736^0 GASPEY-OTtO-SAUER.
METHOD
ELEMENTARY
SWEDISH
GRAMMAR COMBINED
WITH
LESSONS
EXERCISES, READING
CONVERSATIONS
AND
BY
FORT.
HENRI
LONDON. DAVID NUTT, 57-59 Long Acre. SAMPSON " LOW, MARSTON
NEW
F. W. CHRISTERN, 254 Fifth Avenue.
INTERNATIONAL 88 and
Co., 87 Soho Square. Lane, Fleet Street.
YORK,
BRENTANO'S, 31 Union Square. THE
"
DULAU
Co., Fetter
NEWS COMPANY, Street. 85 Duane
E. STEIGER 25 Park
k Co., Place.
BOSTON. T. H. CASTOR
k Co.,Snec. to C. Schoenhof, 28 School
Street.
HEIDELBEBCf. JULIUS
C. A. KOEHLER A Tremont
149
GBOOS.
1900.
k Co., Street.
The
of
method
Gftspey-Otto-Sftner
ia
private
acquired
been
after
made
purchase
by
this
trom
Incessantly
method
the
property,
own
my
haying
authors.
The
Improved.
All
rights,
especially
are
the
light
making
of
and
editions,
right
the
of
books
text-
translation
for
all
new
reserved.
languages,
and
Imitations
impressions
fraudulent
will
are
according
prosecuted
to
Heidelberg.
these
to
law.
thankful
I
for
communications
be
ting rela-
am
matters.
Julius
Oroos.
Fa
Preface. writingthis Elementary Swedish author has strictly followed the same In
the
Grammar
"
arrangement
as
in
"Method
known
the
other
of
grammars
as Gaspey-Otto-Sauer",
he
"
plan
and
the
well
is
fully for enabling convinced that this is the best method and thoroughknowledge to acquirea practical anyone time. of the languagein the least possible details which would Without enteringinto many be quite out of place in an elementarybook of this to give an of exact transcription kind, it is impossible all the sounds peculiar to the Swedish language. The learner should
therefore remember
that
the
ciation pronun-
given between brackets is only approximate. Specialcare has been devoted to the declensions and verbs which (strong) irregular present so many difficultiesto foreigners. The
author has tried to
as
and possible
he
make
the book
J.
Wright
his great kindness
for much
in
a
teacher.
valuable advice and
readingthe proofsof
the
part. Chateauneuf
In
pleasurein thankingProfessor
much
of Oxford
ceable servi-
hopes that it will be found begin to learn the Swedish
very useful to those who languagealone or under the tuition of conclusion he has
as
s/Ch*^ Henri
959
Port.
for
lish Eng-
IV
Contents. Page
Pronunciation.
alphabet
The
Pronunciation
1 of
the
letters
2
Vowels Consonants
2 4
Accent
1. Lesson.
Swedish writing The indefinite article
2.
The
"
terminal
8 10 11
definite article
12
The
independent definite article of substantives. I. declension Declension
3.
y"
4.
"
"
5.
"
"
"
"
III.
"
6.
"
"
"
"
IV.
"
7.
"
"
II.
"
"
"
8.
y"
9.
"
in the formation Irregularities The gender of substantives
10.
"
Remarks
11.
"
The
12.
"
The
13.
"
The
14.
"
The
the
on
nouns.
"
of the
pluralof
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
: Nordens
Less.
Reading
Lesson
:
38
natur
42 Lesson:
Hemmet Less. : JuJen i JcQJan
Read. adjective(contin.).
...
I. conjugation. Reading Lesson: (contin.) Foraakelae conjugation. Reading Lesson:
"
17.
"
III. IV.
18.
"
Auxiliary
"
"
"
Christina
"
"
"
V"gm
verbs
(contin.). Reading
Christina (contin.)
.
"
The
numerals. pronouns.
20.
"
The
21.
"
The
22.
"
The
23.
"
24.
"
25.
"
26.
"
27.
"
28.
"
29.
"
Reading
47 52
verb.
16.
19.
24 26
fotulen
krigsmannen
adjective. Reading
n.
"
17 20
30
nouns
58
Hemmet 15.
15
34
Eead.
auxiliary verbs. och
"
V.
"
18
"
63 .
.
.
.
Lesson:
81
" .
67 71
.
Forlust och trost Reading Lesson: Reading Lesson: Gustaf Adolf
85 89
(contin.).Read. Less.: cTam/oreZ^e 96 Gustaf deponent verbs. Reading Lesson: 102 Adolf (contin.) 105 Q"ta The impersonal verbs. Reading Lesson: verbs. Grustaf Compound Reading Lesson: 109 Adolf {conim.) 113 Adverbs. Reading Lesson: Martyrerne List of the principal prepositions. Reading 118 Lesson: Sverigesnatwr List of the principal conjunctions. Reading 121 Lesson: TJr ^Fritjofs8aga:" List of the principal interjections.Reading 123 Lesson : Sverigeswxtur (contin.) pronouns
.
The
construction
of sentences
Vocabulary:
Easy
125 140
I. Words II.
.
127
Exercises
Appendix:
.
conversations
I. Swedish-English II. English-Swedish
144
147 163
Pronunciation.
The
" I.
which
W
countries "
alphabet
represented
are
1
Swedish
The
1.
only
occurs
alphabet.
in
named
and
a
few
names
consists as
of
of
29
letters,
follow:
persons,
and
towns
etc.
See
Elementary
the
following
Swedish
Grammar.
chapter. 1
..J
2
Pronunciation.
Prorrunciation
" 2.
of
the
letters.
I. Vowels. 1.
Swedish 1. It is
has
A
skada
Ex.:
2. It is
like
like
vacker
long.
in
"a"
"lad"
short.
when
E.
pronounced like: "sail" when long.
the felet (failett),
Ex.:
in
"e"
"
Ex.:
smelt*
mistake.
short.
when
(penna), pen.
penna
3.
The 1.
when
letter is
1. "ai" in
2.
cfather*
(vacker),beautiful. 2.
This
in
"a"
(skahda),damage.
pronounced
Ex.:
different sounds:
two
pronounced
A.
vowel in
"ee"
I is "see"
I.
pronounced Uke: in long syllables.
piga (peega),maid. 2. "i" in "thick" in short Ex.:
4.
a) Swedish 1. it has
the
Ex.: a
Ex.:
b) in
"soon"
1. at
o
has
a
sound
O.
double
sound
of the
word
when
"bog"
short. that
is, an
sound.
open 2. and
o
decrease.
(minska), to
minska
Ex.:
syllables.
When
lock
(lock),curl;
close.sound
(docka),doll.
docka
like
"o"
in
"bore".
konung (konoong), king; hof (hofe),court.
long
Swedish
o
is
pronounced
like
"oo"
:
the
beginning of of its
Ex.:
a
word
forming
when
a
lable syl-
own.
unknown; o"6A;awt(oobeykant),
o""7ia^(oobeyhahg),
annoyance.
2. at the Ex.:
end trader
of
a
syllable.
(brooder),brother;
kmtto
receipt. (kvittoo),
of the
Pronunciation
3
letters.
'
in
u
This
letter has
a) It
is
b)
double
stand
It is
1. before
different sounds.
two
in
"oo"
"room":
consonant. customers. ktinder{kooiideT\
(atoond\moment;
pronounced like French a singleconsonant. Gud
(gud),God;
2. at the
end
of
a
dur":
in "pur,
"u"
(bus),house.
hus
syllable.
to to invite; Ijuda (ytida), hjtida(beetida),
Ex.: The
Swedish
of
sound
Swedish
sound peculiar to the in English. It is not in
like
Ex.:
Note.
U.
in Swedish
pronounced a
unlike
u
described
as
and
language French
u
under
has
in "pur"
sound.
b) is
a
equivalent
no
German
and
il
^fftltcn". 6.
Swedish 1.
2.
close sound
long and perdu*. a
Y.
has:
y
a
Ex.:
like French
fyra (ftira), four; rymd
short and
open
sound
"u"
in
"dune,
(rtimd),space.
like French
"u"
in
"lustre,
rustre". Ex.:
sister; rygg syster (stister),
The
NB.
under
note
5. U
7.
Swedish 1. like
2. Uke
is
A
in
"oa"
Ex.:
in
as 2.'^
"care"
in
Ex.:
hUra
Ex.:
Swedish
y,
J.
when
"fall" when
in two
"a"
"e"
to
long. short.
sdll (sail), the sieve; hdlet (ballet),
pronounced as
applies also
pronounced:
8.
