Con'%ess $"%$o%e/ o /e$%!e he S"$%e*e Co"% o !s %!'h o /e&!/e he McCardle &ase an/ an- ohe% ha#eas &o%$"s &ase &o*!n' o ! #- a$$ea( %o* he &!%&"! &o"%. The S"$%e*e Co"% "$he(/ Con'%ess: %es%!&!on on he Co"%:s "%!s/!&!on. The o$!n!on noe/ ha he a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on o he S"$%e*e Co"% !s &one%%e/ +!h s"&h e7&e$!on an/ "n/e% s"&h %e'"(a!ons as Con'%ess sha(( *ae. The (!*!a!on ena&e/ #- Con'%ess he%e +as s"&h an e7&e$!on. The%eo%e, he Co"% &on&("/e/, ! ha/ no "%!s/!&!on o /e&!/e he &ase. L!*!e/ S!'n!!&an&e8 Th"s M&Ca%/(e /oes no #- an- *eans san/ o% he $%o$os!!on ha Con'%ess *a- s%!$ he e/e%a( &o"%s o !n he!% en!%e- o he %!'h o !ss"e ha#eas &o%$"s %e(!e s"&h &on'%ess!ona( a&!on +o"(/ $%o#a#(- #e a !o(a!on o he $%!sone%sQ Fo"%eenh A*en/*en %!'h o /"e $%o&ess. Base/ on a%!&(e III se&!on 18 The o((o+!n' !s one -$e o a%'"*en8 Lesse% !n&("/e/8 he '%eae% $o+e% !n&("/es he (esse%. The '%eae% $o+e% o Con'%ess o e(!*!nae he (o+e% e/e%a( &o"%s en!%e(- !n&("/es he $o+e% o Con'%ess o /o +ha ! +ans o e/e%a( &o"% "%!s/!&!on. Th!s *a- #e aa&e/ #- /!s$%o!n' he $%e*!se 0'%eae% $o+e%). P$ 9112 /) Aviso1 O#inions, Stanin", an Po+iti3a+ uestion Do3tine Stanin" 9Case o Contoves1; The SC &anno /e&!/e on an !ss"e #e&a"se he- h!n ! !s !ne%es!n', he%e *"s #e so*e $e%sona( sae !no(e/ 0san/!n'). Th!s a&h!ees h%ee h!n's8 1. 5"/!&!a( Res%a!n 2. Ens"%es ha &ons!"!ona( !ss"es +!(( #e %eso(e/ #ase/ "$on &on&%ee /!s$"es an/ no h-$ohe!&a( s!"a!ons. 4. P%o*oes he en/s o !n/!!/"a( a"ono*-
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Aviso1 O#inions 9 These a%e a&!ons ha /o no '%o+ o" o a &ase o% &on%oe%s-. These o$!n!ons &o"(/ #e o '!e a/!&e. The USSC *a- no !ss"e s"&h o$!n!ons. So*e sae SC:s *a-.
I he%e !s no san/!n', hen he%e !s no "/!&!a( %e!e+. A++en v. Wi"ht $%&4) #". 4 F8 C(ass a&!on #%o"'h #- $a%ens o #(a& s&hoo( &h!(/%en a'a!ns he IRS o% a!("%e o /en- a79e7e*$ sa"s o s&hoo(s ha /!s&%!*!nae #ase/ on %a&e. P:s so"'h /e&(a%ao%an/ !n"n&!e %e(!e – he &o"% o a$$ea(s he(/ !n he!% ao%. ROL8 One /oes no hae san/!n' o s"e !n e/e%a( &o"% "n(ess he &an a((e'e he !o(a!on o a %!'h $e%sona( o h!*. R8 Be&a"se he san/!n' /o&%!ne $%oh!#!s a (!!'an:s %a!s!n' anohe% $e%son:s (e'a( %!'hs. A P *"s a((e'e $e%sona( !n"%- a!%(- %a&ea#(e o he D:s a((e'e/(- "n(a+"( &on/"& an/ (!e(- o #e %e/%esse/ #- he %e"ese/ %e(!e. The !n"%- *"s #e /!s!n& an/ no a#s%a&. He%e he P:s a((e'e ha 0a) he- a%e ha%*e/ /!%e&(- #- he a& ha he e/e%a( 'oe%n*en !s "n/!n' %a&!a( /!s&%!*!na!on an/ 0#) ha he a7 e7e*$!ons o %a&!a((- /!s&%!*!nao%- $%!ae s&hoo(s !*$a!% he!% a#!(!- o hae he!% $"#(!& s&hoo(s /ese'%e'ae/. The a#s%a& !n"%- 0a) !s no %e&o'n!?e/. San/!n' on(- e7!ss o% hose $e%sons +ho a%e $e%sona((- /en!e/ e"a( %ea*en #- he /!s&%!*!nao%- &on/"&. Ohe%+!se $eo$(e a&%oss he na!on &o"(/ #e $a% o h!s a&!on. The se&on/ a((e'a!on 0#) !s +!ho" san/!n' #e&a"se he !n"%- !s no a!%(- %a&ea#(e o he Goe%n*en &on/"& ha he P:s &ha((en'e as "n(a+"(. The (!ne o &a"sa!on !s aen"ae/ a #es. I !s en !%e(s$e&"(a!e as o +hehe% /en-!n' hese e7e*$!ons +o"(/ &han'e he /!s&%!*!nao% $%a&!&es h"s a((o+!n' o% /ese'%e'a!on. The (!ns !n he &ha!n o &a"sa!on a%e oo +ea. Th!s %e"!%e*en o &a"sa!on 'oes o se$a%a!on o $o+e%s. Ohe%+!se he SC +o"(/ #as!&a((- #e '!!n' an a/!so%- o$!n!on. D!ssen 0B%ennan)8 The &a"sa( (!n /oes e7!s – e(!*!na!on o a79e7e*$ sa"s o% %a&!a((- /!s&%!*!nao%- $%!ae s&hoo(s se%es o (essen he !*$a& o eo%s o /eea se'%e'a!on. D!ssen 0Seens an/ B(a&*"n)8 Cons!/e%a!ons o a7 $o(!&-, e&ono*!&s, an/ (o'!& a(( &on!%* he a& ha he P:s !n"%- !s %a&ea#(e o he 'oe%n*en. The a& ha he%e !s se$a%a!on o $o+e%s sho"(/ no /en- he P:s he!% %e*e/-. A &o*$(a!n sho"(/ #e /!s*!sse/ +hen he P $%esens a non"s!&!a#(e !ss"e, o% sees %e(!e ha a &o"% *a- no a+a%/, #" no #e&a"se he P (a&s a sae !n o#a!n!n' ha %e(!e an/ hen&e has no san/!n'. San/!n' %e"!%e*ens8 A) In"%B) T%a&ea#(eCa"sa!on C) Re/%essa#!(!- – nee/ o %e/%ess !n"%Reasons +h- +e hae san/!n'8 A) ;o("*e o (a+s"!s B) A"ono*C) Co(("s!on!'o%o"s a/o&a&-
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Wha +as he $e%sona( !n"%- ha he P:s sa!/ he- s"e%e/ A!%*a!e a&!on &ase – he P on(- has o sho+ ha he $%o&ess +as no a!%, an/ /oes no hae o sho+ ha he +o"(/ hae #een a&&e$e/ o he *e/!&a( s&hoo( #" o% he $o(!&- o a!%*a!e a&!on. 06a3:e1 an @a3:sonvi++e 3ase #". %*( ) These a%e 2 /!e%en +a-s o (oo!n' a +ha -o" hae o $%oe an/ ho+ -o" &ha%a&e%!?e he !n"%-8 1. A&"a( !n"%2. The $%o&ess +as no a!% In *os &ases -o" /on: 'e he #ene! an/ hen -o" &(a!* an !n"%-. ?uan v. De/enes o/ Wi++i/e $%&&-) #". &F8 ESA – En/an'e%e/ S$e&!es A&. Th!s A& +as o%!'!na((- &ons%"e/ o a$$(ee%-+he%e an/ hen (ae% on(- o he US an/ he h!'h seas. W!(/(!e o%'an!?a!ons !(e/ h!s a&!on a'a!ns he Se&. o he Ine%!o% o &a(( o% he a$$(!&a#!(!- o he ESA o a(( ha#!as an/ e7$an/ he 'eo'%a$h!& s&o$e. Co"% o A$$ea(s o"n/ he P:s ha/ san/!n'. ROL8 On(- !n/!!/"a(s +ho hae s"e%e/ &on&%ee ha%* hae san/!n' o see "/!&!a( %e!e+ o a'en&- %"(es. R8 The%e a%e h%ee e(e*ens o San/!n'8 1. P s"e%e/ !n"%- !n a& – &on&%ee an/ a&"a( 2. Ca"sa( &onne&!on #e+een !n"%- an/ &on/"& &o*$(a!ne/ o – *"s #e %a&ea#(e. 4. I *"s #e (!e(- as o$$ose/ o s$e&"(a!e ha he !n"%- +!(( #e %e/%esse/ #a ao%a#(e /e&!s!on. The #"%/en !s on he $a%- !no!n' e/e%a( "%!s/!&!on o esa#(!sh hese e(e*ens. When he P !s no h!*se( he o#e& o he 'oe%n*en a&!on o% !na&!on, san/!n' !s no $%e&("/e/, #" ! !s s"#san!a((- *o%e /!!&"( o esa#(!sh. III8 P:s &(a!* he- +!(( %ae( o &e%a!n a%eas an/ +!(( #e /!%e&(- ae&e/ o% !na#!(!- o o#se%e &e%a!n s$e&!es. The Co"% sa-s h!s !n"%- !s no !**!nen s!n&e he- hae no se $(ans o %ae(. E&os-se* ne7"s a%'"*en 9 ha +e a%e a(( $a% o he sa*e e&os-se* !s !na(!/ #e&a"se he P *"s #e !n he ae&e/ a%ea s$e&!!&a((- an/ no "s !n he !&!n!-. An!*a( ne7"s a%'"*en – An-one +!h an !ne%es !n s"/-!n' an!*a(s &an s"e. Th!s a%'"*en !s #e-on/ a(( %eason. 6"es!on o %e/%essa#!(!- – een ! he Se&. o Ine%!o% $" o" a ne+ %e'"(a!on %e"!%!n' &ons"(a!on o o%e!'n $%oe&s as he P:s /e*an/, ! +o"(/ no ne&essa%!(- $%o!/e a %e*e/- #e&a"se ! !s "n&(ea% +hehe% he "n/!n' a'en&!es a%e #o"n/ #- he Se&%ea%-:s %e'"(a!on. A(so, he a'en&!es on(- s"$$(- a %a&!on o he "n/!n'. I The Co"% o A$$ea(s he(/ ha he%e +as san/!n' #e&a"se o $%o&e/"%a( !n"%- +h!&h ! he(/ sa!s!e/ he !n"%- !n a& %e"!%e*en #- &on'%ess!ona( &one%%a( "$on a(( $e%sons o an a#s%a& %!'h o hae he E7e&"!e o#se%e he $%o&e/"%es %e"!%e/ #- (a+. We %ee& h!s !e+. Th!s /oes no sa!s- an A%!&(e III Case o% Con%oe%s-. The $%o!n&e o he Co"% !s o /e&!/e on he %!'hs o !n/!!/"a(s – Ma%#"%- . Ma/!son. Een +hen a sa"e /eno*!naes an !n/!!/"a( %!'h, he &on&%ee !n"%%e"!%e*en *"s %e*a!n. Con3uin" $7enne1) S!n&e he%e +as no &on&%ee !n"%- I +o"(/ no hae a//%esse/ %e/%essa#!(!-. Cons3uin" $Stevens) I a'%ee !n "/'*en #e&a"se he se&!on o he a& /oes no a$$(!n o%e!'n &o"n%!es, ho+ee% he P:s /o hae san/!n' #e&a"se he%e +as ha%* !n ha he!% !ne%es !n h!s s"/- +as ha%*e/. Re'a%/!n' %e/%essa#!(!-, ! !s "n(!e(- ha he
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"n/!n' a'en&!es +!(( no #e #o"n/ #- he %e'"(a!on ! &han'e/ J+ha a#o" he a& ha he !n/!n' %o* hese a'en&!es !s on(- %a&!ona(K. Dissent $O>Conno an 6+a3:0un) Re"!%!n' ha he P:s hae se $(ans o %ae( !s "s a o%*a(!-. A(so o sa- ha he /!san&e *!!'aes he /a*a'e /one on so*eone s"/-!n' a s$e&!es %o* a&%oss he +o%(/ !s !%%e(ean. Gen"!ne !ss"es o a& hae #een %a!se/ on he !ss"e o %e/%essa#!(!-. C+ass notes Cane% h-$o !n FL – +h- sho"(/n: I hae san/!n' o &ha((en'e he +ho(esa(e s(a"'he% o (os o %ees !n a $a% o F(o%!/a +hen he- a%e &o*!n' !no *- #a&-a%/ o &" one %ee. Ho+ *"&h $o+e% /oes Con'%ess hae. III0#) !s no he *ao%!- – ha !s he $a% ha /ea(s +!h %e/%essa#!(!-. Fo% Th"%s/a- +e +!(( 'o h%o"'h IIA. Stanin" – ho+ &o*o%a#(e a%e +e +!h "/!&!a( %e!e+ The%e *"s #e !n "%-, &a"sa!on, an/ %e/%essa#!(!-. Ho+ /o +e /e!ne +hen one has s"e%e/ an !n"%- Ho+ -o" &ha%a&e%!?e he !n"%- !s !*$o%an. Who has $o+e% oe% san/!n' %e"!%e*ens E7&("s!e(- he &o"%s o% Con'%ess See he L"an &ase. Ho+ *"&h &on%o( /o +e +an Con'%ess o hae oe% se!n' he san/a%/ %e"!%e*ens Th!s !s s"$$ose/ o #e a /o&%!ne o "/!&!a( %es%a!n. He%e he &o"% !s sa-!n' ha he- &on%o( h!s /o&%!ne o "/!&!a( %es%a!n. Th!s /o&%!ne &o*es "$ a (o !n (!!'a!on.
P%"/en!a( San/!n' – Ne+/o+ •
Po+iti3a+ uestion Do3tine CB 112911, 1219144 I !s no &o**on o% a &o"% o #e /!s*!sse/ #e&a"se o h!s /o&%!ne. Po(!!&a( !ss"es +!h &ons!"!ona( /!*ens!ons 'ene%a((- a%e a!% 'a*e o% "/!&!a( %e!e+. Po(!!&a( 0non9"s!&!a#(e) "es!ons a%e !ss"es, +h!&h *a- hae &ons!"!ona( /!*ens!ons #" a%e o a na"%e ha he- sho"(/ #e %eso(e/ !n he $o(!!&a( a%ena 0!.e. o%e!'n %e(a!ons). Po8e++ 3ase #". %- Th!s !s e!he% a $o(!!&a( "es!on, o% s!*$(- an !ss"e o &ons!"!ona( !ne%$%ea!on. The &o"% !s %e9!ne%$%e!n' he &ons!"!on. 6"es!on o ho+ o !ne%$%e "a(!!&a!ons. 6a:e v. Ca $%&(-) #". %%0P%!n&!$a((- no+n o% he #(a& (ee% /e!n!!on o a Po(!!&a( 6"es!on.) F8 TN oe%s #%o"'h an a&!on &ha((en'!n' a sae sa"e %o* 131 a$$o%!on!n' *e*#e%s o he sae Gene%a( Asse*#(- a*on' he sae:s &o"n!es. P:s &(a!*e/ he!% oes +e%e /!("e/ as a %es"( o $o$"(a!on %e/!s%!#"!on. The P:s so"'h a %e9 a$$o%!on*en o% e(e&!ons a (a%'e. ROL8 Rea$$o%!on*en !ss"es $%esen "s!&!a#(e "es!ons. R8 Be&a"se Non "s!&!a#(e, o% $o(!!&a( "es!ons a%e hose $%o$e%(- (e o ohe% #%an&hes o 'oe%n*en, e!he% #e&a"se &o"%s /o no hae he %eso"%&es o han/(e he*
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o% #e&a"se he- a%e #es /e&!/e/ h%o"'h he $o(!!&a( $%o&ess. E7a*$(es !n&("/e o%e!'n %e(a!ons an/ he a(!/!- o ena&*ens. The !ss"e he%e, ho+ee%, !s +hehe% he '"a%anees o e"a( $%oe&!on o"n/ !n he &ons!"!on a%e #e!n' *e. Th"s, !n h!s !ss"e, he &o"% !s #e!n' &a((e/ "$on o "/'e he &ons!"!ona(!- o he s-se* "n/e% aa&, so*eh!n' s"a%e(- +!h!n he &o"%:s $o+e% an/ /"-. D!ssen8 The Co"% sho"(/ no !ne%e& !se( !no $o(!!&a( /!sa'%ee*ens as ! has /one he%e. The Co"% !s no a/e"ae(- e"!$$e/ o han/(e %ea$$o%!on*en !ss"es. F!na((-, he s%"&"%e o sae !ns!"!ons sho"(/ #e '!en '%ea %es$e&. G"a%anee C(a"se – A%. I; Se&. @ – G"a%an- o a Re$"#(!&an Fo%* o Go:. C+ass notes Wo"(/ a %ee%en/"* !o(ae he G"a%an- C(a"se Sho"(/ he Co"% #e /e&!/!n' +ha a Re$"#(!&an o%* o 'oe%n*en !s. The- &o"(/ hae sa!/ ha a G"a%an- C(a"se &(a!* !s a $o(!!&a( "es!on an/ hen /!s*!ss !. Insea/ he- sa- ! !s an e"a( $%oe&!on !o(a!on. Fa&o%s ha !/en!- a $o(!!&a( "es!on8 Co**!*en o anohe% #%an&h8 A e7"a((- /e*ons%a#(e A. Cons!"!ona( &o**!*en o he !ss"e o a &oo%/!nae $o(!!&a( /e$a%*en. See U.S. v. Nion La& o san/a%/s8 A (a& o "/!&!a((- /!s&oe%a#(e an/ *ana'ea#(e !. san/a%/s o% %eso(!n' he !ss"e. Uns"!a#(e $o(!&- /ee%*!na!on8 he !*$oss!#!(!- o /e&!/!n' he C. !ss"e +!ho" an !n!!a( $o(!&- /ee%*!na!on o a !n/ &(ea%(- o% n on9 "/!&!a( /!s&%e!on. M"(!$(e $%ono"n&e*ens8 The $oen!a( o% e*#a%%ass*en %o* ". *"(!a%!o"s $%ono"n&e*ens #- a%!o"s /e$a%*ens on one "es!on. Ni sa-s ha he Senae has so(e a"ho%!- o %-. So(e !*$(!es on(- he senae. The P a%'"es ha he +o%/ %- !*$(!es a "/!&!a( $%o&ee/!n'. Th!s !s no so, he %a*e%s /!/ no !*$ose o% he "/!&!a%- o 'e !no(e/ he%e. 1. A((o+!n' "/!&!a( %e!e+ +o"(/ #e !n&ons!sen +!h &he&s an/ #a(an&es. 5"/!&!a( !*$ea&h*en +as /es!'ne/ o #e he on(- &he& #- (e'!s(a"%e on he "/!&!a( #%an&h. 5"/!&!a( !*$ea&h*en +as *ean o %e'"(ae he "/!&!a%- – o (e he* %e!e+ ! as he !na( a"ho%!- /eeas he $"%$ose. 2. La& o !na(!4. Ho+ /o -o" $%o!/e a %e*e/- o% an oe%"%ne/ !*$ea&h*en C+ass notes N!7on a%'"es ha ! *"s #e he Senae +ho *"s %- he !*$ea&h*en.
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The !/ea ha he &o"% sho"(/ e(( he Senae ho+ o 'o a#o" he !*$ea&h*en $%o&ess !s "n"s"a(. S%"&"%a( – !na(!- Rehn"!s – N!7on:s a%'"*en +o"(/ $(a&e !na( %e!e+!n' a"ho%!- +!h %es$e& o !*$ea&h*ens !n he han/s o he sa*e #o/- ha he !*$ea&h*en $%o&ess !s *ean o %e'"(ae. Se$a%a!on o $o+e%s. Te7"a( a%'"*en8 so(e – s$e&!!& (!*!s. Anohe% a%'"*en !s ha so(e /oes no ne&essa%!(- e7&("/e he Co"%, #" %ahe% ! e7&("/es he ohe% Ho"se Se&!on 2, C(a"se – Ho"se sha(( hae he so(e $o+e% o !*$ea&h*en – %ea/ o'ehe%, s"''ess ha "s e7&("/es ohe% ho"se, no a(( ohe% #%an&hes o 'oe%n*en 6ush v. Goe su##. P". E"a( P%oe&!on a%'"*en. The FLSC sa-s +e nee/ o /o a %e&o"n sa-!n' he sa"e sa-s he%e sho"(/ #e a %e&o"n an/ he san/a%/ !s o /ee%*!ne he !nen o he oe%. The o$!n!on /!/ no sa- ho+ o 'o a#o" /ee%*!n!n' he !nen o he oe%. The USSC sa-s ha he%e !s a !o(a!on o E"a( P%oe&!on #e&a"se he%e !s no san/a%/ o% ho+ o /ee%*!ne he !nen o he oe%. Ho+ *"&h a"ho%!- sho"(/ he e/e%a( 'oe%n*en hae h%o"'h he USSC The USSC !s e((!n' he FLSC ha he- 'o ! +%on' +!h %e'a%/ o FL (a+. A%!&(e 2 Se&. 1 C(a"se 2 sa-!n' he &on&"%%en&e sa-s ha he FLSC "s"%$e/ he (e'!s(a"%es %o(e. J(oo a he !ss"e o san/!n' – IIB1 on T"es. an/ o% Th"%s/a-8 IIB2 an/ IIC1 an/ IIC2AK T+o *a!n !ss"es 0#es!/es san/!n')8 1. E"a( $%oe&!on 2. A%!&(e II – 5"/!&!a%- . Le'!s(a"%e D!/ B"sh hae san/!n' o %a!se he e"a( $%oe&!on &(a!* A&&o%/!n' o he &o"% he%e +as a !o(a!on o A%!&(e II 0se&. 1 &(a"se 2) o he Cons!"!on. The%e !s no %!'h o !n/!!/"a( &!!?ens o e(e& he P %es!/en. Th!s &(a"se (eaes ! "$ o he sae !n e%*s o ho+ o /o he e(e&!on 0!n s"&h a *anne% as he (e'!s(a"%e /!%e&s). The SC ho(/s ha he FLSC !o(ae/ A%!&(e II !n ha ! a#an/one/ ho+ he sae (e'!s(a"%e has se o" #- sa"e. The /!ssen a%'"es ha he Sae SC sho"(/ #e he one o %eso(e he !ne%$%ea!on o he sae sa"e o% FL Cons!"!on. The *ao%!- sa-s ha he FLSC +as !n&o*$een !n he!% !ne%$%ea!on an/ ha he- !o(ae/ he Cons!"!on "n/e% A%!&(e II. Pe%ha$s h!s sho"(/ #e %eae/ as a $o(!!&a( "es!on. San/!n' !ss"e – Fo% san/!n', #es!/es !n"%-, &a"sa!on, an/ %e/%essa#!(!-, he%e *"s #e he $oss!#!(!- ha he !ss"e +!(( #e (!!'ae/ !'o%o"s(-. Po(!!&a( 6"es!on 9 The !na( a"ho%!- !s "s"a((- Con'%ess !n hese !ss"es. He%e he "/!&!a%- se(e/ !. Ho+ *"&h %es%a!n /o +e +an o !*$ose on he "/!&!a%- An/ ho+ *"&h %es%a!n !s a&"a((- !*$ose/ Pa'e 11@ !n CB on P6 !n Bae% &ase. Ho+ *"&h /o +e +an he Co"% o #e *a!n' hese Cons!"!ona( !ss"es Wha sho"(/ he &o"% /e&!/e De3isionRationa+e On&e a sae en%an&h!ses !s &!!?ens +!h he %!'h o oe, ha %!'h #e&o*es • "n/a*ena(, an/ he sae *"s ao%/ e"a( +e!'h o ea&h oe #- a(( &!!?ens S!*!(a%(-, e"a( $%oe&!on %e"!%es ha a sae &hoos!n' o (ae% /!sen%an&h!se !s • &!!?ens *"s /o so on e"a( '%o"n/s so as o a("e ea&h $e%son:s oe e"a((FSC +as "na#(e o esa#(!sh a san/a%/ o /!s&e%n he !nen o he oe% ha • sa!s!e/ he EPC
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• •
•
Wha &ons!"es a (e'a( oe !n one &o"n- /oes no a$$(- !n a ne!'h#o%!n' &o"n-, an/ e"a( $%oe&!on has no #een $%ese%e/ #- he %e&o"n $%o&e/"%e B& a(( oes a$$o!n!n' *e*#e%s o he e(e&o%a( &o((e'e &anno #e &o"ne/ an/ &e%!!e/ #- De& 12, as %e"!%e/ #- e/ sa"e, an/ he sae %e&o"n $%o&e/"%e !s "n&ons!"!ona(, he /e&!s!on o he FSC !s %ee%se/ an/ %e*an/e/ Rehn"!s – he sae:s %o(e !n he $%es!/en!a( e(e&!on *a!na!ns a "n!"e(e/e%a( &ha%a&e%
Stanin" • No *en!one/ !n &ase. Wh- Wo"(/ hae #een #%o"'h "$ #- anohe% &!!?en • Co"% ha/ o !ne%ene o so(e a &%!s!s %e'a%/(ess • Po+iti3a+ uestion Who has $o+e% o %eso(e /!s$"e o% $%es!/en • Bae% – 12h a*en/*en, e7"a( &o**!*en, (e o Con'%ess o %eso(e o /!s$"es a#o" e(e&o%a( &o((e'e an/ oes o
$$. 144914 Ri#eness an Mootness A &ase !s no %!$e +hen ! !s #%o"'h oo soon, an/ ! !s *oo +hen ! !s #%o"'h oo (ae. The%e !s an e7&e$!on o *ooness 0Roe . Wa/e) +he%e he &ases a%e &a$a#(e o% %e$e!!on. ;o("na%- &essa!on o a((e'e/(- "n(a+"( &on/"& /oes no *ae he &ase *oo.
II.
THE SEPARATION OF POWERS
P$ 441944> D!s%!#"!on o $o+e%s The se$a%a!on o $o+e%s !s no %!'!/ – he%e !s an oe%(a$. P"%$ose o &he& an/ #a(an&es8 1. D!!s!on o (a#o% – e!&!en&2. P%een!on o -%annThe Mass. Sae Cons!"!on 0+h!&h !s o(/e% han he US Con.) &a((s o% a &(ean an/ %!'!/ /!!s!on o $o+e%s +!h (!(e oe%(a$. Ma/!son sa-s ha -o" ha e o *os(- +o%%- a#o" Con'%ess as he *os $o+e%"( #%an&h. Aa&s on se$a%a!on8 1. Se#aation !ne%e%es +!h /e*o&%a!& $%o&ess #- $%een!n' $o$"(a% *ao%!!es %o* #%!n'!n' a#o" &han'e 2. Insea/ o so(!n' $%o#(e* o a&!ons ! a''%aaes ! #- a((o+!n' +e((9o%'an!?e/ $%!ae '%o"$s o #(o& ne&essa%- %e'"(a!on. The Co"% has no &ons!/e%e/ se$a%a!on o $o+e% &ases non"s!&!a#(e 0$o(!!&a( "es!ons).
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De$en/!n' "$on +h!&h #%an&h o 'oe%n*en -o" #e(!ee !s *os /an'e%o"s, -o"% /!(e**a +!(( /!e% +!h &e%a!n /e&!s!ons. FRAMER:S INTENT Wh!&h o 4 #%an&hes sho"(/ +e #e *os +o%%!e/ a#o" Ho+ a#o" he %a*e%s • o E7e&"!e
Executive Authority: CB 44>942, S"$$. @39@ P%es!/en!a( Se!?"%e Boun"sto8n Sheet J Tu2e Co. v. Sa81e $%&5-) #". ''( 0The P%es!/en *a- no *ae (a+s he *a- on(- &a%%- he* o") F8 See( +o%e%s ha/ (a#o% /!s$"es +!h he!% &o*$an!es an/ h%eaene/ a +o% so$$a'e. The P%es!/en #e(!ee/ h!s +o"(/ eo$a%/!?e na!ona( /eense an/ he aa!(a#!(!- o see(. P%es!/en T%"*an 0!a an o%/e% o h!s Se&%ea%- o Co**e%&e) se!?e/ he na!on:s see( *!((s. The *!(( o+ne%s a%'"e/ ha h!s +as (a+*a!n' +h!&h +as a (e'!s(a!e "n&!on '!en o Con'%ess #- he Cons!"!on an/ no o he P%es!/en. D!s%!& Co"% %"(e/ ha he se!?"%e &anno san/. I8 Whehe% ! !s +!h!n he P%es!/en:s $o+e%s o se!?e he na!on:s see( *!((s a#sen anCon'%ess!ona( ena&*en. H8 No, a!%*e/. R8 Be&a"se a#sen a Cons!"!ona( $%o!s!on o% sa"e 0Con'%ess!ona( ena&*en) he P%es!/en!a( "n&!on !s o e7e&"e an/ no o *ae (a+. The a%'"*en ha he C '!es he P%e? he $o+e% o se!?e as Co**an/e% !n Ch!e o he A%*- an/ Na- /oes no ( #e&a"se hese a%e $%!ae(- o+ne/ #"s!nesses. ROL8 I !s NOT +!h!n he P%es!/en:s $o+e%s o se!?e $%!ae $%o$e%- 0he na!on:s see( *!((s) a#sen a Con'%ess!ona( ena&*en. F%an"%e% &on&"%%!n'8 O"% s-se* o 'oe%n*en +as /es!'ne/ o $" %es%!&!ons an/ sae'"a%/s on he $o+e% +!h!n ea&h #%an&h. Con'%ess has +!hhe(/ he $o+e% %o* he P%es!/en #- no '%an!n' h!* he $o+e% o se!?e he *!((s. 5a&son Con&"%%!n'8 On(- +hen Con'%ess has ena&e/ a $%o!s!on s"$$o%!n' he P%es!/en +o"(/ s"&h a se!?"%e #e a(!/. The o$!n!on 'oes on o /!s*an(e he 'oe%n*en:s a%'"*en #ase/ "$on he 4 &(a"ses ha ! &!es %o* he &ons!"!on. The%e a%e h%ee &ae'o%!es8 1. When he P%e? a&s +!h he a"ho%!?a!on o Con'%ess – *a7!*"* $o+e% 2. When he P%e? a&s an/ Con'%ess !s s!(en 9 o $o+e% 4. When he P%e? a&s an/ Con'%ess !s e7$%ess(- !n /!sa$$%oa( – (o+es $o+e% The P%es!/en has so*e !n/e$en/en $o+e%s een +!ho" Con'%ess!ona( a$$%oa(. When he Con'%ess s$e&!!&a((- /!sa$$%oes o he P%es!/en:s a&!on, he &an %e(- on(- on h!s $o+e%s as en"*e%ae/ !n he Cons!"!on. Th!s a&!on a((s !no he h!%/ &ae'o%0+!h he %ee&!on o a s!*!(a% A& ha +o"(/ hae '!en he P%e? $o+e% o ne'o!ae o% "n!ons), an/ he P%es!/en has oe%se$$e/ h!s a#!(!- o *oe !n/e$en/en o Con'%ess. Do"'(ass Con&"%%en&e8 The h A*en/*en &an on(- #e %ea/ o '!e &on/e*na!on $o+e% o Con'%ess. On(- Con'%ess &an &o*$ensae – so on(- he- &an &on/e*n. C5 ;!nson D!ssen!n'8 The P%es!/en:s a&!on +as (e'!!*!?e/ #- he a& ha ! +as !noe/ o ae% a na!ona( /!sase%. We *"s (oo a he &one7 o h!s a&!on. The
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P%es!/en has he /"- o ae &a%e ha he (a+s #e a!h"((- e7e&"e/. D"%!n' WWI he P%es!/en se!?e/ he &oa(*!nes. P%es!/ens hae aen $%o*$ a&!ons o eno%&e he (a+s an/ $%oe& he &o"n%- +hehe% o% no Con'%ess ha$$ene/ o $%o!/e !n a/an&e o% he $a%!&"(a% *eho/ o e7e&"!on. C+ass notes The o%ean Wa% +as 'o!n' on. T%"*an &o"(/ hae e$ he see( *!((s o$en on he o+ne%s: e%*s #- a"ho%!?!n' +a'e !n&%eases, ho+ee% he /!/ no /o h!s. The !ss"e !s ha ! !s no ha he Fe/e%a( 'oe%n*en &anno se!?e he see( *!((s. The h A*en/*en a((o+s Con'%ess o ae $%o$e%- an/ hen o &o*$ensae. The !ss"e !s ha +h!(e Con'%ess &an /o h!s, he P%es!/en /oes no hae h!s $o+e% #ase/ on he Cons!"!on. The *ao%!- sa-s ha he%e !s no sa"e a"ho%!?!n' he P%e? o se!?e. The P%e? a%'"es h!s !s an e7e&"!e a& B(a& %ee&s h!s sa-!n' ha h!s !s %ahe% a (e'!s(a!e a& 0o% Con'%ess). Ho+ &an +e e(( he /!e%en&e !n e%*s o +ha !n/ o a& h!s !s Th!s +as no he eno%&e*en o a Con'%ess!ona( A&. Pe%ha$s h!s !s a $o(!&-. Fo% B(a&, ea%(!e% P%es!/en!a( se!?"%es +e%e !%%e(ean. Fo% F%an"%e%, he $as se!?"%es a%e !n/ee/ %e(ean. I !s (!e he a%'"*en !n M&C"((o"'h. H!so%- &o"ns #e&a"se +e &an %e&o'n!?e ha so*e #o/- ohe% han he &o"% &an !ne%$%e he Cons!"!on ! +e (oo a he a& ha Con'%ess has "$he(/ P%es!/en!a( se!?"%es !n he $as. The $%o#(e* +!h he a%'"*en o h!so%!&a( '(oss !s ha -o" s!(( hae o e7$(a!n he !ne%$%ea!on. Un/e% 5a&son, h!s !s a &ase +he%e Con'%ess has !na(!/ae/ he se!?"%e an/ Con'%ess !s no s!(en #e&a"se Con'%ess /!/ %ee& a s!*!(a% A& o sa- ha he- +e%e no "s s!(en, #" he- hae /ea( +!h he !ss"e. Een ! so*eh!n' !s !n he 4%/ &ae'o%- – +e *"s ana(-?e +hehe% he Cons!"!on '%ans he P%e? he $o+e% s"&h ha he A& o Con'%ess !s "n&ons!"!ona(. Da0es J Mooe v. Rea"an $%&4%) #". '4 F8 P%es!/en Ca%e%, !n e7&han'e o% %e(ease o hosa'es, !ss"e/ an o%/e% #a%%!n' &o"% a&!on a'a!ns I%an o% !s &!!?ens. P:s asse% #%ea&h o a'a!ns I%an!an #ans an/ #%o"'h a&!on o /e&(a%e P%es!/en!a( o%/e% "n&ons!"!ona(. Con'%ess +as s!(en on he o%/e%. Lo+e% &o"%s "$he(/ he o%/e%. Rea'an %a!!e/ he o%/e%. ROL8 A P%es!/en:s *a- o%/e% o se(e (e'a( &(a!*s +hen he o%/e% !s an&!((a%- o *ao% o%e!'n $o(!&- !ss"es an/ Con'%ess A&"!es&es. Con'%ess a&!(- a$$%oe/ he a&!on #a$$%o!n' s!*!(a% a&!ons. R8 Be&a"se Con'%ess has $asse/ he IEEP A& +h!&h '!es he P%e? s!*!(a% $o+e%s o% s!*!(a% s!"a!ons. Con'%ess &anno #e e7$e&e/ o (e'!s(ae o% ee%- &on!n'en&-. The%e +as (on'9&on!n"e/ $%a&!&e, no+n o an/ a&"!es&e/ !n #- Con'%ess. C+ass notes Co*$a%!n' h!s &ase o o"n'so+n – !n o"n'so+n Con'%ess /!/ no a"ho%!?e he P%e? o se!?e he see( *!((s. The !ss"e !s +hehe% he P%es!/en has he a"ho%!- o s"s$en/ &(a!*s #- US &!!?ens a'a!ns I%an "n(ess -o" !e+ hese &(a!*s as %ansa&!ons +h!&h !s (!se/ !n he IEEPA. Is so$$!n' (a+s"!s &ons!/e%e/ a %ansa&!on I !s "n&(ea%. Wh!&h 5a&son &ae'o%- /!/ h!s &ase a(( "n/e% The%e *a- #e an a%'"*en ha h!s !s a &ae'o%- 4 #e&a"se o he a& ha Con'%ess $asse/ a&s s"&h as IEEPA #" /!/ no a"ho%!?e s"s$ens!on o &(a!*s. o" &o"(/ ana(o'!?e h!s o o"n'so+n an/ sa- ha Con'%ess has ho"'h an/ /ea( +!h he !ss"e an/ s$e&!!&a((- /!/ no a"ho%!?e he $o+e% o s"s$en/ &(a!*s. The 2n/ &ae'o%- +o"(/
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on(- a$$(- +he%e Con'%ess has a&"a((- no ho"'h a#o" an !ss"e. I *a- #e he 2n/ &ae'o%- +he%e Con'%ess !s s!(en, #" h!s $%o#a#(- !s no ha &ae'o%- #e&a"se ! !s no as ! Con'%ess has no a a(( ho"'h a#o" h!s. The%e *a- #e an a%'"*en ha ! !s he 1s &ae'o%- s!n&e Con'%ess has a"ho%!?e/ s!*!(a% a&s #- he P%es!/en an/ has a(so h!so%!&a((- P%es!/ens hae #een a#(e o /o s!*!(a% h!n's +!h he !*$(!e/ +!(( o Con'%ess. L!*!e/ s&o$e8 The Co"% &a%e"((- s%esse/ he (!*!e/ s&o$e o !s ho(/!n'. I +as no ho(/!n' ha he P%es!/en has Cons!"!ona( a"ho%!- o se(e o% s"s$en/ a(( &(a!*s he Co"% +as s!*$(- /e&!/!n' ha +he%e s"&h se(e*en o% s"s$ens!on !s a ne&essa%!n&!/en o he %eso("!on o a *ao% o%e!'n $o(!&- /!s$"e an/ Con'%ess has a&"!es&e/ !n ha -$e o $%es!/en!a( a&!on, he a&!on +!(( #e /ee*e/ +!h!n he P%es!/en:s Cons!"!ona( a"ho%!-. A(so noe ha Con'%ess: a&"!es&en&e !s a a&o% !n /ee%*!n!n' +hehe% he P%es!/en +as a&!n' +!h!n h!s a"ho%!-. B" !s no a /e&!s!e e(e*en +!ho" ohe% a&o%s. P". * su##+e0ent = Mi+ita1 Ti2una+s Does he P%e? hae (e'!s(a!e a"ho%!- o se"$ *!(!a%- %!#"na(s 5o!n Reso("!on o Con'%ess.
