JU SREDNJA ELEKTROTEHNIČKA S KOLA KOLA „VASO „VASO ALIGRUDIČĆ ALIGRUDIČĆ “ – PODGORIČA
STRUČNI RAD
ELEMENTI RADIO-TELEVIZIJSKIH SISTEMA Predmet: Primjena audio i video t ehnike ehnike
Mentor:
Kandidat:
Prof. Tigran Dobrašinoi!
O"ga Ra#$"oi! S
Podgorica, Maj 2017.
c 4
S A D R Ž A J
Uvod............................................................................................................................................ 3
1. Svojstva radija....................................................................................................................... ..4 2. Propagacioni kanal..................................................................................................................5 3. Sistemi elektronskih komunikacija u slobodnom prostoru.....................................................7 4. snovni elemen! u radio sistemima............................................................................. .......1" 5. #adio$relejni prenos..............................................................................................................11 %. &elevi'ija i televi'ijski sistemi................................................................................................13 (aklju)ak.......................................................................................................................... .....17 *iteratura...................................................................................................................................1+
2 | S t r a n a
UVOD Ra!" #$ %$!# !&'anr$n!( )'"#)ta'a* $+a)t!,-an ! )a ra&n"'r)n"% na%#$n"%. Ra!" !%a ! /"0at1 r")-+")t* #$r #$ 1 !)t"r!#! 'a$)$t"0 '!#$3a "!0ra" '$"%a &na,-a#n1 1+"01* a r$ n#!% #$ ! 1&/1+#!'a /11,4n")t. Ra!" #$ #$an " na#ra)r")tran#$n!#!( %a)"'n!( %$!#a 1 )'!#$t1* r!)1tan #$ ! 1 na#1a+#$n!#!% #$+"'!%a na)-$ +an$t$5,-a3 ! 'an n#$6 ! )'a3"0 tr$n1t3a 0a )+1)- a#1 %!+!"n! +#1!. P")ta" #$ ta3" )'a3!a7n#a ! "&nata )t'ar 1 &-!'"t1 +#1! a 0a '$,4!na n#!( )%atra "t1n" n"r%a+n"% "#a'"% !* &/"0 t"0a "t,#$n#1#$ n#$0"'1 %",4.
T$+$'!&!#a "+a&! " 0r,-3$ r!#$,-! t$+$ 8 a+$3" ! '!)!" 8 0+$an#$* "0+$. T$+$'!&!#a #$ t$+$3"%1n!3a,!#)3! )!)t$% &a $%!t"'an#$ ! r!%an#$ "3r$tn!( )+!3a ! &'13a )a '$+!3!( a+#!na. P",-$,! ana)-n#!( t$+$'!&!#)3!( )!)t$%a at!ra#1 " 'r$%$na 3aa #$ 9!++"10(/: S%!t( 0"!n$ ;<=>. "t3r!" ?"t"3"n13t!'!t$t ($%!#)3"0 $+$%$nta )$+$n!#1%a* t$ "t3r!,4a )3$n!ra#1,4$0 !)3a " )tran$ Pa1+a N!3"'a ;<<@. 0"!n$. S'! ra3t!,-n! t$+$'!&!#)3! )!)t$%! 3"r!)t$ ?1na%$nta+n1 !$#1 a )$ r!&"r )3$n!ra 3a3" /! )$ 3r"& "r$$n" 'r$%$ r$r$&$nt!ra" r$3" )!0na+a. T1 r$r$&$nta,!#1 r!%a 1r$a# 3"#! ,4$ "/rn1t! r",$) )3$n!ran#a. K"na,-n! 1r$a# 5t$+$'!&"r6 3"r!)t! +#1)3" "3" 3"#$ ,4$ r$&1+tat t"0 r",$)a r"t1%a,-!t! 3a" 3"($r$ntn1 )+!31.
> | S t r a n a
1. SVOJSTVA RADIJA Ra!" !%a '!)$ #$!n)t'$n!( )'"#)ta'a 3"#a 0a ,!n$ 1)#$)-n!% ! "/$&/#$1#1 %1 10"'#$,-n")t* a+! !)t"'r$%$n" "r!n")$ a 0a +#1! "t,#$n#1#1 ! )%atra#1 n$,-!% )-t" )$ "ra&1%!#$'a. Na#&na,-a#n!#$ %$1 n#!%a #$B 1. )'$r!)1tn")t 8 "n "!r$ )'1a. Č $)t" #$ r!)1tan ta%" 0#$ r10!