1.
back. (rflgg),
frdga (frohga),to ask; pldga (plohga),pain.
"a"
Ex.:
is
=
"buinm".
5.
1. before
vowel)
(boord),table; ost (oost),cheese.
hord
Ex.:
Ex.:
short
monosyllables(with a
3. in many German
"care"
hole.
A
different ways:
when
long.
(bara),to carry. in "den" short. when
vUrme
(verme),warmth. 1*
Pronnnciation.
4
6-
9.
the
has
vowel
This
1. sometimes
long
like
short like
2. sometimes
Ex.:
the
hke
B
English
end
a
are
c) ch
is
Ex.:
d)
Ex.:
Kina,
new
a
substituted
is
for
formerly spelt
the
with
like "k"
China,
instead
hke
of
which
replacesit
nerally. ge-
China,
double
k.
icke (ikke),not; lycka (Itlkka), luck, fortune.
"df" has droska
When
Ex.:
(codex),code.
k,
pronounced
Swedish
Note.
codex
syllables.
or
12.
Ex.:
(seerkel),circle; cylinder
hat.
except A.
pronounced
cJc is
y.
(lOkka),luck.
spelt with
now
e, i and
w.
o,
a,
of words
the
words
The c
like:
soft vowels
orthography Ic were kanon, kompass which
In
{hee\d\ image;
Clara. (clahra),
lycka
Ex.:
the
(karl),Charles;
Clara
3. at the
Note.
vowels
consonants
Ex.:
bild
"k":
Carl
2. before
pronounced
(sayder),cedar; tall (sttlindder),
hard
Ex.:
"ball".
in
cirkel
ceder
1. before
"B"
C.
before
"s"
b) English
c.
is
consonant
Ex.:
"beurre".
fabrik (fabbrik),manufacture; stab (stab),staff.
a) English
:
Consonants.
11.
This
et "beurre"
"fleur".
in
"eu"
10.
pronounced
resembles
books. (b[eu]cker),
h6cker
II.
is
"fleur"
in
"eu"
which
(m[eu]da),trouble.
m6da
Ex.:
words
in the French
eu-sound
Ex.:
peculiarsound
a
sound
same
(drosska),cab, hackney
d stands
kalladt
the
n.
before
*, it is
called (kallatt),
as
English
td*.
carriage.
pronounced
(neuter).
quite like
t.
Pronunciation
"j" Swedish
Bj. Before
beginning of Ex.:
of the
Ex.:
2. before
3. at the Ex.:
b) Like 1. at the Ex.:
2. in the
is
F.
pronounced:
English tf* in fruit r: beginning of a word, fr"ga (frohga),question; fred (fraid), peace. and
Ex.:
t
loft. loft (loft),
end
of
foreignwords.
fotografj photographer.
English end
of words.
middle
of
"/""is always
Swedish
and
t)
has
G
"i?".
G,
different
two
pronounced
before
mute
like
sounds:
English
in
"y"
cyear*
or
j:
1. before Ex.:
e,
i, y,
It is
1. before Ex.:
Ex.:
3. before Ex.:
at the Ex.:
r
in the
o.
same
like
pronounced a,
o,
(y[eu]ra),
syllable.
u
and
EngUsh
"g"
e
and
in
"girl".
a.
gata (gahta),street; gd (go)to go; Qud
2. before
und
throat. colour; scdlg (svalj'), fdrg (fair]'),
Ex.:
b)
a
gifva (yeeva),to give;get (yait), goat; gora to do; giirna (yayrna),willingly.
2. after I and
4.
s
silfvret{BeelYTet\the silver: to/ifa(tahvla), picture.
14.
German
(exceptbefore
word
a
l.
The
is
"vendor".
in
"v"
Uf (leeve), life;bref (brave),letter.
before
a) It
the
animal. djup (ytipe), deep; djur Cytire),
s
Ex.:
Note.
at
"
1. at the
or
audible
word.
a
consonant
a) Like
is not
"d"
13.
This
5
letters.
god (good)good;
God. (gttd),
i in short unaccented
final
syllables.
spegd (spaygle),looking-glass. a
consonant.
grdta (groata),to weep; prdgla (praygla),to coin. end of a syllable (except a) 2., see above). Idg (lohgO,low.
6
Pronunciation.
1.
Note like
letter
which
"k", by
and
-dt, -g
Before
it
Swedish
-t
is
c
is
pronounced in
usually replaced
the
new
orthography. Ex.: 2.
Note
Ex.:
mdgtig (mayktigh^ powerful. Oj is pronounced like "j" when gjort (yort),made.
3.
Note
Ex.:
gn both
the combination
In
the
letters
H
aspiratesound
same
syllable.
same
are pronounced. (vangn), carriage; lugn (lOngn),quiet.
vagn
15.
has
in the
in
as
English.
hehaga (bayhahga), to please. the consonants: Before Note. j and v it is quite mute. Ex.: (y[ti]l), hvarje (vahryey),each, every. hjul wheel; Ex.:
16. J.
"^'"is pronounced hke English"y
Swedish Ex.
:
in
"yard".
Jord (yoord),earth.
In
Note.
"
it
words
French
is
like
pronounced
"sh"
in
"8hare".
prcjekt (prooshaykt),project.
Ex.:
17.
a) The 1. before
the
2. before
and
e
rihe
Ex.:
3. before
o,
end
"ka
It is
1. before
final
short
a
word
(tahk),roof;
or
Ex.:
Note
pronounced.
2.
syllable. (tacka)to
thank.
"
(chayr) dear; kopa (ch[eu]pa),to (ch[ti]la), cold; kil (cheel),wedge.
:
arkiv
EngUsh 1.
a
tacka
derived hke
a
foreignlanguage
archives (arkeev),
;
anarki (ahnarrkee)anarchy.
X
"L".
Idta L
from
buy; kyla
"k".
18.
Ex.:
o'clock.
pronounced like "ch" in church* o. e, i (exceptNr. a)2.)a and
Except: In words it is pronounced
Note
syllables.
kdr
Ex.:
is like
",
(ohka), to drive.
(klocka),clock, of
tak
Ex.:
i in
and
u
EngHsh
(reekey),kingdom.
klocka
4. at the
Ex.
a,
in
as
consonant.
a
Ex.:
2.
vowels:
pronounced
hopp (kopp), cup;
Ex.:
b)
is
K
consonant
K.
to (lohta),
is mute
let.
before
"j".
sound. Ijus (y[tl]8), light; Ijnd (y[ti]d), In the word "!ivarld" (vayrd) world,
the
L
is not
Pronunciation
of
19.
has
the
sound
same
M
in
as
English.
20.
has
the
sound
same
(the G Ex.:
English.
beginning of
Crfiyat the sound
2f
in
as
is
like
in
P.
word
the
22.
always followed by letter it Jcyby which orthography.
is
^psalm^ (sahlm),psalm.
Q and
is
pronounced like usually replaced in the
"v"
is
hard new
qvist (qveest),branch.
Ex.:
23.
very
English).
JP
English
It is mute
the
hard
a
pldga (plohga) pain.
Ex.:
has
always
gnistttyspark.
pronounced Note.
has
in
as
21.
is
words
mute
never
7
letters.
the
sound
same
as
in
2J
English,but
it is
pronounced
sharp. 24.
Swedish
8 is sol
Ex.: Note.
ending in -sion
mission
(meeshoon),
all vowels
Before
Uke
pronounced
in
"s"
"seat".
sun. (sool),
words
In Ex.:
S.
"""
is
like "8h".
pronounced
mission.
8j, Skj,Stj,and Sch
are
ced pronoun-
like "sh". Ex.:
shoot; stjert sjdl (shail),soul; skjuta (8h[(i]ta), (shayrt),tail;schavott (shahvott)scaffold.