DOMESTIC AFFAIRS E
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The Cons!"!on /!/n: %ea((- sa- an-h!n', ho"'h, '%an!n' P%es!/en e7e&"!e $%!!(e'e. 0 i00une; A"u0ent - $istin3tion /o0 a2ove, +ess ston", 3outs +i:e)! 9I invo:e e
Co"%:s ans+e%8 0&!!n' Ma%#"%-)
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1. President does not sa! t"e law. Marbury establis"es power of /udicial review0+w"ic" also lets S establis" w"! someone "as standing- and 2arbur! emp"aticall! rea3rmed t"at* &it is emp"aticall! t"e province of t"e /udicial department to sa! w"at t"e law is.( Plus t"e /udiciar! cannot s"are its law4dictating powers wit" t"e 5,ecutive. 6"is cuts too deepl! into due process* t"e court replies. 7ecause it undercuts t"e S’s defense too muc" and also to t"e public* if it undercuts t"e prosecutor. So t"ere’s a speci#c need for t"e tapes. And also t"ere’s not"ing special reall! about t"ese tapes8its /ust a general need for con#dentialit! and candor vs t"e SP5'9' need of S to use t"em. ). Plus t"e submissions will be in4camera and so will be protected b! t"e District ourt and t"e protective mandates imposed /udge4wide t"ereon. 6"erefore* it is "ard to swallow t"e argument t"at t"e onstitutional reason for privilege overrides t"e subpoena.
C+inton v. @ones 0P%es!/en !s (!a#(e o% &!!( /a*a'es ha a%!se o" o non o!&!a( a&!!!es ha hae aen $(a&e #eo%e he has aen o!&e.) WEIGHING AND BALANCING OF HARMS. SC MAES CALCULATIONS ABOUT WHAT WILL IMPAIR THE PRESIDENT:S EFFECTI;ENESS
Sho"(/ he P%es!/en hae e7e&"!e $%!!(e'e Is he%e an-h!n' !n he Cons!"!on The &ons!"!on /oes no %ee% o $%es!/en!a( $%!!(e'e. The P%e? *a- a%'"e ha he a& ha he C !s s!(en on ! /oes no *ean ha he /oes no hae ha $o+e% – ! &an #e !*$(!e/ !n he C 0(!e he $o+e% o se"$ a #an). Th!s o$!n!on /oes %e&o'n!?e ha he P%e? has E7e&"!e P%!!(e'e, ho+ee% he /!/ hae o "%n oe% he a$es #e&a"se he &ase +as a'a!ns hose e*$(o-ees +ho #%oe !no he Wae%'ae. Th!s !s (!e he ohe% N!7on &ase +he%e he Co"% sa-s ! !s no o% he Co"% o /e&!/e on he Cons!"!ona( !ne%$%ea!on. He%e he Co"% sa-s ! !s no "$ o he E7e&"!e #%an&h o /e&!/e he s&o$e o +ha !s $%oe&e/ #- he Cons!"!on. C+inton v. @ones 0P%es!/en !s (!a#(e o% &!!( /a*a'es ha a%!se o" o non o!&!a( a&!!!es ha hae aen $(a&e #eo%e he has aen o!&e.)
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Fa&s8 5ones a((e'e/ ha +h!(e P%es!/en B!(( C(!non +as Goe%no% o A%ansas, he ha/ se7"a((- assa"(e/ he%. She a(so a((e'e/ ha #e&a"se she /!/ no a&!e(- $a%!&!$ae !n hese se7"a( a/an&es, she +as /e*oe/ %o* he% sae o#. Iss"e8 Sho"(/ a P%es!/en #e s"#e&e/ o a &!!( s"! o% $"%e(- "no!&!a( a&s ha hae o&&"%%e/ #eo%e he #e&a*e $%es!/en es. The P%es!/en &an #e he(/ (!a#(e !n &!!( /a*a'es o% a&!!- ha +as non9%e(ae/ o h!s s$e&!!& o# "n&!on. ?e"is+ative Authoit1 Non!De+e"ation P%a&!&a( ne&ess!!es Essen!a( $o+e%s Ine((!'!#(e $%!n&!$(es An A& /e(e'a!n' a"ho%!- *"s #e s$e&!!& an/ (!*!e/ an/ $%o!/e '"!/an&e. H-$o8 a sa"e /e(e'a!n' o he FCC he a"ho%!- o ena& %"(es 'oe%n!n' e9&o**e%&e. Th!s !s oo #%oa/. Con'%ess *"s $%o!/e a san/a%/. The- &an a// !n he $"#(!& !ne%es. The S"$%e*e Co"% "ses +o a$$%oa&hes !n ea("a!n' (e'!s(a!e a"ho%!-. 1) Fo%*a(!s9 h!s a$$%oa&h e*$has!?es &(ea% %"(es ha /e*a%&ae se$a%ae s$he%es o a"ho%!-. 2) F"n&!ona(!s9 ("!/ a$$%oa&h ha $%oh!#!s a''%an/!?e*en o $o+e% M1es v. US #". '& 0P%es!/en $o+e% o %e*oa( !s &on!ne/ o $"%e(- e7e&"!e o!&e%s) U$he(/ ha P%e? &an %e*oe Pos*ase% +!h he a/!&e an/ &onsen o he Senae. The P%e? &an %e(- on he Tae Ca%e &(a"se o a%'"e ha ! !s "$on h!* o e7e&"e he (a+s an/ no h!s s"#o%/!naes. Hu0#he1>s8 The $%es!/en!a( %!'h o he P%e? o %e*oe *e*#e%s o he FTC. Th!s +as he(/ "n&ons!"!ona(. The%e a%e 2 /!s!n&!ons8 1. The Pos*ase%:s "n&!on !s e7e&"!e 2. He%e he FTC %e*oa( ha/ no (!*!a!on, s"&h as &onsen o Senae), as he $os*ase% %e*oa( ha/. So*e !e+ !n/e$en/en a'en&!es as he @h #%an&h. The Co"% /!s!n'"!she/ Myers an/ sa!/ ha he o!&e o a $os*ase% !s so essen!a((/!e%en %o* he o!&e no+ !no(e/ ha he /e&!s!on !n Meyers /oes no a$$(-. In Myers he o!&e +as $"%e(- e7e&"!e !n na"%e. He%e he Co**!ss!on a&s !n $a% Kuasi! +e"is+ative an/ !n $a% Kuasi!ui3ia+ . Th"s he ho(/!n' !n Meyers on(- a$$(!es o $"%e(e7e&"!e o!&e%s. INS v. Chahu $%&4') #". '* F8 Con'%ess eoes he AG:s %e&o**en/a!on o s"s$en/ he /e$o%a!on o a non9 A*e%!&an. ROL8 A one9ho"se eo #- Con'%ess, +h!&h !s no s"#e& o #!&a*e%a( an/ P%es!/en!a( %e!e+, !s NOT &ons!"!ona(. R8 Be&a"se he Cons!"!on s$e&!!&a((- %ee%s o &e%a!n &!%&"*san&es +he%e he%e &an #e one9ho"se a&!on +!ho" #e!n' s"#e& o P%es!/en!a( eo, an/ h!s !s no one o
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hose e7&e$!ons. The eo $%o!s!on !s "n&ons!"!ona( #e&a"se ! e7en/s he s&o$e o a"ho%!- #e-on/ ha se o%h #- he C. Po+e(( Con&"%%!n'8 Th!s sho"(/ hae #een /e&!/e/ *o%e na%%o+(- on he #as!s o se$a%a!on o $o+e%s an/ he a& ha Con'%ess a&e/ #e-on/ he s&o$e o !s Cons!"!ona( $o+e%s #- /o!n' an a& ha has %a/!!ona((- #een (e o ohe% #%an&hes, an/ sho"(/ no hae /ea( +!h he &ons!"!ona(!- o Con'%ess!ona( eoes. Con'%ess: a& +as no (e'!s(a!e. Wh!e D!ssen!n'8 The *ao%!- sho"(/ hae /e&!/e/ h!s on se$a%a!on o $o+e%s an/ no /ea( +!h Con'%ess!ona( eo. Con'%ess!ona( eo !s a e%- !*$o%an oo(8 1. A((o+s P%e? an/ Con'%ess o %eso(e *ao% /!e%en&es 2. Ass"%es a&&o"na#!(!- o !n/e$en/en %e'"(ao%- a'en&4. P%ese%es Con'%ess: &on%o( oe% (a+*a!n' The C /oes no /!%e&(- $%oh!#! o% a"ho%!?e (e'!s(a!e eo – h!s sho"(/ no #e !ne%%e/ as /!sa$$%oa(. The (e7!#!(!- o "se h!s oo( !s ne&essa%-. On(- B!((s an/ he!% e"!a(en a%e s"#e& o he %e"!%e*ens o #!&a*e%a( $assa'e an/ $%esen*en o he P%e?. The (e'!s(a!e eo !s an e7e%&!se o "as!9(e'!s(a!e $o+e%. The AG:s s"s$ens!on o /e$o%a!on !s e"!a(en o a $%o$osa( o% (e'!s(a!on. C+ass notes I an a& /oes no !*$ose a /"- o% '%an %!'hs, hen ! !s no (e'!s(a!e an/ /oes no %e"!%e #!&a*e%a(!s* an/ $%esen*en. I %!'hs an/ /"!es a%e a(e%e/, hen -o" /o nee/ #!&a*e%a(!s* an/ $%esen*en. The &o"% he%e sa-s he a& #- Con'%ess +as (e'!s(a!e an/ ha Cha/ha:s %!'hs +e%e a(e%e/. Ho+ee% +e &an a%'"e ha he sa"e o s"s$en/ he /e$o%a!on /!/ no a&"a((- a(e% an- %!'hs o% /"!es, !n +h!&h &ase -o" &an a%'"e a'a!ns he *ao%!- ha h!s +as no %ea((- (e'!s(a!e an/ /oes no %e"!%e #!&a*e%a(!s*. A/*!n!s%a!e A'en&!es +he%e /o he- ! !n he se$a%a!on o $o+e% s&he*e 1. A%. II es he e7e&"!e $o+e% !n he P%es!/en a(one, no !n a s"#o%/!nae o!&!a(s. 2. A "n!a%- e7e&"!e #ase/ on he e!&!en&- "s!!&a!on o% he se$a%a!on o $o+e%. 4. Nee/ o ens"%e e7$e/!!o"s, &en%a(!?e/, an/ &oo%/!nae/ a"ho%!- !n (a+ eno%&e*en 6o8she v. S1na $%&4() #". '4% 0Reen!on #- Con'%ess o he %!'h o %e*oe an e7e&"!e o!&e% o% &e%a!n s$e&!!e/ -$es o &a"ses &one%s ha o!&e% !no an a'en o Con'%ess.) F8 The Co*$%o((e%, +h!(e a$$o!ne/ #- he P%e?, !s %e*oa#(e on(- # - Con'%ess. The Co*$%o((e% %e!e+e/ a(( $"#(!& "n/s %e&e!e/ an/ /!s#"%se/ #- Con'%ess. Un/e% he G%a**9A&, he ha/ he a"ho%!- o !n/e$en/en(- es!*ae #"/'e /e!&!s an/ a%'es, an/ *ae #"/'e &"s. A h%ee9"/'e $ane( he(/ ha he a& +as "n&ons!"!ona(. ROL8 I !s NOT Cons!"!ona( 0!n e%*s o se$a%a!on o $o+e%) o% he Co*$%o((e%, +ho $e%o%*s e7e&"!e "n&!ons, o #e %e*oa#(e on(- #- Con'%ess. R8 Be&a"se o $e%*! he e7e&"!on o (a+s o #e ese/ !n an o!&e% ans+e%a#(e on(- o Con'%ess +o"(/ %ese%e Con'%ess &on%o( oe% he e7e&"!on o (a+s. The Cons!"!on /oes no a((o+ o% Con'%ess o e7e&"e (a+s. Con'%ess &anno '%an o an o!&e% "n/e% !s &on%o( +ha ! /oes no $osses. Th!s +o"(/ #e (!e a((o+!n' a Con'%ess!ona( eo. The
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Co*$%o((e% has a(+a-s #een !e+e/ as an o!&e% o he (e'!s(a!e #%an&h – as s"&h he &anno %ea!n e7e&"!e $o+e%s. No+ +e *"s &ons!/e% +hehe% h!s A& '%ans h!* e7e&"!e $o+e%s. Ine%$%e!n' a (a+ ena&e/ #- Con'%ess o !*$(e*en he (e'!s(a!e *an/ae !s he e%- essen&e o e7e&"!on o he (a+. The Co*$%o((e% *"s e7e%&!se "/'*en an/ !ne%$%e +h!(e a$$(-!n' he A& – hese a%e e7e&"!e "n&!ons. B- Con'%ess &on%o((!n' he a#!(!- o %e*oe he Co*$%o((e%, ! has !n%"/e/ !no he e7e&"!e "n&!on. A& !s "n&ons!"!ona(. Seens an/ Ma%sha(( Con&"%8 A'%ee ha he A& !s "n&ons!"!ona(, #" no #e&a"se o he %e*oa( $o+e% #- Con'%ess, o% he a& ha he Co*$%o((e% !s '!en e7e&"!e "n&!ons. Rahe%, s!n&e he Co*$%o((e% ses $o(!&- ha #!n/s he na!on, he sho"(/ #e s"#e& o he P%esen*en C(a"se 0P%es!/en!a( eo) "n/e% A%!&(e I o he Cons!"!on. In/ee/ he $o+e% '%ane/ he%e !s (e'!s(a!e. Wh!e D!ssen!n'8 A&&e$ he $%o$os!!on ha he Co*$%o((e% $e%o%*s so*e e7e&"!e "n&!ons. DO no a&&e$ ha Con'%ess ha!n' so(e %e*oa( $o+e% !s ana(o'o"s o he !*$e%*!ss!#(e e7e&"!on o (a+ #- Con'%ess !se(. Th!s !s e%- /!e%en han he Con'%ess!ona( eo #e!n' s%"& /o+n !n Cha/ha. The Co*$%o((e% *a- on(- #e %e*oe/ h%o"'h a o!n %eso("!on $asse/ #- #oh Ho"ses an/ s!'ne/ #- he P%e?. Th!s sa!s!es #!&a*e%a(!s* an/ $%esen*en. Con'%ess ha!n' so*e &on%o( oe% he Co*$%o((e% /oes no *ae he A& "n&ons!"!ona(. The a& ha Con'%ess ha/ %e*oa( $o+e% +as no o *ae he Co*$%o((e% /e$en/en on Con'%ess, #" %ahe% o %en/e% h!* !n/e$en/en !n he e/e%a( esa#(!sh*en. C+ass notes The A& &%eae/ #- Con'%ess a!(s o% h%ee %easons8 !%s he A& "ses he Co*$%o((e%:s e7e&"!e $o+e%s se&on/, e7e&"!e $o+e%s *a- no #e ese/ #- Con'%ess !n !se( o% ! a'ens, #e&a"se &on'%ess !s (!*!e/ o (e'!s(a!e %ahe% han e7e&"!e "n&!ons h!%/, #e&a"se Con'%ess &an %e*oe he Co*$%o((e%, he !s an a'en o Con'%ess. Washin"ton Ai#ots Authoit1 v. CitiLens a"ainst ai3a/t noise $%&&%) #". '&& F8 The Me%o A"ho%!- $e% a Con'%ess!ona( T%anse% A& no+ %an The DC a!%$o%s $%e!o"s(- %"n #- he Fe/s. The%e +as o #e a Boa%/ o Re!e+ *a/e "$ o *e*#e%s o Con'%ess +!h eo $o+e%. The sa"e +as &onese/ on he '%o"n/s ha ! !o(ae/ se$a%a!on o $o+e%s. ROL8 I !s "n&ons!"!ona( as a !o(a!on o se$a%a!on o $o +e%s o hae a %e!e+ #oa%/ +!h eo $o+e% *a/e "$ #- *e*#e%s o Con'%ess o oe%see a T%anse% A& ena&e/ #Con'%ess. R8 Be&a"se Con'%ess *a- no e7e%&!se e7e&"!e $o+e%s. Een +hen he- e7e%&!se he!% &ons!"!ona( (e'!s(a!e $o+e%s he- *"s /o so a&&o%/!n' o he $%o&e/"%es s$e&!!e/ !n A%!&(e I. The A& !s "n&ons!"!ona( +hehe% he a"ho%!- !s e7e&"!e o% (e'!s(a!e. D!ssen8 The%e !s no !ss"e o se$a%a!on o $o+e%s s!n&e h!s !s sae (a+. The Boa%/ +o"(/ no e7!s #" o% Con'%ess. Con'%ess has no $o+e% o %e*oe an-one %o* he #oa%/ – he%e !s no !o(a!on he%e. C+ass notes Notes on P". -
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Me1es v. U.S #". '& 0P%es!/en $o+e% o %e*oa( !s &on!ne/ o $"%e(- e7e&"!e o!&e%s) Fa&s8 A &on'%ess!ona( sa"e $%o!/e/ ha he $os*ase% sha(( #e a$$o!ne/ an/ *a #e %e*oe/ #- he $%es!/en an/ +!h he a/!&e an/ &onsen o he Senae. P%es!/en W!(son ae*$e/ o %e*oe M-e%s, a $os*ase%, #eo%e h!s e%* e7$!%e/ an/ he Senae o$$ose/. Iss"e8 Whehe% he %e*oa( o a #ue+1 es E
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The Senae *a- $!& so*eone *o%e !'o%o"s, #" ! *a- #e *o%e hea!( $o(!!&!?e/ So h!s !s he a/ana'e o The Co"%, /e$o(!!&!?!n'. o Fa&s8 The sa"e !n Mo%%!son %e"!%e/ he Ao%ne- Gene%a( o !nes!'ae ana((e'a!ons o +%on'/o!n' a'a!ns &e%a!n h!'h (ee( *e*#e%s o he E7e&"!e B%an&h 0!n&("/!n' *e*#e%s o he Ca#!ne) an/ o a$$(- o a s$e&!a( e/e%a( &o"% 0The S$e&!a( D!!s!on) o% he a$$o!n*en o a s$e&!a( $%ose&"o% ! he o"n/ %easona#(e '%o"n/s o #e(!ee ha "%he% !nes!'a!on o% $%ose&"!on !s +a%%ane/. On&e he s$e&!a( $%ose&"o% +as a$$o!ne/, she &o"(/ on(- #e %e*oe/ #- he Ao%ne- Gene%a(, an/ on(o% 9"oo 3ause.; Iss"e8 Whehe% he sa"e !n Mo%%!son !o(ae/ he se$a%a!on o $o+e%s $%!n&!$(e #e&a"se ! %es%!&e/ he P%es!/en %o* !%!n' a +!((. No. The Mo%%!son Co"% /ee%*!ne/ ha he s$e&!a( $%ose&"o% +as an 9in/eio; o!&e% %ahe% han a 9#in3i#a+; o!&e% o((o+!n' he sa*e %eason!n' !n Me1es an/ Hu0#he1>s E
6u3:+e1 v. a+eo A Fe/e%a( E(e&!on Co**!ss!on +as &%eae/ #- &on'%ess an/ !s *e*#e%s +e%e a$$o!ne/ as o((o+s. T+o #- he P%es!/en $%o9e*$o%e o he Senae, +o #- he s$eae% o he ho"se, +o #- he $%es!/en. The Co"% "nan!*o"s(- s%"& /o+n he *eho/ o a$$o!n*en as "n&ons!"!ona(. A% II $%o!/es !n $e%!nen $a%8 he $%es!/en sha(( no*!nae, an/ #- an/ +!h he &onsen o he Senae, sha(( a$$o!n a*#assa/o%s, ohe% $"#(!& *!n!se%s an/ &ons"(s, "/'es o he S"$%e*e Co"%, an/ a(( ohe% o!&e%s o he Un!e/ Saes. . . . 2ut 3on"ess 0a1 21 +a8 vest the a##oint0ent o/ su3h in/eio o//i3es, as the1 thin: #o#e , !n he $%es!/en a(one, in the Couts o/ +a8 , o% !n he hea/s o /e$a%*ens. Th"s, an- a$$o!nee e7e%&!s!n' s!'n!!&an a"ho%!- $"%s"an o he (a+s o he U.S. !s an o!&e% o he U.S. an/ *"s he%eo%e #e a$$o!ne/ !n a&&o%/an&e +!h he a$$o!n*ens &(a"se. The Co"% he(/ ha !ne%!o% o!&e%s a%e /!e%en han o!&e%s o he U.S. on(- so a% as he a$$o!n*en &(a"se a$$(!es. The F!%s !s s"#e& o he (ae% $a% o he &(a"se, +h!(e he se&on/ *"s #e no*!nae/ #- he P%es!/en an/ a$$o!ne/ #- he Senae. 6o8she v. S1na 0Reen!on #- Con'%ess o he %!'h o %e*oe an e7e&"!e o!&e% o% &e%a!n s$e&!!e/ -$es o &a"ses &one%s ha o!&e% !no an a'en o Con'%ess.)
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Fa&s8 Un/e% he Ba(an&e/ B"/'e an/ E*e%'en&- De!&! Con%o( A& o 1, he G%a**9R"/*an9Ho((!n's A&, Bo+she% , he /een/an, &o*$%o((e% Gene%a( o he Un!e/ Saes, +as ass!'ne/ he /"- o ee&"a!n' a&%oss he #oa%/ s$en/!n' %e/"&!ons !n he e/e%a( 'oe%n*en. S-na%, he $(a!n!, s"e/ Bo+she% on #eha( o he Na!ona( T%eas"%- E*$(o-ees Un!on, +h!&h &(a!*e/ ha !s *e*#e%s +e%e !n"%e/ #e&a"se Bo+she%:s s$en/!n' %e/"&!ons s"s$en/e/ &e%a!n &os o (!!n' #ene! !n&%eases. S-na% &onen/e/ ha he A& +as "n&ons!"!ona( #e&a"se he Co*$%o((e% Gene%a( +as a"ho%!?e/ "n/e% he A& o e7e%&!se e7e&"!e "n&!ons, !o(a!n' he /o &%!ne o se$a%a!on o $o+e%s. B- se$a%ae, *"&h o(/e%, (e'!s(a!on, Con'%ess %ese%e/ o !se( he %!'h o %e*oe he Co*$%o((e% Gene%a( %o* o!&e o% !e s$e&!!e/ %easons8 $e%*anen /!sa#!(!-, !ne!&!en&-, ne'(e& o /"-, *a(easan&e e&. Iss"e8 Ma- Con'%ess &%eae an e7e&"!e $os!!on !.e. he Co*$%o((e% Gene%a( #" %ea!n he %!'h o %e*oe he o!&e% o% en"*e%ae/ &a"ses No. The A& &%eae/ #- Con'%ess a!(s o% h%ee %easons8 !%s he A& "ses he Co*$%o((e%:s e7e&"!e $o+e%s se&on/, e7e&"!e $o+e%s *a- no #e ese/ #Con'%ess !n !se( o% ! a'ens, #e&a"se &on'%ess !s (!*!e/ o (e'!s(a!e %ahe% han e7e&"!e "n&!ons h!%/, #e&a"se Con'%ess &an %e*oe he Co*$%o((e%, he !s an a'en o Con'%ess. The Wa Po8es Reso+ution A3t P". %*
Wa% $o+e%s %eso("!on as an "n&ons!"!ona( !n%!n'e*en on he $o+e%s o he P%es!/en I. The Cons!"!on '!es he P%es!/en he a"ho%!- o !n%o/"&e a%*e/ o%&es !no hos!(!!es +!ho" a /e(e'a!on o +a% II. The Reso("!on !s oo #%oa/, a (eas !n &ases ha /ea( +!h he %e$e( o s"//en aa&s on he Un!e/ Saes #e&a"se ! a((o+s a &on'%ess!ona( %o(e !n a%eas +he%e s"&h a %o(e !s &ons!"!ona((- $%os&%!#e/. III. The%e !s noh!n' &ons!"!ona((- !((e'!!*ae o% een /"#!o"s a#o" "n/e&(a%e/ +a%s he- hae #een o"'h o% 233 -ea%s. Th!s $a%!&"(a% %eso("!on +o"(/ %e"!%e he P%es!/en o '!e no!&e o hos!(!!es +!h!n @ ho"%s, +he%eas #eo%e he +o"(/ no hae o /o so. The Wa% Po+e% Reso("!on !s Cons!"!ona( I.
I *e%e(- %eso%es he &ons!"!ona( #a(an&e ha has #een "$se #a (on' $e%!o/ o &on'%ess!ona( !na&!!-. In essen&e, he %eso("!on a((o+s Con'%ess o ens"%e ha he%e !s no "n/e&(a%e/ +a%. In/ee/, o he e7en ha ! s"e%s %o* an- &ons!"!ona( /ee&, ! !s !n -!e(/!n' $o+e% o he $%es!/en #e&a"se he %eso("!on /oes see* o a((o+ he P%es!/en o +a'e +a% +!ho" a /e&(a%a!on !n a% oo *an- &!%&"*san&es. II. The !nhe%en $o+e%s +h!&h o$$onens *ae %ee%en&e o a%e %ea(( $o+e%s ho"'h o #e !nhe%en #e&a"se he P%es!/en has h!so%!&a((-
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e7e%&!se/ he*, !n he a#sen&e o &on'%ess!ona( a$$%oa( o#e&!on. VTh!s, ho+ee%, /oes no #- !se( $%oe ha Con'%ess (a&s he a"ho%!- o (!*! ha e7e%&!se o $o+e% . . . V P%a&!&e "n/e% he %eso("!on I.
The %eso("!on /!/ no a//%ess &oe% +a%s II. Con'%ess sa!/ noh!n' a#o" sho%9e%* *!(!a%- s%!es ha &o"(/ #e &o*$(ee/ +!h!n >3 /a-s an/ h!s s!(en&e has #een aen #- so*e $%es!/ens as %ee/o* o %ea he sa"o%- (!*! as a /e a&o &on'%ess!ona( $e%*!ss!on o &o**! %oo$s a#%oa/ o% "$ o >3 /a-s The %eso("!on has a(so a!(e/ o so$ he ;!ena* -$e o &on(!& %o* &%ee$!n' es&a(a!on. Wh- /oes Con'%ess hae an- %o(e a a(( !n /e&(a%!n' +a% Wa% !s a %ea((- #!' /ea( ha &an ae& $eo$(e:s (!es, so +e /on: "s +an he P%es!/en a(one o "n!(ae%a((- *ae a /e&!s!on o 'o o +a%. The%eo%e +e %e"!%e a o!n %eso("!on #- Con'%ess an/ he P%es!/en. I aes #oh #%an&hes o 'o o +a%. Can Con'%ess a(one /e&(a%e +a% See A%!&(e 1, se&. , &(a"se 11. The%e !s no *en!on o he P%es!/en he%e. Can he P%es!/en eo Con'%ess: /e&!s!on o 'o o +a% Does Cha/ha a$$(- he%e A o!n %eso("!on !s a oe #- he Ho"se an/ Senae an/ P%es!/en. A Con&"%%en %eso("!on !s +he%e ! !s he Senae an/ Con'%ess. So*e P%es!/ens hae aen he !e+ ha he %eso("!on !s no &ons!"!ona(. T%ea!es – The P%es!/en %a!!es %ea!es +!h he a/!&e an/ &onsen o Senae an/ Con'%ess. Un/e% S"$%e*a&- &(a"se, he %ea- +o"(/ oe%%!/e he sae (a+.
III.
THE POWERS OF CONGRESS
Co00e3e C+ause Gi22ons v. O"en $%4-) #". %' $Co00e3e C+ause /ist intou3e) Art $ Sec. % cl. & VThe Con'%ess sha(( hae he $o+e% o %e'"(ae Co**e%&e +!h o%e!'n Na!ons, an/ a*on' he see%a( Saes, an/ +!h he In/!an T%!#es.V Art '$ cl. ( VTh!s Cons!"!on, an/ he La+s o he Un!e/ Saes +h!&h sha(( #e *a/e !n P"%s"an&e he%eo an/ a(( T%ea!es *a/e, o% +h!&h sha(( #e *a/e, "n/e% he A"ho%!- o he Un!e/ Saes, sha(( #e he S"$%e*e La+ o he Lan/ an/ he 5"/'es !n ee%- Sae sha(( #e #o"n/ he%e#-, an- Th!n' !n he Cons!"!on o% La+s o an- Sae o he Con%a%- no+!hsan/!n'.V Fa&s8 O'/en a&"!%e/, #- '%an %o* he Ne+ o% (e'!s(a"%e, *ono$o(- %!'hs o o$e%ae sea*#oas #e+een Ne+ o% an/ Ne+ 5e%se-. G!##ons #e'an o$e%a!n' sea*#oas !n !o(a!on o O'/enQs *ono$o(-. G!##onQs #oas +e%e (!&ense/, ho+ee%, "n/e% a e/e%a( sa"e. O'/en o#a!ne/ an !n"n&!on !n Ne+ o% &o"% o%/e%!n' G!##ons o so$ o$e%a!n' h!s #oas !n Ne+ o% +ae%s.