%a)"'n! %$!#! n$%a#1 r!)t1B %"&-$ )$ ,-1t! na)r$ n$r$0+$n!( "3$ana !+! na na#'!)-!% +an!n)3!% 'r("'!%a. G"t"'" )'a3a r")t"r!#a 1 na)-$% "%1 %"&- $ !%at! ra!"8r!#$%n!3* 13+#1,-1#1,4! 0ara&- 1 ! "r1%. Č1#$%" 0a )'1aB 1 3"+!%a* 1 r"a'n!,a%a* 3an,$+ar!#a%a ! ?a/r!3a%a* na 1+!,!* 1 ar31 ! na +a&-!. Č1#$%" 0a 1 )'a3" "/a anaB 1#1tr1* 1 "n$ ! n",41. S+1)-an#$ ra!#a n!#$* a3+$ n!)- ta ")$/n". 2. r10" )'"#)t'" ra!#a* 3"#$ ,-!n! a ")+"'n" n$ &aa&-a%" n#$0"' &na,-a#*
#$)t$ t" )-t" '$,4!n1 na) n$ 3")-ta 0"t"'" n!)-ta a 0a )+1)-a%". Ca+! /r"# +#1! &a!)ta +a,4a t1 r!'!+$0!#1 a 1&-!'a 1 /"0at"% r"0ra%1 na#n"'!#!( '!#$)t!* !nt$r'#1a* %1&!3$* !n?"r%a,!#a* 3"%$!#$ ! ra%$. 3. tr$,4$ n#$0"'" )'"#)t'" #$)t$ ,-!n#$n!,a a #$ n$'!+#!'. Ka ra&%!)+!%" "
ra!#1 ! !& ,-$0a )$ "n &ara'" )a)t"#!* r'" na )ta "%!)+!%" '#$r"'atn" #$ t" a #$ n$'!+#!'. Na)-a a&-n#a #$ 1)%#$r$na na n$)-t" r10"* a n$ na )a% ra!"8 r!#$%n!3 ! t" 'a&-! ,-a3 ! &a tr$n1t3$ 3a a&-+#!'" )+1)-a%" na)-$ "%!+#$n$ ra!" $%!)!#$.
@ | S t r a n a
2. PROPAGACIONI
KANAL
Pr$a#n!3 ! r!#$%n!3 ,- !n$ $+$3tr"n)3! !" na)- $ 0 3ana+a. U t"% $+$3tr"n)3"% 3ana+1 %! !%a%" $+$3tr!,-n! )!0na+* ! t1 !%a%" a!t!'n! )- 1%. Feding #$ %1+t!+!3at!'n! )-1%* 3a $%!t1#$%" ta+a) "n )$ r")t!r$ " ra&n!% 1tan#a%a* ra&+!,-!ta )1 r"a0a,!"na 3a)- n#$n#a ! )+a/+#$n#a. Ka )a/!ra%" )!%/"+$ )a t!( ra&+!,-!t!( 1tan#a "/'"#n!,a na)-$0 131n"0 ta+a)a 3"#! "/!#$%" !&a r!#$%n$ ant$n$ /!,4$ r"%$n#$na* ! ,-!% #$ "/'"#n!,a "na &na,-! %n"&-! n")!+a,* ! &at" 3a&$%" a #$ t" %1+t!+!3at!'n! )1%. U na#0"r"# )!t1a,!#! %"&-$%" a !&01/!%" )!0na+. Feding )$ %"&-$ #a'+#at! "'r$%$n"* 1 ra&+!,-!ta 0"!)-n#a "/a* "/a ana ! )+!,-n". U"/!,-a#$n" #$ a ?$!n0 /1$ narrow band * ! &at" #$ "$t "/r" a !%a%" cofdm #$r #$ "na ")ta !%1na ! na feding. Smetnje i slabljenja )!0na+a 1 )+"/"n"% r")t"r1 )1 a)"r,!#a* !?ra3,!#a* r$?ra3,!#a* r$+$3)!#a* ra)!an#$ ! r"a0a,!n" )+a/+#$n#$. Apsorpcija #$ " ra&!,!t$ #$+"'$ #"n")?$r$* %"+$31+$ '"$* 0a)"'a !t* " ra&+!,-!t$ r$r$3$* r'$,4$ !t. Refleksije " "3r$tn$ ! n$"3r$tn$ "/#$3t$. | S t r a n a