Sh.
a) is pronounced Ex.:
like "sh"
before
i, y,
c,
and
a
o.
sTcen
(shane),shine; "Mwa"i(8heelnahd), difference; shagg (shaigg),beard; slcord (sh[eu]rdor shird), crop.
b)
is
pronounced
Ex.:
sMp
Except: in
like "sk"
before
(skope),cupboard; the words
sTcall
o,
and
u
a.
shall. (skall),
marsJccdh,marshall;mdnnisha,
skarlakan, scarlet etc. in which
man;
a,
it is
pronounced
like sh. Note. the the
In
dirivatives
of root-syllable same
sound
as
which in
the
and ends
in the in
various
"sA;",these
root- word
before
inflections two
"e"
of words
consonants
and
"t".
have
8
Pronunciation.
dishen (from disk),the counter; fldsiket (from flttsk),
Ex.:
the
bacon
(lard);fiskeri(from fisk),fishery. 25.
This
pronounced: English ft* in most
the
tear. (tore), like "ch" in words
in
"^ion" is preceded
(nahchoon), nation.
nation
c) like "sh" in words preceded by a consonant. like -ts before aMie
Ex.:
is
"ia"
*ti(m
when
"si'tion" is
and
tie*
in
foreignwords.
share. (aktsie),
like "ch".
pronounced
thief. tjoch(chock) thick; tjuf {ch[tL]ve),
Ex.:
Note.
in
(lekshoon),lesson.
leMion
Ex.:
Tj
-tion when
vowel.
a
Ex.:
d)
words.
tdr
Ex.:
b) by
is
consonant
a) like
T.
This
sound
corresponds
the
to
sound
Italian
of
"c"
.
in
town (chitta),
cittd
(city). 26.
as
in
r
English. 27.
is w.
W
always pronounced like English v, This letter only occurs in some and
persons
pronounced Ex.: Note.
as
taxera
In
words
in
X
Enghsh.
(taxera)^to rate, in
it is
*xion
29.
lite ess* is pronounced' Ex.:
zebra
in
stress
the
whereas
like
"ksh". "
Z
(neversoft
as
in
English).
(sseybra),zebra.
characteristic
the
tax.
pronounced
"ass"
Accent
" 3. throw
to
reflexion(reyflekshoon),observation.
Ex.:
T6e
names
countries. 28.
is
like English of towns,
never
upon
of
the
prefixesand
Swedish
accentuation
is to
root-syllable of a word, suffixes generally remain
unaccented. tefva^to live; heh^a,
Ex.; N6.
is laid upon
The
dash
it.
placed
above
a
to
please.
syllablemeans
that
the stress
Accent.
I.
Monosyllables. the
Monosyllables have articles:
The
the
before
a
when
or
but
sentence,
weak
den, det and
pronounced apart in
9
accent.
de take
bearing
remain
when
accent
important part
an
unaccented
when
placed
qualifyingadjective. Ex.:
sl^ra
den
dorren,
II.
the
door.
great
Polysyllables.
have generallytwo Polysyllables the root-syllable and accent on the last or penultimate syllable. fader, father; flkhomd,
Ex.: NB.
placed
the
The
above
weak
accent
is
accents, weak
a
the
strong
a
accent
on
girls.
represented
by
small
a
dash
syllable.
the
Exceptions. 1. The
prefixesbe-, e-, ent-, for-and
ge-
always
are
unaccented. Ex.:
2. The
strong on
the
accent
last Ex.:
3. The on
the
befldckd,to stain; forsamld,
simple
in
nouns
assemble.
to
and
-essa
penultimate and syllable.
the
prinsessdyprincess; grefmnnd,
countess.
on
verbs
the
in
penultimate
-era
and
have the
the
also
weak
take
-inna weak
accent
strong
accent
accent
the
on
the
last
syllable. Ex.:
4. The on
the
last Ex.:
studerd, to study; graverd, to engrave. in -eri take the weak substantives
syllable. printing mystert, sedition; trycJcerl,
5. The
the
followingwords penultimateand the weak hvarSst,wherever? 6. The
the
have
the
accent
have
house.
strong
on
makril,mackerel
followingwords penultimate syllable. Ex.:
accent
accent
the last
syllable.
; ^rest^if,whether
the
weak
on
accent
etc. on
public; mdndtUg, monthly; egentlig, offentlig, proper; vasentlig,essential;ordentlig,orderly.
Pronunciation.
10
"
and
characters
English
make
generally
Swedes
The
writing.
Swedish
4.
the
" 1. There
The
Note.
three
the
genders,
feminine
is
it
for
one
sufficient
masculine-feminine
viz:
the
culine mas-
and
(Jum-Jcon),
group
(entcd)
the
and
parts
the
of
3.
or
substantive
pronoun
has
plural parts
The
in
speech
(ling-
ordj. adjective
neuter
always
observed from
nouns or
tant impor-
an
be
preceded the
the
the
by
same.
nnmbers.
CartikelJ.
article noun
The
should
it
followed
remaining
language
" The
2.
the
is
Swedish
hut
are
inflections
Swedish
in
genders
which
" The
the
Englishmen; distinguish
to
articles, their
same
of
study
The
difficult
and
The
genders.
(det-Jcon) genders.
neuter
The
the
remarks.
Swedish
in
are
(han-kon),
The
from
little
letters:
following
Preliminary
The
Latin
handwriting.
Notice
that
differs
handwriting
their
the
of
use
two
numbers:
the
gular sin-
(flertcd).
of
speech.
Swedish
the
are
The
verb
The
adverb
The
preposition
following:
(hdndelseord).
(bmstdndighetsordj. (forord).
(egenskapsord).
The
conjunction
(hindeord).
(ersdttningsord)
The
interjection
(utropsord).
,
11
First Lesson. articles.
The
"
There
1.
definite
independent
I. The
indefinite
1
which
en
or
a
artikel).
and
an
is used
and
article
article
indefinite
article
definite in-
article.
(obestdmd
" 2. The Enghsh article
articles: the
definite
terminal
article,the the
three
in Swedish
are
has
before
is
equivalentto
the
forms:
two
and
masculine
nine femi-
nouns;
Ex.:
The
Ex.:
neuter
nouns.
a flicka (fern.), girl; en
en
ett
" 3. English.
before
is used
2. ett which
barn
(neut.), a
sentences interrogative dr
fadern good?
(masc),
gosse
a
boy;
child.
Is the
formed
are
father
as
in
good?
Words.
broder^ brother.
ja,
skola,school. blad (neut.), leaf. syster, sister.
morfar, grand- father.* grand- mother.* mormor, vin (neut.),wine.
stol,chair.
kott
skdp (neut.), cupboard. farfar,grand-father.^ farmor, grand-mother.^ vatten (neut.), water. brod (neut), bread. Note.
masc.
=
du han
har,
he
but.
meat. (neut.),
nej, no. fader, father.
masculine;
moder,
mother.
hvem?
who?
fern.
to
I have.
har, thou
men,
eller,or; och, and.
Hafva, Jag har,
yes;
=
feminine;
neut.
have.
vi
hafva, we have. hafven^ you have. de hafva, they have.
hast. has.
I
hon har, she has. det har, it has. 1
By
the
father's
side.
* "
By
the
mother's
side.
=
neuter.
12
2.
Lesson
Exercise
1. faafva en
mormor?
och
eller
hafva
och
en
vin.
en
blad.
ett
en
vin.
ett
8. Har
"
fader.
eller
han
6. Har
"
stol,men jag Ja, jag bar
hon
sk"p
ett
och
vatten
Det
har
vatten, vin, brSd 15. Hafva de ett
och
en
"
3. Vi
"
farmor
bar
13. I hafven
"
hafva
syster?
en
har
jag
du vatten? och moder
syster.
en
14. De
"
och bar
du
farfar och
en
kStt
vatten
10. Har
"
och
I
hafva
9. Han
"
11. Vi
"
broder
k(5tt.
har
kOtt?
stol.
en
vin.
5. De
7. Du
"
2. Har
"
4. Hafven
"
"
och
brdd
broder.
en
skola.
en
sk"p?
en
bar
Jag
L
12.
"
sk"p
stol?
en
Exercise
1. We 2. Have
wine
you
\ grand-father
[some]
[some] wine
have
or
5. Has
"
?
and
he
have
bread
and
cupboard
a
[some] bread. brother
a
or
a
chair?
a
I have
and
water
"
and 6.
"
Yes,
7. Have (ickenagot) cupboard. and mother's a side) (by they a father grand8. She has wine, water, bread (by the father's side)? and 9. Has she (some) wine? meat. Yes, she has. 10. Have have bread? No, we we no (ickendgot) bread. he
has
chair, but he has
have
you
3. We
"
have
4. You
"
meat.
water
2.
a
no
grand-mother
"
the "
"
"
"
11. We and you hast
bread
have
a
father.
a
sister?
and
wine.