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Iss"e8 Whehe% G!##onQs (!&ense "n/e% a e/e%a( sa"e +as &ons!"!ona( an/ h"s oe%%"(e/ he Ne+ o% (e'!s(a"%e '%an o a *ono$o(- #ase/ on he S"$%e*a&- C(a"se. es. In %ea&h!n' h!s &on&("s!on, Ma%sha(( oo a #%oa/ !e+ o Con'%essQs $o+e% "n/e% he Co**e%&e C(a"se. Un/e% ha &(a"se, he sa!/ Con'%ess &o"(/ (e'!s(ae +!h %es$e& o all V&o**e%&e +h!&h &on&e%ne/ *o%e Saes han one.V Co**e%&e, he &on&("/e/, !n&("/e/ no on(- #"-!n' an/ se((!n', #" a(( VCommercial Intercourse .V Ma%sha(( &on&("/e/ ha he &on'%ess!ona( $o+e% o %e'"(ae !ne%sae &o**e%&e !n&("/e/ he a#!(!- o ae& *ae%s o&&"%%!n' +!h!n a sae, so (on' as ha a&!!- h a/ so*e &o**e%&!a( &onne&!on +!h anohe% sae. F"%he%*o%e, he *os !*$o%an $o%!on o h!s o$!n!on, Ma%sha(( sae/ ha no a%ea o !ne%sae &o**e%&e !s %ese%e/ o% he sae &on%o(. " his power, like all others !ested in Congress, is complete in itsel, ma# $e exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations, other than are prescri$ed in the Constitution." In +ha +a-s *!'h G!##ons #e sa!/ o %ese*#(e he $o(!!&a( /o&%!ne 'ene%a((- The $o(!!&a( /o&%!ne !s a Co"% &%eae/ (!*!a!on ha (eaes Con'%ess +!h #%oa/ /!s&%e!on. L!e he G!##onQs Co"% &on&("s!on ha "(!*ae(- (e Con'%ess +!h #%oa/ /!s&%e!on. C+ass Notes One !ss"e o he &o**e%&!a( &(a"se !s he s"$%e*a&- &(a"se. o" s!*$(- hae a e/e%a( sa"e e%s"s a sae sa"e. C(ea%(- he /ee%%a( sa"e !s s"$%e*e. Ho+ee%, he "es!on !s +hehe% he e/e%a( A& +as &ons!"!ona( an/ +hehe% Con'%ess ha/ he $o+e% o (!&ense he e%%-. o" &an %e'"(ae #" *a-#e -o" &anno $%oh!#!. The%e !s a h%ee9$%on' es he%e o% #e!n' &ons!/e%e/ !ne%sae8 1. Ine%na( 2. Doesn: ae& ohe% saes AND 4. No nee/ o% e/e%a( 'oe%n*en o %e'"(ae. Fo% Con'%ess o e7e%&!se he $o+e% "n/e% he &(a"se ! *"s #e8 1. Co**e%&e 0(!*!s an/ /e!n!!ons) 2. Ine%sae 0a*on') 4. Re'"(ae/ 0as o$$ose/ o $%oh!#!e/) Who sho"(/ "/'e +hehe% a &e%a!n s!"a!on *ees hese &%!e%!a so ha Con'%ess &o"(/ e7e%&!se he $o+e% o %e'"(ae &o**e%&e.
The e(e*ens o #e ana(-?e/ a%e8 • Co**e%&e • Ine%sae – 0h%ee9$%on' es) • Re'"(a!on The Co"% "se/ a $%e- #%oa/ /e!n!!on on a(( o hese e%*s. Ma%sha(( a%'"e/ ha &o**e%&e sho"(/ #e &ons%"e/ e%- #%oa/(-. The%e *a- #e an a%'"*en ha he a& ha Con'%ess has he $o+e% o %e'"(ae &o**e%&e, &o!n *one-, an/ /e&(a%e +a%, /oes no *ean ha he saes &anno a(so hae hose $o+e%s. The %eason !s ha (ae% on !n se&!on 13 0a%!&(e I) he C sa-s ha he saes
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&anno &o!n *one- o% en'a'e !n +a% – so +h- +o"(/ he C 'o o" o !s +a- o sa- he saes &anno /o hese h!n's "n(ess he Con'%ess: $o+e% +as NOT e7&("s!e. G!##ons he(/ ha he%e &o"(/ #e Fe/e%a( an/ Sae $o+e% o %e'"(ae &o**e%&e &on&"%%en(- – as (on' as he sae (a+ /oes no &on(!& +!h he e/e%a( (a+, an/ as (on' as he s&o$e o sae %e'"(a!on !s no oo a% %ea&h!n'. Gi22ons – I saes &anno %e'"(ae !ne%sae &o**e%&e, ho+ &an he- $e%o%* !ns$e&!ons 0hea(h e&.) "n/e% he !ns$e&!on (a+s The- +o"(/ a%'"e ha h!s /oes no a(( "n/e% &o**e%&e. I h!s +e%e he &ase hen Con'%ess +o"(/ no #e a((o+e/ o %e'"(ae hese !ns$e&!ons s!n&e he- a%e no !ne%sae &o**e%&e.
Do%*an Co**e%&e C(a"se 9 Sae:s $o+e% o %e'"(ae ohe% saes &o**e%&e. T8o a##oa3hes in inte#etin" the 3o00e3e 3+ause 1. Rea(!s!& a$$%oa&h (oos a he ee& o he (e'!s(a!on. 2. Fo%*a(!s!& a$$%oa&h +h!&h (oos a he %e'"(a!on !se(.
Pe!Ne8 Dea+ U.S. v. E.C. 7ni"ht Co. #". %(% $Manu/a3tue vs. Co00e3e) Noe8 #e+een 13 an/ 14=, he S"$%e*e Co"% oo a h!'h(- /o0a+isti3 !e+ o+a%/ !ne%sae &o**e%&e. The e/e%a( 'oe%n*en s"e/ "n/e% he She%*an An!%"s A& o o%&e a *ao% s"'a% %e!ne% o /!es !se( o ohe% %e!ne%s ha ! ha/ %e&en(- a&"!%e/. The Co"% he(/ ha Con'%ess &o"(/ no, "n/e% he Co**e%&e C(a"se, o%#!/ a *ono$o(- !n V*an"a&"%e.V The %e!ne%- +as a *an"a&"%!n' o$e%a!on, an/ +as he%eo%e (e o sae &on%o(. The a& ha he %e!ne/ s"'a% +as een"a((- so(/ V!n &o**e%&eV +as !%%e(ean, s!n&e he *an"a&"%!n' o$e%a!onQs %e(a!on o &o**e%&e +as on(- V!n&!/ena( an/ !n/!%e&.V P%oe&!n' $%!n&!$(es o Fe/e%a(!s*8 The Co"%Qs %a!ona(e o% !s ho(/!n' +as he $%oe&!on o saeQs %!'hs o %e'"(ae (o&a( a&!!!es. The *ao%!- &onen/e/ ha ! he e/e%a( &o**e%&e $o+e% e7en/e/ o Va(( &on%a&s an/ &o*#!na!ons !n *an"a&"%e, a'%!&"("%e, *!n!n' an/ ohe% $%o/"&!e !n/"s%!es, +hose "(!*ae %es"( *a- ae& e7e%na( &o**e%&e, &o*$a%a!e(- (!(e o #"s!ness o$e%a!ons an/ aa!%s +o"(/ #e (e o% sae &on%o(.V C+ass Notes Wh- !s *an"a&"%!n' /!e%en %o* &o**e%&e Co**e%&e see*s o #e *o%e a#o" %a/!n' an/ #"-!n' an/ se((!n'. Ne8 Dea+ Cate v. Cate Coa+ Co. $%&'() #". %(& In Carter a &ha((en'e +as *a/e a'a!ns he B!"*!no"s Coa( Conse%a!e A& o 144, +h!&h se *a7!*"* ho"%s an/ *!n!*"* +a'es. The A3t 8as /oun to 2e an inva+i use o/ the 3o00e3e #o8e . P%o/"&!on, +h!&h +as +ha +as #e!n' %e'"(ae/ he%e, +as a $"%e(- (o&a( a&!!-, een ho"'h he *ae%!a(s $%o/"&e/ +o"(/ n ea%(- a(( "(!*ae(- #e
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so(/ !n !ne%sae &o**e%&e. No% /!/ $%o/"&!on directly affect interstate commerce he !ss"e +as no he e7en o he ee& $%o/"&e/ on !ne%sae &o**e%&e, #" he e7!sen&e o% non9e7!sen&e o a /!%e& (o'!&a( %e(a!on #e+een he $%o/"&!on an/ he !ne%sae &o**e%&e. He%e he &o"% sa!/ $%o/"&!on a((s o"s!/e o &o**e%&e. C+ass notes He%e Con'%ess +as %-!n' o %e'"(ae he +a'es, (a#o% an/ e*$(o-*en &on/!!ons an/ he Co"% o"n/ ha h!s !s no &ons!/e%e/ &o**e%&e. He%e he Co"% sa!/ h!s a&!!!s no &o**e%&e. Co**e%&e o% no, ! he a&!!- /!%e&(- ae&s !ne%sae &o**e%&e ! *a- #e a%'"e/ ha he%e &an #e %e'"(a!on. D1 C+eanin" H1#o /o0 s1++a2us 8 Fe/e%a( 'oe%n*en &o*$e(s s$e&!!& /!s$osa( o o7!& *ae%!a(s. Is h!s &ons!"!ona( /"%!n' he !*e "s #eo%e he Ne+ Dea( One a%'"*en !s ha Con'%ess &anno %e'"(ae h!s s!n&e ! !s no %a/e o% #"-!n' an/ se((!n'. Th!s ass"*es ha he &o"% sho"(/ #e /e&!/!n' +ha !s an/ !s no &ons!/e%e/ &o**e%&e. In G!##ons Ma%sha(( sa!/ ha he (e'!s(a"%e sho"(/ /e&!/e +ha !s an/ !sn: &ons!/e%e/ &o**e%&e. Ho+ *"&h &an -o" (eae ! o Con'%ess o /ee%*!ne he a$$%o$%!ae %e(a!onsh!$ #e+een he e/e%a( 'oe%n*en an/ he saes We *a- sa- ha h!s !s he -$e o h!n' +he%e ! +o"(/ #e o o% Con'%ess o %e'"(ae. Ne7 +e ea("ae +hehe% h!s !s !ne%sae. Th!s !s "s a (o&a( #"s!ness !n Te7as.
Cha0#ion v. A0es $%&*') #". %( 0Loe%- Case VPo(!&e $o+e%V) Fa&s8 Con'%ess $asse/ he Fe/e%a( Loe%- A&, +h!&h $%oh!#!e/ he !ne%sae sh!$*en o (oe%- !&es he Co"% "$he(/ he sa"e. The *ao%!- #e'an +!h he ass"*$!on ha (oe%!es +e%e &(ea%(- an Ve!(V +h!&h ! +as /es!%a#(e o% Con'%ess o %e'"(ae s!n&e Con'%ess %e'"(ae/ on(- he interstate sh!$*en o hese e!( a%!&(es, ! &o"(/ no #e sa!/ o #e !ne%e%!n' +!h !n%asae *ae%s %ese%e/ o% sae &on%o(. C+ass Notes S3he3hte Pou+1 Co#. v. U.S. $%&'5) #". %( 0A/o$!n' he ni*ht %a!ona(e ha he%e *"s #e a /!%e& an/ (o'!&a( %e(a!onsh!$ #e+een !n%asae a&!!- #e!n' %e'"(ae/ an/ !ne%sae &o**e%&e) Fa&s8 The Na!ona( In/"s%!a( Re&oe%- A& a"ho%!?e/ he P%es!/en o a/o$ V&o/es o a!% &o*$e!!onV o% a%!o"s %a/es o% !n/"s%!es he &o/e %e'"(ae/ s"&h !e*s as *!n!*"* +a'e an/ $%!&es, *a7!*"* ho"%s, &o((e&!e #a%'a!n!n' e&. S&he&he% Po"(%+as &on!&e/ on &ha%'es o !o(a!n' he +a'e an/ ho"% $%o!s!ons o he A&. A(ho"'h he as *ao%!- o $o"(%- so(/ !n Ne+ o% &a*e %o* ohe% saes, S&he&he% !se( #o"'h +!h!n N.. C!-, an/ %eso(/ !s so& e7&("s!e(- o (o&a( /ea(e%s. The 'oe%n*en a%'"e/ ha S&he&he%Qs &on/"& &o"(/ &ons!"!ona((- #e %ea&he/ "n/e% he Co**e%&e C(a"se, on he a(e%na!e heo%!es ha8 1) S&he&he%Qs a&!!!es +e%e +!h!n he Vs%ea* o &o**e%&eV o he &h!&en %a/e an/ 2) S&he&he%Qs a&!!!es ho"'h he*se(es &o*$(ee(- (o&a(, s"#san!a((- ae&e/ &o**e%&e. Ho(/!n'8 The Co"% %ee&e/ #oh o he Goe%n*enQs a%'"*ens, an/ he(/ he NIRA "n&ons!"!ona( as a$$(!e/ o S&he&he%. The Co"% %easone/ ha S&he&he%Qs a&!!!es +e%e no !n he V&"%%enV o% Vs%ea*V o &o**e%&e, #e&a"se he !ne%sae %ansa&!ons
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en/e/ +hen he sh!$*ens %ea&he/ s&he&he%Qs N. C!- s(a"'he%9ho"ses. No% +as he Vae&!n' &o**e%&eV %a!ona(e a$$(!&a#(e +ha +as %e"!%e/ +as a /!%e&, no !n/!%e&, ee& on &o**e%&e. A(ho"'h S&he&he%Qs +a'e an/ $%!&e $o(!&!es *!'h hae o%&e/ !ne%sae &o*$e!o%s o (o+e% he!% o+n $%!&es, h!s !*$a& +as *"&h oo !n/!%e& o a((o+ o% Con'%ess!ona( &on%o(. C+ass Notes o" &o"(/ *ae a s%ea* o &o**e%&e a%'"*en he%e – #" he &o"% /!/ no #"- !.
Ee& on !ne%sae &o**e%&e – /!%e& s. !n/!%e&. I !s $%e- a%#!%a%- +he%e +e /%a+ he (!ne. Inen – +ha ! he%e !s a %e'"(a!on o an a&!!- !nen/e/ o #e !ne%sae &o**e%&e #" !n %ea(!- ! !s no P'. 1>4 – Coronado – he%e Con'%ess +as a#(e o e7e%&!se !s $o+e% o %e'"(ae. The *eho/ o ana(-s!s !s o !%s as ! he a&!!- !s &o**e%&e, hen een ! no -o" (oo a he /!%e&!n/!%e& ae& ha he a&!!- has on !ne%sae &o**e%&e. o" a(so (oo a he !so(ae/ a&!!- e%s"s he a''%e'ae/ ee&. W!h he &h!(/ (a#o% &ase, Con'%ess +asn: %ea((- !ne%ese/ !n %e'"(a!n' !ne%sae &o**e%&e, he- +ane/ o %e'"(ae &h!(/ (a#o% (a+s – h!s !s he !/ea o pretet . The $%o#(e* +!h ha!n' sae (e'!s(ae/ an9&h!(/ (a#o% (a+s8 Ra& e o he #oo* – &o*$e!!on a*on' saes. Be&a"se o he !*!n' !ss"e saes +o"(/ (ose *one- !n &o*$e!n' +!h ohe% saes ha &o"(/ s!(( e*$(o- &h!(/%en a &hea$e% %aes. A(e%na!e(saes &an $ass sae (a+ a (a+ as a &o*$a&. Con'%ess &o"(/ $%oh!#! (oe%- !&es. Sheve#ot Rate Case $Su2stantia+ e3ono0i3 e//e3ts) In Houston E. J W. Te
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La"'h(!n, a (a%'e !ne'%ae/ see( $%o/"&e%, %o* en'a'!n' !n V"na!% (a#o% $%a&!&esV #/!s&%!*!nao%- !%!n' o e*$(o-ees o% "n!on a&!!-. The a& a((o+e/ e*$(o-ees o o%'an!?e an/ &o((e&!e(- #a%'a!n. Ho(/!n'8 The Co"% he(/ ha he NLRA, as a$$(!e/ he%e, (a- +!h!n he &o**e%&e $o+e%. The Co"% noe/ ha +h!(e 5ones La"'h(!n *an"a&"%e/ see( on(- !n Penns-(an!a, ! o+ne/ *!nes !n +o ohe% saes, o$e%ae/ sea*sh!$s on he G%ea Laes, he(/ +a%eho"ses !n o"% saes, an/ sen = o !s $%o/"& o" o Penns-(an!a. The Co"% &on&("/e/, a (a#o% so$$a'e o he Penns-(an!a !n%asae *an"a&"%!n' o$e%a!ons +o"(/ hae a su$stantial eect on interstate commerce. He%e, he Co"% %ee&e/ he *an"a&"%e . &o**e%&e /!s!n&!on $%o*"('ae/ !n he kni*ht &ase. Th"s he Co"% a#an/one/ he V&"%%en o &o**e%&eV %a!ona(e an/ *a/e ! !%%e(ean +hehe% an a&!! #e!n' %e'"(ae/ o&&"%s #eo%e, /"%!n' o% ae% he !ne%sae *oe*en. The %e'"(ae/ a&!!- nee/ on(- hae a Vs"#san!a( e&ono*!& ee&V "$on !ne%sae *oe*en. C+ass notes The &o"% "$he(/ he A& as &ons!"!ona( s!n&e he%e +as s"&h a na!ona( &o**e%&e !n'%e/!en he%e. Th!s &ase /oes no oe%%"(e he She&he% &ase #e&a"se he%e +asn: he sa*e !ne%sae &o**e%&e as$e&. In She&he% he !*$a& on na!ona( &o**e%&e +as %e*oe, an/ he%e ! !s !**e/!ae. US v. Da21 $%&%) #". %& 0Oe%%"(!n' he &h!(/ (a#o% &ase an/ disregarding Congress% intent& In "arby, he Co"% "$he(/ he Fa!% La#o% San/a%/ A& o 14, +h!&h se *!n!*"* +a'es an/ *a7!*"* ho"%s o% e*$(o-ees en'a'e/ !n he $%o/"&!on o 'oo/s o% !ne%sae &o**e%&e. The A& no on(- $%oh!#!e/ he sh!$*en !n !ne%sae &o**e%&e o 'oo/s *a/e #- e*$(o-ees e*$(o-e/ o% *o%e han he *a7!*"* ho"%s o% no $a!/ he $%ea!(!n' %aes, #" ! a(so *a/e ! a e/e%a( &%!*e o e*$(o- +o%*en !n he $%o/"&!on o 'oo/s Vo% !ne%sae &o**e%&eV a ohe% han he $%es&%!#e/ %aes an/ ho"%s. Ho(/!n'8 The Co"% !%s "$he(/ he /!%e& #an on !ne%sae sh!$*ens ! /!s$ose/ o he a%'"*en ha *an"a&"%!n' &on/!!ons a%e (e o% e7&("s!e sae &on%o(, #- sa!n' ha V he $o+e% o Con'%ess oe% !ne%sae &o**e%&e &an ne!he% #e en(a%'e/ no% /!*!n!she/ #- he e7e%&!se o% non9e7e%&!se o sae $o+e%.V The 13h A*en/*en saes on(- a V%"!s*V an/ sho"(/ he%eo%e no !nh!#! &on'%ess a&!n' +!h!n he!% $ %es&%!#e/ a"ho%!-. The Co"% a(so /!sao+e/ an- !ne%es !n Con'%essQ *o!e8 Vhe *o!e an/ $"%$ose o a %e'"(a!on o !ne%sae &o**e%&e a%e *ae%s o% he (e'!s(a!e "/'*en "$on he e7e%&!se o +h!&h he Cons!"!on $(a&es no %es%!&!ons an/ +h!&h he Co"%s a%e '!en no &on%o(.V F!na((-, he Co"% "$he(/ he $o%!on o he A& *a!n' ! a &%!*e o e*$(o- +o%e%s en'a'e/ !n !ne%sae &o**e%&e !n !o(a!on o he +a'eho"% $%o!s!ons. G!en Con'%essQ %!'h o !*$ose /!%e& $%oh!#!!ons o% &on/!!ons on !ne%sae &o**e%&e, Con'%ess V*a- &hoose he *eans %easona#(- a/a$e/ o he aa!n*en o he $e%*!e/ en/, een ho"'h he- !no(e &on%o( o !n%asae a&!!!es.V Th"s he o"%!'h &%!*!na(!?a!on o e*$(o-e% &on/"& +as a %easona#(e *eans o !*$(e*en!n' he $%oh!#!!on on !ne%sae sh!$*ens. C+ass notes The sh!$$!n' o 'oo/s a&%oss sae (!nes *a- hae #een a $%ee7 +hen he %ea( &on&e%n +as he +a'es an/ (a#o% &on/!!ons. W!&a%/ .F!(#"%n P'. 1@
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0E7$an/!n' he &o**e%&e &(a"se o (oo a he V&"*"(a!e ee&V "$on !ne%sae &o**e%&e a(so /o!n' a+a- +!h he h!'h(- o%*a(!s!& e%*s s"&h as /!%e& o% !n/!%e&) Fa&s8 W!&a%/ !no(e/ he A'%!&"("%a( A/"s*en A& o 14, +h!&h $e%*!e/ he Se&%ea%- o A'%!&"("%e o se "oas o% he %a!s!n' o +hea on ee%- a%* !n he &o"n%-. The A& a((o+e/ no on(- he se!n' o "oas on +hea ha +o"(/ #e so(/ !ne%sae an/ !n%asae, #" a(so "oas on +hea +h!&h +o"(/ #e &ons"*e/ on the !er# arm where it was raised . F!(#"%n, he $(a!n!, &ha((en'e/ he 'oe%n*enQs %!'h o se a "oa on he +hea +h!&h +as %a!se/ an/ &ons"*e/ on h!s o+n a%*, on he '%o"n/s ha h!s +as $"%e(- (o&a( a&!!- #e-on/ he s&o$e o e/e%a( &on%o(. Ho(/!n'8 The Co"% "$he(/ he A&, een as ! a$$(!es o ho*e9&ons"*e/ +hea o% +o %easons. F!%s, he &ons"*$!on o ho*e9'%o+n +hea !s a (a%'e an/ a%!a#(e a&o% !n he e&ono*!&s o he +hea *a%e. The *o%e +hea ha !s &ons"*e/ on he a%* +he%e ! !s '%o+n, he (ess +hea ha !s #o"'h !n &o**e%&e !.e. %o* ohe% a%*e%s +hehe% !ne%sae o% no. Se&on/(-, he P(a!n!Qs o+n ee& on he *a%e, #- h!s /e&!s!on o &ons"*e +hea '%o+n #- h!*, *!'h #e %!!a(. B" he /e&!s!on, Vaen o'ehe% +!h he *an- ohe%s s!*!(a%(- s!"ae/, !s a% %o* %!!a(. . . .V Tha !s ho*e'%o+n +hea s"$$(!es a nee/ o he *an +ho '%e+ ! +h!&h +o"(/ ohe%+!se #e %e(e&e/ #- $"%&hases !n he o$en *a%e, an/ he ho*e9'%o+n +hea h"s &o*$ees +!h +hea !n &o**e%&e. P%oe&!on o he !ne%sae &o**e%&!a( %a/e !n +hea &(ea%(- a((s +!h!n he &o**e%&e &(a"se, an/ he %e'"(a!on o ho*e9'%o+n +hea !s %easona#(- %e(ae/ o $%oe&!n' ha &o**e%&e. C+ass Notes One '"- a(one *a- no *ae a /!e%en&e, #" (oo!n' a he a''%e'ae !*$a& -o" +!(( see ha he%e !s a s!'n!!&an ee&. Th!s a$$%oa&h (oos *o%e a he ee& %ahe% han a he o%*a(!s!& &o**e%&!a( as$e& o he a&!!-. Heat o/ At+anta Mote+ v. US $%&() #". %4' F8 T!(e II o C!!( R!'hs A& sae/ ha a(( $e%sons sho"(/ #e en!(e/ o "(( an/ e "a( eno-*en o he 'oo/s, se%!&es, an/ a&&o**o/a!ons o an- $(a&e o $"#(!& a&&o**o/a!on< The sa"e /e!nes a $(a&e o $"#(!& a&&o**o/a!on as hose +hose o$e%a!ons ae& &o**e%&e. A *oe( &ha((en'e/ h!s a& sa-!n' ! +as "n&ons!"!ona(. I8 Whehe% he a& +as &ons!"!ona(. H8 es R8 Be&a"se he /!s%"$!e ee& ha %a&!a( /!s&%!*!na!on has ha/ on &o**e%&!a( !ne%&o"%se !s oe%+he(*!n'. ROL8 Con'%ess has &ons!"!ona( $o+e% "n/e% he Co**e%&e C(a"se o &%!*!na(!?e %a&!a( /!s&%!*!na!on !n hoe(s. C+ass notes Anohe% $%ee7 &ase I *a- #e, o% h!s *a- se%!o"s(- hae an !*$a& on he &o**e%&e. C(ass Noes • 5"s!!e/ "n/e% he &o**e%&e &(a"se Wha !s #e!n' %e'"(ae/ o D!s&%!*!na!ona&!!- 0non9e&ono*!& a&!!- !n an e&ono*!& &one7) Ee&s – Ine%sae %ae( !nh!#!e/ #- /!s&%!*!na!on E&ono*!& Dee(o$*en – e7&("/!n' a (a%'e o $eo$(e %o* he e&ono*Isn: ! %ea((- a#o" 1@ h a*en/*en •
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•
Wha !n/ o Ee& a%e +e (oo!n' a Sho"(/ ! *ae% ha he- ha/ $%e9e7 G!##ons 0Ma%sha(() – ! he%e !s a o $%ee7, hen +e sho"(/ no a((o+ ! Da%#- – $%ee7 /oesn: %ea((- *ae% o Ma- no een hae o (oo a ! as a $%ee7< o Co"(/ &on'%ess hae ho"'h, no +ha he- a&"a((- /!/ h!n<
7atLen2a3h v. M33+un" $%&() #". %4 F8 Co*$an!on &ase o $%e!o"s &ase. Th!s &ase !no(e/ a %esa"%an ha /!/ on(- ae o" o #(a&s. R8 T!(e II !s &ons!"!ona( #e&a"se /!s&%!*!na!on !n %esa"%ans has a /!%e& an/ h!'h(%es%!&!e ee& "$on !ne%sae %ae( #- #(a&s. Th!s /!s&o"%a'es %ae( an/ o#s%"&s !ne%sae &o**e%&e. ROL8 Con'%ess has &ons!"!ona( $o+e% "n/e% he Co**e%&e C(a"se o &%!*!na(!?e %a&!a( /!s&%!*!na!on !n %esa"%ans C+ass notes The Reviva+ o/ ?i0itations on Con"ess>s Co00e3e C+ause Po8es
Ine%na( L!*!s on he s&o$e o he Co**e%&e C(a"se Po+e% Unite States v. ?o#eL $%&&5) #". %4( F8 Con'%ess $asse/ he G"n9F%ee S&hoo( Xones A& o 13, +h!&h *a/e ! a e/e%a( oense o $ossess a !%ea%* !n a s&hoo( ?one. I8 Whehe% he G"n9F%ee A& e7&ee/s Con'%ess: a"ho%!- o %e'"(ae &o**e%&e a*on' he saes. H8 es, a!%*e/. R8 Con'%ess has he $o+e% o %e'"(ae8 1. Use o &hanne(s o !ne%sae &o**e%&e 2. Ins%"*ena(!!es o !ne%sae &o**e%&e, o% $e%sons o% h!n's !n !ne%sae &o**e%&e 4. A&!!!es ha!n' s"#san!a( %e(a!on o !ne%sae &o**e%&e The $%o$e% es !s +hehe% he a&!!- !n "es!on s"#san!a((- ae&s !ne%sae &o**e%&e. Whe%e e&ono*!& a&!!- s"#san!a((- ae&s !ne%sae &o**e%&e, (e'!s(a!on %e'"(a!n' ha a&!!- +!(( #e s"sa!ne/. He%e +e a%e /ea(!n' +!h a &%!*!na( sa"e ha has noh!n' o /o +!h &o**e%&e o% an- so% o e&ono*!& ene%$%!se. The%e a(so /oes no see* o #e an- !ne%sae e(e*en he%e. The 'oe%n*en a%'"es ha he !ss"e /oes ae& !ne%sae &o**e%&e !n he o((o+!n' +a-s s!n&e !o(en &%!*es8 1. In&%ease/ !ns"%an&e &oss s$%ea/ h%o"'ho" he $o$"(a!on 2. Re/"&e/ +!((!n'ness o %ae( !n he &o"n%- #e&a"se o he $e%&e$!on ha ! !s "nsae 0(!e he eart of Atlanta &ases) 4. Th%ea on he e/"&a!ona( $%o&ess an/ (ea%n!n' en!%on*en. A(so ! he &o"% a%'"es a'a!ns h!s sa-!n' ha ! !s oo en"o"s o "s sa- h!s a(( ha$$ens #& one $e%son has a '"n !n a s&hoo( ?one, ho+ee% -o" &o"(/ %e"e h!s #- 'o: sa-!n' ha +e:%e no so &on&e%ne/ + he one $e%son as +e a%e +!h he AGGREGATE ee&. The (o'!&a( !*$(!&a!on o h!s !s ha ! +!(( ee& !ns"%an&e $%!&es o% s&hoo(s, +h!&h !s so*eh!n' ha a*!(!es hae o /ea( +!h
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(a+ !ss"e, WHICH IS UNCONST. FOR CONGRESS TO REGULATE BC IT IS THE DOMAIN OF THE STATES. /Costs of crime0 reasonin* 1 could re*ulate all activities that lead to violent crime2 no matter how tenuously related to interstate commerce /National 3roductivity0 reasonin* 1 could re*ulate any activity found to relate to the economic productivity of individual citi4ens 5family law) Cout>s es#onse The %es$onse o h!s !s ha h!s !s a s(!$$e%- s(o$e a%'"*en an/ ha ! +e a&&e$ h!s hen an- a&!!- &an #e &ae'o%!?e/ !n a +a- ha he Con'%ess +o"(/ #e '!en he a"ho%!- o %e'"(ae ! 0a*!(- (a+ e&.). The%e *"s #e a so$$!n' $o!n so*e+he%e. We 'o #- h!so%- an/ %a/!!on o see +he%e saes hae h!so%!&a((- #een !no(e/h!s !s a "n&!ona( a%'"*en, no %a*e%s !nen a%'"*en, The $ossess!on o a '"n !n a (o&a( s&hoo( ?one !s !n no sense an e&ono*!& a&!!- ha h%o"'h %e$e!!on e(se+he%e *!'h s"#san!a((- ae& !ne%sae &o**e%&e. To "$ho(/ he A& as &ons!"!ona( +o"(/ $!(e !ne%en&e "$on !ne%en&e !n a +a- ha +o"(/ #!/ a!% o &one% he &on'%ess!ona( a"ho%!- "n/e% he &o**e%&e &(a"se o a 'ene%a( $o(!&e $o+e% o he so% %ea!ne/ #- he saes. A(so ! "s one $e%son, !.e. Lo$e?, has a '"n !n s&hoo(hen he%e 'oes he e&ono*-Conno 3on3uin" 8 The %a*e%s !nen/e/ ha he%e #e a #a(an&e o $o+e%s an/ ha he "/!&!a%- !ne%$%e an/ eno%&e ha. Th!s (a+ #- Con'%ess !ne%e%es an/ &on%a/!&s ha #a(an&e s!n&e he%e !s no a s%on' &onne&!on +!h &o**e%&!a( &on&e%ns. enne/-Qs &on&"%%en&e s"''es ha he an/ OQConno% a%e (ess ea'e% han Rehn"!s o% S&a(!a an/ Tho*as o &" #a& he Co"%Qs $%!o% Co**e%&e C(a"se !ne%$%ea!ons. He sa!/ ha he ha/ so0e #ause a#o" o!n!n' he *ao%!- o$!n!on, an/ ha h!s +as a Vne&essa%- ho"'h (!*!e/ ho(/!n'.V Mo%e han Rehn"!s, enne/see*e/ ea'e% o (eae "no"&he/ $%!o% &ases ho(/!n' ha Con'%ess has "(( $o+e% o %e'"(ae +ha a%e %"(- &o**e%&!a( %ansa&!ons, een ! he %ansa&!on #e!n' %e'"(ae/ !s a $"%e(- (o&a( one. B" he a&!!- #e!n' %e'"(ae/ he%e, enne/- sa/ +as no essentiall# commercial. F"%he%*o%e, enne/- s"''ese/ ha a&!!!es ha ha/ %a/!!ona((- #een (e o he saes o %e'"(ae sho"(/ #e "%he% o9(!*!s o he e/e%a( &o**e%&e $o+e% han a&!!!es ha ha/ no #een so (!*!e/. E/"&a!on +as one o hose
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%a/!!ona( &on&e%ns o he saes. To a((o+ he e/e%a( 'oe%n*en o !ne%e%e +o"(/ Vo%e&(ose he saes %o* e7$e%!*en!n' an/ e7e%&!s!n' he!% o+n "/ '*en . . .V !n he a%ea %a/!!ona((- (e o he*. Tho0as Con3uin" 8 I +e a((o+ s"&h a #%oa/ &ons%"&!on o &o**e%&e o !n&("/e h!s A&, han *os o A%!&(e I Se&. #e&o*es s"$e%("o"s – an/ ha &anno #e so. The a''%e'a!on $%!n&!$(e +he%e +e (oo no on(- a he ee&s o a s!n'(e a&!!- on &o**e%&e, #" a a +ho(e &ae'o%- o a&!!!es, has no so$$!n' $o!n. Stevens issentin" F!%ea%*s a%e !nhe%en(- a%!&(es o &o**e%&e, an/ he- &an #e "se/ o %es%a!n &o**e%&e. The A& sho"(/ #e "$he(/. I -o" +an o $%oh!#! he sh!$*en o so*eh!n' a&%oss sae (!nes, he%e a%e ohe% +a-s o /o ! #es!/es "s $(a&e a sa"o%(!*! on ! Soute issentin" The $%a&!&e !s o /ee% o %a!ona((- #ase/ (e'!s(a!e "/'*en. C%!*e an/ e/"&a!on a%e &e%a!n(- a%eas ha ae& &o**e%&e. 6e1e, Stevens, Soute, an Gins2u" issentin" VRa!ona( #as!sV es8 Fo% B%e-e%, he es +as V +hehe% Con'%ess &o"(/ hae ha/ a %a!ona( #a s!s o% !n/!n' a s!'n!!&an o% s"#san!a( &onne&!on #e+een '"n9%e(ae/ s&hoo( !o(en&e an/ !ne%sae &o**e%&e.V 0The *ao%!- ha/ no *en!one/ V%a!ona( #as!sV o he *ao%!-, he "es!on +as +hehe% he%e a&"a((- +as a s"#san!a( &onne&!on, no *e%e(- +hehe% Con'%ess &o"(/ %a!ona((- hae #e(!ee/ ha he%e +as.) C%!*e !n s&hoo(s an/ e/"&a!on a%e *ae%s ha ae& &o**e%&e. The on(- "es!on !s +hehe% he ee& !s s"#san!a(. De&!/!n' ha h!s A& !s &ons!"!ona( /oes no e7$an/ he *ean!n' o he CC, ! on(- *eans ha h!s a&!!- has a s"#san!a( ee& on &o**e%&e. • The sa"e !s a!*e/ a &"%#!n' a $a%!&"(a%(- a&"e h%ea o he e/"&a!on $%o&ess The !**e/!a&- o he &onne&!on #e+een e/"&a!on an/ he na!ona( e&ono*!& • +e((9#e!n' Ra!ona( Bas!s Tes8 a es +he%e#- a &o"% +!(( "$ho(/ &on'%ess!ona( a&!on ! ! #ea%s a %easona#(e an/ %a!ona( %e(a!onsh!$ o he aa!n*en o an a$$%o$%!ae 'oe%n*en en/ The *ao%!- o$!n!on has h%ee $%o#(e*s8 1. The Co"% has he(/ ohe% A&s o #e Cons!"!ona( o% a&!!!es ha see*!n'(hae (ess o an ae& on &o**e%&e 0(oan sha%!n', %a&!a( /!s&%!*!na!on a %esa"%ans). He%e, he !o(en&e +!(( ae& +he%e #"s!nesses se"$ sho$ an/ +he%e a*!(!es &hoose o (!e. 2. The *ao%!- /oes no &ons!sen(- /!s!n'"!sh #e+een &o**e%&!a( an/ non9 &o**e%&!a( a&!!!es !n a &ons!sen *anne% +!h $%e!o"s &ases.0o%*a( s. %ea(!s!& a$$%oa&h). 4. The *ao%!- !s #as!n' !s o$!n!on 0"n(!e $%e&e/en) on a s!n'(e non&o**e%&!a( a&!!- +!ho" &ons!/e%!n' s!*!(a% !nsan&es o he o%#!//en &on/"&. I +o"(/ #e &ons!sen +!h $%e!o"s !ne%$%ea!on o he CC o !n/ h!s a&!!- !n&("/e/ !n he -$e ha Con'%ess &o"(/ %e'"(ae. The sa"e %e'"(ae/ a noncommercial a&!!- %ahe% han a &o**e%&!a( a&!!-. • The sa"e %e'"(ae/ a%ea9&%!*e an/ e/"&a!on9 a%e %a/!!ona((- s"#e& o sae • %e'"(a!on. • Con'%ess *a/e no !n/!n's +!h %es$e& o he !*$a& o he %e'"(ae/ a&!!- on he na!ona( e&ono*-.