Rasijanje " ra&+!,!t$ r$r$3$* r'$,4$ )a ra&+!,-!t!% +!)-,4$%* ra&+!,-!t$ 01)t!n$
)- 1%a !t. Rerakcija #$ r"%#$na )%#$ra 3r$tan#a ta+a)a 1)+$ r"%#$n$ n#$0"'$
/r&!n$. Dirakcija r$)ta'+#a "#a'1 r!'!n"0 )3r$tan#a ta+a)a )a r'"/!tn"0
ra',a r")t!ran#a r! n#$0"'"% na!+a)31 na !'!,$ "t'"ra !+! na r$r$31 53a&- $ )$ a ta+a) &a+a&! 1 "/+a)t 0$"%$tr!#)3$ )$n3$6 Da3+$ 1&r",! )1 /r"#n!* )r$!na #$ n$r!#at$+#)3a &a r")t!ran#$ em ta+a)a ! %! )$ )a t!% /"r!%"
F | S t r a n a
3. SISTEMI ELEKTRONSKIH KOMUNIKACIJA U SLOBODNOM PROSTORU K+a)!!3a,!#a r$%a !#a0ra%1 &ra,-$n#a Diuzno zračenje 5ra"!?1&!#aB TV* ra!#)3! r$n")6. Sekundarna distribucija #$ "na 3"#1 "/!#a 3ra#n#! 3"r!)n!3. Ona !$ " r$a#n!3a* "n !%a )'"# ?$$$r* 3a/+ &a naa#an#$* ant$n)3! )!)t$%* )t1/. P")t"#$ '!#$ 'r)t$ )t1/"'a 8 tower 5t"ran#6 ! mast 5r$)-$t3a)ta 0'"&$na 3"n)tr13,!#a6. T"$r #$ )31* a ana)n#a t$(n"+"0!#a n$ tra&-! "/a'$&n" ta3" '!)"3$ 3"n)tr13,!#$. In1)tr!#)3! 5%a)"'n"6 )$ r"!&'"$ )t1/"'! " >8%* a &a )'$ r$3" r$,!%" =% %"ra#1 a !%a#1 ")$/n$ "&'"+$ &/"0 a'!" )a"/ra,4a#a ! )+!,-n". Usmjereni 5+!n3"'!* RP '$&$*..6.K"r!)t! )$ &a "t1r )!0na+a " n$3$ +"3a,!#$. U tv )$ t" &"'$ +!n3"')3a '$&a a 1 3+a)!,-n!% tk ra!"8r$+$#n$ '$&$. Žna,-! !%a%" 1)%#$r$n" &ra,-$n#$ " #$n"0 3a r10"% r$a#n!31. P"tr$/na #$ "t!,-3a '!+#!'")t. Mikrotalasni linkoi )1 %a+$ ant$n$ 'r+" 1)%#$r$n"0 &ra,-$n#a )a "/r!% r$+$3t"r!%a
= | S t r a n a
Pr!%arna ! )$31narna !)tr!/1,!#a T' 31,4ar"13,!"na 31,a* "t1r )!0na+a* "na !$ ) /ra na /r" ra!"8 r$+$#n!% '$&a%a* a "na ta%" na !)t"% )t1/1 ")t"#! ant$na 3"#a a#$ )$31narn1 !)tr!/1,!#a. Na r10"# )+!,! #$ ! "t1r ! r!%arna "t!3"%* ")t"#! ! 3"%/!na,!#a "t!3a a %!3r"ta+a)n! +!n3"'! )a /ra na /r". !rimarna. Ra!" '$&aB L!n3"')3a '$&a #$ na#,-$)-,4$ r!%arna !)tr!/1,!#a* &a