13. I have
"
15. Hast
"
a
12. The
"
brother
thou
I have
and
cupboard
a
"
a
a
child has
and
sister.
a
grand-mother?
a
mother
14. Have
"
16. Thou
"
chair.
Conversation. har
Hvem Har
du
Hvem
broder?
en
br6d har
k6tt?
och
ett
Jag har Nej, jag Vi
sk"p?
Har
Hafven
eller vin?
vatten
I
Han
vatten.
hafva
sk"p och
ett
stol. har
brSd,
Ja, vi hafva
farfar?
en
har
(ha) en
han
broder.
en
en
vatten
och vin.
farfar och
en
mormor.
Ar
modern
god?
Ja, modern
II. The
Second
Lesson.
terminal
definite
ar
god.
article
(slutarWcel),
"
1.
This
afl"xed to the
English article 1
By
the
article consists end
of substantives.
"the".
father's
of
side.
a
letter It
or
answers
a
syllable to
the
2.
Lesson
14
Jag
I
ar,
du
are.
we
I dren^ you de dro, they
art.
dr, he
han
vi aro,
am.
thou
dr,
be.
to
Vara,
is.
are. are.
dr, she is. det dr, it is.
hon
8.
Exercise
1. Ar
fadern
eller fSnstret.
ar
p" g"rden. vacker.
Aro fadern
11.
"
huset?
14. Vi
"
fbnster.
och
12. Flickan
"
15. Flickan
"
ett
9. Dottern
"
Nej, de
i huset?
men
1. Where
is the
No, she is ngly. and
house
son
4.
The
school). 5.
"
Where
daughter is house?
the
and
p" g"rden; de
icke
aro
4.
the
and
father
the
mother the
and
the
and
the
son
son
and
one
child?
is here.
"
"
"
two
doors
and
but
I have
not
pretty?
a
house? two
"
13.
windows.
it is very room, Yes, she is very
We "
is
daughter here? door is not great but
"
a
The
6.
-
the
"
mother
(in the (en) door.
7. Where
"
10. The No, they are at school. is 11. the child bread beautiful. Has (den) 12. Has she a house? No, but it has meat.
the
in the
are
school
at
are
windows
two
daughter pretty? mother
the
daughter
yard, but
8. Are
"
2. Is not^ the
"
has
room
are
in the
son?
3. The
"
the
"
"
aro
"
rum
Exercise
it
och
i skolan.
aro
9.
stor
ar
ar
13. Hvar hon ar ful. har tv" (two) och rummet
barnet
och
dern mo-
7. Bar-
"
dottern
men
modern
god
ar
hafva
ar
stor
ej
Fadem,
5.
"
3. DSrren
"
fSnstret?
inte har?
dottern ar
god?
Hvar
6.
"
8. Ar
"
10. Sonen
"
p" g"rden. ar
aro
i huset.
icke
dottern
har.
och taket.
Huset
2.
"
4. Ar
"
barnet
och net
god?
have
it
house;
a
thou
14. Hast
and
wine? Has
not
(det)
has
house?
a
No,
15. Is she
(mycket) pretty. good and very pretty. "
Conversation. Hvem Hvar
Ar
god?
ar ar
barnet?
flickan har
Hvem
ar
Det
p" garden.
ar
hon
Nej,
stor? ett
Fadern
hus?
Fadern
god. icke
ar
och
stor.
modern
hafva
ett
hus. Hafva
de
Hvar
Ar
aro
fadern ^
follows a
In the
ett
Ja, de hafva
barn?
flickan och i huset?
barnet?
De
aro
Nej,
dotter.
i skolan.
han
-negative sentences interrogative precedes it subject and never
substantive.
en
ar the
when
p" g"rden. negation the
"icfce"
subject
is
Declension
Third
The
1.
of
language has five declensions varied by four cases: answering to the questionswho?
are
nominative what?
or
2. the
genitiveanswering
3. the
answering to the questionto whom? the accusative or objectivecase answering to what? or questionswhom?
Ex.:
the
When
Ex.:
When
the
of
en
3.
the
or
4.
Note
and
whether
nouns,
ending form, of
s
3. in
nouns
"
4.
The
noan.
schools.
of the
in
the
animate
5, x and that is when
genitive
bams,
ett
take
z
child's.
a no
s
is
the
in
by replaced by preceded
genitive definite in-
the an
strophe apo-
en
prins' sloU,
a
prince's castle.
is used genitive case sometimes objects and
it is used
space, they indicate
in
animate
in
Swedish or
English
with
with inanimate
with
nouns
noting de-
all sorts
of
objects.
declension.
first declension
comprises
all feminine
-a.
The
is formed Ex.:
"
the
the
to
is left unaltered.
I. First
"
to
not
flower;
a
the
prins' or
Whilst
denoting time
of
hlommas,
The
en
definite article is afl"xed
substantive is preceded by the indefinite is formed by adding s to the substantive 'which remains unchanged.
substantive
Ex.:
nouns
case
Nouns
article.
schools.
boy's; skolomas,
indefinite
the
singularand
the
nominative.
article and
the
article
Ex.: Note
in
the
genitive
to
not
the
the
genitive.
formed
terminal the
to
gassens,
2.
Note article the
the
is added
s
the
faders, father's;skolors, of
1.
Note
and
of
" 2. The genitiveis pluralby adding s to
noun
questionswhose?
dative
Formation
the
the
to
of which?
or
4.
substantives.
Swedish
(hqjningar)which 1. the
15
Lesson.
Declension
"
substantives.
of
pluralof nouns by changing
belongingto -a
into
this declension
-or.
flicka^girl;flickor^girls.
5.
The
and
-na
terminal in the
definite article is
plural.
-n
in the singular
3.
Lesson
16
"
Example.
6.
.
Definite
Indefinite
Form.
hlomma, hlommas, hlomma, hlomma,
flower.
Form.
Singtdar, N.
en
G.
en
D.'
en
A.
en
a
of to
hlomman, the flower. G. hlommans, of the flower. flower. D. hlomman, to the the flower. A. hlomman, N.
flower.
a
flower.
a
flower.
a
Plural
blommor,
G.
Uommors,
D.
Uommor^ hlommoTy
A.
N.
flowers.
N.
G.
flowers.
of to
flowers.
D.
flowers.
A.
flowers.
the
blommama^ hlommamas, hlommama, hlommama,
of the flowers. to
the
flowers.
flowers.
the
Words. birds roffdglar,
leokerska,cook.
of prey.
^'uX;,ill,sick. flaska,bottle. i
piga,
maid
[servant].
droska, cab. herdinna, shepherdess.
g"r,yesterday.
padda toad. ^ggla, owl. dsna, ass. dyna, cushion. negrinna, negress.
pa torget,in the market. icke ndgon (masc), not any. hvem? who? domestic 7^udd[;ur(neutr.), tradgdrd, garden.
animal.
alltid,always.
matta,
carpet.
i
kappa,
mantle.
dag, to-day.
hemma^
home.
at
myra,
icke
not ndgot (neut.), w asherwoman. tvdtterska,
any.
djur, animal. 5.
Exercise
1. Kokerskorna en
har
droska? icke
i
har
med en
6.
"
och barnets
amma
pigan.
2. Har
"
droska.
vacker
5. Hvar
"
trftdg"rden?
7. Flickans
"
i huset
Ja, jag
nS.gon kokerska.
(with) pigan vacker.
ftro
3.
"
ant.
dosa, box.
S.r barnet?
Flickans ar
det
"r
docka
Ni*
4. Du
"
ftr
med
mycket 8. Aro
alltid sjuk. "
p" torget? Nej, de arc p" g"rden med fadern. i gossens 10. Flaskan 9. Herdinnan ar ar mycket sjuk. min 11. Farfar* ar p" gatan med ficka. (my) moder. 12. Negrinnan har matter. 13. Grefvinnans matter are med 14. Paddan, ugglan och "snan are prinsessornas dynor. 16. Hvem 15. Dynerna are i dreskan p" g"rden. djur. 17. kekerskan? ar p" terget? ar det pigan eller Nej, det 18. Vi hafva v"r icke n"get bam, ar tvatterskan. men pigoma
"
"
"
"
"
"
-
"
"
"
"
^
for
and ' 8
the
The
dative
case
is often
preceded by
the
prepositions dt,
till. Ni? Singular polite form: Har (have you?).^ Farfar, morfar, farmor, far, mor, hror etc. do
terminal
deflnite
article.
not
take
och
(our) syster bar tv" barn, en son och dufvoma loma aro roflF"glar icke i skolan; de "ro hemma. aro
have
1. We am
cushions.
ill,but
not
animal?
my
4. The
"
Ugg-
20. Gossarne
6.
is ill.
ill
you
No,
to-day?