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C+ass notes 0The%e a%e h%ee #%oa/ &ae'o%!es o a&!!!es +h!&h Con'%ess &an &ons!"!ona((%e'"(ae)
a) Channe+s 8 F!%s, Con'%ess &an %e'"(ae he "se o he V&hanne(sV o !ne%sae &o**e%&e. Th"s Con'%ess &an %e'"(ae !n a +a- ha !s %easona#(- %e(ae/ o h!'h+a-s, +ae%+a-s, an/ a!% %a!&. See "arby2 eart of Atlanta b) Instu0enta+ities 8 Se&on/, Con'%ess &an %e'"(ae V!ns%"*ena(!!esV o !ne%sae &o**e%&e, Veen ho"'h he h%ea *a- &o*e on(- %o* !n%asae a&!!!es.V Th!s &ae'o%- %ee%s o $eo$(e, *a&h!nes, an/ ohe% Vh!n'sV "se/ !n &a%%-!n' o" &o**e%&e. So, o% !nsan&e, $%es"*a#(- Con'%ess &o"(/ sa- ha ee%- %"& *"s hae a s$e&!!& sae- /e!&e. See 3ere4 c) Su2stantia++1 a//e3tin" 3o00e3e 8 F!na((-, Con'%ess *a- %e'"(ae hose a&!!!es ha!n' a Vs"#san!a( ee&V on !ne%sae &o**e%&e. See +ones , -au*hlin Steel 1) The a&!!- !se( *"s #e a%'"a#(- &o**e%&!a( hen ! /oesnQ see* o *ae% +hehe% he $a%!&"(a% !nsan&e o he a&!!- /!%e&(- ae&s !ne%sae &o**e%&e, as (on' as he !nsan&e !s $a% o a 'ene%a( &(ass o a&!!!es ha &o((e&!e(- s"#san!a((- ee& !ne%sae &o**e%&e. Th"s W!&a%/ . F!(#"%n -$e o a& $ae%n !.e. +hea '%o+!n' a&!!!es a%e !n a sense V&o**e%&!a(V #" he- a%e en!%e(- !n%asae ho+ee%, +hen aen o'ehe% +!h a(( ohe% +hea '%o+!n' +e hae a s"#san!a( ee& on !ne%sae &o**e%&e. 2) The Co"% +!(( no '!e *"&h /ee%en&e o he a& he Con'%ess #e(!ee/ ha he a&!!- has he %e"!s!e Vs"#san!a( ee&V on !ne%sae &o**e%&e. The Co"% +!(( #as!&a((- /e&!/e he !ss"e o% !se(. I +!(( no (on'e% #e eno"'h ha Con'%ess ha/ a V%a!ona( #as!sV o% #e(!e!n' ha he %e"!s!e ee& e7!se/. I +ha !s #e!n' %e'"(ae/ !s an a&!!- he %e'"(a!on o +h!&h has %a/!!ona((- #een he /o*a!n o he saes, he Co"% !s (ess (!e(- o !n/ ha Con'%ess !s a&!n' +!h!n !s Co**e%&e Po+e%. Th"s e/"&a!on, a*!(- (a+ an/ 'ene%a( &%!*!na( (a+ a%e a%eas +he%e he Co"% !s (!e(- o #e es$e&!a((- s"s$!&!o"s o &on'%ess!ona( V!ne%e%en&e.V The -ope4 *ao%!- oo noe ha he sa"e !n "es!on &ona!ne/ no 'urisdictional element ha +o"(/ ens"%e h%o"'h &ase #- &ase !n"!%-, ha he !%ea%* $ossess!on !n "es!on ae&s !ne%sae &o**e%&e. Fo% e7a*$(e In U.S.. Bass he sa"e he%e *a/e ! a e/e%a( &%!*e o% a e(on o %e&e!e, $ossess, o% %ans$o% !n &o**e%&e o% ae&!n' &o**e%&e, an- !%ea%*. The sa"e %e'"(ae/ a noncommercial a&!!- %ahe% han a &o**e%&!a( a&!!-. • The sa"e %e'"(ae/ a%ea9&%!*e an/ e/"&a!on9 a%e %a/!!ona((- s"#e& o sae • %e'"(a!on. • Con'%ess *a/e no !n/!n's +!h %es$e& o he !*$a& o he %e'"(ae/ a&!!- on he na!ona( e&ono*-.
Can h!s ho(/!n' #e %e&on&!(e/ +!h C!!( R!'hs Cases es, a(( a#o" !n/ o a&!!- – $ossess!on . /!s&%!*!na!on !n sa(es 0non9e&ono*!& . e&ono*!& a&!!-) Ho+ /o -o" /ee%*!ne ! ! !s /!%e& o% !n/!%e& Who *aes ha /ee%*!na!on US v. Moison $-***) #". %&
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F8 ;!o(en&e A'a!ns Wo*en A& o 1@ – $%o!/es a /a*a'e %e*e/- o% an-one +ho &o**!s a &%!*e o !o(en&e *o!ae/ #- 'en/e%. The Co"% he(/ ha h!s A& +as "n&ons!"!ona(. The Co"% /e&!/e/ h!s "s!n' he o%*a(!s!& a$$%oa&h sa-!n' ha h!s !s no o a &o**e%&!a( na"%e o% e&ono*!& a&!!-. Th!s a$$%oa&h +!(( ee$ %o* he s(!$$e%- s(o$e a%'"*en +he%e#- Con'%ess &o"(/ /%a an- (a+ o so*eho+ ae& !ne%sae &o**e%&e. C+ass notes A%'"*en o% "n&ons!"!ona( – he a&!!- #e!n' %e'"(ae/ !s no e&ono*!& • 0!o(en&e, /!s&%!*!na!on) Ho+ee%, !n $o(!&- e%*s, /!s&%!*!na!on !s a e/e%a( !ss"e "n/e% he 1@h o a*en/*en B" a*!(- (a+ an/ %e(a!onsh!$ (a+ has #een a $%o!n&e o he saes s!n&e o !*e !**e*o%!a( • Wha a#o" "s!&e B%e-e%:s s"''es!on o $ass!n' a +o%$(a&e !o(en&e a& ha '!es !&!*s o +o%$(a&e !o(en&e /a*a'es %ahe% han "s !&!*s o ee%-one:s !o(en&e
The 10th Amendment as an External Limit on the Scope of Commerce Clause Po8e C6 %5!%5(, -''!-5(
The 1(th Amendment $%o!/es VThe $o+e%s no /e(e'ae/ o he Un!e/ Saes #- he Cons!"!on, no% $%oh!#!e/ #- ! o he saes, a%e %ese%e/ o he saes %es$e&!e(-, o% o he $eo$(e.V In Nationa+ ?ea"ue o/ Cities v. Use1 $%&() #". ''' he S"$%e*e Co"% he(/ ha he 13h A*en/*en #a%%e/ Con'%ess %o* *a!n' e/e%a( *!n!*"* +a'e an/ oe%!*e %"(es a$$(!&a#(e o sae an/ *"n!&!$a( e*$(o-ees. The Co**e%&e C(a"se /!/ no e*$o+e% Con'%ess o eno%&e he *!n!*"* +a'e $%o!s!on a'a!ns he saes V!n a%eas o traditional go!ernment unctions .V The 9@ *ao%!- %easone/ ha he *!n!*"*9+a'e $%o!s!on, as a$$(!e/ o sae e*$(o-ees, &(ea%(- ae&e/ &o**e%&e. Th"s hese +a'eho"% $%o!s!ons &o"(/ "n"es!ona#(- #e &ons!"!ona((- a$$(!e/ o $%!ae e*$(o-e%s, "n/e% he Co**e%&e C(a"se. B" +hen he +a'eho"% %"(es +e%e a$$(!e/ o sae e*$(o-ees, he- !o(ae/ he !n/e$en/en %e"!%e*en, !*$ose/ #- he 13h A*en/*en ha VCon'%ess *a- no e7e%&!se $o+e% !n a ash!on ha !*$a!%s he saes !ne'%!- o% he!% a#!(!- o "n&!on ee&!e(- !n he e/e%a( s-se*.V Th"s, ! he +a'eho"% %"(es +e%e a((o+e/ o san/, he *ao%!- %easone/, Con'%ess +o"(/ hae he %!'h o *ae V"n/a*ena( e*$(o-*en /e&!s!onsV %e'a%/!n' sae e*$(o-ees, an/ Vhe%e +o"(/ #e (!(e (e o he saes se$a%ae an/ !n/e$en/en e7!sen&e.V C+ass Notes Un!o%*!- !s no a 'oo/ a%'"*en o% sa-!n' ha Con'%ess &an !*$ose a *!n!*"* +a'e on sae e*$(o-ees, #e&a"se he saes &an /ea( +!h he !ss"e an/ %a!se he +a'es on he!% o+n. A(so, no one sa!/ ha he%e *"s #e "n!o%*!-. So +ha !s he a%'"*en o "s!Con'%ess %e'"(a!n' Sae e*$(o-ee +a'es We *"s (oo a he ee& on &o**e%&e. I
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+a'es a%e oo (o+ he%e +!(( #e *o%e $oe%-, an/ $eo$(e +!(( #"- (ess 'oo/s an/ oe%a(( &o**e%&e +!(( #e ae&e/. We (oo a !n&o*e (ee(s e&. Ga3ia v. San Antonio Meto#o+itan Tansit Authoit1 $%&45) #". -' 0Oe%%"(!n' Na!ona( (ea'"e o C!!es) 1) Iss"e8 The !ss"e !n Ga%&!a +as +hehe% he *!n!*"*9+a'e an/ oe%!*e $%o!s!ons o he Fe/e%a( Fa!% La#o% San/a%/ A& 0he sa*e sa"e !n he Na!ona( Lea'"e o C!!es) sho"(/ a$$(- o e*$(o-ees o a *"n!&!$a((-9o+ne/ an/ o$e%ae/ *ass9%ans! s-se*. 2) Iss"e8 Is he *"n!&!$a( o+ne%sh!$ an/ o$e%a!on o s"&h a %ans! s-se* a V%a/!!ona( 'oe%n*ena( "n&!on The Mao%!- o$!n!on &onen/e/ ha he 9-ea% $e%!o/ o((o+!n' National -ea*ue of Cities ha/ sho+n ha ! +as V/!!&"( ! no !*$oss!#(e o /!s!n'"!sh #e+een hose "n&!ons ha a%e V%a/!!ona( 'oe%n*ena( "n&!onsV an/ hose ha a%e no. The National -ea*ue of Cities a$$%oa&h !ne!a#(- (e/ o "/!&!a( s"#e&!!-. VAn- %"(e o sae !**"n!- ha (oos o he %a/!!ona( o% ne&essa%- na"%e o 'oe%n*ena( "n&!ons !ne!a#(- !n!es an non9e(e&e/ e/e%a( "/!&!a%- o *ae /e&!s!ons a#o" +h!&h sae $o(!&!es ! ao%s an/ +h!&h ones ! /!s(!es.V C+ass Notes The Co"% sa-s ha +e +!(( no (on'e% /!s!n'"!sh #e+een a&!!!es ha a%e %a/!!ona((a "n&!on o he 'oe%n*en an/ hose ha a%e no. Con'%ess +!(( #e a((o+e/ o %e'"(ae *!n!*"* +a'e een o% sae e*$(o-ees. Ne8 Bo: v. Unite States $%&&-) #". '' 0Con'%ess *a- no o%&e a sae o ena& a &e%a!n sa"e o% o %e'"(ae !n a &e%a!n *anne%) 99+as he%e !n h!s &ase a $oen!a( Ga%&!a $%o#(e* #"%!e/ he%e!n Fa&s8 Con'%ess ena&e/ he Lo+9Lee( Ra/!oa&!e Wase Po(!&- A*en/*ens A& o 1. The A& ae*$e/ o o%&e ea&h sae o *ae !s o+n a%%an'e*en o% /!s$os!n' 0e!he% !n9saes o% o" o saes) o he (o+9(ee( %a/!oa&!e +ase 'ene%ae/ !n ha sae. The A& %!e/ o /o h!s +!h see%a( -$es o !n&en!es. Mos s!'n!!&an +as he Vae !(eV !n&en!e +he%e#- an- sae +h!&h /!/ no a%%an'e o% /!s$osa( o !s +ase +o"(/ #e %e"!%e/ o Vae !(eV o he +ase "$on %e"es #- he +ase 'ene%ao%, an/ +o"(/ #e (!a#(e o% /a*a'es !n &onne&!on +!h /!s$osa( o h!s +ase. Ne+9o%, "n(!e *os saes, *a/e (!(e $%o'%ess !n so(!n' !s +ase /!s$osa( $%o#(e*, #e&a"se (o&a( %es!/ens o ea&h &o**"n!- +he%e he sae $%o$ose/ o $" /!s$osa( s!es !e%&e(- o#e&e/. N. hen s"e/ he e/e%a( 'oe%n*en, a%'"!n' ha he Vae !(eV $%o!s!on !o(ae/ he 13h A*en/*en. Ho+in" 8 The *ao%!- o he Co"% a'%ee/ ha he Vae !(eV $%o!s!on !o(ae/ he 13h A*en/*en8 Con'%ess *a- no "commandeer the legislati!e processes o the states $# directl# compelling them to enact and enorce a ederal regulator# program." )%Connor %easone/ ha N.. +as #e!n' $" o he &ho!&e o +o V"n&ons!"!ona((&oe%&!e %e'"(ao%- e&hn!"es.V ! &o"(/ e!he% &hoose o %e'"(ae on !s o+n #- *a!n' a%%an'e*ens o% /!s$osa( o +ase 'ene%ae/ !ns!/e he sae, o% #e o%&e/ o !n/e*n!+ase9'ene%ao%s a'a!ns o% /a*a'es. Be&a"se Con'%ess &o"(/ no e*$(o- e!he% o hese *eho/s a(one, ! &o"(/ no es&a$e he $%o#(e* #- '!!n' he sae a &ho!&e #e+een
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he +o. The a& ha he saes *a- hae &onsene/ !s !%%e(ean – he- *a- no &onsen o '!!n' Con'%ess $o+e%s ha he Cons!"!on has no '%ane/ he*. Dissents 8 Th%ee *e*#e%s o he Co"% 0*hite, 'oined $# +lackmun and Ste!ens ) /!ssene/. *hite a%'"e/ ha h!s 8as not an instan3e 8hee Con"ess 8as /o3in" its 8i++ on the states athe he a"ue the states ha eKueste this statute. Fist, Con"ess 0a1 3onition the e3ei#t o/ /eea+ /uns on a states so+vin" the #o2+e0 0$%o!/e/ ha he "n/s !n "es!on hae so*eh!n' o /o +!h he $%o#(e*). Se&on/, Con'%ess &o"(/ /!%e&(- %e'"(ae he &on/"& !n "es!on, an/ &o"(/ he%eo%e ae he (ess /%as!& se$ o e((!n' he saes ha h!s /!%e& %e'"(a!on +!(( o((o+ ! he saes /o no ae &a%e o he $%o#(e*s he*se(es. C+ass Notes The $%o#(e* he%e !s ha he Cons!"!on s!*$(- /oes no '!e Con'%ess he a"ho%!- o %e"!%e he Saes o %e'"(ae. The Cons!"!on !nsea/ '!es Con'%ess he a "ho%!- o %e'"(ae *ae%s /!%e&(- an/ o $%e9e*$ &on%a%- sae %e'"(a!on. Con'%ess *a- no &ons&%!$ sae 'oe%n*ens as !s a'ens. The%e +o"(/ hae #een no $%o#(e* ! Con'%ess eno%&e/ he A& /!%e&(- !se(. 1@h A*en/*en sa-s ha Con'%ess esa#(!shes +ho !s a &!!?en an/ +ho !s a %es!/en o a sae. So he saes &anno een /ee%*!ne +ho he!% &!!?ens a%e. So +e see ha he %a*e%s a%e no "s he $eo$(e #a& !n 1==. 0We (oo a he 4 e&hn!"es o %- an/ &ons%"e he Cons!"!on8 Te7, Inen, an/ F"n&!on). The 7 a%'"*en o he 13h A*en/*en /oesn: %ea((- 'e -o" an-+he%e he%e. Un/e% "n&!on, he%e !s &on"s!on !n e%*s o +ho o #(a*e an/ 'e *a/ a ! Con'%ess !s !*$os!n' he A& an/ he Sae !s eno%&!n' !. In a /e*o&%a&- a&&o"na#!(!- !s !*$o%an. Re&on&!(e +!h Ga%&!a8 Th!s &ase /oes NOT oe%%"(e Ga%&!a. Ga%&!a /!/ no s!n'(e o" sae e*$(o-ees – ! !n&("/e/ $%!ae e*$(o-ees as +e((. Th!s &ase s!n'(e/ o" he sae 'o. PintL v. US $%&&) #". '4 0Con'%ess *a- no &o*$e( a sae o% (o&a( 'oe%n*enQs e7e&"!e #%an&h o $e%o%* a "n&!on) Fa&s8 Con'%ess ena&e/ he VB%a/- B!((V a!*e/ a &on%o((!n' he (o+ o '"ns. As a e*$o%a%- !e9-ea% *eas"%e, he (a+ o%/e%e/ (o&a( (a+ eno%&e*en o!&!a(s o &on/"& #a&'%o"n/ &he&s on $%os$e&!e $"%&hase%s, "n!( a na!ona( &o*$"e%!?e/ s-se* o% /o!n' hese &he&s &o"(/ #e $hase/ !n. P%!n? an/ Ma&, &o"n- she%!s !n Monana an/ A%!?ona %es$e&"((-, o#e&e/ o he #a&9'%o"n/ &he& %e"!%e*en an/ s"e/. Thea%'"e/ ha "n/e% N.. . U.S. Con'%ess &o"(/ no o%&e he* o &on/"& #a&'%o"n/ &he&s on he e/e%a( 'oe%n*enQs #eha(. Ho(/!n'8 B- a 9@ *a%'!n, he Co"% a'%ee/ ha he A& &o"(/ no o%&e (o&a( e7e&"!es o $e%o%* a&&o%/!n' o e/e%a( '"!/e(!nes. 5"s!&e S&a(!a *ao%!- o$!n!on noe/ ha !n N. . U.S., he Co"% ha/ sa!/ ha he e/e%a( 'oe%n*en V*a- no &o*$e( he saes o ena& o% a/*!n!se% a e/e%a( %e'"(ao%- $%o'%a*.V S&a(!a hen &on&("/e/ ha he #a&9 '%o"n/ &he& $o%!on o he B%a/- B!(( !o(ae/ h!s $%oh!#!!on. S&a(!a %ee&e/ he /!ssenQs /!s!n&!on #e+een &o*$e((!n' sae e7e&"!e9#%an&h o!&e%s o $e%o%* *!n!se%!a( ass. Een ! no $o(!&- *a!n' +as !no(e/ he%e, h!s /!/ no $%een Con'%essQ a&!on %o* #e!n' an !no(e%a#(e !n&"%s!on !no sae soe%e!'n-8 VI !s an essen!a( a%!#"e o he saesQ %ea!ne/ soe%e!'n- ha he- %e*a!n !n/e$en/en an/
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a"ono*o"s +!h!n he!% $%o$e% s$he%e o a"ho%!-. . . . I !s no *o%e &o*$a!#(e + !h h!s !n/e$en/en&e an/ a"ono*- ha he!% o!&e%s #e V/%a'oone/V !no a/*!n!se%!n' e/e%a( (a+, han ! +o"(/ #e &o*$a!#(e +!h he !n/e$en/en&e an/ a"ono*- o he Un!e/ Saes ha !s o!&e%s #e !*$%esse/ !no se%!&e o% he e7e&"!on o sae (a+s.V S&a(!a see*e/ o #e %e(-!n' on he s%"&"%e o e/e%a( 'oe%n*en !.e. e/e%a(!s* %ahe% han %e(-!n' on he 13h A*en/*en. He a(so *a/e a se$a%a!on o $o+e%s a%'"*en !n s"$$o%!n' h!s $os!!on. A% II se&.1, saes VThe e7e&"!e Po+e% sha(( #e ese/ !n a P%es!/en o he Un!e/ Saes o A*e%!&a.V D!ssens8 The *a!n /!ssen +as #- 5"s!&e Seens. He !%s $o!ne/ o" ha he e/e%a( &o**e%&e $o+e% 'ae Con'%ess he a"ho%!- o %e'"(ae han/'"ns. He hen &on&("/e/ ha h!s #e!n' so, he Vne&essa%- an/ $%o$e% &(a"seV 'ae Con'%ess he %!'h o !*$(e*en !s %e'"(a!on #- e*$o%a%!(- %e"!%!n' (o&a( $o(!&e o!&e%s o $e%o%* he *!n!se%!a( se$ o !/en!-!n' $e%sons +ho sho"(/ no #e en%"se/ +!h han/'"ns. Th!s +as es$e&!a((- %"e, s!n&e Con'%ess &o"(/ hae %e"!%e/ $%!ae &!!?ens o he($ +!h s"&h !/en!!&a!on8 V The 13h A*en/*en $%o!/es no s"$$o% o% a %"(e ha !**"n!?es (o&a( o!&!a(s %o* o#(!'a!on ha *!'h #e !*$ose/ on o%/!na%- &!!?ens.V Ana(-s!s8 N.6 v. U.S. an/ 3rint4 v. U.S. san/ o% he $%o$os!!on ha Con'%ess *a- no 01) orce a state to legislate or regulate in a certain wa# 02) reuire state executi!e$ranch personnel to perorm e!en ministerial unctions . D!s!n'"!she/ %o* 7arcia8 7arcia see*s o a$$(- *a!n(- o 'ene%a((- a$$(!&a#(e e/e%a( (a+*a!n' ha &ase ho(/s ha +he%e Con'%ess $asses a 'ene%a((- a$$(!&a#(e (a+ (!e *!n!*"* +a'e ha a$$(- o a(( o% nea%(- a(( #"s!nesses, he 13h A*en/*en /oes no en!(e a saeQs o+n o$e%a!on o an e7e*$!on, *e%e(- #e&a"se a sae !s #e!n' %e'"(ae/ a(on' +!h a(( ohe%s $%!ae en!!es. B" +he%e he e/e%a( 'oe%n*en %!es o o%&e a sae o% (o&a( o!&!a(s o $e%o%* $a%!&"(a% 'oe%n*ena( "n&!ons, ha !s no $a% o a 'ene%a((-9a$$(!&a#(e e/e%a( s&he*e, an/ !s !nsea/ /!%e&e/ s$e&!!&a((- a he saeQs #as!& e7e%&!se o soe%e!'n-8 he saeQs %!'h o &a%%- o" he #"s!ness o 'oe%n*en. The e/e%a( 'oe%n*en *a- no "se s"&h &oe%&!on. C+ass Notes He%e (a+ eno%&e*en a'en&!es a%e #e!n' #osse/ a%o"n/ as o$$ose/ o he sae (e'!s(a"%e 0N . US). Th!s !s no #e!n' !*$ose/ on $%!ae !n/!!/"a(s. The%e !s a /!'n!- a%'"*en ha he e/e%a( 'oe%n*en sho"(/n: #e #osse/ a%o"n/ – a(ho"'h he&an #e shoe/ as!/e ! Con'%ess /oes he eno%&e*en o %e'"(a!on !se(.
E+eventh A0en0ent as a 6aie to En/o3e0ent o/ Co00e3e C+ause 11th Amendment saes VThe "/!&!a( $o+e% o he Un!e/ Saes sha(( no #e &ons%"e/ o e7en/ o an- s"! !n (a+ o% e"!-, &o**en&e/ o% $%ose&"e/ a'a!ns one o he Un!e/ Saes $# Citiens o another State, or $# Citiens or Su$'ects o an# /oreign State." Reno v. Conon P" -5% U$he(/ he e/e%a( D%!e%:s P%!a&- P%oe&!on A& 0DPPA) – The a& %e'"(aes he /!s&(os"%e o $e%sona( !no%*a!on !n he %e&o%/s o sae *oo% eh!&(es /e$a%*ens.
P' – 241 9 E(eenh A*en/*en as a Ba%%!e% o Eno%&e*en o Con'%ess!ona( Re'"(a!ons Ena&e/ "n/e% he Co**e%&e C(a"se8 11th Amendment saes VThe "/!&!a(
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$o+e% o he Un!e/ Saes sha(( no #e &ons%"e/ o e7en/ o an- s"! !n (a+ o% e"!-, &o**en&e/ o% $%ose&"e/ a'a!ns one o he Un!e/ Saes $# Citiens o another State, or $# Citiens or Su$'ects o an# /oreign State." Soe%e!'n !**"n!- – s"!s a'a!ns so. "nne&essa%-, %!o(o"s, non %!o(o"s, $o(!!&a( $%o&ess +!(( ae o !. I &an, #!' se(e*ens o% "/'*ens &o"(/ ee& sae %eas"%-, eno%&e*en &o"(/ #e !ss"e. F(o%!/a has soe%e!'n !**"n!-, he- &an &on%o( (a+s"!s an/ he%e a%e &a$s. Hans v. ?ouisiana Su##. $%4&*) 0Fe/e%a( Co"% has no "%!s/!&!on /"e o 11h a*en/*en, een ho"'h, no $e% he e7a& +o%/!n' o he a*en/*en) 11h a*en/*en +as %a!!e/ ae% Ch!sho(* . Geo%'!a +as /e&!/e/ #- he s"$%e*e &o"% a((o+!n' 2 !n/!!/"a(s %o* so"h Ca%o(!na o s"e Geo%'!a o% !&e e%sa, %e$ea(!n' an- no!on o soe%e!'n !**"n!- eno-e/ #- he saes, ho+ee% he &on%oe%s- !s ha he +o%/!n' (oos (!e he 11h a*en/*en $%oh!#!s on(- /!e%s!&(a!*s, +he%e he *ao%!- !n h!s &ase has #%oa/ene/ he !ne%$%ea!on o *ean a(( &(a!*s. Fa&s8 C!!?en o Lo"!s!ana #%o"'h a&!on !n Fe/e%a( &o"% a'a!ns sae o Lo"!s!ana "n/e% s"#e& *ae% "%!s/!&!on, +he%e he sae %e"se/ o ho no% !ne%es !n %e'a%/s o a #on/ he- !ss"e/ $e!!one%, a((e'e/(- !o(a!n' he #on/ &on%a& #e+een he !n/!!/"a( an/ sae !o(a!n' A%!&(e 1 Y 13 – (a+ !*$a!%!n' he o#(!'a!on o &on%a&s, +he%e he sae /!e%e/ he !ne%es "n/s o he &on%a& o ohe% sae nee/s o% a&&o"ns. Ho(/!n' – %%th a0en0ent is e<#ane to 3ove 3itiLens o/ state suin" state 0aintainin" state soveei"n i00unit1. "issent in Chisolm 1 con*ress can limit 9urisdiction per article $$$2 up to con*ress to limit or epand soverei*n immunity. Mao%!- – a%!&(e III 'o %!/ o soe%e!'n !**"n!-. Ine%$%ea!ons 01) A%!&(e III e(!*!naes o% /oesn: a/o$ sae soe%e!'n !**"n!- !n e/ &o"% 02) ! !s "$ o &on'%ess 04) A%!&(e III %e"!%es soe%e!'n !**"n!- 0no 'o!n' o 'e o" o a*en/*en, "nh!na#(e ha saes &o"(/ #e s"e/ !n e/ &o"%.) a%'"e +!h sae:s &onsen, %a*es (!e/ soe%e!'n !**"n!-. CLASS NOTES •
E< #ate Boun" Su##. $%&*4) M!nnesoa (e'!s(a"%e $asse/ a n"*#e% o sa"es %e'"(a!n' %a!(%oa/ %aes. Beo%e he a&s oo ee&, sha%eho(/e%s so"'h o &ha((en'e he* as an "n&ons!"!ona( a!n' o $%o$e%- !n !o(a!on o he 1@h a*en/*en. The &o*$(a!n na*e/ he Ao%ne- Gene%a( o M!nnesoa as one o he ∆:s. The su#e0e 3out 0aintaine the inun3tion a"ainst en/o3in" the ate e"u+ation 21 the Attone1 Genea+ 2ase on Feea+ Kuestion e"ain" the % th a0en0ent. Na%%o+ ho(/!n' ! In"n&!on "/'*en +as a'a!ns an o!&e% o he sae o% !n"n&!on o eno%&e*en o a Sae a& $%oh!#!e/ #- e/e%a( (a+ on(-. No *onea%- /a*a'es e&, an/ no a'a!ns he sae. The !o(a!ons o he sae a& +e%e s! $ena(!es an/ a!( !*e /e$en/!n' on he n"*#e% !*es !o(a!n' 0"n%easona#(e). Ha+an>s Dissent – sae a%e %e"!%e/ o eno%&e e/ (a+s – ! no &an hen &an $e!!on he s"$%e*e &o"%. S"$%e*e &o"% a(+a-s has a$$e((ae "%!s/!&!on. *ao%!- !s !n%!n'!n' on he saes soe%e!'n !**"n!- !n +h!&h ! sho"(/ (e he sae a/"/!&ae !s
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o+n. He sa-s ha he &o%%e& %e/%ess !s !n sae &o"% hen o he s"$%e*e &o"% "$on a +%! o e%%o%. He a(so sa-s 9 $a%!es &anno, !n an- &ase, o#a!n %e/%ess #- a s"! a'a!ns he sae Co"% +as (oo!n' a Ao%ne- Gene%a( as +o%!n' as an !n/!!/"a( #%ea!n' he e/e%a( (a+, sa*e as 'o!n' o" an/ !((!n' so*eone. Ho+ee% ! (oo!n' a as !n/!!/"a( 0!e+!n' !n (!e" o 11 a*en/*en, o% "%!s/!&!on), hen he s&o$e *a- a(( o"s!/e 1@h a*en/*en as 1@ a*en/*en $e%a!ns o saes. Anohe% +a- o (oo a, 1@ o&&"%%e/ ae% 11h sho"(/ ae $%e&e/en&e. Se0ino+e Ti2e o/ F+oia v. F+oia Su##. 0Con'%ess *a- no a#%o'ae he 11h A*en/*en o"s!/e o s"!s a%!s!n' "n/e% he 1@h A*en/*en)
Fa&s8 Con'%ess $asse/ a sa"e, he In/!an Ga*!n' Re'"(ao%- A&, o 'oe%n as$e&s o 'a*#(!n' o$e%a!ons %"n #- In/!an %!#es. The IGRA $%o!/e/ ha +hen a sae a((o+s non9In/!an 'a*#(!n', he sae *"s a(so ne'o!ae !n 'oo/ a!h +!h an- %!#e (o&ae/ !n he sae o %- o %ea&h an a'%ee*en $e%*!!n' he %!#e o &on/"& &o*$a%a#(e 'a*#(!n' o$e%a!ons. The sa"e a(so $%o!/e/ ha ! a %!#e #e(!ee/ ha he sae +as no ne'o!a!n' !n 'oo/ a!h, he %!#e &o"(/ s"e he sae !n ederal court o% an o%/e% /!%e&!n' he sae o ne'o!ae !n 'oo/ a!h. Ho(/!n'8 B- a 9@ oe, he Co"% he(/ he A& !o(ae/ he 11h A*en/*en. The *ao%!- o$!n!on, #- 5"s!&e Rehn"!s, he(/ ha Veen +hen he Cons!"!on ess !n Con'%ess &o*$(ee (a+9*a!n' a"ho%!- oe% a $a%!&"(a% a%ea, he 11h A*en/*en %es%!&s he "/!&!a( $o+e% "n/e% A% III, an/ A% I &anno #e "se/ o &!%&"*en he &ons!"!ona( (!*!a!ons $(a&e/ "$on e/e%a( "%!s/!&!on.V So een ho"'h A%. I '!es Con'%ess "(( a"ho%!- o V%e'"(ae &o**e%&e +!h he In/!an %!#es, VCon'%ess &anno a((o+ a %!#e o s"e a sae !n e/e%a( &o"%. The 11h A*en/*en e*#o/!es &on&e$s o sae soe%e!'n-. Tha A*en/*en V%e(e&s he "n/a*ena( $%!n&!$(e o soe%e!'n !**"n!- ha (!*!s he '%an o "/!&!a( a"ho%!- !n A%. III. Een ho"'h Seminole !se( !no(e/ &on'%ess!ona( $o+e% #ase/ on he In/!an Co**e%&e C(a"se, he /e&!s!on a$$(!es #%oa/(- o a(( so"%&es o &on'%ess!ona( $o+e% ohe% han he 1@h A*en/*en. Fo% !nsan&e, ! &(ea%(- a$$(!es o &on'%ess!ona( a&!on #ase/ on he V%e'"(a%V Co**e%&e C(a"se. The Seminole Co"% he(/ ha Con'%ess no (on'e% has he $o+e% "n/e% he Co**e%&e C(a"se o a$rogate the states so!ereign immunit# oe%%"(!n' Penns-(an!a . Un!on Gas Co. The *ao%!- a(so %ee&e/ he a%'"*en $%o$ose/ #- he Se*!no(e T%!#e ha he /o&%!ne o : 3arte 6oun* sho"(/ a$$(-. Tha /o&%!ne +h!&h $%o!/es e/e%a( "%!s/!&!on oe% a s"! a'a!ns a sae o!&!a( +hen ha s"! sees on(- $%os$e&!e !n"n&!e %e(!e !n o%/e% o Ven/ a &on!n"!n' !o(a!on o e/e%a( (a+. He%e he &on!n"!n' !o(a!on o e/e%a( (a+ a((e'e/ !s he Goe%no%Qs a!("%e o #%!n' he sae !n &o*$(!an&e +!h he sa"e. The Co"% %easone/ ha VWhe%e Con'%ess has $%es&%!#e/ a /ea!(e/ %e*e/!a( s&he*e o% he eno%&e*en a'a!ns a sae o a sa"o%!(- &%eae/ %!'h, a &o"% sho"(/ hes!ae #eo%e &as!n' as!/e hose (!*!a!ons an/ $e%*!!n' an a&!on a sae o!&!a( #ase/ "$on : 3arte 6oun* .V L!e E7 Pa%e a sae o!&!a( +!(( hae o ne'o!ae, ! Se*!no(es a%e (oo!n' o% an eno!n*en, %e"!%!n' 'oo/ a!h ne'o!a!ons.