"t1r )!0na+a " n$3$ +"3a,!#$. P")+$ )$ )a t$ +"3a,!#$ )$31narn" !)tr!/1!ra. Ot!,-3!% )!)t$%!%aB I r!%arna %"&-$ /!t! "t!3"%. O/!,-n" ana)n#! $%!t$r! 3"#! ")$1#1 '$+!3$ /r"a,a)t %r$&- $ !%a#1 "/!,-n" r!%arn1 !)tr!/1,!#1 +!n3"'!%a ) #$n$ )tran$ ! "t!3"% ) r10$* !%a#1 "/r1 r$1nan)1. Sat$+!t)3!% 1t$%B C"&-$ /!t! ! )at$+!t)3!%. Sat$+!t)3! )!0na+ )$ r!%a* r$3"1#$ ! $%!t1#$ )$31narn"% !)tr!/1,!"n"% %r$&- "%. T" #$ )31". Sekundarna %"&-$ a /1$ ra!"8r$n")* 3a/+"')3a* "t!,-3!% )!)t$%!%a* )at$+!t)3a. S'$ 3"%/!na,!#$ r!%arna8)$31narna )1 %"01,4$ Multire"uenc# mre$e* 1 3"#"# )'a3! r$a#n!3 !%a )'"#1 f ! "na #$ ra&+!,-!ta " 3"%)-!#)3"0 r$a#n!3a. T1 #$ "/r" #$r !%a%" r")t"rn! r!)t1 5)a,$ a,,$))* r")t"rna ra)"#$+a 3ana+a6. L")-$ #$ )-t" "tr")-!%" ")ta 3ana+a* ! n!#$ $!3a)n" !)3"r!)-,4$n )$3tar. Saa )$ &a(ta+a)#1,! ,"?% ! 01ar !nt$rta+a)1 %"&- a nara'!t! single% re"uenc# mre$a. T" &na,! 1 #$n"# "/+a)t! ra! 8F r$a#n!3a 3"#! )1 )'! na !)t"# ?. O'" #$ !)t" 3a" a !%a%" ; r$a#n!3 a na r!#$%1 )t!&-1 )!0na+! )a 1tan#a* ")ta &a3a)-n#$n!. O'!% )$ $!3a)n!#$ 3"r!)t! )$3tar. Satelitskom ezom. S!0na+ )$ )-a+#$ na 3"ntr!/1,!"n! )at$+!t* "n !%a )'r(1 a !&'r)- ! "t1r )!0na+a. K"ntr!/1,!"n! )at$+!t! )1 #$?t!n!* tr$/a a !%a#1 "/r" 1)%#$r$n1 '$&1 1 "/a )%#$ra. Sa 3"ntr!/1,!"n"0 )$ )-a+#$ ta%" 0#$ tr$/a* !&%1+t!+$3)!ra )!0na+* "na )$ ")-a+#$ na !)tr!/1,!"n! )at$+!t 3"#! $%!t1#$ )!0na+ 3"r!)n!,!%a
< | S t r a n a
K+a)!!3a,!#$ r$%a +"3a,!#! r$a#n!3ar!#$%n!3a Fiksni sistemi 5RR* ra!#)3! r$n")* TV r$n")6 Mobilni sistemi 5%"/!+! TK )!)t$%!* %"/!+n! TV6 !ortabl 5TV r!#$%n!,! 1 )a"/ra,4a#16 K+a)!!3a,!#a r$%a t!1 '$&$ &roadcast sistemi 5#$an !&'"r – )'! r!#$%n!,!6 LTE %"&-$ a "r&-! /r"a,a)t #$r "n ta+a)#a n$%a a1t"%at)31 r$01+a,!#1 )na0$* r$t("n$ 0$n$ra,!#$ n$ %"01 Unicast sistemi 5%"/!+na t$+$?"n!#a* #$an !&'"r – #$an r!#$%n!36 Multicast sistemi 5#$an !&'"r – 0r1a r!#$%n!3a6
| S t r a n a
4. OSNOVNI ELEMENTI U RADIO SISTEMIMA
U ra!" )!)t$%!%a #$ " &na,-a#a a ")t"#$B Ant$n$ &a r$a#1 ! r!#$% 5#$an $+$%$nt &ra,-! $!3a)n" a3" #$ !%$n&!#a ant$n$ r$a '$+!,-!n$ ta+a)n$ 1&-!n$ 3"#a )$ &ra,-!6. O/ra$ )!0na+a 1 r$a#n!31 ! r!#$%n!31. O)n"'na na%#$na %"1+at"ra #$ a )$ "/!#$ )!0na+ 3"#! %"&-$ $!3a)n" a )$ &ra,-! ! 3"r!)t! )r$!n1 3"#a #$ na ra)"+a0an#1 &a r$n").