3. Is the
"
ass
mestic do-
a
daughter has carpets.
countess's
"
6. Have
children? no pretty. you father The 8. is at a a son daughter. home, the maid is in the garden and the child is at school. 9. Have (sing,politeform) a bottle or a glass? you 11. The mother's cloak is 10. The girl has two mantles.
girl'sdoll
5. The "
is not
19.
-"
"
2. Are
"
mother
dotter.
en
husdjur.
aro
Exercise
I
17
substantives.
of
Declension
"
and
have
7.- We
"
"
"
"
12. Is the
ugly. "
the toad
ant
and
she
is at home.
13. The child in the street or at home? 14. not The animals. is cook are here, "
"
15. The
"
box
is in the
boy's pocket.
CoiiTersation. Ar
med
barnet
Ja, de Ja, hon
pigan?
Ar flickans docka
vacker?
Hvem ar p" torget? Aro gossarne i skolan? Hvar ar dynan?
Ar flaskan i gossens Har
du
kokerskan. har.
aro
I droskan.
ficka?
Nej, flaskan ar p" Ja, jag har en stor
droska?
en
de
trftdgdrden.
mycket vacker.
ftr
och
Pigan Nej,
ftro i
bordet. och vacker
droska.
Ar tvatterskan
i
hemma
Ja, hon
dag?
Fourth n.
"
1. To
the
Second
masculine
nouns
2. the
masculine
and
3.
terminations
great number
a
in
a
consonant,
in -e; feminine and are
of
branch; hamn, port form
2.
The
their Ex.:
Elementary
belong:
-d, -en, -er, unaccented;
these
when
nouns
ending
disk, connter;
fish,fish;
greny
etc.
belongingto pluralby adding -ar to the yngling,youth; yngUngar^ Grammar.
-domj -ing,
as:
substantives
Swedish
in
nouns
monosyllabic such
gdrdy yard; Gtid, God;
"
Lesson.
declension
-ling^-ning, -nung three
hemma.
Declension.
second
1. the
ar
this declension
nominative.
youths. 2
18
Lesson
1.
Note
Ex.: Note
Nouns gosse,
2.
4.
ending in -e drop boy; gossar^ boys. in
Nouns
-"Z,-en
and
it before
also
-er
adding
drop their
f^gel,bird; fAglar; vagn, carriage; vagnar^ aeger, victory; segrnir, victories. terminal definite article is -n 3. The
Ex.:
" singularand
the
-na
or
-nc
in the
ar.
-e.
carriages; or
in
-en
plural.
article -ne is, properly speaking, the Note. The terminal but the use of the article -na definite article for masculine nouns, is becoming and for masculine nouns more more general.
Examples.
" 4.
I. SnbstantiTes Indefinite
ending
in
-e.
Definite
Form.
Form.
Singular, N.
en
G.
en
goBSCy a boy. gosseSy of a boy
D.
en
gosscy to
A.
en
gosse,
a
(aboy's).
boy. boy. a
N.
gossen,
G. D.
^o"se"w, of the gossen, to the
A.
gossen,
N.
gossarney
G.
gossames^
the
boy.
boy (theboy's). boy. boy.
the
Plural N. G.
boys.
gosaar,
of
gossarSy
boys (boys').
the
boys. boys (the
of the
boys'). D. A.
D.
boys. boys.
to
gossar, gossarj
II. Substantive
A.
to
gossame,
the
ivith varions
boys. boys.
the
gossame,
terminations.
Singular. Indefinite N.
en
G.
en
D.
en
A.
en
Definite
Form.
gdrd, a yard. gdrdSy of a yard. gdrd, to a yard. pdrd, a yard.
Form.
N.
gdrden,
G.
gdrdens, of the yard. gdrden^ to the yard. ^^drden, the yard.
D. A.
the
yard.
Plural, N. G. D. A.
gdrdar, yards. gdrdars, of yards. gdrdanr, to yards. gdrdar, yards.
N. G. D. A.
gdrdama, gdrdamas, gdrdama, gdrdama,
the of to the
yards.
yards.
the the
yards.
yards.
Words.
dotferson",grandson. sondotter^, granddaughter. sonson', grandson. granddaughter. dotterdotter*,
1
son's
The eon.
kvinna,
the
kammarherre,
chamberlain.
' The son's daughter's son. * The daughter's daughter. "
"
woman.
ddlig,bad. pd landet, in
country.
daughter.
' "
The
Declension
substantives.
of
harfibarn,grandchild.
boot. stofvel,
husband. man, son-in-law.
man,
samling, collection. segel,sail. Jconung,king. drdng, servant. farbror,uncle. fdgel,bird. utldndning,foreigner. Jcyrkoherde, parson. drottning,queen. anstdllning,(post)employment.
alshvdrdj amiable. vdnner, friends. coachman. Jctisk, nurse.
sjuJcdom,disease, illness. tanke, thought. dufca, pigeon. spegel,looking-glass. hvar?
cousin. Ictisin, egendom, property. frdmling, stranger.
where?
yngJing,youth. prinsessa^princess.
celebrated. her6md[a] (plur.), Exereise
1. Farfar terskans
har
p" garden med ar
dotterson
en
mycket sjuk.
ar
man
7.
och 3.
"
Ar
p4
ar
en
4.
"
har
"
tanke
8. Farbroderns f"glar:en uggla och "
tv" 11.
Utlandningames
12.
Mitt
sondotter
en
i dag; ban icke hemma 15. Ynglingens fader
och ar
sonson.
p"
landet
"
"
med
9. Barnet
Ni
aro
"
"
(friends),
vanner
"
konungens drang bans (his) son och
drottningens kammarherre;
de?
13. Hon har tv" 14. Kyrkoherden ar
icke
ar
har
speglar?
hvar
hemma;
en
-
10. Har
alskvard.
ar
amma
"
"
icke
aro
m"g och ban har (daiighters)arc i
en
d"lig.
ar
dufva.
en
barn
barnbams
barnbarn:
Konungens sjukdom tradg"rden? Nejy
dSttrar
"
skolan.
2. TvSt-
"
i husefc eller i
drangen 6. Jag torget. svardotter. 7. Drangames
farlig.
ban
sondotter.
en
Arc mSgen och svardottem
flickornas ammor?
5.
"
reindeer.
ren,
mdg, svdrdoUerj daughter-in-law. farlig,dangerous.
amma,
19
ban
men
kusk
ar
ar
bos
prinsessan. Exercise
8.
2. Where are employment. is in the country with the king. 3. The the boots? queen 5. Have 4. The parson's illness is not dangerous. you
foreignerhas
1. The
no
"
"
"
"
(sing.)a have
a
man-servant and
cook
no
coachman.
cook's cousin.
is the
and
a
cook's
the
grandson son-in-law, but they
reindeer
is
a
domestic
estates. (properties)
"
13. Are
you
7. The
"
animal. 11. The
a
a "
no
maid
but
we
band hus-
washerwoman's
washerwoman's
daughter 8. They have yard. 9. The daughter-in-law. "
"
-
10. The
king's and
queen's
strangers'collections
12. The
king'svictories
foreigner?
home; he is in the country. glass is very pretty.
at
have
the
in
have
(m"rkvdrdiga),
We
6. The
"
are
"
"
maid?
a
or
"
"
14. The 15. The
are are
markable re-
brated. celeis not
parson
girl'slooking2*
20
5.
Lesson
Gonyersatioii. Kokerskans
sjuk? Ar konungens sjukdom farlig? Hvem
ftr
Hvar
ftr
Hvar
"ro
Har
spegeln? flickornas
ntl"ndningen
ammor?
en
dotter?
en
Hvilka
bar
Han
eller
son
man.
Nej, konongens sjnkdom "r icke farlig. HUr, p" stolen. De Uro p" landet med knsken. en
n"gon
(which) f"glarhar Ni?
har
Jag
icke
men
son,
dotter. och
dufvor
tv"
en
uggla. Aro
dina
hftr?
v"nner
arkuskhosprinsessan*?