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Con'%ess +asn: ha se%!o"s a#o" ha!n' o ne'o!ae – no $ena(- "s !n he en/, he se&%ea%- o !ne%!o% &o*es "$ +!h &o*$a&. Se*!na( ho"'h he- &o"(/ s"e F(o%!/a as sa"e sae/ so. D!ssens8 So"e% a%'"e/ ha a(( he /%ae%s o he 11h A*en/*en ee% *ean o /o an/ a(( he A*en/*en ha/ ee% #een !ne%$%ee/ as /o!n', +as o $%een s"!s #ase/ so(e(on /!e%s!-, !.e. hose #%o"'h #- a sae a'a!ns a non9&!!?en !n &!%&"*san&es "n/e% +h!&h no e/e%a( "es!on +as %a!se/. Seens a%'"e/ ha he *ao%!- ho(/!n' $%eens Con'%ess %o* $%o!/!n' a e/e%a( o%"* o% a #%oa/ %an'e o a&!ons saes.V State Soveei"n I00unit1 $SI) D!/ he 1@h A*en/*en 01>) oe%%!/e he 11h A*en/*en 01=) The 1@h o&"se/ on !n/!!/"a( %!'hs #e!n' $%oe&e/ %o* he Saes. Continuation o/ Se0ino+e 3ase Wh- &o"(/n: -o" "se E7 Pa%e o"n' !n Se*!no(e Wha *a/e he* h!n !n h!s &ase ha he- &o"(/ ha"( he sae o F(o%!/a !no &o"% The%e *a- #e a s&he*e +he%e he e/e%a( 'oe%n*en #%!n's he s"! on #eha( o he $eo$(e. The sae o (a+ a he !*e o h!s &ase +as so*e+ha "nse(e/ 0!n e%*s o a#%o'a!n' SI) $("s he Se*!no(es !'"%e/ ha he e/s &o"(/ 'e !no(e/ $"%s"an o Con'%ess: Co**e%&e C(a"se $o+e%. Hans +o"(/ no $%een h!s s"! #e&a"se "n(!e Hans Con'%ess ha/ a#%o'ae/ SI "n/e% he 11h A*en/*en. Ho+in" Con"ess 3annot a2o"ate the %% th A0en0ent i00unit1 e<3e#t 8hen it oes so #usuant to the % th A0en0ent. As ohe% %e*e/!es8 -o" *a- s"e !n sae &o"% 0+!h &onsen). Dissent Stevens 8 Con'%ess /!/ no hae o '%an he "(( "%!s/!&!on o e/e%a( o% sae &o"%s "n/e% A%!&(e III. Ch!so(* e(!*!naes SI an/ A%!&(e III /oes no e(!*!nae Sae SI e!he%. The 11h A*en/*en +as on(- !nen/e/ o *ae s"%e ha ! !s "$ o Con'%ess o /e&!/e +hen sae SI sho"(/ a$$(-. Con'%ess sho"(/ &on%o( sae SI he%e. Ch!so(* +as +%on' !n ass"*!n' ha saes a%e a"o*a!&a((- s"a#(e !n a e/e%a( &o"% – ! !s no a(( o% noh!n'. Ho+ee%, +h- +o"(/ he- "se an A*en/*en o %eso(e h!s an/ +ha !s he (an'"a'e a#o" &!!?ens !n anohe% sae. Seens !s no +o%se han he *ao%!- !n e%*s o e7$(a!n!n' he (an'"a'e. Soute 8 The 11h A*en/*en /oes no '%an SI, %ahe% ! ens"%es ha he%e #e /!e%s!an/ e/e%a( "es!on o 'e !no e/e%a( &o"%. So"e% sa-s ha he 11h A*en/*en &a*e o (!*! &!!?en sae /!e%s!-. So"e% h!ns ha Hans +as no /e&!/e/ &o%%e&(-. 11h a$$(!es on(- +he%e he #as!s o "%!s/!&!on !s +he%e he &!!?en !s no %o* he sae +ho he !s s"!n'. I he- +ane/ o #a% a(( s"!s #- !n/!!/"a(s a'a!ns saes 0no *ae% +h!&h sae -o" a%e %o*) +h- +o"(/n: he- hae a/o$e/ ha a$$%oa&h We +an o ee$ &ases o" o e/e%a( &o"%s +he%e he on(- #as!s !s /!e%s!- o &!!?ensh!$ +!ho" a e/e%a( "es!on. Co%%e&(- a$$(!e/, Hans +o"(/ $%oe& he sae a'a!ns s"! ! he so(e #as!s o "%!s/!&!on +as /!e%s!-. In Hans he- +e%e s"!n' on a &on%a&s !ss"e an/ no a e/e%a( &(a!*. Hans sho"(/ hae sa!/ h!s !s a e/e%a( "%!s/!&!on &ase an/ he%eo%e he 11h /oes no a$$(-. Con'%ess o"'h o &on%o( SI an/ he 11h /!/ no !nen/ o &han'e ha. The 11h +as no !nen/e/ o a$$(- o e/e%a( "es!on &(a!*s. SI !s on(- !nen/e/ o
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a$$(- +he%e Con'%ess (eaes ! !n $(a&e 0as ! /!/ !n Se*!no(e). The !ss"e o +hehe% SI !s a 'oo/ h!n' /e$en/s on ho+ -o" !e+ he a%on o he Sae:s /!'n!-. A+en v. Maine $%&&&) #". 5* su##. Con'%ess &anno a#%o'ae Sae SI $e% he 11h A*en/*en. Feea+ Maiti0e Co00ission v. South Cao+ina State Pots Authoit1 $-**-) #". 5% su##. F8 The FMC #%o"'h a s"! a'a!ns he sae o% a !o(a!on o he Sh!$$!n' A& o 1@ 0+h!&h o%#!/s *a%!ne e%*!na( o$e%ao%s o /!s&%!*!nae a'a!ns e%*!na( "se%s) o% %e"sa( o $%o!/e #e%h!n' s$a&e o a sh!$ as $a% o an an!9'a*#(!n' /!s&%!*!nao% $o(!&- +h!(e ! /!/ $%o!/e #e%h!n' o% +o Ca%n!a( sh!$s +!h 'a*#(!n' a&!!!es. FMC he(/ ha SI /!/ no #a% a s"! a'a!ns he sae #- he FMC an/ he USCA %ee%se/ an/ h!s Co"% a!%*s. I8 Whehe% sae soe%e!'n !**"n!- $%e&("/es an a/*!n!s%a!e a'en&- %o* #%!n'!n' a s"! a'a!ns a sae. H8 -es, a!%*e/. Reason!n'8 The 11h A*en/*en /oes no /e!ne he s&o$e o he Saes: SI ! !s #" one • $a%!&"(a% e7e*$(!!&a!on o ha !**"n!-. I +as a %ea&!on o Chisholm, +h!&h !s +h- ! on(- saes ha a &!!?en %o* anohe% sae *a- no #%!n' an a&!on a'a!ns a sae. The e7 %ee%s o "/!&!a( $o+e% – he %a*e%s &o"(/ no hae an!&!$ae/ he • as '%o+h o he a/*!n!s%a!e sae. The%e !s a s%on' %ese*#(an&e #e+een a $%!ae s"! an/ an a/*!n!s%a!e $%o&ee/!n'. The sa*e a%on o he Sae:s /!'n!- e7!ss !n %on o an a/*!n!s%a!e %!#"na(. FMC:s A%'"*ens8 1. SI sho"(/ no a$$(- #e&a"se he FMC:s o%/e%s a%e no se(9e7e&"!n' – he FMC &anno eno%&e !s o+n o%/e%s. COUNTER8 The US /oes no e7e%&!se $o(!!&a( %es$ons!#!(!- o% &o*$(a!ns, #" !nsea/ has ee&e/ a #%oa/ /e(e'a!on o $%!ae $e%sons o s"e non9&onsen!n' saes. 2. FMC $%o&ee/!n's /o no $%esen he sa*e h%ea o he !nan&!a( !ne'%!o he Saes as /o $%!ae s"!s. COUNTER8 The $"%$ose o SI !s o a&&o%/ he Sae he %es$e& o+e/ he*. I**"n!- a$$(!es %e'a%/(ess o +hehe% a $%!ae P s"! !s o% *onea%- /a*a'es o% so*e ohe% -$e o %e(!e. SI !s an !**"n!- %o* s"!, no "s *onea%- (!a#!(!-. 4. SI sho"(/ no a$$(- #e&a"se o he ne&ess!- o "n!o%*!- !n he %e'"(a!on o *a%!!*e &o**e%&e. COUNTER8 The Saes: SI e7en/s o &ases &on&e%n!n' *a%!!*e &o**e%&e. The US &an *ae s"%e ha he sae &o*$(!es +!h he Sh!$$!n' A& an/ ohe% Fe/e%a( %"(es ho"'h. @. Een ! SI a$$(!es, ohe% o%*s o %e(!e s"&h as &ease an/ /es!s o%/e% sho"(/ #e a((o+e/. COUNTER8 SI /oes no on(- $%oe& Sae %eas"%!es, #" a(so soe%e!'n /!'n!-. The %e(!e so"'h #- a P !s !%%e(ean. ROL8 Sae soe%e!'n !**"n!- $%e&("/es an a/*!n!s%a!e a'en&- %o* #%!n'!n' a s"! a'a!ns a sae. Seens /!ssen8
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Le'!s(a!e h!so%- an/ $%e&e/en sho+s ha he $"%$ose o he 11h A*en/*en +as NOT o $%oe& a Sae:s /!'n!-. The A*en/*en oe%%"(e/ Chisholm#s SM5 ho(/!n', he%e#- %es%!&!n' he e/e%a( &o"%s: /!e%s!- "%!s/!&!on an/ (e !na& he P5 ho(/!n' 0ha he Cons!"!on /oes no !**"n!?e Saes %o* a e/e%a( &o" %:s $%o&ess). I he !nen!on o he 11h A*en/*en +as o $%oe& he Saes: /!'n!-, Con'%ess +o"(/ hae en/o%se/ he !%s $%o$osa( o he a*en/*en %ahe% han he (ae% +h!&h *e%e(/e(!neaes he SM5 o he &o"%s. B%e-e%, Seens, So"e%, G!ns#"%' /!ssen!n'8 The SI ha he *ao%!- !s a$$(-!n' he%e !s no+he%e o #e o"n/ !n he e7 o he &ons!"!on. Th!s !s an a/*!n!s%a!e a'en&- !n/e$en/en %o* he h%ee #%an&hes o 'o:. I an-h!n', ! !s $a% o he e7e&"!e #%an&h. He%e +e hae a -$!&a( E7e&"!e #%an&h a'en&- e7e%&!s!n' -$!&a( $o+e%s see!n' o /ee%*!ne +hehe% a e/e%a( (a+ has #een !o(ae/. The &ons!"!on &%eae/ a e/e%a( 'o: e*$o+e%e/ o ena& (a+s ha +o"(/ #!n/ he Saes. Fe/e%a( a/*!n!s%a!e a'en&!es /o no e7e%&!se "/!&!a( $o+e%. A/*!n!s%a!e sae – +he%e an !n/!!/"a( &an &o*$(a!n o he a'en&- an/ he a'en&h%o"'h he e/e%a( 'o: *a- s"e he Sae. The%e !s no a%on o he /!'n!- o he sae. Wh- sho"(/ he%e #e a s$e&!a( &ons!"!ona( $%oe&!on The *ao%!- /e&!s!on a((o+s he a'en&- o #%!n' eno%&e*en a&!ons a'a!ns saes, ho+ee% ! o%#!/s "s!n' a'en&- a/"/!&a!on. The %es"( !s (ess (e7!#!(!- an/ a (a%'e% e/e%a( #"%ea"&%a&-. C+ass notes Mao%!- sa-s ha ! +ha !s 'o!n' on !n he a'en&- (oos (!e a (a+s"!, hen +e +!(( %ea ! as one an/ a$$(- Sae SI. A/*!n. a'en&!es a%e no een *en!one/ !n he Cons!"!on. Othes Po8es o/ Con"ess The Teat1 an Wa Po8es Ass"*e +e 'o #a& o Usery +he%e ! +as he(/ ha Con'%ess, "n/e% he Co**e%&e C(a"se, &o"(/ no !ne%e%e +!h sae soe%e!'n- o &o *$e( saes o $a- *!n!*"* +a'e o e*$(o-ees. No+ ! he%e +e%e a %ea- &o*$e((!n' a sae o $a- oe%!*e +ha +o"(/ ha$$en Missoui v. Ho++an $%&-*) #". -*' 0Con'%ess &an &ons!"!ona((- ena& a sa"e "n/e% A% I se&. o eno%&e a %ea- &%eae/ "n/e% A% II se&. 2, een ! he sa"e #- !se( !s "n&ons!"!ona() Art II sec.2 cl.2 saes !n $e%!nen $a% VHe sha(( hae Po+e%, #- an/ +!h he A/!&e an/ Consen o he Senae, o *ae T%ea!es, $%o!/e/ +o h!%/s o he Senao%s $%esen &on&"%. . . .V Art 0I $%o!/es !n $e%!nen $a% VTh!s Cons!"!on, an/ he La+s o he Un!e/ Saes +h!&h sha(( #e *a/e !n P"%s"an&e he%eo an/ a(( reaties *a/e o% +h!&h sha(( #e *a/e, "n/e% he A"ho%!- o he Un!e/ Saes, sha(( #e he s"$%e*e La+ o he Lan/ . . .. Art I sec. cl. 1 saes he Con'%ess sha(( hae he $o+e% VTo *ae a(( La+s +h!&h sha(( #e ne&essa%- an/ $%o$e% o% &a%%-!n' !no E7e&"!on he o%e'o!n' Po+e%s, an/ a(( ohe% Po+e%s ese/ #- h!s Cons!"!on . . . .V Fa&s8 The U.S. ene%e/ !no a %ea- +!h he Un!e/ !n'/o* o $%oe& #!%/s ha *!'%ae/ #e+een Cana/a an/ he U.S. Con'%ess $asses a sa"e o eno%&e he %ea-. M!sso"%! !(e/ a #!(( !n e"!- o $%een Ho((an/, he U.S. 'a*e +a%/en, %o* eno%&!n'
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he %ea-. M!sso"%! &(a!*e/ ha he sa"e "n&ons!"!ona((- !ne%e%e/ +!h he %!'hs %ese%e/ o he saes #- he 13 h A*en/*en. Iss"e8 Whehe% Con'%ess &an a(!/(- ena& a sa"e o eno%&e a %ea- ! he sa"e san/!n' a(one +o"(/ #e "n&ons!"!ona( #e&a"se ! !o(aes he 13h A*en/*en. Ho(/!n'8 es, A% II se&. 2 '%ans he $%es!/en he $o+e% o *ae %ea!es an/ A% ;I se&. 2 /e&(a%es ha %ea!es sha(( #e $a% o he s"$%e*e (a+ o he (an/. VThe on(- "es!on !s +hehe% ! !s o%#!//en #- he sa*e !n!s!#(e %a/!a!on %o* he 'ene%a( e%*s o he 13h A*en/*en.V The%eo%e, ! a %ea- !s a a(!/ one, A% I se&. '!es Con'%ess he $o+e% o ena& (e'!s(a!on ha !s a Vne&essa%- an/ $%o$e%V *eans o eno%&e he (e'!s(a!on. V No a'%ee*en +!h a o%e!'n na!on &an &one% $o+e% on he Con'%ess, o% on an- ohe% #%an&h o 'oe%n*en, +h!&h !s %ee %o* he %es%a!ns o he Cons!"!on. . . .V The Co"% he(/ ha he sae o M!sso"%! /!/ no hae $e&"n!a%- !ne%es as o+ne%s +hen he #!%/s +e%e !n he sae. The%e !s no o+ne%sh!$ "n!( he%e !s $ossess!on, an/ he #!%/s nee% &a*e !no $ossess!on. See P%oesso% A#%aha*Qs @h (e&"%e en!(e/ VPossess!on !n W!(/ An!*a(s.V C+ass Notes Does ;eid on $'. 23 0#oo*) oe%%"(e Ho((an/ In Re!/ he %ea- +as !na(!/ an/ !n Ho((an/ ! +as o. The- &an #e %e&on&!(e/ o sa- ha he %"(e !s ha a sa"e !s a(!/ as (on' as ! !s &ons!sen +!h ohe% $%o!s!ons o he &ons!"!on. In Ho((an/ he%e +as no !n&ons!sen&- #e+een he %ea- an/ he &ons!"!on. Ho+ee% !n Re!/ he %ea- !o(ae/ he B!(( o R!'hs an/ &ons!"!ona( h!so%-. A sa"e *"s #e &ons!sen +!h he &ons!"!on, +he%eas a %ea- *"s on(- #e *a/e !n $"%s"an o he &ons!"!on. T%ea!es /on: %ea((- hae o #e s"#e& o &ons!"!ona( s%!&"%es. In Re!/ he %ea- &on(!&e/ +!h a s$e&!!& $%o!s!on o he &ons!"!on an/ he%eo%e ! +as !na(!/, ho+ee% !n Ho((an/ he %ea- /!/ no /!%e&(- &on(!& +!h a &ons!"!ona( $%o!s!on. Wa Po8e #". -*(
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Fa&s8 B"(e% !no(e/ he a(!/!- o he A'%!&"("%a( A'%!&"("%a( A/"s*en A/"s*en A& A& o 144, a Ne+ Dea( *eas"%e so"'h o %a!se a%* $%!&es #- &"!n' #a& a'%!&"("%a( $%o/"&!on. The s&he*e +as o #e &a%%!e/ o" #- a"ho%!?!n' he Se&%ea%- o A'%!&"("%e o &on%a& +!h a%*e%s o %e/"&e he!% a&%ea'e "n/e% &"(!a!on !n %e"%n o% #ene! $a-*ens he $a-*ens +e%e !n "%n *a/e %o* a "n/ 'ene%ae/ #- he !*$os!!on o a V$%o&ess!n' a7V on he $%o&ess!n' o he &o**o/!-. A"u0ents on /a0es intent 8 Ma/!son asse%e/ he a7!n' an/ s$en/!n' &(a"se a*o"ne/ o no *o%e han a %ee%en&e o he ohe% $o+e%s en"*e%ae/ !n he s"#se"en &(a"ses !.e. se&!on o he sa*e se&!on ha, as he Un!e/ Saes !s a 'oe%n*en 'o e%n*en o an/ enumerated $o+e%s, $o+e%s, he '%an o $o+e% o a7 an/ s$en/ o% he 'ene%a( limited an/ +e(a%e *"s #e &on!ne/ o he en"*e%ae/ en "*e%ae/ (e'!s(a!e !e(/s &o**!e/ o Con'%ess. Ha*!(on, on he ohe% han/, *a!na!ne/ he &(a"se &one%s a $o+e% se$a%ae an/ /!s!n& %o* hose (ae% en"*e%ae/, an/ Con'%ess &onse"en(- has a s"#san!e $o+e% o a7 an/ a$$%o$%!ae (!*!e/ on(- #- he %e"!%e*en ha he a7 !s o% he 'ene%a( +e(a%e. Ho(/!n'8 The Co"% !%s &on&("/e/ ha he $o+e% o Va7 an/ s$en/ o% he 'ene%a( +e(a%eV e7!se/ as a $o+e% se$a%ae an/ /!s!n& %o* he ohe% $o+e%s en"*e%ae/ !n A% I se&. , a/o$!n' Ha*!(on:s Ha*!(on:s a$$%oa&h. Th"s he a7!n' an/ s$en/!n' $o+e% soo/ soo/ on e"a( oo!n' +!h, o% e7a*$(e, e7a*$(e, he $o+e% o %e'"(ae !ne%sae !ne%sae &o**e%&e. B- h!s san/a%/, he%e +as no /!!&"(- +!h he A'%!&"("%e A/"s*en A/"s*en A&. A&. The Co"%, ho+ee%, %ee&e/ he &onen!on ha Con'%ess ha/ an !n/e$en/en $o+e% o V$%o!/e o% he 'ene%a( +e(a%eV a$a% %o* he $o+e% o a7 an/ s$en/. Thee/oe Con"ess 0a1 not e"u+ate in a #ati3u+a aea 0ee+1 on the "ouns that it is thee21 #oviin" /o the "enea+ 8e+/ae Con"ess>s ta
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Goe%n*en '!es !nan&!a( !n&en!es o% saes o #"!(/ h!'h+a-s as (on' as he- *ae he (e'a( /%!n!n' a'e 21. Is h!s o% he 'ene%a( +e(a%e an/ +ho +!(( /e&!/e ! ! !s o% !sn: Do(e sa!/ ha Con'%ess +o"(/ /e&!/e ! ! !s o% he 'ene%a( +e(a%e. Thee 0ust a+so 2e a 3onne3tion 2et8een 8hat the "oven0ent 8ants the state to o in etun /o the in3entive. $in:in" an ivin" an oas). The s%!n' aa&he/ *"s #e e7$(!&! so ha he saes no+ +ha he- a%e 'e!n' !no. 99/eea+ e3ono0i3 0i"ht 2eas on State>s o8n 3hoi3e o/ #u2+i3 #o+i31.;Q $"#(!& s$en/!n' !no "nea%ne/ $%!ae 'a!n.an/ ha:s o he%e, #" !n Sabri he !ss"e !s /!e%en #& #%!#e%- !*$oses &%!*!na( sa"e as a"ho%!- o #%!n' #%!n' e/e%a( $o+e% o #ea% /!%e&(on INDI;IDUALS +ho &one%
6ai+e1 v. De
Sa2i v. Unite States $-**) #" -&0"$he(/ he &ons!"!ona(!- o a e/e%a( sa"e, *a!n' *a!n' ! &%!*e o #%!#e a sae sae o% (o&a( o!&!a( o an en!- ha %e&e!es a (eas [13,333 !n e/e%a( "n/s, WITHOUT sho+!n' an- &onne&!on #e+een he #%!#e an/ he "n/s.)
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D!s&"sse/ Do(e !n hese e%*s 0/!s!n'"!sh!n' he +o), he &%!*!na( sa"e !s a"ho%!o #%!n' e/e%a( $o+e% o #ea% /!%e&(- on !n/!!/"a(s Ste8a Ma3hine Ma3h ine Co. v. Davis $%&') #". -%5 0a e/e%a( "ne*$(o-*en !ns"%an&e a7 sa"e +h!&h $%o!/es a &%e/! o% &on%!#"!on *a/e o sae "ne*$(o-*en "n/s !s a(!/ s!n&e 01) Con'%ess ena&e/ ! $%!*a%!(- o sae'"a%/ !s o+n %eas"%- an/ 02) he $%o&ee/s o he a7 a%e no ea%*a%e/ o% a s$e&!a( '%o"$. Fa&s8 The So&!a( Se&"%!- A& !*$oses an e7&!se a7 on &o*$an!es ha e*$(o- e!'h o% *o%e e*$(o-ees #ase/ on he +a'es $a!/. The $%o&ee/s 'o !no a 'ene%a( %eas"%-, ho+ee%, ! a a7$a-e% has *a/e &on%!#"!ons o a sae "ne*$(o-*en "n/ s"&h &on%!#"!ons *a- #e &%e/!e/ a'a!ns a e/e%a( a7, so (on' as he sae (a+ *ees he so&!a( se&"%!- #oa%/ san/a%/. Be+een 12914> he%e +as an "n$%e&e/ene/ n"*#e% o "ne*$(o-e/ $eo$(e an/ he saes +e%e "na#(e o '!e he %e"!s!e %e(!e nee/e/. Se+a%/ Ma&h!ne Co. $a!/ a a7 !n a&&o%/an&e +!h he sa"e an/ !(e/ h!s &(a!* o %e&oe% $a-*en asse%!n' ha he sa"e !s "n&ons!"!ona(. Iss"e8 Is a e/e%a( "ne*$(o-*en !ns"%an&e a7 +h!&h $%o!/es o% &%e/! o% &on%!#"!ons !no a sae "ne*$(o-*en "n/ &ons!"!ona( Ho(/!n'8 -es, "n/e% A% I se& &(. 1 VCon'%ess sha(( hae he $o+e% o &o((e& a7es o $%o*oe he 'ene%a( +e(a%e.V A(so, #ase/ on he e7%e*e s!"a!on !n "ne*$(o-*en he s&he*e +as essen!a( o a!/ !n he 'ene%a( +e(a%e. Noes 2@292@ The Co"% /!s!n'"!she/ B"(e% on o"% '%o"n/s8 1) he *one- he%e +as no ea%*a%e/ o% a s$e&!a( '%o"$ an/ +as !nsea/ 'o!n' o he 'ene%a( +e(a%e 2) he s-se* o$e%ae/ !n a sae on(- ! he sae 'ae ' ae !s a$$%oa( an/ 4) he sae &o"(/ %e$ea( !s (a+ a !s $(eas"%e @) he en/, "ne*$(o-*en %e(!e +as one on +h!&h he na!on an/ sae *a(a+"((- &oo$e%ae !.e. /"a( e/e%a(!s*. $Thee is a i//een3e 2et8een the theat to ta:e a8a1 an to "ain).
(ee% (a+ o Con'%ess: he modern !iew 8 So"h Daoa . Do(e 0$%o!/!n' he #(a& (ee% s$en/!n' $o+e%) Fa&s8 Con'%ess, !n o%/e%, o $%een /%!e%s "n/e% he a'e o 21 %o* /%!n!n' +!hho(/s e/e%a( h!'h+a- "n/s %o* saes ha $e%*! !n/!!/"a(s -o"n'e% han 21 o $"%&hase o $"%&hase o% $ossess !n $"#(!& an- a(&oho(!& #ee%a'e. So"h Daoa aa&s he sa"e on he '%o"n/s ha h!s &on/!!on !ne%e%es +!h !s o+n e7&("s!e $o+e%s "n/e% #oh he 13h an/ 21s A*en/e*s. Ho(/!n'8 The sa"e +as "$he(/ he s$en/!n' $o+e% !s no "n(!*!e/ #" !nsea/ s"#e& o @ %es%!&!ons8 01) he s$en/!n' $o+e% *"s #e !n $"%s"! o he general welare welare, Co"%s "s"a((- a((o+ Con'%ess *"&h /!s&%e!on !n h!s a%ea, 02) ! Co n'%ess /e&!/es o &on/!!on he %e&e!$ o e/e%a( "n/s ! *"s /o so unam$iguousl# , 04) he &on/!!ons on he e/e%a( '%an *"s #e related o o he ederal interests interests, 0@) !na((- ohe% &ons!"!ona( $%o!s!ons *a- $%o!/e an independent $ar o o he &on/!!ona( '%an o o e/e%a( "n/s. He%e he 21 -ea% o(/ /%!n!n' a'e sa!s!e/ sa!s!e/ ea&h o hese %e"!%e*ens. %e"!%e*ens. F!%s, ! se%e/ se%e/ he 'ene%a( +e(a%e #e&a"se /!e%en /%!n!n' a'es !n /!e%en saes &%eae !n&en!es o% -o"n' $eo$(e o &o*#!ne he!% /es!%e o /%!n +!h he!% a#!(!- o /%!e an/ h"s %easona#(- &onne&e/ o se%e he 'ene%a( +e(a%e. Se&on/(-, he &on/!!ons !*$ose/ #-
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Con'%ess !s /!%e&(- %e(ae/ o one o he *a!n $"%$oses o% +h!&h h!'h+a- "n/s a%e e7$en/e/ !.e. sae !ne%sae %ae(. F!na((-, F!na((-, he Co"% /!s&"sse/ /!s&"sse/ he "es!on o &oe%&!on. I a'%ee/ +!h he s"''es!on !n Steward Machine Co. ha a so*e $o!n $%ess"%e "%ns !no &oe%&!on. B" he%e #e&a"se a(( So"h Daoa +o"(/ (ose +as on(- a s*a(( s*a(( $o%!on o he h!'h+a- "n/s. "n/s. C+ass Notes Lee( o &oe%&!eness. E+e0an v. @oan su##. P". (5 0An- a&!on !n a e/e%a( &o"% o a+a%/ %e%oa&!e #ene!s %e"!%es +a!e% #- he sae o !s 11h A*en/*en soe%e!'n !**"n!-) Fa&s8 5o%/an, he $(a!n!, !(e/ a &o*$(a!n, !n/!!/"a((- an/ as a %e$%esena!e o a &(ass, see!n' !n"n&!e %e(!e a'a!ns +o o%*e% /!%e&o%s o he I((!no!s De$a%*en o P"#(!& A!/. 5o%/an &(a!*e/ ha he sae o!&!a(s +e%e a/*!n!se%!n' a/*!n!se%!n' a e/e%a(9sae $%o'%a* o A!/ A!/ o he a'e/, #(!n/ o% /!sa#(e/, !n a *anne% !n&ons!sen +!h a%!o"s e/e%a( %e'"(a!ons an/ he 1@h A*en/*en. A*en/*en. S"&h a&!ons o he sae sae o!&!a(s +e%e a((e'e/ o !o(ae e/e%a( (a+ /en- e"a( $%oe&!on "n/e% he (a+s. P(a!n!Qs $%a-e% o% %e(!e %e"ese/ /e&(a%ao%- !n"n&!e %e(!e, an/ a s$e&!!&a((- %e"ese/ a $e%*anen !n"n&!on /!%e&!n' he /een/ans o a+a%/ o he en!%e &(ass o $(a!n!s $(a!n!s all 0no ""%e) he 0AABD) #ene!s +%on'"((- /en!e/. Iss"e8 Whehe% he '%an!n' o retroacti!e #ene!s, !n an a&!on #- a &!!?en a'a!ns a sae !n a e/e%a( &o"% !s !n !o(a!on o he 11h A*en/*en. Ho(/!n'8 es, a(ho"'h : 3arte 6oun* 6oun* /oes no #a% ha $a% o he /!s%!& &o"%Qs %"(!n' ha $%os$e&!e(- eno!ne/ he /een/an %o* a!(!n' o $%o&ess a$$(!&a!ons +!h !n he !*e a((o+e/ #- e/e%a( %"(es, ! /oes no e7en/ so a% as o $e%*! a s"! +h!&h sees he a+a%/ o an a&&%"e/ *onea%- (!a#!(!- +h!&h *"s #e *e o%* he 'ene%a( %een"es o a sae, a#sen &onsen o% +a!e% #- he sae o !s 11h A*en/*en A*en/*en !**"n!-. !**"n!-. The%eo%e he a+a%/ o %e%oa&!e %e%oa&!e #ene!s +as +as !*$%o$e%. !*$%o$e%. Een ho"'h : 3arte 6oun* '%an!n' 6oun* '%an!n' ""%e !n"n&!e %e(!e ha/ an ee& on he sae %eas"%-, %eas"%-, as a ne&essa%- %es"( o &o*$(!an&e !n he ""%e +!h he e/e%a( %"(e, ! +as an "nao!/a#(e &onse"en&e. B" s"&h an an&!((a%- ee& on he sae %eas"%- !s a $e%*!ss!#(e an oen !ne!a#(e &onse"en&e. The /!e%en&e he%e !s !s ! %e"!%es $a-*en o sae "n/s no as a ne&essa%&onse"en&e o &o*$(!an&e !n he ""%e, #" as a o%* o V&o*$ensa!on o hose +ho s"e%e/ +hen he sae +as "n/e% no &o"%9!*$ose/ o#(!'a!on o &ono%* o a /!e%en san/a%/. C+ass Notes In"n&!e %e(!e !s o $%os$e&!e, #" no %e%os$e&!e. Saes &an +a!e he!% 11h A*en/*en !**"n!-. The +a!e% *"s #e e%- e7$(!&! an/ no &ons%"&!e. 7i0e+ v. F+oia 6oa o/ Re"ents $-***) su##. P". ( 0P%oesso%:s S&hna#(- s"**a%- o he 11h A*en/*en) Fa&s8 The A'e D!s&%!*!na!on !n E*$(o-*en A& o 1>= *aes ! "n(a+"( o% an e*$(o-e%, !n&("/!n' a sae, o a!( o% %e"se o h!%e o% o / !s&ha%'e an- !n/!!/"a( o% ohe%+!se /!s&%!*!nae a'a!ns !n/!!/"a(s #e&a"se o he a'e. A '%o"$ o &"%%en an/ o%*e% a&"(- an/ (!#%a%!ans o F(o%!/a Sae Un!e%s!- !(e/ s"! a'a!ns he F(o%!/a Boa%/ o Re'ens !n he Un!e/ Saes istrict Court Court .