; | S t r a n a
5. RADIO-RELEJNI PRENOS
8 U ra!"8r$+$#n"% )!)t$%1 r$n") )$ "/a'+#a 1 'a )%#$ra. S'a3a ta,-3a !%a ! r$a#n!3 ! r!#$%n!3. +"3 )-$%a ra!" )!)t$%a ta,-3a8ta,-3a " A " 1 na#")- t!#$% )+1,-a#1 #$ 3a" na 0"rn#"# )+!,!. 8 Na "/$ +"3a,!#$ ! A ! )$ na+a&$ 3"%+$tn! r!%"r$a#n!,!. T!%$ #$ "/$&/!#$$n ra 1 punom dupleksu. Pr!%"r$a#n!,! )a '$,4 "!)an"% )tr13t1r"% )$ "'$&1#1 na #$n1 r!%"r$a#n1 ant$n1. 8 Da /! )$ !&/#$0+a !nt$r?$r$n,!#a* ,$ntra+na 1,-$)tan")t r$a#$ ! r!#$%a )$ ra&+!31#1. U #$n"% )%#$r1 ?;* a 1 r10"% )%#$r1 ?2. C"ra ")t"#at! 3"+" &a 3"%/!n"'an#$* ra&'a#an#$* )!0na+a 1 ra&+!,-!t!% )%#$r"'!%a 53"%/a#n$r* ra&'a#a,-6 "'#$ #$ na0+a)a3 na V $+1. 8 U V !#$+1 !%a%" ! 0ran1 &a )%#$r r$a#$. Na #$n"# 1,-$)tan")t! !%a%" r!#$%n! !+tar ! na"n)3! '" &a r101 1,-$)tan")t. U,-$)tan")t! )1 !&a/ran$ )("n" +an1 ra)"#$+$ ?r$3'$n,!#a 1 3"%$ )$ a#$ na%#$na a+! ! ra)"#$+a 3ana+a. Kaa )$ !&a/$r$ &-$+#$n! ")$0 raa* $!n!)-$ )$ ,$ntra+na 1,-$)tan")t. 8 I& 3ana+a )$ /!ra#1 ar"'! ?r$3'$n,!#a !& n!&-$0 ! '!)-$0 #$+a &a r$a#1 ! r!#$%. O0"'ara#1,4$ r$01+at"rn" t!#$+" a#$ "&'"+1 &a ta# ar 3ana+a. ;; | S t r a n a
P")t"#! r"!)an! ra&%a3 !&%$1 ?r$3'$n,!#a &a r$a#1 ! r!#$%. J$an ra!"8r$+$#n! )!)t$% )$ r$a+!&1#$ na#%an#$ )a #$n"% ra!"8r$+$#n"% ta,-3"%. Na#")- t!#a )tr13t1ra #$ r!3a&ana na )+$$,4"# )+!,!.
8 Ža )tr13t1r1 )a )+!3$ )$ 3a&-$ a )$ )a)t"#! " '!#$ !"n!,$. Na ra!"8 r$+$#n"% %#$)t1 5Č6 )$ ")t'ar1#$ r!#$% na #$n"# 1,- $)tan")t!* "0"'ara#1,4a "/raa ! r$a#a na r10"# 1,-$)tan")t!* )-t" 'a&-! &a "/a )%#$ra. P" ra'!+1 t" %"&-$ /!t! !)t! ar 1,-$)tan")t! a+!* a3" )tr13t1ra )!)t$%a n$ "&'"+#a'a* t" %"&-$ /!t! ! ra&+!,-!t! ar. Funkcije radio%relejne tačke' % Na##$n")ta'n!#a #$ )a%" 3"n'$r&!#a )a r!#$%n$ na r$a#n1 1,-$)tan")t.
U t"% )+1,-a#1 "/raa )$ 'r)-! " n!'"a %$1?r$3'$n,!#$. Pr!#$%n! )!0na+ )$ $%"1+!)- $ na %$1?r$3'$n,!#1* "#a,-a* 1"/+!,-!* a &at!% )a %$1?r$3'$n,!#$ 1 V !#$+1 r$a#n!3a tran)+!ra na &-$+#$n1 1,-$)tan")t. O'" #$ aktini repetitor ili radiorelejna tačka . Ka&- $ )$ a #$ t" )!)t$% /$& "0ran#a'an#a. 8 Ža )+1,-a# a !& ta,-3$ 5Č6 tr$/a !&'"#!t! $" )a"/ra,4a#a* "n")n" "r$$n! /r"# 3ana+a )!0na+a* 3a" ! "/rn1t! ")t1a3* a )$ 1/a,! )a%" !& n$3$ ta,-3$ 1 ra!"8r$+$#n! )!)t$%* "/!#a )$ ta,-3a "0ran#a'an#a. Ona )$ 1 t"# ta,-3! %"ra !&'r)-!t! ! r10a $%"1+a,!#a 5%"1+a,!#a &a )1r"tn! )%#$r6* t#. a )$ )!0na+ "/!#$ 1 ")n"'n"% ")$01 1,-$)tan")t!.