Hvem
S.ro h"r
Ja, de Min
broders
med
min
fader.
vftn.
Fifth Lesson. m.
1. the
masculine
and
-ndr; feminine
2. the
masculine and
-en
nouns
ending in -ad, -nady -shop
nouns
ending ending
nouns
the
-is and
feminine
and
-wr,
which
language
and
have
the
neuter
and 5. the 6.
great number
a
from
polysyllabic and
gender
of
with
in the
-er
Note
-asSy
ending in from a foreign the last syllable;
on
end
in
-eum
and
-ium
in -m;
nouns
monosyllabic
various
nouns
of each
terminations, such
as:
salt (fern.), lady; salt (neut.),
of the
third declension
etc.
take
plural.
Ex.:
the
-at, -ant,
come
neuter
substantives
The
2.
in
-d, -t, -sty
Latin;
prast (masc), priest;dam
"
-an,
nouns
accent
which
nouns
derived
are
in
-dng;
-ik, rion the
4.
contains:
and
'het, -else,-and 3. the
Declension.
declension
1. This
"
Third
1.
mdnad,
ment, mdnader, months; rorelse, movemotion; rorelser, movements; tryckeriy printing-office; tryckerier,printing-offices.
The
month;
words
in
-else drop
the
final-e before
taking
plural ending. Ex.:
Note d into
2.
The
hdndelse,event nouns
(occurrence);hdndeher, events. ending in -and and -dng change a and
a.
Ex.: "
1
At
the
tandy tooth; t"nder^ teeth; tdng, pincers; tdngeVy pincers, tongs etc. princess's.
22
Lesson
5.
Plural N.
spinnerier,spinning-mills.
N.
spinneriema^
the
spinning-
mills. G.
of
spinneriers,
spinning-
G.
spinneriemas,
of
the
ning-mills. spin-
the
ning-mills. spin-
mills. D.
spinnerier,to spinning-mills.
D.
spinnerierna,
to
A.
spinnerier,spinning-mills.
A.
spinnerierna,
the
spinning-
mills.
Words,
d, river. pennin^ar or pengar, money. engelsmany Englishman.
hekantskap,acquaintance. dnskan\
skatt, treasure. tafla,picture.
madrass, mattress. kines, Chinese. portugis,Portugnese. kostnad, cost/ expense.
Sverige,Sweden. pi.
angendm, hur(uj
agreeahle. many?
-a,
mdnga?
how
hedr"geri(n),fraud. plats,place. slott (n),castle.
hredvid, near. sett, seen.
neighbour. hog, pi. -a, high. beromdy pi. -a, celebrated. skadlig,pi. -a, noxious. A:op*,bought.
ficka,pocket. resa, journey. skald, poet. snickeri (n),joiner's furstinna, princess. Tysklandy Germany.
pra"ne,
^jor*,made. saga,
/or,
say. for (and too
work.
tid,time. before
an
adj.).
ros,
rose.
Gudy God.
trettio,thirty. min
desire, wish.
bok, book.
Herre.f sh-l
(n),distillery.
brdnneri
mtdlvad, mole.
grefve,earl. mickare, joiner. tryckeri(n),printing-oflSce.
despair. fortviflan^y predikant, preacher.
hon,
gata,
prayer. virtue.
street.
dygd,
Haf^a,
Jag hade,
I had.
(2u hade, thou
vi
hadst.
J
Exercise
Tryckerierna och
2. Barnets nader 5. Min
arc
bSner f6r
fader
Without
arc
hoga. hade
hade,
haden,
had.
we
you
had.
de hade, they had.
/ian ^a(2e,he had. hon hade, she had. det hade, it had.
1.
have.
to
fabrikerna
angenama "
tv"
plural.
4.
9.
bredvid
arc
fSr Gud.
fabriker
3. Eesans
"
Sveriges skalder i Stockholm.
"n.
arc "
"
kost-
ber(5mda.
"
6. Branneriet
DeclenBion
moders
min
ar
mannen.
min
egendom. Dygden ar
8.
"
Herrel
hafya
13. Ar
"
med
ar
konstnarens
i
flickans fbrtviflan.
20.
"
Jag
har
Har
du
15.
"
plats?
gjort hade 17. Av
Jag "
18. Hade
"
din
Ynglingens Snskan
k"pt
Exercise
hafva 12. De
berSmda.
snickeri.
ett
19.
"
vi
aro
14.
dag?
hade
Stockholm?
i
fabrik
en
vi?
de
"
k5pt tanger. eller din moders det din systers (plats) broder
hafva
museer;
son
farbror
bedrageri,
ar ett
"
tafia berOmd?
16. Min
"
saga engels-
pengar"
skadligadjur.
aro
Berlins
23
9. Det
"
tander
m"nga
och
konstnarens
bekantskap
skatt.
en
11. MuUvaderna
"
Stockholms
sett
7. "Tid
"
10. Huru
-"
trettio tander.
Bubstantiyes.
of
i
bok
en
och
dag.
10.
2. Have the river. princess'scastle is near earl had castle 3. The a bought the artist's picture? you ^ celebrated. in Sweden. German 4. The poets are 5. It is my brother's. 6. My bour neighplace and not my
1. The
"
"
"
"
"
had
bought
joiner'swork. 8.
We
have
10. Had
The
9. I had
the
"
The
pictures in had
girl'smother 20.
"
They
is in the
the
roses.
in
with
street
Berlin?
at
museum
19. Where
"
are
"
11. No, but I had is near the joiner's printing-office
Portuguese?
to
are
the
garden
with
the
washerwoman's
you
18. The and
nurse
the
child and
the
"
money.
Have "
the
God.
no
"
bought
"
time.
no
"
16.
cook
the
cousin's
my
the mattress?
are agreeable girl'sprayers 15. too They had are high. expenses 17. The Englishman had a treasure. "
maid?
bought
you
"
12. The
"
13.
have
preacher to-day.
seen
the Chinese.
seen
"
not
you
house. 14.
the
seen
distilleryand
uncle's
my
7. Where
"
the
husband.
Conversation. Hvad
saga engelsmannen?
"Tid
Hade
din
Ja, han
fader
fabrik?
en
ar
vid ^
Hvems Huru
egendom
ar
barn
m"nga
Min
vans
hade
Han
hade
drott-
ningens har pigankSpt p"torget?
Hvad
hvem
har
bekantskap
i
flickan
gjort
dag?
Hvar
har
Hvem
har sett Berlins museer?
du
k6pt boken?
tvS, s5ner
of
Germany
och
en
dotter. Hon
har
Min
fader
kOpt kStt och socker. Hon har gjort bekantskap med engelsmannens son. holm. Jag har k6pt boken i Stock-
poets.
" "
och
jag
hafva
och Stockholms
de Construct.:
bred-
fader.
Berlins
*
fabrik
en
"n.
tryckeriet?
kammarherre?
Med
pengar."
hade
aro
Whose.
beromda.
sett seer; mu-
24
6.
Lesson
Sixth
Lesson.
Fourth
Declension.
ly.
"
declension
1. This
1. all neuter
nouns
2. all neuter
nouns
ends
of which
The
2.
declension
1. -^ in
-a
their
a
knees.
belonging
pluralin
to
the
fourth
-n.
backles.
definite
article is:
singular.
spannet,
in the Ex.:
root
vowel.
terminal
the
Ex.:
2.
in
spdnne, buckle; spdnnen^
The
3.
the (most monosyllables)
substantives
form
"x.:
"
in -e;
knd, knee; kndn,
Ex.:
"
contains:
hackle.
the
plural.
spannena,
"4.
the
buckles.
Example.
Indefinite
form.
Definite
form.
Singular. K, G.
ett
D.
ett
A.
ett
ett
rikej a kingdom. riJces,of ^ kingdom tike, to a kingdom. rike, a kingdom.
"N.
G.
riket,the kingdom. rikets,of the kingdom.
D.
riket,to
A.
riket,the
the
kingdom. kingdom.
Plural
rikena, the kingdoms. G. rikenas, of the kingdoms. D. rikena, to the kingdoms. A. rikena, the kingdoms. N.
riken, kingdoms. G. rikens, of kingdoms. D. riken, to kingdoms. A. riketi,kingdoms. N.