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Iss"e8 F!%s, +hehe% Con'%ess "ne"!o&a((- e7$%esse/ !s !nen o a#%o'ae ha !**"n!- an/ se&on/, ! ! /!/, +hehe% Con'%ess a&e/ $"%s"an o a a(!/ o &ons!"!ona( a"ho%!-. Ho(/!n'8 I !s &(ea% ha Con'%ess !nen/e/ o a#%o'ae he saes soe%e!'n !**"n!- so he se&on/ !ss"e !s &%!!&a( o o"% ana(-s!s. The ADEA is not a va+i e #o8e une se3tion 5 o/ the % th to a2o"ate state SI in this 3ase. In EEOC . W-o*!n' he Co"% o"n/ he ADEA &ons!"e/ a a(!/ e7e%&!se o Con'%ess: $o+e% o %e'"(ae &o**e%&e . . . a*on' he see%a( saes, A% I se& , &(. 4 an/ he A& /!/ no /!/ no %ans'%ess an- e7e%na( %es%a!ns !*$ose/ on he &o**e%&e $o+e% #- he 13h A*en/*en. Be&a"se he A& +as o"n/ a(!/ "n/e% he &o**e%&e &(a"se, he Co"% nee% &ons!/e%e/ +hehe% he a& +as a(!/ "n/e% se&!on o he 1@h A*en/*en. Ho+ee%, #e&a"se Con'%ess &anno a#%o'ae he sae:s 11h A*en/*en soe%e!'n !**"n!- #ase/ on he Co**e%&e C(a"se he on(- +a- Con'%ess &an a#%o'ae a saes soe%e!'n !**"n!- !s h%o"'h se&!on o he 1@h A*en/*en. emem$er4 The Seminole Co"% he(/ ha Con'%ess no (on'e% has he $o+e% "n/e% he Co**e%&e C(a"se o a$rogate the states so!ereign immunit# oe%%"(!n' Penns-(an!a . Un!on Gas Co. Se&!on o he 1@h A*en/*en '%ans Con'%ess he a"ho%!- o a#%o'ae he Sae:s Soe%!'n I**"n!-8 In /ee%*!n!n' ! se& !s "se/ &o%%e&(- !n a#%o'a!n' a saes soe%e!'n !**"n!- he S"$%e*e Co"% (a!/ /o+n he congruence and proportionalit# es. A##+1in" that test to the #esent 3ase the statute hee 0a1 not a2o"ate the state>s soveei"n i00unit1 . O"% e7a*!na!on o he ADEA:s (e'!s(a!e %e&o%/ &on!%*s ha Con'%ess 1=@ e7ens!on o he A& o he saes +as an "n+a%%ane/ %es$onse o a $e%ha$s !n&onse"en!a( $%o#(e*. Con'%ess nee% !/en!!e/ an- pattern o age discrimination $# the states , *"&h (ess an- /!s&%!*!na!on +hasoee% ha %ose o he (ee( o &ons!"!ona( !o(a!on. B" %e(!e/ on ne+s$a$e% a%!&(es an/ $%!ae $%a&!&es. A %e!e+ o he ADEA:s (e'!s(a!e %e&o%/ as a +ho(e, hen, %eea(s ha Con'%ess ha/ !irtuall# no reason o #e(!ee ha sae an/ (o&a( 'oe%n*ens +e%e "n&ons!"!ona((/!s&%!*!na!n' a'a!ns he!% e*$(o-ees on he #as!s o a'e. A(ho"'h he (a& o s"$$o% !s no /ee%*!na!e o he se&!on !n"!%-, Con'%ess a!("%e o "n&oe% an- s!'n!!&an $ae%n o "n&ons!"!ona( /!s&%!*!na!on he%e &on!%*s ha Con'%ess ha/ no %eason o #e(!ee ha #%oa/ $%o$h-(a&!& (e'!s(a!on +as ne&essa%- !n h!s !e(/. Th"s, Con'%ess +as no ae*$!n' o %e*e/- a $ae%n o sae /!s&%!*!nao%- $%a&!&es. Noes8 P%oesso% S&hna#(- +as a&"a((- &o%%e& !n *- /!sa'%ee*en oe% +hehe% a (e'!s(a!e %e&o%/ +as $e%!nen o an !n"!%- !n he a#%o'a!on o a saes: soe%e!'n !**"n!- #ase/ on se&!on o he 1@h A*en/*en. Summar# o the 11th Amendment States5 So!ereign Immunit# An !n/!!/"a( &an 'e a%o"n/ a saes: soe%e!'n !**"n!- #- a$$(-!n' he : 3arte 6oun* /o&%!ne ha a((o+s an !n"n&!on a'a!ns a sae o!&!a( +ho !s $%esen(- !o(a!n' he (a+. An !n"n&!on, ho+ee%, *a- on(- #e o% prospecti!e !n"n&!e %e(!e. See E(/e%*an . 5o%/an. A e/e%a( sa"e *a- no a#%o'ae a sae soe%e!'n !**"n!- #ase/ on !s Commerce Clause powers . See Se*!no(e T%!#e A /eea+ statute 0a1 a2o"ate a state soveei"n i00unit1 2ase on se3 5 o/ the % th A0en0ent on+1 i/ thee is a 3+ea sho8in" that the statute ena3te 8as intene to
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e0e1 a state san3tione is3i0inato1 #a3ti3e . See !*e( . F(o%!/a Boa%/ o Re'ens The e/e%a( 'oe%n*en *a- #%!n' !s o+n a&!on a'a!ns a sae. C+ass Notes Con'%ess +as 'o!n' ae% a'e /!s&%!*!na!on. Saes *a- /!s&%!*!nae on he #as!s o a'e ! ! !s %a!ona((- %e(ae/ o a (e'!!*ae sae !ne%es. The ohe% s!/e +o"(/ sa- ha !nen!ona( /!s&%!*!na!on !s e%- ha%/ o $%oe, an/ ha /!s&%!*!na!on !s +!/es$%ea/. Th!s +as no "s an e7e%&!se o Co**e%&e C(a"se, #" ! !s a(so se&. o he 1@ h. The Co"% !s sa-!n' ha he- /o no see a na!ona( +!/es$%ea/ /!s&%!*!na!on $%o#(e*.
11h A*en/*en8 To s"e he Sae !n a e/e%a( &o"%, he%e *"s #e8 1. Consen 2. Con'%ess a#%o'aes he !**"n!- 0$%o$e%(- a$$(-!n' he 1@h) 4. o" s"e a sae o!&!a( an/ no he sae 0o% $%os$e&!e on(-, no %e%oa&!e) So"e%:s !ne%$%ea!on o he 11h as an a(e%na!e8 11h +as no !nen/e/ o a$$(- o e/e%a( "es!on "%!s/!&!ons, #" on(- o /!e%s!- o &!!?ensh!$. Seens8 Saes a%e sh!e(/e/ %o* s"! !n e/e%a( &o"% "n(ess Con'%ess sa-s o he%+!se. The Po8e to En/o3e the Re3onstu3tion A0en0ents 7atLen2a3h v. Mo"an $%&(() #". --F8 N ena&e/ a (a+ sa-!n' ha P"e%o R!&an:s +!h a &e%a!n (ee( o e/"&a!on &o"(/ no oe. The e/e%a( 'o: "n/e% se&. o he 1@h %en/e%e/ ha "n&ons!"!ona( on he '%o"n/s o /!s&%!*!na!on. R8 Con'%ess ha/ he a"ho%!- o sa- ha he nee/ o he PR *!no%!- o oe +a%%ane/ e/e%a( !n%"s!on "$on an- sae !ne%ess se%e/ #- he En'(!sh (!e%a&- %e"!%e*en. ROL8 Fe/e%a( !ne%en!on !s &ons!"!ona(. D!ssen8 se&!on !s no #e!n' a$$(!e/ a$$%o$%!ae(- he%e. C+ass notes Is Con'%ess /!sa'%ee!n' +!h he SC, #e&a"se !n an ea%(!e% &ase 01) he Co"% he(/ ha he N sa"e o '!!n' (!e%a&- ess +as he(/ &ons!"!ona( An/ he%e 0> -ea%s (ae%) Con'%ess $asses (e'!s(a!on sa-!n' ha '!!n' (!e%a&- ess as a $%e%e"!s!e o o!n' !s a !o(a!on o E"a( P%oe&!on. The 1@h !s /!e%en #e&a"se o se&!on , +h!&h sa-s ha Con'%ess sha(( hae $o+e% o eno%&e, #- a$$%o$%!ae (e'!s(a!on, he $%o!s!ons o h!s a%!&(e. Is se&!on o he 1@h a *o/!!&a!on o Marbury v. Madison I *a- #e ha h!s se&!on '!es !na( a"ho%!- o Con'%ess +hen ! &o*es o he 1@h. One +a- o !ne%$%e h!s &ase !s as #e!n' %e*e/!a( 0%e*e/-) ha ! +e &an a((o+ hese $eo$(e o oe he- &an (ae% %!'h he +%on's o /!s&%!*!na!on !n ho"s!n' an/ +e(a%e. In ohe% +o%/s he /!s&%!*!na!on !n ho"s!n' an/ +e(a%e !s he %ea( +%on', an/ he (!e%a&- es an/ o!n' !s %ea((- "s a *eans o an en/s. The%e !s a se&on/ $a% sa-!n' ha h!s /e&!s!on !s a(so s"#san!e ha a (!e%a&- es !o(aes he 1@h. Ra&he Theo%- – ha Con'%ess &an #e *o%e $%oe&!e #" no (ess. • Con'%ess &an /!sa'%ee +!h !ne%$%ea!on o Cons!"!on
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Cit1 o/ 6oene v. F+oes $%&&) #". --( Fa&s8 A /e&!s!on /e(!e%e/ #- (o&a( ?on!n' a"ho%!!es o /en- a &h"%&h a #"!(/!n' $e%*! +as &ha((en'e/ "n/e% he Re(!'!o"s F%ee/o* Reso%a!on A& o 14 0RFRA). Th!s &ase &a((s !no "es!on he a"ho%!- o Con'%ess o ena& RFRA. RFRA $%oh!#!s 'oe%n*en %o* s"#san!a((- #"%/en!n' a $e%son:s e7e%&!se o %e(!'!on een ! he #"%/en %es"(s %o* a %"(e o 'ene%a( a$$(!&a#!(!- "n(ess he 'oe%n*en &an /e*ons%ae 01) he #"%/en !s !n "%he%an&e o a &o*$e((!n' !ne%es an/ 02) !s he (eas %es%!&!e *eans o "%he%!n' ha &o*$e((!n' 'oe%n*ena( !ne%es. The A&:s *an/ae a$$(!es o an- #%an&h, /e$a%*en, a'en&-, !ns%"*ena(!-, . . .as +e(( as o an- state o% s"#/!!s!on o a state. In essen&e he RFRA A& sh!e/ he #"%/en o he sae o sho+ a &o*$e((!n' "s!!&a!on o% a a&!a((- ne"%a( sa"e. Iss"e8 Is se&!on o he 1@ h A*en/*en a '%an o &on'%ess!ona( a"ho%!- o remedy as +e(( a prevent /!s&%!*!na!on. Ho(/!n'8 No. Se& o he 1@h A*en/*en a((o+s Con'%ess o ena& sa"es ha %e*e/- /!s&%!*!na!on no $%een !. I Con'%ess &o"(/ /e!ne !s o+n $o+e%s #- a(e%!n' he 1@h A*en/*en:s *ean!n', no (on'e% +o"(/ he Cons!"!on #e s"$e%!o% $a%a*o"n (a+, "n&han'ea#(e #- o%/!na%*eans. I +o"(/ #e on a (ee( +!h o%/!na%- (e'!s(a!e a&s an/ (!e ohe% a&s a(e%a#(e +hen he (e'!s(a"%e sha(( $(ease o a(e% !. See Ma%#"%- . Ma/!son C+ass Notes Fo% Con'%ess o #e a#(e o !ne%ene, he (o&a(!- +o"(/ hae o /!s&%!*!nae an/ s!n'(e o" %e(!'!ons 01s A*en/*en !ss"e). The &o"% sa-s ha he es *"s #e one o &on'%"en&e an/ $%o$o%!ona(!-. To /ea( +!h he $%o#(e* 0/!s&%!*!na!on) Con'%ess +ans o $" o%h a %e*e/- ha &ass a *"&h +!/e% ne han he a&"a( $%o#(e*.
Ana(-s!s • Un/e% Se&!on o he 1@h a*en/*en, Con'%ess has he $o+e% o ena& (e'!s(a!on o eno%&e he '"a%anees o e"a( $%oe&!on an/ /"e $%o&ess In '!!n' a (!*!e/ %ea/!n' o Se&!on , he S"$%e*e Co"% no on(- (!*!s Con'%ess: • $o+e% o eno%&e #- (e'!s(a!on he 1@h, #" a(so e7$an/s !s o+n $o+e% • The &o"% saes ha Con'%ess: eno%&e*en $o+e% !s "s ha – $o+e% o eno%&e • I has no %!'h o /ee%*!ne +ha a&!ons &ons!"e a &ons!"!ona( !o(a!on, #" on(he $o+e% o $%o!/e %e*e/!es o% hose !o(a!ons a(%ea/- en"*e%ae/ • I/ Con"ess 3annot ete0ine 8hat 3onstitutes a 3onstitutiona+ vio+ation, then 8ho 3an • The 5"/!&!a%- – #- /e&!/!n' Boe%ne as ! /!/, he SC $%oe&e/ !s $o+e% o /ee%*!ne &ons!"!ona( !o(a!ons %o* en&%oa&h*en #- ohe% #%an&hes o 'oe%n*en RFRA – &on'%ess!ona( a& /es!'ne/ o $%oh!#! he 'oe%n*en %o* #"%/en!n' a $e%son:s %e(!'!o"s $%a&!&es een o he e7en ha hose $%a&!&es &on(!&e/ +!h (a+s o 'ene%a( a$$(!&a#!(!- "n(ess he 'oe%n*en &an sho+ a &o*$e((!n' !ne%es !n ena&!n' he (a+
CLASS NOTES • D!!&"( o $%oe !nen*o!a!on, eas!e% o sho+e% ha%*, o% ee& o #"%/en!n'Z CON LAW I O"(!ne
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I. Constitutiona+ ?i0its on State Po8es $Do0ant Co00e3e C+ause) A. In%o/"&!on Fa!("%e o A%!&(es o Cone/e%a!on8 The $%e9Cons!"!on A%!&(es o Cone/e%a!on ha/ a!(e/ (a%'e(- #e&a"se saes o"'h /es%"&!e %a/e +a%s a'a!ns ea&h ohe%. These %a/e +a%s a%ose $%!n&!$a((- %o* he a& ha sae 'oe%n*en +e%e oo %es$ons!e o (o&a( e&ono*!& !ne%es !.e. ea&h sae 'oe%n*en en/e/ o $"%s"e he !ne%ess o !s o+n &ons!"ens, a he e7$ense o &!!?ens o ohe% saes. The%eo%e, "n/e% he Cons!"!on, he $o+e% o he e/e%a( "/!&!a%-, !ne%$%e!n' he Co**e%&e C(a"se, ha/ o $%een h!s e&ono*!& #a(an!?a!on. Do%*an Co**e%&e C(a"se8 he *e%e e7!sen&e o he e/e%a( &o**e%&e $o+e% restricts he saes %o* /!s&%!*!na!n' a'a!ns, o% "n/"(- #"%/en!n', !ne%sae &o**e%&e. Th!s %es%!&!on !s %ee%%e/ o as he Ne'a!e Co**e%&e C(a"se o% he Do%*an Co**e%&e C(a"se. A% I se& 13 e7$%ess(- /!sa#(es saes %o* &e%a!n a&!!!es ha a%e e(se+he%e &o**!e/ o Con'%ess, an/ ! /oes no e7$%ess(- $%oh!#! he Saes %o* %e'"(a!n' !ne%sae &o**e%&e 0o% e7a*$(e he $o+e% o /e&(a%e +a% !s &(ea%(- an e7&("s!e $o+e% o Con'%ess). Wh- sho"(/ he &o**e%&e $o+e% san/!n' a(one #e e7&("s!e A $%o#(e* +!h he e7&("s!e a$$%oa&h !s ha a(*os ee%-h!n' +!(( hae an ee& on !ne%sae &o**e%&e 0IC) so ha -o" +o"(/ &o*$(ee(- ha*s%!n' he $o+e% o he saes ! -o" /e!ne ! ha +a-. The Co"%s hae no aen he e7&("s!!- a$$%oa&h o he Co**e%&e C(a"se. The 'ene%a( a&&e$an&e o/a- !s ha #oh Con'%ess an/ he Saes &an %e'"(ae !ne%sae &o**e%&e. We +!(( (oo a +hen he saes &an an/ &anno. R"(e !s ha he sae &anno %e'"(ae ! he- a%e a&!a((- /!s&%!*!na!n' a'a!ns ohe% saes, ohe%+!se a #a(an&!n' es !s a$$(!e/. I !s e%- o"'h o e(( +hehe% so*eh!n' !s a&!a((- /!s&%!*!nao%- o% no. Ea%(- !ne%$%ea!ons8 irect !ersus indirect In Disanto v. Penns1+vania #". -54 he Co"% !na(!/ae/ a (!&ens!n' sa"e o% hose +!sh!n' o se(( !&es o% %ans$o%a!on o o% %o* a o%e!'n &o"n%-. The sae a%'"e/ ha he sa"e +as /es!'ne/ o $%een e7$(o!a!on. The *ao%!- +as no $e%s"a/e/ #he saes a%'"*ens no!n' ha Con'%ess has &o*$(ee an/ $a%a*o"n a"ho%!- o %e'"(ae o%e!'n &o"n%!es a sa"e +h!&h #- !s ne&essa%- o$e%a!ons directl# !ne%e%es +!h o% #"%/ens o%e!'n &o**e%&e !s a $%oh!#!e/ %e'"(a!on an/ !na(!/ %e'a%/(ess o !s $"%$ose.
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Inherentl# local !ersus national Coo+e1 v. 6oa o/ Pot Waens Fa&s8 A Penns-(an!a (a+ +as a/o$e/ %e"!%!n' a(( sh!$s ene%!n' o% (ea!n' he $o% o Ph!(a/e($h!a o "se a (o&a( $!(o o% $a- a !ne o s"$$o% %e!%e/ $!(os an/ he!% /e$en/ens. The Co"% a'%ee/ ha he %e'"(a!ons o $!(os +as a %e'"(a!on o !ne%sae &o**e%&e, een ho"'h $!(os sa-e/ +!h he sh!$s o% on(- a #%!e $e%!o/s #" ! nee%he(ess "$he(/ he sa"e. The Co"% s"$$o%e/ h!s &on&("s!on #- %ee%%!n' o a e/e%a( sa"e $%o!/!n' ha a(( $!(os sha(( #e %e'"(ae/ !n &ono%*!- +!h s"&h (a+s as he saes *a- %e"!%e. The Co"% a(so oo no!&e o he /!s!n&!on #e+een a %e'"(a!on %e"!%!n' /!e%s!- an/ a %e'"(a!on %e"!%!n' "n!o%*!- sa!n' !n $e%!nen $a% The $o+e% o %e'"(ae &o**e%&e, e*#%a&es a as !e(/, &ona!n!n' no on(*an- #- e7&ee/!n'(- a%!o"s s"#e&s, "!e "n(!e !n he!% na"%e so*e !*$e%a!e(/e*an/!n' s!n'(e "n!o%* %"(e, o$e%a!n' e"a((- on he &o**e%&e o he U.S. !n ee% $o% an/ so*e, (!e he s"#e& no+ !n "es!on, as !*$e%a!e(- /e*an/!n' ha di!ersit# , +h!&h a(one &an *ee he (o&a( ne&ess!!es o na!'a!on. The Cooley %eason!n' %e"!%es ha a Co"% /ee%*!ne +hehe% a s"#e& !s o a na"%e %e"!%!n' "n!o%* na!ona( %e'"(a!ons o% /!e%se (o&a( %e'"(a!ons. The "es!on !s +hehe% Con'%ess:s $o+e% "n/e% he Co**e%&e C(a"se !s e7&("s!e. The /o%*an C(a"se *eans ha een ! Con'%ess !s s!(en #- no %e'"(a!n' so*eh!n', /oes ha *ean ha he Saes *a- no %e'"(ae. S&a(!a a%'"e/ ha he%e !s no !n/!&a!on o e7&("s!!- an/ ha ! he CC +e%e e7&("s!e he Cons!"!on +o"(/ hae sa!/ so as ! /!/ %e'a%/!n' he $o+e% o &o!n *one- o% *ae %ea!es o% /e&(a%e +a%.
The Pohi2ition o/ Fa3ia+ Dis3i0ination a"ainst Intestate Co00e3e Cit1 o/ Phi+ae+#hia v. Ne8 @ese1 $%&4) #". -(4 F8 N5 sa"e $%oh!#!!n' he !*$o%a!on o *os so(!/ o% (!"!/ +ase %o* o"s!/e he sae. N5SC sa!/ he (a+ !s a(!/ an/ $%o*oes hea(h an/ +e(a%e. See%a( Ne+ 5e%seo$e%ao%s an/ o" o sae "se%s o he (an/!(( s!es s"e/ o hae he sa"e !na(!/ae/ on he '%o"n/ ha ! /!s&%!*!nae/ a'a!ns !ne%sae &o**e%&e. I8 Whehe% a sae *a- ena& #ans on a%!&(es o &o**e%&e absent le*itimate public welfare concerns. H8 No. R8 5"s as Con'%ess has $o+e% o %e'"(ae !ne%sae *oe*en, Saes a%e no %ee %o* Cons!"!ona( s&%"!n- +hen he- %es%!& ha *oe*en. When Con'%ess /oes no e7e%&!se !s %e'"(ao%- $o+e%s "n/e% he CC, he Saes *a- %e'"(ae a&!!!es ha a%e (o&a( !n &ha%a&e% s"#e& o he %es%a!ns o he CC as (a!/ o" !n &ase (a+. When a sae (a+ !s $asse/ $"%e(- #e&a"se o e&ono*!& $%oe&!on!s*, ! !s !na(!/. I ho+ee% he sae (a+ a//%esses (e'!!*ae (o&a( &on&e%ns an/ he ee&s on !ne%sae &o**e%&e a %e !n&!/ena(, hen ! +!(( #e "$he(/ "n(ess he #"%/en !*$ose/ on &o**e%&e !s e7&ess!e. The Sae a%'"es ha he sa"e +as /es!'ne/ o $%oe& he en!%on*en an/ no he e&ono*-, an/ ha he #ene!s o"+e!'h he s(!'h #"%/en on !ne%sae &o**e%&e. The C!- o Ph!((- a%'"es ha h!s !s "s a (e'!s(a!e eo% o s"$$%ess &o*$e!!on an/ sa#!(!?e he &os o so(!/ +ase /!s$osa( o% N5 %es!/ens an/ ha he sa"e +as *o!ae/ #- !nan&!a( &on&e%ns.
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This Cout he+ that the N@ +a8 is inva+i 2e3ause it vio+ates the #in3i#+e o/ nonis3i0ination 21 is3i0inatin" a"ainst ati3+es o/ 3o00e3e /o0 outsie the state. The N@ +a8 iso+ate the state /o0 the nationa+ e3ono01. A sae *a- no a&&o%/ !s o+n !nha#!ans a $%ee%%e/ %!'h o a&&ess oe% &ons"*e%s !n ohe% saes o na"%a( %eso"%&es (o&ae/ !n !s #o%/e%s. The Co"% /!s!n'"!she/ "a%an!ne (a+s, +h!&h ha/ oen #een "$he(/. The Co"% %easone/ ha s"&h "a%an!ne (a+s #anne/ he !*$o%a!on o *ae%!a(s ha a he *o*en o %ans$o%a!on +e%e ha?a%/o"s. He%e, #&on%as, he so(!/ +ase +hose !*$o%a!on +as $%oh!#!e/ #- N5 en /an'e%e/ hea(h on(+hen #"%!e/ !n (an/!(( s!es, #- +h!&h !*e he%e +as no a(!/ %eason o /!e%en!ae #e+een o" o sae an/ /o*es!& 'a%#a'e. ROL8 A Sae !s +!ho" $o+e% o $%een $%!ae(- o+ne/ a%!&(es o %a/e %o* #e!n' sh!$$e/ an/ so(/ !n !ne%sae &o**e%&e on he '%o"n/ ha he- a%e %e"!%e/ o sa!s(o&a( /e*an/s o% #e&a"se he- a%e nee/e/ #- he $eo$(e o he sae. D!ssen8 Rehn"!s *aes an a%'"*en ha he #an on N5 +o"(/ $%o*oe &o**e%&e oe% he hea(h o !s &!!?ens. He sa+ no %eason +h- N5 *a- #an he !*$o%a!on o !e*s +hose *oe*ens %!ss &ona'!on, #" &anno #an he !*$o%a!on o !e*s +h!&h, a(ho"'h he*a- #e %ans$o%e/ !no he sae +!ho" "n/"e ha?a%/, +!(( s!*$(- $!(e "$ !n an ee% !n&%eas!n' /an'e% o he $"#(!& hea(h an/ sae-. 5"s #e&a"se N5 *"s /!s$ose o !s o+n +ase /oes no *ean ha ! *"s se%e as a /e$os!o%- o% ee%- ohe% sae. C+ass Notes D!s&%!*!na!on "n/e%*!nes he !/ea o national unit# and ree trade . On he !ss"e o !nen o /!s&%!*!nae o% no – ho+ /o -o" $%oe An/ een ! -o" /o – so +haZ I /oesn: h"% %ee %a/e an- (ess een ! -o" &an $%oe ha he sa"e +as no $asse/ +!h /!s&%!*!nao%- !nen. o" (oo a he /!s&%!*!nao%- ee& an/ no he !nen. Pe%ha$s h!s a%'"*en &o"(/ hae #een ao!/e/ ! he Goe%no% o N 'o Con'%ess o ena& a sa"e sa-!n' ha he Saes *a- /ea( +!h 'a%#a'e as he- +!sh. On he ohe% han/ Ph!((- *a- hae 'oen Con'%ess o $%ee*$ he %e'"(a!on o he saes !n h!s a%ea. Sho"(/ Con'%ess #e a#(e o !ne%ene !n h!s +a- Does he Cons!"!on a((o+ he Saes o #"%/en ohe% saes !n e%*s o !ne%sae &o**e%&e I he%e +e%e a sa"e ha +as "n&(ea%, he SC +o"(/ $%o#a#(- e!he% n"((!- he sa"e o% !n/ a'a!ns he sae #e!n' a#(e o %e'"(ae !ne%sae &o**e%&e. The S& he(/ ha h!s (a+ +as "n&ons!"!ona( #e&a"se ! &on&("/e/ ha ! +as NOT he (eas %es%!&!e a(e%na!e, an/ ha N5 &o"(/ hae aa&e/ h!s $%o#(e* #- %e'"(a!n' a(( !n an/ o" o sae +ase. CJA Ca2one, In3 v. C+a:sto8n $%&&) #". -5 F8 N ena&e/ a (o+ &on%o( o%/!nan&e. The $%a&!&a( ee& o he o%/!nan&e +as o %e"!%e ha an- %ash 'ene%ae/ !n he o+n #e aen o a $a%!&"(a% +ase %anse% sa!on, +h!&h &ha%'e/ a onna'e ee o% a(( %ash ! $%o&esse/. I8 Whehe% a (a+ ha /e$%!es o"9o9sae #"s!nesses a&&ess o (o&a( *a%es !s !na(!/ as /!s&%!*!nao%- "n/e% he Co**e%&e C(a"se. H8 es, %ee%se/. R8 The %a!ona(e o% he %"(e a'a!ns /!s&%!*!na!on !s o $%oh!#! (o&a( (a+s +hose o#e& !s local economic protectionism . The CC !na(!/aes (o&a( (a+s ha !*$ose &o**e%&!a( #a%%!e%s o% /!s&%!*!nae a'a!ns an a%!&(e o &o**e%&e #- %eason o !s o%!'!n o% /es!na!on o" o sae. Th!s o%/!nan&e a((s "n/e% h!s &ae'o%- an/ !s no (ess
CON LAW I O"(!ne
Pa'e >1
/!s&%!*!nao%- #e&a"se !n9sae $%o&esso%s a%e a(so &oe%e/ #- he $%oh!#!!on. The oinan3e hoas so+i 8aste, an the e0an to "et i o/ it, /o the 2ene/it o/ the #e/ee #o3essin" /a3i+it1. Dis3i0ination a"ainst intestate 3o00e3e in /avo o/ +o3a+ 2usiness o invest0ent is #e se inva+i , e7&e$ +he%e ! &an #e sho+n ha he%e !s no ohe% +a- o a/an&e a (e'!!*ae (o&a( !ne%es. As a /!s&%!*!nao%- $%oe&!on!s sa"e, he sae *"s no+ /e*ons%ae ha8 01) he sa"e a !ss"e has a (e'!!*ae $"%$ose an/ 02) he%e a%e no a(e%na!e non/!s&%!*!nao%- *eans aa!(a#(e. He%e he Co"% o"n/ non/!s&%!*!nao%- a(e%na!es8 !%s, Vhe *os o#!o"s +o"(/ #e "n!o%* sae- %e'"(a!ons ena&e/ +!ho" he o#e& o /!s&%!*!nae. These %e'"(a!ons +o"(/ ens"%e &o*$e!o%s (!e Ca%#one /o no "n/e% $%!&e he *a%e #- &"!n' &o%ne%s on en!%on*ena( sae-. . .V ROL8 Sae an/ (o&a( 'oe%n*ens *a- no "se he!% %e'"(ao%- $o+e% o ao% (o&a( ene%$%!se #- $%oh!#!!n' $a%ona'e o o" o sae &o*$e!o%s o% he!% a&!(!!es. Con&"%%en&e8 The o%/!nan&e /oes no /!s&%!*!nae a'a!ns !ne%sae &o**e%&e #e&a"se !n sae &o*$e!o%s a%e e"a((- #"%/ene/. Ho+ee% he o%/!nan&e !s an e7&ess!e #"%/en on !ne%sae %a/e +hen &ons!/e%e/ !n %e(a!on o he (o&a( #ene!s &one%%e/. The $%o$e% ana(-s!s !s #ene! e%s"s #"%/en, no /!s&%!*!na!on. D!ssen8 The o+n he%e !s %e'"(a!n' a %a/!!ona( 'oe%n*en "n&!on, so*eh!n' ! *a(e'!!*ae(- /o C+ass Notes The /!s&%!*!na!on he%e !s ha o" o sae %ash /!s$os!n' &o*$an!es &anno #!/ o% he #"s!ness. E7%a &oss a%e a(so !*$ose/ on o"s!/e%s an/ he- en/ "$ !nan&!n' he C(a%so+n a&!(!-. The &o"% sa!/ ha he%e +as a (ess %es%!&!e a(e%na!e o a7!n' an/ "s!n' he s"#s!/- 0!nan&!n' ! +!h a7es an/ #on/s) ha +o"(/ a&&o*$(!sh he sa*e en/ +!ho" !no(!n' ha #"%/en on !ne%sae &o**e%&e. Ho+ &an +e e(( ! h!s o%/!nan&e !s /!s&%!*!nao%- I /oes no /!s!n'"!sh #e+een !n an/ o" o sae. Ho+ee% /!s&%!*!na!on a'a!ns IC !n ao% o (o&a( #"s!nesses !s $e% se !na(!/ 0"n(ess he%e a%e no ohe% (ess %es%!&!e *eans – an/ he%e +e%e !n h!s &ase). Maine v. Ta1+o $%&4() #". -4- 0"$ho(/!n' a sa"e ha !s a&!a((- /!s&%!*!nao%-) Fa&s8 The Co"% "$he(/ he &ons!"!ona(!- o a Ma!ne sa"e ha $%oh!#!e/ he !*$o%a!on o (!e #a!!sh. 5"s!&e B(a&*"n noe/ ha he sa"e a!%*a!e(/!s&%!*!nae/ a'a!ns !ne%sae %ansa&!ons an/ he%eo%e &o"(/ #e "$he(/ o n(- ! ! s"%!e/ he s%!&es s&%"!n-. The #"%/en +as on he sae o sho+ ha he sa"e se%e/ 01) a legitimate local purpose 02) an/ ha he $"%$ose &o"(/ no #e se%e/ as +e(( #- an aa!(a#(e nondiscriminator# means . He%e, he Co"% he(/, ha, !n (!'h o he %!a( &o"%:s !n/!n' o a&, #oh #%an&hes o he es ha/ #een sa!s!e/. A(ho"'h ! +as no &e%a!n ha !*$o%a!on o he #a!!sh a/e%se(- ae& he en!%on*en, Ma!ne has a (e'!!*ae !ne%es !n '"a%/!n' a'a!ns !*$e%e&(- "n/e%soo/ en!%on*ena( %!ss, /es$!e he $oss!#!(!- ha he- *a- "(!*ae(- $%oe o #e ne'(!'!#(e. Mo%eoe%, he *e%e a#s%a& $oss!#!(!- o /ee(o$!n' an a&&e$a#(e es!n' $%o&e/"%e /!/ no &ons!"e an aa!(a#(e non/!s&%!*!nao%- a(e%na!e. No% +as he%e &on!n&!n' e!/en&e ha he sa"e +as he $%o/"& o a $%oe&!on!s !nen. The sae:s "s!!&a!on +as no "n/e%*!ne/ #- he a& ha ohe% saes *- no hae ena&e/ s!*!(a% #ans #e&a"se
CON LAW I O"(!ne
Pa'e >2
Ma!ne:s !she%!es a%e "n!"e an/ "n"s"a((- %a'!(e. No% +as ! %e(ean ha !sh &an s+!* /!%e&(- !no Ma!ne %o* Ne+ Ha*$sh!%e #e&a"se !*$e/!*ens o &o*$(ee s"&&ess &anno #e '%o"n/s o% $%een!n' a sae %o* "s!n' !s #es eo%s o (!*! an en!%on*ena( %!s. I a sa"e !s a&!a((- /!s&%!*!nao%- he #"%/en sh!s o he saes o oe%&o*e +o o#sa&(es8 F!%s, he%e *"s #e a legitimate purpose o% ena&!n' he sa"e. Se&on/, he%e *"s #e no a(e%na!e nondiscriminator# means a!aila$le C+ass Notes The es !s +hehe% he%e !s a (e'!!*ae $"%$ose, an/ ! he%e !s a %easona#(e a(e%na!e ohe% han he /!s&%!*!nao%- a$$%oa&h 0(eas %es%!&!e a(e%na!e). Co. v. Maison $%&5%)#". -4- 0Reasona#(e a(e%na!es an/ he %e(ean&e o ha%*s o !n9sae $%o/"&e%s) Fa&s8 The Co"% !na(!/ae/ an o%/!nan&e a/o$e/ #- Ma/!son C!- Co"n&!( ha $%oh!#!e/ he sa(e o *!( !n he &!- "n(ess ! ha/ #een #o(e/ a an a$$%oe/ $(an +!h!n !e *!(es o he &!-. The Vao+e/ $"%$oseV ens"%!n' #- !ns$e&!on o #o(!n' $(ans ha he *!( +as #o(e/ "n/e% san!a%- &on/!!ons, +as a&&e$a#(e. B" he V$%a&!&a( ee&V +as o $%een he sa(e !n Ma/!son o +ho(eso*e *!( $%o/"&e/ !n I((!no!s an/ !n $a%s o W!s&ons!n. VIn h"s e%e&!n' an e&ono*!& #a%%!e% $%oe&!n' a *ao% (o&a( !n/"s%- a'a!ns &o*$e!!on %o* o"s!/e, Ma/!son $(a!n(- /!s&%!*!naes a'a!ns !ne%sae &o**e%&e. Th!s ! &an no /o, een !n he e7e%&!se o !s "n"es!one/ $o+e% o $%oe& he hea(h an/ sae- o !s $eo$(e, i reasona$le nondiscriminator# alternati!es , a/e"ae o se%e (o&a( !ne%es, a%e aa!(a#(e.V The Co"% &on&("/e/ ha +o a(e%na!es e7!se/8 F!%s, Ma/!son &o"(/ sen/ !s !ns$e&o%s o I((!no!s an/ &ha%'e he %easona#(e &oss o !ns$e&!on o he !*$o%!n' $%o/"&e%s o% se&on/, ! &o"(/ %e(- on !ns$e&!ons #- e/e%a( a"ho%!!es &o*$(-!n' +!h he %e'"(ao%- san/a%/s !n Ma/!son o%/!nan&e +h!&h !se( a/o$e/ he $%o!s!ons o a *o/e( o%/!nan&e %e&o**en/e/. VTo $e%*! Ma/!son o a/o$ a %e'"(a!on no essen!a( o% he $%oe&!on o (o&a( hea(h !ne%ess an/ $(a&!n' a /!s&%!*!nao%- #"%/en on !ne%sae &o**e%&e +o"(/ !n!e *"(!$(!&a!on o $%ee%en!a( %a/e a%eas /es%"&!e o he e%- $"%$ose o he Co**e%&e C(a"se.V See oonoe VI !s !**ae%!a( ha W!s&ons!n *!( %o* o"s!/e Ma/!son a%ea !s s"#e&e/ o he sa*e $%os&%!$!on as ha *o!n' !n !ne%sae &o**e%&e.V •
West ?1nn Cea0e1, In3. v. Hea+1 $%&&) #". -4 Fa&s8 Massa&h"ses a7e/ a(( *!( sa(es !n he sae. The a7es, &o((e&e/ on sa(es o *!( $%o/"&e/ #oh !n he sae an/ o"s!/e !, +en o a s"#s!/- "n/ +hose $%o&ee/s +e%e hen /!s%!#"e/ o Massa&h"ses *!( $%o/"&e%s. An o" o sae $%o/"&e% &ha((en'e/ he &o*#!ne/ non/!s&%!*!nao%- a79$("s9(o&a(9s"#s!/- $%o'%a*. The saeQs $%!n&!$a( a%'"*en !s ha #e&a"se Vhe *!( o%/e% a&h!ees !s 'oa(s h%o"'h (a+"( *eans, he o%/e% as a +ho(e !s &ons!"!ona(.V Ho(/!n'8 A $"%e s"#s!/- "n/e/ %o* a 'ene%a( %een"e o%/!na%!(- !*$oses no #"%/en on !ne%sae &o**e%&e, #" *e%e(- ass!ss (o&a( #"s!ness. The $%!&!n' o%/e% !n h!s &ase, ho+ee%, !s "n/e/ $%!n&!$a((- %o* a7es on he sa(e o *!( $%o/"&e/ in other states.