;2 | S t r a n a
6. TELEVIZIJA I TELEVIZIJSKI SISTEMI Pr!n,! raa t$+$'!&!#$ &a)n"'an #$ na !$#! a )$ )+!3$ r$t'"r$ 1 $+$3tr!,-n$ )!0na+$ 3"#! )$ 1 "/+!31 ra!" ta+a)a $%!t1#1 1 $tar. T! ra!" ta+a)! )t!&-1 " TV ant$na 1+a&$ 1 TV r!#$%n!3 0#$ )$ "n"'" r$t'ara#1 1 $+$3tr!,-n$ )!0na+$. O'! $+$3tr!,-n! )!0na+! )$ 1& "%",4 $+$3tr!,-n!( )3+""'a ! 3at"n$ ,!#$'! r$t'ara#1 1 )+!31 1& 3"#1 !$ ! rat$,4! t"n. Da /! )$ )'$ "'" "0"!+" n$"("na #$ t$+$'!&!#)3a 3a%$ra 3"#a !+! )n!%a r"0ra% na tra31 '!$" r$3"r$ra 5&a "+"&-$n" $%!t"'an#$6 !+! )!0na+ !& 3a%$r$ !$ !r$3tn" 1 $tar 5!r$3tan r$n")6. V!$" 3a%$ra ?1n3,!"n!)- $ na )+$$,4$% r!n,!1B )'#$t+")t 1+a&! 1 3a%$r1 3r"& "/#$3t!' ! aa na )ta3+$n1 +",-1 ana+!&at"r)3$ ,!#$'!. I&a +",-$ na+a&$ )$ !+t$r! 3"#! )'#$t+")t ra&+a&-1 na r!%arn$ /"#$ – ,r'$n1 +a'1 ! &$+$n1. Žra,! "t"% r"+a&$ 3r"& $+$3tr"1 ! 1ara#1 1 ?"t"")$t+#!'1 +",-1 3"#a $%!t1#$ $+$3tr"n$. E+$3tr"n! ")ta'+#a#1 !&a )$/$ tra0* a '$,4! /r"# $+$3tr"na &na,-! ")'$t+#$n!#! !" )+!3$ ! "/rn1t". S3$n!ran#$ )'a3$ ),$n$ 'r)-! )$ 2 1ta 1 )$31n! ,-!%$ )$ )t'ara 3"nt!n1!ran! $+$3r!,-n! "n")n" '!$" )!0na+. Ka3" $'r")3! t$+$'!&!#)3! )tanar 5PAL6 ra! na r!n,!1 F2 +!n!#a t" &na,-! a a %+a& $+$3tr"na 1 #$n"# )$31n! 2 1ta !)!)-$ F2 +!n!#a. Ta3" )$ )t'ara !+1&!#a n$r$3!n$ )+!3$. T$+$'!&!#)3! r!#$%n!3 ra! "/rn1t" " t$+$'!&!#)3$ 3a%$r$B )!0na+ )t!&-$ 1 3at"n1 ,!#$' t$+$'!&"ra 0#$ 0a )a,-$3a#1 tr! „t"a“ &a tr! ")n"'n$ /"#$ – ,r'$n1* +a'1 ! &$+$n1. K"+!3"% ,4$ #a,-!n"% t" „!)a+!t!“ "r$$n1 /"#1 &a'!)! " r!%+#$n!( !n?"r%a,!#a " /"#! ! ")'$t+#$n")t! )+!3$. T""'! ta3"$ r!%a#1 !n?"r%a,!#1 " )!n(r"n!&a,!#! )+!3$ ! t"na. Žra,! 1ara#1 1 ?")?"rn$ ta,-3!,$ na $3ran1 3"#$ )1 "r0an!&"'an$ 1 0r1a%a " tr!* )'a3a r$a01#$ na #$n1 ")n"'n1 /"#1. Kaa !( "0"! %+a& !& t"a ta,-3$ &a)'!#$t+$. Ja,-!na n#!("'"0 ")'#$t+#$n#a &a'!)! " !nt$&!t$ta &ra3a 3"#! !( #$ "0"!". Ta3" "/!#a%" )+!31 '$"%a /+!)31 "r!0!na+n"# )+!,! 3"#a )$ $%!t1#$ !& )t1!#a 1a+#$n!( n$3"+!3" (!+#aa 3!+"%$tara.
;> | S t r a n a
O3" )r$!n$ r")- +"0 '!#$3a na tr&- !)t1 )$ !&'a#a#1 tr! )tanara &a %"1+a,!#1 ana+"0n$ )+!3$B $ $ $
PAL NTSČ SEČAC
(ational )eleision S#stem *ommittie 5)3ra,4$n" NTSČ6 #$ "/!"