Words.
mdnniska,
man.
hertig,duke. hertiginna,duchess. ktisin,cousin. bur, dng,
cage. meadow.
hikupa, bee-hive. Norge, Norway. 8tol,chair; sett, seen.
aldrig,never. framfor, before. this.
alltid,always.
denne,
is divided. utdelcts,
fiaska,bottle.
knif, knife. golf (n),floor.
fern,five.
honung, honey.
trad, tree. hdst, horse. stdU (n), stable. skepp (n),ship.
(n),sense. smycke (n),jewel. hdlte (n),belt. intet (n),no (not any).
sinne
sto
trd
(n),mare.
(n),wood.
(n),6re [farthing]. fro (n),seed. ho (n),hay. *acA;e (n),covering. lofte (n),promise. glas (n),glass, sate (n),seat, apple (n\ apple.
styre (n),rudder.
ore
Mfte (n),part (of a work). tomfmaj (pL),void. hrdde (n),board. dike (n),ditch. childhood.
bamdom,
(n),remembrance. fti (n),bee. ndste(n\ nest.
iittnne
I
var,
was.
de" t7ar, thou han var, he Tion var,
wast.
(ici var,
it
vi
we
voro,
was.
Exercise
1. Manniskan
fern sinnen.
har
hade
kusin
4. Barndomens
balte,
hade
Ja, de
voro
i fickan.
intet 6re
hastar
11. Har
du
tacke
ett
5. Bina
"
i stallet.
"
gfira i
voro
9. Han
"
hafva
Skepp Nej, men
"
hertigens
8. Voro
"
10.
for resan?
balten.
tv"
och nastena
voro
"
-
i slottet.
voro
i nastena
her-
sett
hen
jag hade
men
Nej, de p" angen? och h5 kopt frS, tra pd torget.
har
2. Har
"
alltid angenama.
arc
Faglarne
6.
"
7. Vi
"
och
ston
"
intet
minnen
(make) homing. traden.
Vere.
11.
tiginnans och hertigens smycken? 3. Din
was.
I voren, you were. "ic t?oro, they were.
was.
she
be.
to
Fara,
Jag
25
of substantives.
Declension
jag
styren. har
en
i trettio haften. 12. Denna bok utdelas kappa. 14. Sverige och loften Hertigens voro aldrig tomma. och 15. Knifven var p" bordet Norge bilda en halfb^. 16. bikupa i min tradJag har en glaset pS bradet. Har bur? i 17. du din g"rd. Nej, jag har en bur, f"glar 19. Baltet huset. inte f"glar. 18. Satena aro framfor men icke djupt (deep). 20. Diket ar p" stolen. ar stor
"
"
13.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Exereise
1. She
has
the
apples on
mares
and
"
6. The
king and
and
the
"
had
(sin) cage.
deep,
the
queen in were
duchess and
the
but
bee-hive
river the
in
castle. is in the
"
not
the countess's
queen'sjewels.
the
seen
the
were
the
bought
you
cousin has
2. Were
"
deep.
very
was
garden and bees
7. The
garden
before
the are
the
9. We bought the covering? you The in 10. not a farthing("re) our pen (the) pocket. the glass and the bottle is on the floor. the plank near
house. had
the
bee-hive
My
not
was
her
3. Have
"
4.
"
ditch
duke
is
table?
horses?
5. The
"
in
the
in
bird
no
12.
8. Where
"
have
"
"
on
11. The two
rudder ^
buckles. of the
Bilda
girdleand princes'promises.
shepherdess's daughter had
en
12. The
"
ship. halfo
14. We
"
==
form
a
a
the
"
had
no
covering,but
peninsula.
girdle
13. The had we
26
a a
7.
Lesson
15. Where great cloak. and thirty birds. cage
17. The
"
meadow
with of
property the
children.
the
knives?
the
are
-"
18. The
"
neighbour's father^.
my
king's collections.
have
foreignersare in printing-houseis I
19.
"
foreignerhad
20. The
"
16. We
"
have
the the seen
employment.
no
Conversation. Huru
sinnen
m"nga
har
har
M"nniskan
fem
sinnen.
m^nniskan? Voro
hertigens
hastar
Nej, de
p"
i stallet.
voro
"ngen? de
Hafva
hade
b9.1ten
mS.nga
De
sett
SU'O alltid
hade
Han
hertiginnans
i slottet.
smycken
smycken? HuiTL 9.robarndomensminnen? Huru
de hafva
hertiginnans Ja,
sett
angen"ma.
intet b9.1te.
konungens drftng? Hvad
Bina
g6ra bina?
Hvar Huru
figlar har
m"nga
p" bordet bredvid glaset. Min bro[d6]r har en bur men inga f"glar. Diket ar djupt och bredt. Nej, bikupan ar bredvid "n
din
broder? Huru
diket?
ar
Ar bikupan
i
g6ra honung.
Knifven
knifven?
var
tradg"rden?
var
framfbr Hafven
I ett tacke for
Nej,men
?
resan
Seventh
" 1. The fifth a) all masculine 1. in
-are;
2. in
-ande;
b)
the
neuter
Except: the from
Latin
which
" 2. The unchanged Ex.: ^
Of
my
stor
kappa.
includes:
nouns
and
peoples
the
foreign (loan)
in -er;
substantives
c) all
en
Declension.
declension
of
names
vi hafva
Lesson.
Fifth
V.
huset.
ending
nouns
neuter
belong
substantives in the
in
nouns
the
to
in
a
und
-eum
third
consonant. -turn
derived
declension.
of the fifth declension
remain
plural.
barn, child neighbour's
and father
children. =
af min
grannes
fader.
of substantives.
Declension
"
The
3.
masculine
a) for
in the
-w
Ex.:
2.
b)
1. -et in the
2.
-e"
-e
drop it before
adding
singular.
bordetj the
table; bamet,
child.
the
plural.
borden,
the
tables; barnen,
II. Neuter Indefinite
in
nouns
in the Ex.:
ending
article.
for neuter
Ex.:
bakers.
the
substantives
definite
terminal
baker.
the
plural.
bagame,
The
Note.
children.
the
Nouns. Definite
form.
form.
Singular, N.
ett
G.
ett
D.
ett
A.
ett
bord, a table. bords, of a table.
bordy to bord, a
a
table.
table.
G.
bordet, the bordets, of
D.
bordet,
A.
bordet, the
N.
to
table. table.
the the
table.
table.
Plural. N. G.
D. A.
this
nouns
bagaren,
Ex.:
the
for
singular.
in the
-ne
article
is:
declensions
1.
definite
terminal
27
bordy tables. bords, of tables. bard, to tables. bord, tables.
borden, the tables. G. bordens, of the tables. N.
D. A.
borden,
to
borden,
the
the
tables.
tables.
28
7.
Lesson
Words.
carriage. fursteyprince. brefkort(n),post-card. Drankrike (n),France.
skraddare, tailor. prof (n),sample. lamm (n),lamb, frrc/" (n),letter. botanist. hotaniJcer, (n), passport. pass fartgg (n),vessel.
v"ign^
I^^r"-
^'
skold^escutcheon. fAtt got, received. hdrd"f heard. hdsta, best. fyra, four. mitt (n),my. ko, cow. England, England.
arhetare, workman.
forstugudorr,front bud (n),messenger. tryckare,printer. medd (n),means. tal (n),number. ur (n),watch. hdgier,Belgian. traveller.
remndey fru, wife, lady. neighbour. granne,
(n),tower. fol (n),foal, (n),proprietor. a^are omslag (n),wrapper, German. tysfce, skarp (n\ scarf. torn
urtnakare,watchmaker. furditma, princess. mdlat, painted. born. foddes,was snahbaate,swiftest. the high " iyppna sjon, on .'s at hos, (house). ditt (n),thy (your). Tyskland, Germany. .
galler (n),railing. 6rufc
(n),poison, fift oja, cot.
Exereise
1. bamet
bar
Vagnen ett
skQlden.
ur?
tv"
3. M"larne
"
6.
"
fyra
"
och
stona
tv"
hastarne bref i
och
11. Slottets agare ar min rikes viner aro de basta. -
"
har
k5pt mitt
14. Linn6
var
15. Brefvets
n"got sj6n.
arbetames
17.
"
fartyg "
en
19.
aro
de
i Stockholm
korna.
hos
"
och
Englands fartyg aro snabbaste.
hade
fbddes
16.