CON LAW I O"(!ne
Pa'e >4
The Co"% "%he% %easone/ ha VMassa&h"ses has &%eae/ a $%o'%a* *o%e /an'e%o"s o !ne%sae &o**e%&e han e!he% $a% a(one. Non/!s&%!*!nao%- *eas"%es, (!e he eenhan/e/ a7 a !ss"e he%e, a%e 'ene%a((- "$he(/, !n s$!e o a/e%se ee&s on !ne%sae &o**e%&e, !n $a% #e&a"se he e7!sen&e o a *ao% !n9sae !ne%es a/e%se(- ae&e/ !s a $o+e%"( sae'"a%/ a'a!ns (e'!s(a!e a#"se. Ho+ee%, +hen a non/!s&%!*!nao%- a7 !s &o"$(e/ +!h a s"#s!/- o one o he '%o"$s h"% #- he a7, a saeQs $o(!!&a( $%o&ess &an no (on'e% #e %e(!e/ "$on o $%een (e'!s(a!e a#"se. Con&"%%en&e S&a(!a VThe +!s/o* o a *ess!an!& !ns!sen&e on a '%!* s!n9o%9s+!* $o(!&o La!sse?9a!%e e&ono*!&s +o"(/ #e /e#aa#(e ha/ Con'%ess &hosen o ena& ! #" Con'%ess has /one noh!n' o he !n/. I !s he Co"% +h!&h has !*$ose/ he $o(!&"n/e% he /o%*an Co**e%&e C(a"se, a $o(!&- +h!&h #o/es !(( o% he a("es o e/e%a(!s* +h!&h hae (on' an!*ae/ o"% &ons!"!ona( "%!s$%"/en&e.V Noes The $o(!!&s o s"#s!/!es. Wh- a%e s"#s!/!es %o* 'ene%a( %een"es $e%*!ss!#(e, #" ones %o* !n/"s%-9s$e&!!& a7es !*$e%*!ss!#(e C+ass Notes We /o no +an a(( o he #ene!s o a(( !n he sae an/ a(( o he &oss o a(( o"s!/e. I he sae ha/ no !*$ose/ a s$e&!a( a7 on *!( #" !nsea/ $a!/ he s"#s!/- o" o 'ene%a( sae %een"es, ! +o"(/ no hae #een a'a!ns IC. When he sae e7e%&!ses !s a7!n' $o+e%, ! !s no a *a%e $a%!&!$an. I/ it>s /a3ia++1 is3i0, 1ou use sti3t s3utin1. I/ neauta+, 1ou use 2a+an3in" a##oa3h. In Ca0#s Ne8/oun In3. v. To8n o/ Haison he Co"% he(/ "n&ons!"!ona( a a7 sa"e ha e7e*$e/ $%o$e%- o+ne/ #- (o&a( &ha%!a#(e o%'an!?a!ons #" /en!e/ he e7e*$!on o o%'an!?a!ons o$e%ae/ $%!n&!$a((- o% non9%es!/ens. The Co"% !%s &on&("/e/ ha he sa"e +o"(/ !o(ae he Co**e%&e C(a"se ! ! +e%e a%'ee/ a $%o!9*a!n' o%'an!?a!ons #e&a"se ! en&o"%a'e/ he* o V(!*! he!% o"9o9sae &(!ene(eV !n a +a- ha +o"(/ (ea/ o e&ono*!& #a(an!?a!on. I +as "n&!ona((- an e7$o% a%! ha a%'ee/ o" o sae &"so*e%s #- a7!n' he #"s!nesses ha $%!n&!$a((se%e he*.
E<3e#tions to the Pohi2ition o/ Fa3ia+ Dis3i0ination a"ainst IC The Ma:et!Pati3i#ant Do3tine – A Sae *a- /!s&%!*!nae +hen ! a&s as a $a%!&!$an !n he *a%e %ahe% han a %e'"(ao%. Th!s !s so*e!*es an e7&e$!on o s%!& s&%"!n-, ! he- &an $%oe ha he- a%e a a(!/ *a%e $a%!&!$an, an/ ha he sa"e a han/ ae&s he *a%e he- &(a!* o #e *e*#e%s o.
Ma%e Pa%!&!$a!on e%s"s Re'"(a!on Hu"hes v. A+e
CON LAW I O"(!ne
Pa'e >@
a(ho"'h ! noe/ ha "n/e% %a/!!ona( Co**e%&e C(a"se ana(-s!s he $%o'%a* *!'h #e !na(!/ #e&a"se ! ha/ he ee& o %e/"&!n' he (o+ o 'oo/s !n !ne%sae &o**e%&e. The Co"% &on&("/e/ ha Ma%-(an/Qs a&!on +as no Vhe !n/ o a&!on +!h +h!&h he Co**e%&e C(a"se !s &on&e%ne/, #e&a"se, Vnoh!n' !n he $"%$ose an!*a!n' he Co**e%&e C(a"se $%oh!#!s a sae, !n he a#sen&e o &on'%ess!ona( a&!on, %o* $a%!&!$a!n' !n he *a%e an/ e7e%&!s!n' he %!'h o ao% !s o+n &!!?ens oe% ohe%s.V Reeves, In3. v. Sta:e #". -4& 0SC he(/ h!s +as *a%e $a%!&!$a!on an/ "$he(/) The Co"% "$he(/ a So"h Daoa $o(!&- o %es%!&!n' he sa(e o &e*en %o* a state= owned plant o sae %es!/ens only, /e&(a%!n' ha Vhe #as!& /!s!n&!on /%a+n !n Aleandria Scrap #e+een saes as *a%e $a%!&!$ans an/ saes as *a%e %e'"(ao%s *ae 'oo/ sense an/ so"n/ (a+.V The Co"% %e(!e/ "$on Vhe (on' %e&o'n!?e/ %!'h o %a/e% o *an"a&"%e%, en'a'e/ !n an en!%e(- $%!ae #"s!ness %ee(- o e7 e%&!se h!s o+n !n/e$en/en /!s&%e!on as o $a%!es +!h +ho* he +!(( /ea(.V In essen&e he Co"% %e&o'n!?e/ he $%!n&!$(e ha he Co**e%&e C(a"se $(a&es no (!*!a!ons on a saeQs %e"sa( o /ea( +!h $a%!&"(a% $a%!es +hen ! !s $a%!&!$a!n' !n he !ne%sae *a%e !n 'oo/s. C+ass Notes Wh- +as h!s no &ons!/e%e/ /!s&%!*!nao%- The &e*en a&o%!es +e%e $%!ae(- o+ne/. I ! +e%e he sae o+ne/ a&o%!es $ass!n' s"&h a (a+, "n/e% N . Ph!((- ! +o"(/ $%o#a#(- #e s%"& /o+n an/ ! +o"(/ hae o s"%!e s%!& s&%"!n-. Th!s !s a e/e%a(!s* !ss"e an/ he Co"% $%o#a#(- sa!/ he (a+ +as o s!n&e h!s +as /one #- as a sae $o(!&an/ he Co"% %e&o'n!?e/ ha he sae ha/ he soe%e!'n- o &a%%- o" h!s $o(!&-. White v. Massa3husetts Coun3i+ o/ Constu3tion E0#+o1es 0SC he(/ h!s +as *a%e $a%!&!$a!on an/ "$he(/) The Co"% s"sa!ne/, a'a!ns a Co**e%&e C(a"se &ha((en'e, an e7e&"!e o%/e% o he Ma-o% o Boson ha %e"!%e/ a(( &ons%"&!on $%oe&s "n/e/ !n +ho(e o% $a% #- &!"n/s o% &!- a/*!n!se%e/ "n/s o #e $e%o%*e/ #- +o% o%&e o a (eas 3 &!%es!/ens. The Co"% %ee&e/ he a%'"*en ha he &!- +as no en!(e/ o he $%oe&!on #e&a"se he o%/e% ha/ he ee& o %e'"(a!n' e*$(o-*en &on%a&s #e+een $"#(!& &on%a&o%s an/ he!% e*$(o-ees. The a& ha he e*$(o-ees +e%e V+o%!n' o% he &!-V +as &%"&!a( o he *a%e $a%!&!$an. South!Centa+ Ti02e Deve+o#0ent v. Wunni3:e #". -4& 0SC he(/ h!s +as %e'"(a!on an/ +as "n&ons!"!ona() Fa&s8 A(asa $%o$ose/ o se(( @ *!((!on #oa%/ ee o !*#e% ! o+ne/. Is $%o$ose/ &on%a& %e"!%e/ he s"&&ess"( #!//e% o process he !*#e% #eo%e ! +as sh!$$e/ o" o A(asa. The sae/ $"%$ose +as o $%oe& e7!s!n' !*#e% $%o&ess!n' !n/"s%!es, $%o*oe ne+ !n/"s%!es, an/ /e%!e %een"e %o* a(( !*#e% %eso"%&es. So"h9Cen%a( !s an A(asa &o%$o%a!on ha $"%&hases an/ (o's !*#e% an/ hen sh!$s ! e(se+he%e $%!*a%!(- o 5a$an, +he%e ! !s $%o&esse/. I so"'h an !n"n&!on a'a!ns he (o&a( $%o&ess!n' %e"!%e*en as a !o(a!on o he Co**e%&e C(a"se. The &o"% o a$$ea(s /en!e/ he !n"n&!on, !n/!n' !*$(!&! &on'%ess!ona( a"ho%!?a!on o% he %e"!%e*en. The S"$%e*e Co"% /!/ no !n/
CON LAW I O"(!ne
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an- &on'%ess!ona( a"ho%!?a!on sa!n' V&on'%ess!ona( &onsen *"s #e "n*!saa#(&(ea%. Iss"e8 Whehe% A(asa a&!n' as a *a%e $a%!&!$an *a- %e"!%e #"-e%s o %a+ ("*#e% o $%o&ess ha ("*#e% !n9sae h%o"'h $%!ae(- o+ne/ $%o&ess!n' &o*$an-. No. F!%s, A(asa a%'"e/ !%s ha he !s $%!*a%- *an"a&"%e %e"!%e*ens !s s"a%e(+!h!n he *a%e9$a%!&!$an /o&%!ne, a%'"!n' ha VA(asa en%- !no he *a%e *a- #e !e+e/ as $%e&!se(- he sa*e -$e o s"#s!/- o (o&a( !ne%ess ha he Co"% o"n/ "no#e&!ona#(e !n Aleandria Scrap.V Ho+ee%, +hen Ma%-(an/ #e&a*e !no(e/ !n he s&%a$ *a%e ! +as a $"%&hase% o s&%a$ A(asa, on he ohe% han/, $a%!&!$aes !n he !*#e% *a%e, #" !*$oses &on/!!ons downstream !n he !*#e%9$%o&ess!n' *a%e. Se&on/, A(asa a(so o"n/ ;eeves &on%o((!n' V ;eeves *a/e ! &(ea% ha he Co**e%&e C(a"se !*$oses no (!*!a!on on A(asaQs $o+e% o &hoose he e%*s on +h!&h ! +!(( se(( !s !*#e%.V A(ho"'h he Co"% !n Reees /!/ s%on'(- s"$$o% he %!'h o a sae o /ea( +!h +ho*ee% ! &hooses +hen ! $a%!&!$aes !n he *a%e, ! /!/ no an/ /oes no $"%$o% o san&!on he !*$os!!on o any e%*s ha he sae *a- /es!%e. F!na((-, A(asa a%'"es ha s!n&e he Co"% !n in this case2 however2 payment for the timber does not end the obli*ations of the purchaser. The limit of the market participant doctrine must be that it allows a state to impose burdens on commerce within the market in which it is a participant2 but allows it to *o no further. Distin"uishin" e"u+ation /o0 0a:et #ati3i#ation The $%o#(e* !n he %e'"(ao%- !*#e% &ase !s ha he %es%!&!on +en #e-on/ he %ansa&!on !se( 0$"%&hase o !*#e%) an/ %es%!&e/ $os9$"%&hase a&!!- 0he $%o&ess!n' o !*#e% o" o sae). The Sae *a- no !*$ose &on/!!ons ha hae a s"#san!a( %e'"(ao%- ee& o"s!/e o ha $a%!&"(a% *a%e. Do+ns%ea* %es%!&!ons hae a '%eae% %e'"(ao%- ee& han /o (!*!a!ons on he !**e/!ae %ansa&!on. The Ma%e Pa%!&!$an Do&%!ne /oes no &o*$(ee(- e7e*$ sae a&!!!es %o* &o*$(!an&e +!h he CC, !nsea/ ! e7e*$s he* !n he a#sen&e o a &on'%ess!ona( $%oh!#!!on.
The P%!!(e'es an/ I**"n!!es C(a"se L!*!a!on on he Ma%e Pa%!&!$an E7&e$!on Art I0, cl. 2 VThe &!!?ens !n he see%a( Saes sha(( #e en!(e/ o a(( he P%!!(e'es an/ I**"n!!es o C!!?ens !n he see%a( Saes.V The $"%$ose o h!s &(a"se !s o $%o*oe !ne%sae ha%*on-. The &(a"se /oes no $%e&("/e /!s&%!*!na!n' a'a!ns &!!?ens o ohe% saes +he%e he%e !s a s"#san!a( %eason o% he /!e%en&e !n %ea*en. Unite 6ui+in" J Constu3tion Taes Coun3i+ v. Ca0en $%&4) #". -&Fa&s8 Ca*/en $asse/ an o%/!nan&e %e"!%!n' ha a (eas @3 o he e*$(o-ees o contractors an/ su$contractors on &!- $%oe&s #e Ca*/en %es!/ens !n $"%s"an o a
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sa"e a"ho%!?!n' &!!es o a/o$ a!%*a!e a&!ons $(ans. The &o"n&!( &ha((en'e/ he o%/!nan&e as a !o(a!on o he $%!!(e'es an/ !**"n!!es &(a"se. The N.5 S"$%e*e Co"% "$he(/ he o%/!nan&e. Iss"e8 Does he P%!!(e'es an/ I**"n!!es C(a"se a$$(- o *"n!&!$a( o%/!nan&es +h!&h /!s&%!*!nae on he #as!s o *"n!&!$a( %ahe% han sae &!!?ensh!$ Ho(/!n'8 es, '!en he Ca*/en o%/!nan&e, an o" o sae &!!?en +ho en"%es !no N.5 +!(( no eno- he sa*e $%!!(e'es as he N.5 &!!?en %es!/!n' !n Ca*/en. I !s %"e ha N.5 &!!?ens no %es!/!n' !n Ca*/en +!(( #e ae&e/ #- he o%/!nan&e as +e(( as o" o sae &!!?ens. D!s!n'"!sh!n'
The Co**e%&e C(a"se
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Wha /oes A% I; se&. 2 a// o he Co**e%&e C(a"se In Too*e% . W!se(( he Co"% !noe/ A%. I; o ho(/ "n&ons!"!ona( a So"h Ca%o(!na sa"e !*$os!n' a [2,33 (!&ense ee on non%es!/ens &o**e%&!a( sh%!*$ !she%*an, !n &on%as o he [2 ee o% %es!/ens. In *an- +a-s, he *o/e%n "n&!on o A% I; se&. 2 a$$ea%s o #e ha o &a%!n' o" he e7&e$!on o he *a%e $a%!&!$an e7&e$!on o he Co**e%&e C(a"se. Noe, ho+ee%, ha &o%$o%a!ons a%e no V&!!?ensV +!h!n he *ean!n' o he P%!!(e'es an/ I**"n!!es C(a"se. EKua+ Pote3tion C+ause The EPC a((o+s /!s&%!*!na!on ! ! !s a %a!ona( *eans o a&&o *$(!sh a (e'!!*ae sae $"%$ose. Un/e% he CC, he sae:s !ne%es !s +e!'he/ a'a!ns he #"%/en !*$ose/ on !ne%sae &o**e%&e, +he%eas "n/e% he EPC, as (on' as he sae !ne%es !s (e'!!*ae he sae (a+ san/s ! he #"%/en !*$ose/ !s %a!ona((- %e(ae/ o ha $"%$ose.
Facially Neutral Statutes E<
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&o*e %o* o"9o9sae s"$$(!e%s ae% he sa"e as #eo%e !. F!na((-, he Co"% "!&(/!s*!sse/ he &onen!on ha #e&a"se he *a%e o% 'aso(!ne !s na!on+!/e, no sae *a%e'"(ae !s %ea!( *a%e!n'. The Do%*an Co**e%&e C(a"se *a- preempt an en!%e !e(/ %o* sae %e'"(a!on on(- +hen (a& o na!ona( "n!o%*!- +o"(/ !*$e/e he (o+ o !ne%sae 'oo/s. See Coo(e- Wha he P(a!n!s +e%e &o*$(a!n!n' o he%e +as no a (a& o "n!o%*!-, #" %ahe% ha *an- o% a(( o he saes +o"(/ $ass e7a&(- he so% o /!es!"%e (a+ ha Ma%-(an/ /!/. Th"s he $%o#(e* +as no one o na!ona( "n!o%*!-. D!ssen8 \ B(a&*"* The Co**e%&e C(a"se o%#!/s /!s&%!*!na!on a'a!ns !ne%sae &o**e%&e, +h!&h %e$eae/(- has #een he(/ o *ean ha saes an/ (o&a(!!es *a- no /!s&%!*!nae a'a!ns he %ansa&!ons o o"9o9sae a&o%s !n !ne%sae *a%es. See Dean M!( D!s&%!*!na!on nee/ no a$$ea% on he a&e o he sae o% (o&a( %e'"(a!on. The Co**e%&e C(a"se o%#!/s /!s&%!*!na!on, +hehe% orthright o% ingenious . In ea&h &ase ! !s o"% /"- o /ee%*!ne +hehe% he sa"e "n/e% aa&, +haee% !s na*e *a- #e, +!(( !n !s $%a&!&a( o$e%a!on +o% /!s&%!*!na!on a'a!ns !ne%sae &o**e%&e. The sae a%'"es ha /!s&%!*!na!on a'a!ns !ne%sae &o**e%&e has no o&&"%%e/ #e&a"se No ne7"s #e+een !ne%sae as o$$ose/ o (o&a( !ne%es !nhe%es !n he $%o/"&!on o% %e!n!n' o $e%o(e"*. A(ho"'h h!s sae*en *!'h #e &o%%e& !n he a#s%a&, ! !s !n&o%%e& !n %ea(!-, '!en he s%"&"%e o he Ma%-(an/ $e%o(e"* *a%e. The CC $%oe&s he !ne%sae *a%e, no $a%!&"(a% !ne%sae !%*s, %o* $%oh!#!!e o% #"%/enso*e %e'"(a!ons. A non/!s&%!*!nao%- %e'"(a!on se%!n' s"#san!a( sae $"%$oses !s no !na(!/ s!*$(- #e&a"se ! &a"ses so*e #"s!ness o sh! %o* a $%e/o*!nan(- o" o sae !n/"s%- o !nsae. On(- ! he #"%/en on IC &(ea%(- o"+e!'hs he Sae:s (e'!!*ae $"%$oses /oes s"&h a %e'"(a!on !o(ae he CC. C+ass Notes A%'"*en ha ! !s no /!s&%!*!nao%-8 The (a+ /oes no /!s!n'"!sh #e+een !n an/ o" o sae en!!es. A%'"*en ! !s /!s&%!*!nao%-8 he ee& o he (a+ on(- a/e%se(- !*$a&e/ o" o sae &o*$an!es.
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a&!a((- /!s&%!*!nao%- &an he sae oe%&o*e he #"%/en #- sho+!n' ha he sa"e ee&"aes a (e'!!*ae pu$lic purpose an/ ha he means ha he sae has &hosen he (eas /!s&%!*!nao%-. Ho(/!n'8 The Cha((en'e/ sa"e has he $%a&!&a( ee& o no on(- #"%/en!n' !ne%sae sa(es o Wash!n'on a$$(es, #" a(so /!s&%!*!na!n' a'a!ns he*. 1. The !%s !s he sa"e:s &onse"en&e o aisin" 3osts o /o!n' #"s!ness !n No%h Ca%o(!na *a%e o% Wash!n'on a$$(e '%o+e%s an/ /ea(e%s, +h!(e (ea!n' hose o he!% No%h Ca%o(!na &o"ne%$a%s "nae&e/. 2. Se&on/, he sa"e has he ee& o sti##in" a8a1 %o* he Wash!n'on a$$(e !n/"s%- he 3o0#etitive e3ono0i3 avanta"e ! has ea%ne/ o% !se( h%o"'h !s e7$ens!e !ns$e&!on an/ '%a/!n' s-se*. 4. Th!%/ #- $%oh!#!!n' Wash!n'on '%o+e%s an/ /ea(e%s %o* *a%e!n' a$$(es "n/e% he!% Sae:s '%a/es, he sa"e has a +eve+in" e//e3t +h!&h !ns!/!o"s(o$e%aes o he a/ana'e o (o&a( a$$(e $%o/"&e%s. The Wash!n'on Sae '%a/es a%e e"a( o% s"$e%!o% o he USDA '%a/es !n a(( &o%%es$on/!n' &ae'o%!es. Hen&e, he No%h Ca%o(!na sa"e !s a&!a((- /!s&%!*!nao%- 0een ho"'h NC a%'"e/ ha !:s o% &ons"*e% $%oe&!on) 0#" he $%o#(e* + h!s !s ha no (a#e( !s %e"!%e/) 0$("s Wash!n'on Sae (a#e( !s NOT #ee% han USDA (a#e( so ho+ &o"(/ ha se%e &ons"*e% !ne%ess) 0$("s &ons"*e%s nee% see ! #& !:s he (a#e( on he #o7, no he !n/!!/"a( a$$(es !n he so%e). So ho+ !s h!s &ons"*e% $%oe&!on 0+e(( -o" &o"(/ a%'"e ha %ea!(e%s see ! an/ a/e%!se a#o" !<) 0he%e +e%e (ess %es%!&!e a(e%na!es). $%o sa-s ha h!s &ase, een ho"'h !n a&!a((- ne"%a( se&!on, !s no a&!a((- ne"%a(#& he &o"% see*s o #e a$$(-!n' a $%e- s%!& s&%"!n- an/ he- %ea ! as ! !:s a&!a((- /!s&%!*, as o$$ose/ o !%s %ea!n' ! as !s ne"%a( an/ hen (ae% a$$(-!n' s%!& s&%"!n-. When discrimination a'a!ns &o**e%&e o he -$e +e hae o"n/ !s /e*ons%ae/, he #"%/ens a((s on he sae o "s!- ! #oh !n e%*s o he local $eneits (o+!n' %o* he sa"e an/ he "naa!(a#!(!- o nondiscriminator# alternati!es a/e"ae o $%ese%e he (o&a( !ne%es. The Co"% o"n/ ha he sa"e /es!'n o '"a%/ a'a!ns %a"/ /oes %e*a%a#(- (!(e o "%he% ha (a"/a#(e 'oa(. Se&on/(-, ! a$$ea%s ha non/!s&%!*!nao%- a(e%na!es o he o"%!'h #an o Wash!n'on Sae '%a/es a%e %ea/!(aa!(a#(e. In a//!!on, he Co"% o"n/ ha h!s +as NOT he (eas %es%!&!e a(e%na!e. Fo% e7a*$(e, NC &o"(/ hae "se/ he USDA (a#e( as a #en&h*a% an/ a((o+e/ o% o" o sae '%a/!n'. C+ass Notes The *ao%!- (oos *o%e a he /!s&%!*!nao%- ee& as o$$ose/ o he !nen. No '%a/e ha/ o #e $" on he sa*$ a a((<he san/a%/ "s /!/n: $e%*! an- ohe% '%a/e e7&e$ o% ha sae:s. South Cao+ina Hi"h8a1 De#at0ent v. 6an8e++ 6othes $%&'4) #". '* The Co"% "$he(/ he &ons!"!ona(!- o a So"h Ca%o(!na sa"e $%oh!#!!n' he "se on sae h!'h+a-s o %"&s ha +e%e oe% n!ne- !n&hes +!/e o% oe% 23,333 $o"n/s !n '%oss +e!'h. The Co"% sae/ The &o**e%&e &(a"se #- !s o+n o%&e $%oh!#!s /!s&%!*!na!on een +hen sae (e'!s(a!on no*!na((- o (o&a( &on&e%n !s !n $o!n o a& a!*e/ a !ne%sae &o**e%&e, o% #- !s ne&essa%- o$e%a!ons !s a *eans o 'a!n!n' a (o&a(
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#ene!. . . he es !s +hehe% he sae (e'!s(a"%e !n a/o$!n' %e'"(a!ons has a&e/ +!h!n !s $%o!n&e, an/ +hehe% he *eans o %e'"(a!on &hosen a%e %easona#(- a/a$e/ o he en/ so"'h. S"&h %e'"(a!on !n he a#sen&e o Con'%ess!ona( a&!on has o% he *os $a% #een (e o he saes. So. Pa3i/i3 Co. v. AiLona $%&5) #". '* Co"% he(/ "n&ons!"!ona( a 112 sa"e (!*!!n' %a!n (en'hs o 1@ $assen'e%s an/ =3 %e!'h &a%s. Be&a"se o he nee/ o% na!ona( "n!- he saes *a- no %e'"(ae s!n&e ! sho"(/ &o*e %o* a s!n'(e a"ho%!-. Ba(an&e o (o&a( sae- !ne%ess e%s"s he ee& on na!ona( "n!o%*!-. Th!s !s /!s!n'"!she/ %o* h!'h+a-s, +h!&h a%e (o&a( !n na"%e. The sae !ne%es !s o"+e!'he/ #- he na!ona( !ne%es !n an a/e"ae, e&ono*!&a( an/ e!&!en %a!(+a- %ans$o%a!on se%!&e, +h!&h *"s $%ea!(.
Noe +hen a a&!a((- non9/!s&%!*!nao%- sa"e !s !no(e/ $"%$o%!n' o %e'"(ae !ne%sae &o**e%&e he &o"% a$$(!es a $alancing test . Na*e(- +hehe% he %e'"(a!onQs $"%$ose an/ %es"(!n' ee&s +hen +e!'he/ a'a!ns he !ne%e%en&e +!h !ne%sae &o**e%&e /oes no /!s$%o$o%!onae(- !ne%e%e +!h !ne%sae &o**e%&e.