&aata3 a ra&'!#$ #$!n)t'$n )tanar &a %"1+a,!#1 3"+"r ana+"0n$ t$+$'!&!#$ na t$r!t"r!#! )#$'$rn$ A%$r!3$. Ta3" #$ ;>. )'#$t+")t ana 10+$a" NTSČ )tanar. Pr$%a "'"% )tanar1 )+!3a !%a 2 ("r!&"nta+n!( +!n!#a 5" ,-$0a #$ @< '!+#!'"6 3"r!)t! ")'$&-a'an#$ $3rana " FH& ! !)r$+$t$n! 5!nt$r+a,$6 )!)t$% !),rta'n#a )+!3$. O'a# )tanar 3"r)t! a%+!t1n1 %"1+a,!#1 5AC6 &a r$n") )+!3$ ! ?r$3'$ntn1 %"1+a,!#1 5C6 &a r$n") &'13a.
Kra#$% $$)$t!( 0"!na r")-+"0 '$3a* &$%+#$ &aan$ E'r"$ )1 +an!ra+$ r$+a&a3 na $%!t"'an#$ 3"+"r t$+$'!&!#)3"0 )!0na+a. U",-!')-! %an$ '$,4 ")t"#$,4$0 NTSČ8a na "'!% r")t"r!%a "+a&! " ra&'"#a 'a n"'a )tanara PAL ! SEČAC.
;@ | S t r a n a
S+*AM 5S$4 M1$nt!$+ ,"1+$1r a %$4%"!r$ S$M1$nt!a+ Č"+"r !t(
C$%"r:6 #$ ra&'!" t!% ?ran,1)3!( !n&- ! n#$ra na ,- $ +1 )a H$nr!#$% $ ran,$"%. SEČAC r"#$3at 3a)n!#$ r$1&!%a 3"%an!#a T("%)"n 3"#a "t"% "t31+#1#$ ! n#$%a,-3! T$+$?1n3$n 3"#! #$ ra&'!" PAL )tanar. SEČAC #$ /!" r'! $'r")3! )tanar &a %"1+a,!#1 ana+"0n$ 3"+"r t$+$'!&!#$. Pr'! ra"'! na "'"% )tanar1 ",-!n#1 ;F. 0"!n$* r$%a !n!,!#a+n!% +an"'!%a "'a# )tanar #$ tr$/a" a 3"r!)t! <; ("r!&"nta+n!( +!n!#a &a !),rta'an#$ )+!3$. A+! "'a# '$r&!#a SEČAC8a n!3a n!#$ /!+a &'an!,-n" 1"tr$/+#a'na ")-t" #$ na $'r")3"% n!'"1 /!+" 1)'"#$n" F2 ("r!&"nta+n!( +!n!#a* a ta3" ! SEČAC 3"r!)t! F2 ("r!&"nta+n!( +!n!#a 5=F '!+#!'"6 &a !),rta'an#$ )+!3$ ! ")'#$&-a'an#$ " H&. A+! &a ra&+!31 " NTSČ8a ! PAL8a 3"r!)t! ?r$3'$tn1 %"1+a,!#1 &a r$n") )+!3$ ! &'13a.
!A, 5P(a)$ A+t$rnat$!n0 L!n$6 #$ ra&'!" 9a+t$r r1,( taa)-n#!
&a")+$n!3 n#$%a,- 3$ !r%$ T$+$?1n3$n. O'a# ?"r%at #$ &'an!,- n" r$)ta'+#$n ;F>. 0"!n$* a r'! 1t #$ 1)-t$n 1 1"tr$/1 ;F@. 0"!n$ " )tran$ $n0+$)3"0 Č8a. Ža ra&+!31 " NTSČ8a* PAL !%a F2 ("r!&"nta+n!( +!n!#a 5=F '!+#!'"6 ! 3"r!)t! ")'#$&- a'an#$ $3rana " H&. Ka" ! NTSČ 3"r!)t! !nt$r+a,$ &a !),rta'n#$ )+!3$ ! ")+an#a )$ na AC &a r$n") )+!3$ ! C &a r$n") &'13a.