7asse+ v. Conso+iate Fei"ht8a1s Co#. $%&4%) #". -(5 0He(/ he Io+a sa"e +as "n&ons!"!ona( #e&a"se he #"%/en on IC +as '%eae% han he sae- #ene!s). Fa&s8 Conso(!/ae/, one o he na!onQs (a%'es &o**on &a%%!e%s, "se/ +o -$es o %"&s8 he se*! ee (on', an/ he /o"#(e a >9oo (on' &o*#!na!on o a %a&o% an/ +o %a!(e%s. I o$e%ae/ on Ine%sae Ro"es 3 4, *ao% %ans$o%a!on &o%%!/o%s h%o"'h Io+a. Un(!e a(( ohe% saes !n he Wes an/ M!/+es, Io+a 'ene%a((- $%oh!#!s he "se o >9oo /o"#(es +!h!n !s #o%/e%s. Insea/, *os %"& &o*#!na!ons a%e %es%!&e/ o oo !n (en'h. Do"#(es, *o#!(es ho*es, %"&s &a%%-!n' eh!&(es s"&h as %a&o%s an/ ohe% a%* e"!$*en, an/ s!n'(es ha"(!n' (!eso&, a%e $e%*!e/ o #e as (on' as >3 ee. No+!hsan/!n' hese %es%!&!ons, Io+aQs sa"e $e%*!s &!!es a#"!n' he sae (!ne #- (o&a( o%/!nan&e o a/o$ he (en'h (!*!a!ons o he a/o!n!n' sae. Whe%e a &!- has e7e%&!se/ h!s o$!on, ohe%+!se %"&s a%e $e%*!e/ +!h!n he &!(!*!s an/ !n nea%#- &o**e%&!a( ?ones. Be&a"se o Io+aQs sa"o%- s&he*e, &onso(!/ae/ &anno "se !s >9oo /o"#(es o *oe &o**o/!!es h%o"'h he sae. Insea/ he &o*$an- *"s /o one o o"% h!n's 01) "se oo s!n'(es 02) "se >3 oo /o"#(es 04) /ea&h he %a!(e%s o a > oo /o"#(e an/ sh"(e ea&h h%o"'h he sae se$a%ae(- o% 0@) /!e% > oo /o"#(es a%o"n/ Io+a. In a 1@ /a- %!a(, #oh s!/es a//"&e/ e!/en&e on sae-, an/ on he #"%/en on !ne%sae &o**e%&e !*$ose/ #- Io+aQs (a+. On he "es!on o sae-, he D!s%!& Co"% o"n/ ha he Ve!/en&e &(ea%(- esa#(!shes ha he +!n !s as sae as he se*!.V Iss"e8 Whehe% Io+aQs sa"o%- s&he*e %e"!%!n' on(- &e%a!n -$e o %"&s on he!% h!'h+a- o $%o*oe sae- !ne%e%es +!h !ne%sae &o**e%&e so s"#san!a((- ha he sa"e !s an "n&ons!"!ona(. es. The !n&ana!on o a $"%$ose o $%o*oe $"#(!& hea(h o% sae- /oes no !ns"(ae a sae (a+ %o* a Co**e%&e C(a"se aa&. Re'"(a!ons /es!'ne/ o% he sa("a%- $"%$ose nee%he(ess *a- "%he% he $"%$ose so V*a%'!na((-V an/ !ne%e%e +!h !ne%sae
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&o**e%&e so Vs"#san!a((-V as o #e !na(!/ "n/e% he Co**e%&e C(a"se. He%e he sae a!(e/ o $%esen an- $e%s"as!e e!/en&e ha >9oo /o"#(es a%e (ess sae han 9oo s!n'(es. The Co"% no%*a((- /oes a&&o%/ Vs$e&!a( /ee%en&eV o sae h!'h+a- sae%e'"(a!ons. Th!s %a/!!ona( /ee%en&e /e%!es !n $a% %o* he ass"*$!on ha +he%e s"&h %e'"(a!ons /o no discriminate on their ace a'a!ns !ne%sae &o**e%&e, he!% #"%/en "s"a((- a((s on he &ha((en'!n' $a%-. Less /ee%en&e o he (e'!s(a!e "/'*en !s /"e, ho+ee%, +he%e he (o&a( %e'"(a!ons #ea%s /!s$%o$o%!onae(- on o"9o9sae %es!/ens an/ #"s!nesses. S"&h a /!s$%o$o%!onae #"%/en !s a$$a%en he%e. Io+aQs s&he*e, a(ho"'h 'ene%a((- #ann!n' (a%'e /o"#(es %o* he sae, nee%he(ess has see%a( e7e*$!ons ha se&"%e Io+ans *an- o he #ene!s o (a%'e %"&s !.e. a((o+!n' &!!es o a/o$ o%/!nan&es nea% he sae #o%/e% +o"(/, !n ee&, a((o+ hose &!!es o %ea$ he #ene! o 'oo/s ene%!n' !no he sae +h!(e ee$!n' he &os o !n%asae h!'h+a- %e$a!% o a *!n!*"* +h!(e sh"n!n' o ne!'h#o%!n' saes *an- o he &os asso&!ae/ +!h he!% "se. Be&a"se Io+a has !*$ose/ h!s #"%/en +!ho" an- s!'n!!&an &o"ne%a!(!n' sae!ne%es, !s sa"e, !o(aes he Co**e%&e C(a"se. Con3uen3e The SC /oes no hae o /e&!/e +hehe% !n a& he %e'"(a!on $%o*oes !s !nen/e/ $"%$ose 0sae-). I !s &(ea% ha he Io+a (a+ so"'h o /!s&o"%a'e %a!&. Th"s, he sae- a/ana'es an/ /!sa/ana'es o he -$es o %"&s a%e !%%e(ean o h!s /e&!s!on. The %a!& &on&e%n !s $%oe&!on!s !n na"%e an/ !*$e%*!ss!#(e "n/e% he CC. Th!s ae*$ sho"(/ #e s"#e& o a !%"a((- $e% se %"(e o !na(!/!-. Dissent Rehn"!s 0A&&o%/!n' o S&hna#(- h!s !s a 'oo/ e7a*$(e o (e'!s(a!e !nen, /!ssen /!/n: h!n ! +as *o!ae/ #- $%oe&!on!s*) Io+aQs a&!on !n (!*!!n' he (en'h o %"&s +h!&h *a- %ae( on !s h!'h+a- !s !n no sense V"n"s"a(.V Ee%- sae !n he Un!on %e'"(aes he (en'h o eh!&(es $e%*!e/ o "se he $"#(!& %oa/s. A /ee%*!na!on ha a sae (a+ !s a %a!ona( sae- *eas"%e /oes no en/ he Co**e%&e C(a"se !n"!%-. A Vsens!!e &ons!/e%a!on o he sae- $"%$ose !n %e(a!on o he #"%/en on &o**e%&e !s %e"!%e/ o /ee%*!ne +hehe% he asse%e/ "s!!&a!on !s *e%e(- a $%ee7 o% /!s&%!*!na!on a'a!ns IC. When en'a'!n' !n s"&h a &ons!/e%a!on he Co"% /oes no /!%e&(- &o*$a%e sae- #ene!s o &o**e%&e &os an/ s%!e /o+n he (e'!s(a!on ! he (ae% &an #e sa!/ !n so*e a'"e sense o Vo"+e!'hV he o%*e%. In %e!e+!n' a sae h!'h+a- %e'"(a!on +he%e Con'%ess has no a&e/, a &o"% !s no &a((e/ "$on, as a sae (e'!s(a"%es, o /ee%*!ne +ha, !n !s "/'*en, !s he *"s s"!a#(e %es%!&!on o #e a$$(!e/ o hose ha a%e $oss!#(e, o% o &hoose ha one +h!&h !n !s o$!n!on !s #es a/a$e/ o a(( he /!e%se !ne%ess ae&e/. VThe "es!on o sae- !n he &!%&"*san&es o h!s &ase !s essen!a((- a *ae% o $"#(!& $ o(!&-, an/ $"#(!& $o(!&&an, "n/e% o"% &ons!"!ona( s-se*, #e !7e/ on(- #- he $eo$(e a&!n' h%o"'h he!% e(e&e/ %e$%esena!es.V The Kuestion hee is athe 8hethe it 3an 2e sai that the 2ene/its /+o8in" /o0 Io8a /o0 a ationa+ tu3: +en"th +i0itation ae s+i"ht o #o2+e0ati3. The $a%!&"(a% (!ne &hosen #- Io+a e.'. >3 ee !s %e(ean on(- o he "es!on +hehe% he (!*! !s a %a!ona( one. On&e a &o"% /ee%*!nes ha ! !s, ! &ons!/e%s he oe%a(( sae- #ene!s %o* he %e'"(a!on a'a!ns #"%/ens on !ne%sae &o**e%&e, an/ no an- *a%'!na( #ene!s %o* he s&he*e he sae esa#(!she/ as o$$ose/ o ha he $(a!n!s /es!%e. Futhe0oe, the e//ot in 2oth the #+ua+it1 an 3on3uin" o#inions to #ota1 the +e"is+ation invo+ve hee as #ote3tionist is in eo. Whenee% a sae ena&s *o%e s%!n'en sae- han !s ne!'h#o%s, !n an a%ea ha ae&s !ne%sae &o**e%&e, he sae- (a+ +!(( hae he !n&!/ena( ee& o /e(e&!n'
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!ne%sae &o**e%&e o he ne!'h#o%!n' saes. In/ee/, he sae- an/ $%oe&!on!s *o!es &anno #e se$a%ae/8 he +ho(e $"%$ose o sae- %e'"(a!on o eh!&(es !s o $%oe& he sae %o* "nsae eh!&(es. I ne!'h#o%!n' sae &hooses no o $%oe& no o $%oe& !s &!!?ens %o* he /an'e% /!s&e%ne/ #- he ena&!n' sae, ha !s !s #"s!ness, #" he ena&!n' sae sho"(/ no #e $ena(!?e/ +hen he eh!&(es ! &ons!/e%s "nsae %ae( h%o"'h he ne!'h#o%!n' sae. II. D!ssen 0Rehn"!s) san/a%/ !n #a(an&!n' !s *o%e /ee%en!a(. H!s !s no sae #ene!s a'a!ns &oss #" ! h!s san/a%/ +e%e he $%ea!(!n' one, -o":/ hae o sho+ ha he #ene!s %o* he %e'"(a!on a%e DEMONSTRABL TRI;IAL an/ ha he BURDEN ON CONGRESS IS GREAT. 0%!!a( #ene!s an/ %ea((- h"'e &oss) C+ass Notes The $("%a(!- /oes no a/o$ B%ennan:s a$$%oa&h o %-!n' o (oo a +ha he (e'!s(ao%:s !nen +as. The $("%a(!- sa-s he sa"e +as no a&!a((- /!s&%!*!nao%-, ho+ee% ! /oes no $ass *"se% "n/e% he #a(an&!n' es. The $("%a(!- /!/ no #"- he a%'"*en a#o" he sae- #ene!s – so he #a(an&!n' es +as eas- s!n&e he &oss !n e%*s o #"%/en on IC +as &(ea%. Inhe%en(- Na!ona( o% Lo&a(. The a&s %ea((- &o"n he%e !n e%*s o "n/e%san/!n' (e'!s(a!e !nen. Ba(an&!n' +as eas- he%e #e&a"se he &o"% e( he%e +as no s!'n!!&an sae- #ene! o he sae (a+. SO THE DISTRICT COURT WAS HIGHL FACT INTENSI;E/e&!s!e !n a&"a((- /ee%*!n!n' ha he #!''e% %"&s +e%e no (ess sae. Cos#ene! ana(-s!s. The &os o% he #!''e% %"&s +e%e 12MILL-ea% *o%e an/ he e7%a #ene! +as NIL. Rehn"!s 0/!ssen)8 He:s sa-!n' ha !s %"e ha >3 /oesn: *ae ! sae% han . An/ ha he #ene!s o +he%e -o" /%a+ a (!ne a%e %!!a(, HOWE;ER ha:sno !*$o%an8 !n 'ene%a( he *os !*$o%an h!n' !s ana(-?!n' he #ene!s o a (en'h (!*!a!on
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he $%oh!#!!on /eeae/ he $"%$ose o Con'%ess !n (e'!s(a!on $%o!/!n' e/e%a( a!/ o% h!'h+a- sae-. A3tua+ Pu#ose Revie8 Fo&"s on a&!on as +e(( as !na&!on. I !s /!!&"( o 'e a +ha he a&"a( !nen +as.
Preemption ##. '-!'-4 Con'%ess *a- $%ee*$ sae %e'"(a!on. The "es!on +hehe% e/e%a( (a+ $%ee*$s a &e%a!n sae a&!on !s one o &on'%ess!ona( !nen. The%e a%e h%ee +a-s !n +h!&h Con'%ess *a- $%ee*$ sae %e'"(a!on8 1) E7$%ess P%ee*$!on 9 #- e7$%ess(- sa!n' he $%ee*$!on 2) F!e(/ P%ee*$!on 9 #- ena&!n' a s&he*es-se* o %e'"(a!ons so &o*$%ehens!e as o /!s$(a&e a(( sae %e'"(a!ons een ! he- /o no &on(!& +!h an- s$e&!!& e/e%a( one Vo&&"$-!n' he !e(/V 4) Con(!& P%ee*$!on 9 #- ena&!n' a %e'"(a!on +!h +h!&h he sae %e'"(a!on !n a& &on(!&s. I !s !*$oss!#(e o &o*$(- +!h sae an/ e/e%a(. Gae v. Nationa+ So+i Waste Mana"e0ent Asso3iation $%&45) #". '-5 0he(/ ha $%ee*$!on a$$(!es +he%e a sae sa"e !s no &ons!sen +!h he $"%$ose an/ s%"&"%e o a e/e%a( sa"e as a +ho(e.) Fa&s8 In 1 I((!no!s ena&e/ +o sa"es o% (!&ens!n' +o%e%s +ho han/(e ha?a%/o"s +ase. The sa"e ha/ he sae/ $"%$ose o V$%o*o!n' o# sae-V an/ V$%oe&!n' (!e, (!*#, an/ $%o$e%-.V The- %e"!%e a (!&ense a$$(!&an o $%o!/e a &e%!!e/ %e&o%/ o a (eas @3 ho"%s o %a!n!n' "n/e% an a$$%oe/ $%o'%a* !n I((!no!s, o $ass a +%!en e7a*!na!on, an/ o &o*$(ee an ann"a( %e%eshe% &o"%se. The e/e%a( O&&"$a!ona( Sae- an/ Hea(h A/*!n!s%a!on 0OSHA) $%o*"('ae/ %e'"(a!ons on %a!n!n' o% ha?a%/o"s +ase +o%e%s. These %e'"(a!ons, a"ho%!?e/ #- 0OSHA) %e"!%e +o%e%s %e&e!e a *!n!*"* o @3 ho"%s o !ns%"&!on o he s!e +he%e he- *a- #e e7$ose/ o ha?a%/o"s +ases an/ a *!n!*"* o h%ee /a-s o !e(/ e7$e%!en&e "n/e% he s"$e%!s!on o a %a!ne/ s"$e%!so%. Iss"e8 Whehe% he I((!no!s sa"e *an/a!n' &e%a!n %e"!%e*ens ha, !n ee&, o"+e!'h he e/e%a( 0OSHA) %e'"(a!ons !s $%e9e*$e/ #- he e/e%a( sa"e. es. The !ss"e +hehe% a &e%a!n sae a&!on !s $%e9e*$e/ #- e/e%a( (a+ !s one o &on'%ess!ona( !nen. VThe $"%$ose o Con'%ess !s he "(!*ae o"&hsone.V P%ee*$!on *a- #e e!he% e7$%esse/ o% !*$(!e/ an/ V!s &o*$e((e/ +hehe% Con'%essQ &o**an/ !s e7$(!&!(- sae/ !n he sa"eQs (an'"a'e o% !*$(!e/(- &ona!ne/ !n !s s%"&"%e an/ $"%$ose.V A#sen e7$(!&! $%e9e*$!e (an'"a'e he%e a%e +o -$es o !*$(!e/ $%ee*$!on8 !%s ield preemption, +he%e he s&he*e o e/e%a( %e'"(a!on !s Vso $e%s"as!e as o *ae %easona#(e he !ne%en&e ha Con'%ess (e no %oo* o% he saes o s"$$(e*en !.V See R!&e . Sana Fe E(eao% Co%$. An/ se&on/, conlict preemption +he%e V&o*$(!an&e +!h #oh e/e%a( an/ sae %e'"(a!on !s a $h-s!&a( !*$oss!#!(!-, o% sae (a+ Vsan/s as an o2sta3+e o he a&&o*$(!sh*en an/
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e7e&"!on o he "(( $"%$ose an/ o#e&!es o Con'%ess. Hee the I++inois statute is in ie3t 3on/+i3t 8ith se3tion %4$a) o/ OSHA . Se&!on 10a) o OSHA e7$%ess(- $%o!/es ha a sae *a- %e*oe !se( %o* he OSHA %e'"(a!ons en!%e(- #- s"#*!!n' !s o+n $(an an/ ha!n' ! a$$%oe/ #- he Se&%ea%- o La#o%. The Co"% /!/ no !ne%$%e se&!on 10a) as a((o+!n' a sae o *e%e(- a// o an/ no en!%e(- %e*oe !se( %o*, he OSHA %"(es +!ho" see!n' a$$%oa( #e&a"se s"&h an !ne%$%ea!on +o"(/ *ae se&!on 10a) s"$e%("o"s. F"%he%, s"&h an !ne%$%ea!on +o"(/ &on%aene Con'%essQ !nen o s"#e& e*$(o-e%s an/ e*$(o-ees o on(- one se o %e'"(a!ons, +hehe% e/e%a( o% sae. An/ /es$!e he a& ha he sae &an /e*ons%ae so*e $"%$ose ohe% han ha "n/e%(-!n' he OSHA %e'"(a!ons o% !s a&s, he a&s a%e nonehe(ess $%ee*$e/ #e&a"se he- a%e /!%e&e/ a +o%$(a&e sae-. Dissent So"e%, 5 The (an'"a'e o OSHA !s !ns"!&!en o /e*ons%ae an- !nen o P%ee*$ sae (a+ as o"n/ #- he Co"%. The (a+ $%es"*es Con'%ess /!/ no !nen/ o /!s$(a&e sae (a+, an/ +he%e he !e(/ !s one traditionall# occupied $# the state 0s"&h as he $o(!&e $o+e% !no(e/ he%e) he%e !s no $%ee*$!on "n(ess ha !s he clear and maniest intent o Con'%ess o $%ee*$. C+ass Notes F!%s +e +o"(/ (oo o see ! +hehe% he%e +as e7$%ess $%ee*$!on. The%e *a- #e so*e $%o!s!on ha on(- he e/s &an %e'"(ae. Fo% e7$%ess $%ee*$!on -o" hae o #e a#(e o $o!n o so*eh!n' s$e&!!&. The%e &o"(/ a(so #e &on(!& $%ee*$!on +he%e -o" +o"(/ no #e a#(e o sa!s- #oh sae an/ e/e%a( %e'"(a!ons. M&C"((o"'h . Ma%-(an/ – $%ee*$!on an/ he #an. One ae !s ha h!s !s a e%- $%o9#"s!ness /e&!s!on.
The Contracts and Takings Clauses P$ @29= In he 143:s he%e +as a sh! !n he Co**e%&e C(a"se /e&!s!ons. These /e&!s!ons a%e !n (!ne +!h ha sh!. Goe%n*en o"'h no o #e $e%*!e/ o %e/!s%!#"e %eso"%&es #- a!n' %eso"%&es %o* one $e%son o% he #ene! o anohe%. The Con%a&s C(a"se #a%s sae 'oe%n*en %o* /!s%"$!n' o("na%- a'%ee*ens s!*$(- #e&a"se 'oe%n*en +ans o he($ one s!/e o% anohe%. The E*!nen Do*a!n C(a"se #a%s he e/e%a( 'oe%n*en 0an/ saes ae% !n&o%$o%a!on) %o* a!n' $%o$e%- %o* one $e%son an/ '!!n' ! o so*eone e(se. Conta3ts C+ause No Sae sha(( $ass an- (a+ !*$a!%!n' he o#(!'a!on o Con%a&s A%. I Se&. 13 &(. 1. Th!s &(a"se !s on(- a$$(!&a#(e o he saes, no he e/e%a( 'oe%n*en. Un!( he BOR, h!s +as one o he e+ %es%a!ns on he saes !n he &ons!"!on. Wh+as he %ee/o* o &on%a& s!n'(e/ o" #- he %a*e%s Be&a"se o /e#o% %e(!e.
P%os$e&!e o% %e%os$e&!e Ine%e%!n' +!h Con%a&s "n/e% Po(!&e Po+e% – an e7&e$!on o he Con%a&s C(a"se
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Re'"(a!on e%s"s I*$a!%*en Ho0e 6ui+in" J ?oan Asso3iation v. 6+aise++ $%&') #". &5 0He(/ ha he MN sa"e /!/ NOT !o(ae he Con%a&s C(a"se) F8 D"%!n' /e$%ess!on, M!nnesoa $asse/ a *o%'a'e *o%ao%!"* (a+ $%o!/!n' %e(!e o ho*eo+ne%s h%eaene/ +!h o%e&(os"%e. The (o+e% &o"% "$he(/ he sa"e. I8 Whehe% (e'!s(a!on e*$o%a%!(- $os$on!n' eno%&e*en o *o%'a'es, !n an e*e%'en&- s!"a!on, !o(aes he Con%a&s C(a"se. H8 No, a!%*e/. R8 The M!nnesoa sa"e /oes no !o(ae he Con%a&s C(a"se o he &ons!"!on. E*e%'en&- /oes no !n&%ease '%ane/ $o+e% o% %e*oe o% /!*!n!sh he %es%!&!ons !*$ose/ "$on $o+e% '%ane/ o% %ese%e/. Con/!!ons *a- a%!se +he%e e*$o%a%- %es%a!n o eno%&e*en *a- #e &ons!"!ona(. A &o"% +!(( no "se he CC o h%o(e he a#!(!- o saes o $%oe& he!% "n/a*ena( !ne%ess. The %ese%a!on o a sae:s $o+e% o e7e%&!se !s $%oe&!on !s %ea/ !no a(( &on%a&s. The saes: (e'!s(a!on a!*e/ o $%oe& he en!%e so&!e-:s #as!& !ne%es, an/ he &on/!!ons a%e %easona#(e an/ e*$o%a%-. ROL8 Le'!s(a!on e*$o%a%!(- $os$on!n' eno%&e*en o *o%'a'es, !n an e*e%'en&s!"a!on, /oes NOT !o(ae he Con%a&s C(a"se. D!ssen8 The CC !se( +as a/o$e/ !n a sae o e*e%'en&- +!h /e# $%o#(e*s. I ! +as 'oo/ hen ! sho"(/ #e 'oo/ no+ o% a#an/on ! a(( o'ehe%. I &anno #e a%'"e/ ha &on/!!ons +h!&h $%o/"&e/ he %"(e *a- no+ #e !noe/ o /es%o- !. C+ass Notes The *ao%!- !e+s he &ons!"!on as one ha &an #e a/a$e/ o he a%!o"s &%!ses o h"*an aa!%s. The *ao%!- &o*es &(ose o sa-!n' +e /on: &a%e +ha he %a*e%s ho"'h. In h!s &ase he *ao%!- !e+e/ he &ons!"!on as ha!n' an eo(!n' !ne%$%ea!on. When +e /ea( +!h se$a%a!on o $o+e%s +e (ooe/ a he !ss"e o !nen an/ a(so +!h e/e%a(!s* /ea(!n' +!h +ho /o +e *ean +hen +e a( a#o" he %a*e%s. Th!s &ase !s a*o"s o% +ha ! sa-s a#o" %a*e%s !nen. Ene"1 Reseves #". &55 Tes o% !o(a!on o CC8 We (oo a +hehe% he%e !s a s"#san!a( !*$a!%*en o he &on%a&"a( %e(a!onsh!$. The see%!- o he !*$a!%*en !n&%eases he (ee( o s&%"!n- o +h!&h he (e'!s(a!on +!(( #e s"#e&e/. US Tust v. N@ $%&) #". &5% 0The SC he%e !na(!/ae/ he %e$ea( o he &oenan #- he saes as a !o(a!on o he Con%a&s C(a"se). F8 A N5 sa"e %e$ea(e/ a sa"o%- &oenan *a/e ea%(!e% +!h N ha (!*!e/ he a#!(!o he Po% A"ho%!- o N5 an/ N o s"#s!/!?e %a!( $assen'e% %ans$o%a!on %o* %een"es an/ %ese%es N5 an/ N (ae% &on&("/e/ ha s"#s!/!?a!on +as ne&essa%-. The SC he%e !na(!/ae/ he %e$ea( o he &oenan. R8 T%!a( &o"% &on&("/e/ ha %e$ea(!n' he sa"e +as a a(!/ e7e%&!se o N5:s $o(!&e $o+e%. Ho+ee% SC sa!/ he CC (!*!s ohe%+!se (e'!!*ae e7e%&!ses o sae (e'!s(a!e a"ho%!- een +he%e he%e !s an !*$o%an $"#(!& !ne%es. I a sae &o"(/ %e/"&e !s !nan&!a( o#(!'a!on +henee% ! +ane/ o s$en/ *one- o% +ha ! %e'a%/e/ an !*$o%an $"#(!& $"%$ose, he CC +o"(/ $%o!/e no $%oe&!on a a((. The %e$ea( &o"(/ on(- san/ !
CON LAW I O"(!ne
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he !*$a!%*en +as #oh easona2+e an/ ne3essa1 o se%e he a/*!e/(- !*$o%an $"%$oses &(a!*e/ #- he sae. He%e h!s +as no sa!s!e/. D!ssen8 The CC +as *ean o $%oh!#! he sae %o* !*$a!%!n' he &on%a&s o $ %!ae $a%!es, he%e he o%!'!na( +as *a/e #- ea%(!e% (e'!s(ao%s. C+ass Notes He%e he sae !s !*$a!%!n' !s o+n &on%a&. The Co"% +ans &(ose% s&%"!n- !n s"&h a &ase. The Co"% a$$(!es a he!'hene/ s&%"!n- an/ (oos o% a (e'!!*ae &a"se an/ a(so &ons!/e%s (ess %es%!&!e a(e%na!es 0s!*!(a% o he Do%*an Co**e%&e C(a"se ana(-s!s). A++ie Stu3tua+ Stee+ v. S#annaus $%&4) #". &5' 0He(/ ha he MN a& !o(ae/ he Con%a&s C(a"se) F8 Co*$an- ha/ a $ens!on $(an o% !s e*$(o-e%s, +h!&h #- a((o+ ! o a*en/ o% e%*!nae he $(an. M!nnesoa $asse/ an a& +h!&h +o"(/ &ha%'e e*$(o-e%s ! hee%*!nae/ a $ens!on $(an. The &o*$an- #%o"'h h!s a&!on &(a!*!n' he a& +as "n&ons!"!ona( o% !*$a!%!n' !s &on%a&"a( o#(!'a!ons. The Co"% sa!/ ha he CC !s no /ea/. The%e *"s #e an !n"!%- !no ho+ see%e he !*$a!%*en !s on he &on%a&"a( o#(!'a!on. The Co"% &on&("/e/ ha he !*$a!%*en !n h!s &ase +as see%e. The%e !s no sho+!n' ha h!s see%e !*$a!%*en +as ne&essa%- o a//%ess he so&!a( $%o#(e*. The ee& o h!s a& +as e%- na%%o+ 0on(- $%!ae &o*$an!es e&.) "n(!e he !laisdell &ase +h!&h $%oe&e/ a #%oa/ so&!ea( !ne%es. Th!s a& +ane/ o 'o !no ee& %e%oa&!e(-. I/ the CC 0eans an1thin" at a++ it enes Minnesota>s a3t un3onstitutiona+. D!ssen8 The a& /oes no %e(!ee e!he% $a%- o he!% &on%a&"a( o#(!'a!ons, ! s!*$(- &%eaes an a//!!ona( /"- on he e*$(o-e%. C+ass Notes The *o%e see%e he !*$a!%*en, he '%eae% he (ee( o s&%"!n-. Whe%e he sae !se( !s no he &on%a&!n' $a%-, &o"%s sho"(/ /ee% o he (e'!s(a!e "/'*en as o he ne&ess!- an/ %easona#(eness o he &on%a&"a( a#%o'a!on. 5"s a#o" an- %e'"(a!on !s 'o!n' o "$se a so*e+he%e.
The Co"% !n s"&h a &ase /oes he o((o+!n'8 • I/en!!es he (e'!!*ae sae !ne%ess • I/en!- a %o"'h %e(a!on #e+een he !ne%es an/ he *eas"%e "n/e% %e!e+ In essen&e he Co"% a$$(!es h!s ana(-s!s "n/e% DP, EP, an/ Con%a&s C(a"se. ?o3hne Ea
$$. =139=4 The &ons!"!ona( $%o!s!ons ha $%oe& $%!ae e&ono*!& !ne%ess %o* 'oe%n*en !ne%e%en&e ha/ #een /e!ne/ e%- na%%o+(-. Lo&hne% &%eae/ he /o&%!ne o E&ono*!& S"#san!e D"e P%o&ess. O+ne%sh!$ o $%o$e%- '%e+ an/ +!h ! so /!/ sae %e'"(a!on 0$%!&es, *!n!*"* +a'e e&.). The Co"% %e(!e/ on he DP C(a"se o !na(!/ae sae e&ono*!& %e'"(a!ons 0The M!nnesoa Rae Case $'. =12). Th!s /o&%!ne !s one o /!%e& $%oe&!on o !n/!!/"a( %!'hs. The /o&%!ne !s &"%%en(/!s&%e/!e/.
CON LAW I O"(!ne
Pa'e ==
Lo&hne% Do&%!ne8 Wo%%-!n' a#o" e/e%a(!s* No s"%e +he%e o /%a+ he (!ne ?o3hne v. NB $%&*5) #". %' 0The Co"% he(/ "n&ons!"!ona( a N sa"e (!*!!n' he ho"%s 0+ee(-/a!(-) ha a +o%e% *a- +o% !n a #ae%-) F8 N ena&e/ a sa"e (!*!!n' he +o% ho"%s o% #ae%- e*$(o-ees. I8 Whehe% a sa"e ha !ne%e%es +!h he %ee/o* o e*$(o-e% an/ e *$(o-ee o &on%a& +!h ea&h ohe% !o(aes he &ons!"!on. H8 es, %ee%se/. R8 The %!'h o $"%&hase o% se(( (a#o% !s $a% o he (!#e%- $%oe&e/ #- he 1@ h a*en/*en "n(ess he%e a%e &!%&"*san&es ha e7&("/e he %!'h. The%e !s no %easona#(e o"n/a!on o a(!/ae h!s sa"e as a hea(h (a+ o sae'"a%/ $"#(!& hea(h. Thee 0ust 2e 0oe o/ a ie3t e+ation an thee 0ust 2e a su2stantia+ e//e3t. To a((o+ %e'"(a!on he%e +o"(/ (ea/ o a s(!$$e%- s(o$e +he%e an-h!n' &o"(/ #e "s!!a#(- %e'"(ae/ o% so*e '%eae% $"%$ose – !n ee& a!n' a+aa(( *ean!n' %o* he 1@h a*en/*en. An a& +o"(/ #e a(!/, &a%%!e/ o" #- $o(!&e $o+e%s ! he%e +as a *ae%!a( /an'e% o $"#(!& hea(h o% he hea(h o he e*$(o-ees, he%e he sae !s !ne%e%!n' +!h he %!'hs o he !n/!!/"a(. ROL8 A sa"e ha !ne%e%es +!h he %ee/o* o e*$(o-e% an/ e*$(o-ee o &on%a& +!h ea&h ohe% !o(aes he &ons!"!on D!ssen8 The Co"%s sho"(/ no #e &on&e%ne/ +!h he +!s/o* o sae (e'!s(a!on. N #e(!ees ha he a*o"n o ho"%s +o%e/ !n a #ae%- ae&s $"#(!& an/ e*$(o-ee hea(h, ! !s no o"% $(a&e o "es!on he +!s/o* !no(e/. The%e !s %oo* o a%'"e oe% +hehe% he%e !s /!%e& %e(a!on an/ s"#san!a( ee&. The%e !s a &onne&!on #e+een hea(h an/ ho"%s +o%e/ a #ae%-. Ho(*es D!ssen8 Whehe% h!s &o"% a$$%oes o% no, sae (a+s *a- %e'"(ae (!e !n *an- +a-s, +h!&h e"a((- +!h h!s !ne%e%e +!h he (!#e%- o &on%a&. E7a*$(es8 S"n/a- (a+s, "s"%(a+s, (oe%- $%oh!#!!ons. C+ass Notes
Lo&hne% +as (ae% &ons!/e%e/ an a#e%%a!on #- he Co"% – *os o he Lo&hne% &ases +e%e oe%"%ne/, an/ he %en/ has #een o a((o+ sae (e'!s(a!on een +he%e he%e !s an e&ono*!& !*$a& on $%!ae $a%!es. I h!s +e%e a e/e%a( sa"e an/ he Co"% s%"& ! /o+n -o" +o"(/ a%'"e ha he Co"% +as s%!!n' ! /o+n "n/e% he Co**e%&e C(a"se. In h!s &ase he sae sa"e !s s%"& /o+n as a !o(a!on o he !n/!!/"a( %ee/o* o &on%a& an/ ha he sa"e !s !n&ons!sen +!h s"#san!e /"e $%o&ess. Th!s !s no a Con%a&s C(a"se &ase #e&a"se s!n&e he e*$(o-ees +o% a +!(( he sa"e /oes no !*$a!% he esa#(!sh*en o he &on%a&. Fo% h!s %eason he Con%a&s C(a"se !s no a$$(!&a#(e. The CC on(- a$$(!es o a(%ea/- e7!s!n' &on%a&s, no he !*$a!%*en o ""%e &on%a&s %o* #e!n' *a/e. The%e a%e ho+ee% e7&e$!ons o h!s (!#e%- o &on%a& – o% e7a*$(e o $%oe& he hea(h an/
CON LAW I O"(!ne
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+e(a%e o he $"#(!&. The (e'!s(a"%e e( ha #ae%!es +e%e s"!&!en(- /an'e%o"s (!e *!nes s"&h ha %e'"(a!on sho"(/ #e $e%*!e/. Th!s !s a $ae%na(!s!& !e+. Poss!#(e a!*s8 1. P%oe& he +o%e%s – h!s !s a (e'!!*ae en/. 2. He($ '!e he +o%e%s a #ee% /ea( – h!s !s an !((e'!!*ae en/. The ana(-s!s !s s!*!(a% o he /o%*an &o**e%&e &(a"se8 Does he sae (a+ !*$!n'e on a "n/a*ena( %!'h es %ee/o* o &on%a&. Wha !s he en/ o he %e'"(a!on hea(h. Is h!s he (eas %es%!&!e *eans No, he- &o"(/ hae %e'"(ae/ he a&!(!!es an/ e"!$*en e&. Wh- sho"(/ he Co"% e(( he (e'!s(a"%e +h!&h +a- o a&h!ee he /es!%e/ en/ I +o"(/ #e *o%e a$$%o$%!ae o% he (e'!s(a"%e as (on' as he%e !s no &ons!"!ona( !*$a!%*en. The%e !s a *eansen/s ana(-s!s. C%!!&!s*s o Lo&hne%8 Te7"a( &%!!"e8 Is h!s a&"a((- a &ons!"!ona( %!'h I !s no !n he &on s!"!on. Wi++ia0son v. ?ee O#ti3a+ $%&55) #". '% U$he(/ sae sa"e ha $%oh!#!e/ o$!&!ans %o* *a!n' '(asses +!ho" $%es&%!$!ons. The es on he en/ !s +hehe% ! !s (e'!!*ae 0$"#(!& hea(h) hen +e +!(( ass"*e ha ha !s +ha he (e'!s(a"%e ha/ !n *!n/ +!ho" !n"!%!n' a#o" he!% !nen. The Co"% +!(( no /!&ae he &ho!&e o *eans. He%e he Co"% +!(( a&&e$ an- $(a"s!#(e en/ – as (on' as ! !s no !%%a!ona(. To/a- +e +o"(/ no sa% %o* he ass"*$!on ha +e &anno e(( a/"(s ho+ o &on%a&. No+ +e (oo o see ! he%e !s a &on&e!a#(e $"%$ose an/ hen +e (oo o see ! ! !s !%%a!ona( o see ha he sa"o%- s&he*e +!(( a&h!ee he en/. Fe"uson v. S:u#a $%&(') #". '% Co"% "$he(/ sa"e o"(a+!n' /e# a/"s*en.
S"**a%- o 2 !n/s o &%!!"es o Lo&hne% 0$'. =24) 1. S"#san!e &%!!"e – (ess o /o +!h he %o(e o he &o"% an/ *o%e o /o +!h he !/eas !n Lo&hne% a#o" he a$$%o$%!ae %o(e o 'oe%n*en. 2. Ins!"!ona( – /on: !ne% h!n's ha a%en: !n he%e. The Co"% oe%se$$e/ !s #o"n/s !n %e(a!on o he (e'!s(a"%e. E
CON LAW I O"(!ne
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