S'a tr! na'$$na )tanara 3"r!)t$ )$ &a r$n") ana+"0n"0 t$+$'!&!)3"0 )!0na+a. Ana+"0n! )!0na+ 1t1#$ 3r"& $tar " ant$n$ r!#$%n!3a. Pr!#$%n!3 r$1&!%a "/!#$n! )!0na+ ! 1& "%",4 $+$3tr"n)3!( )3+"3! "/!#$n! $+$3tr!,-n! )!0na+ r$t'ara 1 )+!31. Ur")-,4$na )-$%a "'$ 3"n'$r&!#$ r!3a&ana #$ na )+!,! na nar$n"# )tran!,!.
; | S t r a n a
;F | S t r a n a
ZAKLJUČAK Ža ")t'ar!'an#$ r$n")a !n?"r%a,!#a 1t$% ra!" '$&$* 3a" %$!# r$n")a )+1&-$ $+$3tr"%a0n$t)3! ta+a)"'!. Ka3" /! /!+" %"01,4$ ")t'ar!t! ra!" r$n") "tr$/n! )1B ra!"r$a#n!3 5"a)-!+#a,-6 3"#! )+1&- ! &a )t'aran#$ na"na* "n")n" )tr1#a '!)"3$ ?r$3'$n,!#$ "a)- ! +#a,- 3 a ant$na 3"#a '!)"3" ?r$3'$n,!#)31 )tr1#1 r$t'ara 1 $+$3tr"%a0n$t)3! ta+a) )- ! r$n#$ $+$3tr"%a0n$t)3"0 ta+a)a 3r"& r")t"r r!#$%na ant$na 3"#a r!%a $+$3tr"%a0n$t)3$ ta+a)$ ! r$t'ara !( 1 '!)"3"?r$3'$n,!#)3$ )tr1#$ 5'r+" )+a/$ ) "/&!r"% na '$+!3" r!01)-$n#$ r! r")t!ran#1 $+$3tr"%a0n$t)3"0 ta+a)a6 ra!" r!#$%n!3 3"#! t$ )tr1#$ r!%a* "#a,-a'a ! $%"1+!ra ! ta3" r$r"131#$ "a)+an! )!0na+ 0"'"ra. T$+$'!&!#a 3a" t$(n"+")-3! ?$n"%$n #$ " )'"0 ")tan3a a " ana) ")t'ar!+a "0r"%an nar$a3. D"3 )1 r'"/!tn$ t$+$'!&!#)3$ t$(n"+"0!#$ #$'a 1)$ta+a)$ a r!3a&-1 )tat!,-n1 )+!31 " @ +!n!#a /$& &'13a* ana)-n#! TV )tanar! na% "%"01,41#1 r$n") "3r$tn!( )+!3a r$&"+1,!#$ 2%Q 5;2Q;<6 1 ratn#! )a .; )1rr"1n &'13"%. A+! t1 n$ r$)ta#$ ra&'"#* na1,-n!,! )-!r"% )'$ta '$,4 1'$+!3" ra$ na )+$$,4$% t$+$'!&!#)3"% )tanar1 ;@@ 3"#! ,4$ !%at! r$&"+1,!#1 " 2FQ;@@ !3)$+a )-t" #$ 1+" '!)($ " =2 ?"r%ata. P"r$ "'"0 ?"r%ata 1"r$" )$ ra! na ra&'"#1 n#$0"'!( na)+$n!3a* a ta3" ;@@ tr$/a a na)+$! 2;F 3"#! r!3a&1#$ '")tr13" '$,-1 r$&"+1,!#1 " ;< ?"r%ata. S'a3a3" ?"r%at 3"#! ,4$ "n!#$t! r$'"+1,!#1 na "+#1 t$+$'!&!#$ 1 n$ ta3" a+$3"# /11,4n")t! #$ S1$r H!V!)!"n !+! U+tra H!0( D$!n!t!"n 3"#! !%a r$&"+1,!#1 " n$'#$r"'atn!( =F<Q@>2 !3)$+a.
;= | S t r a n a
LITERATURA ;. Cart!n S!n0+$r ! S!n! V!r!n0a – Ra!" 5Č+!"6 2. R"+$n L"r!%$r 1 )aran#! )a P$!#$% S3$n$+"% – Ca)"'n$ 3"%1n!3a,!#$ >. 9!3!$!a
;< | S t r a n a
KOMENTAR:
Pitanja na usmenom dijelu ispita:
1............................................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................... 2............................................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................... 3............................................................................................................................................ ..............................................................................................................................................
Ocjena rada:
..................................
Usmena odrana rada: ..................................
Op!ta ocjena:
...................................
Predsjedni":
..................................
#talni $lan:
...................................
%spiti&a$:
..................................
Pod'orica .......................2(1). 'od.
; | S t r a n a