"
ett
12. Frank-
"
k5pt ditt
ur?
urmakare. i
basta,
"
Sverige. hade men
"
icke
Tysk-
i 6ppna Skeppet var 20. skarp. Jag hSrde
18.
"
brefkort.
tv"
Tysken
de
bonden
p" ftngen med 10. Jag har
berOmd
en
botaniker; han
Borgmastaren
samtal.
voro
var
resandens
sett
8. Har
"
broder. grannes 13. Hvar har du
omslag l"g p" boken.
pass.
lands
ur
ber5md
Ni
Har
syster ett bref
min
"
5. Snickaren
"
torn.
9. Folen
i stallet med
voro
dag
m"lat
belgier.
ar
"
2. Har fyra. hertigens vapen p" har
droskan
hade
4. Handlanden
"
18.
hjul, men
pS gatan med skraddarens fru. 7. Furstens slott hade prof? kSpt fyra eller fern lamm?
Jag
(n),cry. (n),works.
rap
.
(n),arm.
vapen
"
(n), conversation.
samtoZ
hjid (n), wheel.
f"tt
door,
"
30
8.
LesBon
Eighth Lesson. Irregularitiesin
the
formation
of
the
plural
of
plural forms, irregular
but
nouns.
"
1.
The
declension
This
first declension.
has
no
it contains: 1. Certain
such
that
nouns
used
are
only in
the
plural;
as:
anoTy
inelfvorjbowels.
hannor^ chiding.
dtMfvor etc.,manners, gestures. substantives which have served pre-
hdfvor, estate.
compound
2. Some
victuals.
matvaror,
atfcestors.
form
their ancient
of
genitivein
and -u; such
-o
as:
manniskokdrleky philanthropy. mdnniaJcodtarejman-eater. salupriSj sale-price.
salutorg, market. varumdrke, tradevarulager feminine
3. Some as
in
When
-e.
the
to
the
in the
skugga
"
The
singularbut
in
-e
second
they
are
masculine.
declension.
somrar,
summer.
afton, evening. morgan,
morgnar,
modify
nouns
four
unchanged
nouns
in the
hjerter,hearts. ruter, diamonds.
the
summers.
mornings.
djdfvlo/r,devils.
moder, mother. dotter,daughter. 3. The
of
aftnar, evenings.
morning.
djdfvulydevil. 2. Two
follow
plural.
The
sommar,
are
in the
ding accor-
but
ending
2.
declined
are
well
as
a
followingnouns drop the vowel syllablebefore taking the pluralending:
1.
final
When
they
in
skugge, shade; skuggan or sktu/gen,the skuggor in the plural.
or
shade, Note.
-e
declension
first declension Ex.:
in
end
which
nouns
ending
second
mark.
etc., warehouse.
their root- vowel:
modrar, mothers. dottrar, daughters.
indicatingthe plural:
colours
of cards
klofver,club, clubs. spader, spade, spades.
4.
Some
that
nouns
81
of substantives.
Declension
end
in
well
as
-e
in
as
-a
in
singular,thus belonging to the first and the second declensions but in the pluralthey are declined according the
to
declension.
second
the
timme
Ex.:
tiwma,
or
timmci/r
Such
in
the
hour; timman^ plural.
the
are:
mdne,
ande, breath; droppe, drop; make, husband; tanke, thought etc.
"
3.
third
The
1. Several
the
but
hour,
masculine and
root-vowel before
taking
declension.
and
the
modify
nouns
double
the final
sonant con-
pluraltermination:
fotter,feet,
fot, foot,
feminine
of them
most
moon;
son.
son,
sons.
soner^
hot, fine.
hoter,fines. the Notice plural of: hock, hooker, book, books; ledamot, ledamoter, member, members; noty notter, walnut, walnuts; get, rot, root,
rottevy roots,
getter,goat, goats and van, 2. A few masculine
vdnner,
root-vowel, but
double
do
and
not
friend, friends.
feminine
modify
nouns
the final consonant
the
in the
plural: hokstaf,letter.
hokstdfoer,letters. stdder,towns. natter, nights. fader, fathers.
8tad, town. natt, night.
fader, father. 3. The u,
0
and
mascuUne form
a
and
their
ihoJsewife.'"'"''""*"1Srewives. sow.
rd, yard.
8ko, shoe. vallmo, poppy. ftoweZc, countryman. fiende,enemy. ho, inhabitant.
frdnde,
hor
cows.
sor,
sows.
skor, shoes. valhncyr^, poppies. himder, countrymen. fiender, enemies.
6or",
vallmohlommor. etc.
inhabitants.
relatives. franker,
relative.
parishioners
kor,
rdr, yards. sldr, rods. tdr, toes.
8ld,rod. id, toe.
Or
-o,
maidens.
mor,
ko, cow.
1
-e,
-r.
stadgar, statutes.
maiden.
^^'^
80,
in -a,
nouns
pluralby adding
stadga, statute. mo,
feminine
* "
Only
in
compound
words:
socken-
82
8.
LesBon
Note.
Ex.:
1.
and
man
2.
in
men,
manner^
(unchanged), man, forming a whole.
a
when
man
form
"%
their
plural
gularly. re-
teori,theory; teorier, theories; qvdliU, quality; qvalitSer,qualities. has two word man, pluralendings: man,
The
4.
in -i and
foreign nouns
The
general sense; denoting a
group
of persons Ex.:
"
tio tusen
4.
The
1. To
declined
man
ten (soldiers),
fourth
thousand
declension.
this declension
belong six nouns pluralaccordingto the third
in the
men.
which and
are
fourth
declensions; viz: arende, business. fdngelse,prison. hrdde, board. tdchelsejcovering.
cirendeti
drender, business. fdngeUer, prisons. fdngelsen brdden or brdder, boards. tdckelsen or tdckelser, coverings. oden or oder, odes. ode, ode. regemente, regiment, regementen or regementer, regiments. gular 2. The word: oga, eye, and ora, ear, have an irreor
or
plural. Ex.:
"
ogon,
5.
eyes;
The
1. The
word:
2. The
word:
dron,
ears.
fifth declension.
fruntimmer, ladies,has three different used with the definite article; viz: pluralforms when fruntimren (fruntimrena and fruntimmema). and the
takes
finger,finger,is both
neuter
the
definite article
followingendings when in the plural:fingren or
and
culine mas-
used
with
fingrarne.
Words. det finns, there
Afrika,
is
(are).
Afnka.
forhund,
association.
fransman, Frenchman. Muhh, club. bland, among. vdgg, wall. sweet. (pi.), Goteborg, Gothenburg.
sota
under, dnnu,
under.
still.
Idrjunge,pupil. bal, ball. ej Idngre, no longer (more). sockeriho, parishioner. finished. afslutna (pi.), hlda
blue. (pi.), falsk,false. spdkort (n),card. mdktig, powerful. fdrg, colour.
15.
Exereise
1. Dei
finns %nna
jnngens
bScker
bnndets
ledamdter "
och
icke
hafva
tv"
p"
8. F6r-
"
fTaDsm9.n
"ro
och
sSner
2. USa:-
"
stolen.
engelsm"n; de
9it) icke
4. Bfindema
belgier.
i A"ika.
mUnniskolltare
pi,bordet
arc
33
of Bnbstantives.
Declension
och
fyra dOttrar.
"
fUder voro pi. balen och gossames 7. B(5nder6. Vi hade ej flera matvaror. p" klubben. med ftro hustrur nas borgmftstarenspigor. 8. Kyrp" torget 9. Huru hade inga fiender bland sina sockenbor. koherden 10. Skorna ftro under bordet m"nga f5tter har manniskan? 5. Flickomas
mddrar
voro
"
"
"
"
"
bredvid
vftggen.
11. Bakelserna
"
ruter,klSfver forgeraro: hjerter,
kortens
hafva
noma
l"nga
6ron.
GSteborg aro
och
Frankrike
tvl, lander.
h5ga.
aro
17. Finns
"
arenden
landens
mj6lk.
det aro
have
cook
5. The where
6.
"
and
mother
9. The
"
and
pupil'sbooks are they?
Stockholm?
16.
No,
have
we
7. Was
"
sister?
and
goats
were
she not
tuals. vic-
more
no
prince's theories
the
mayor's and
two
sons
are
false.
"
the
boy's copybooks are not here; Have not bought the shoes in you she at (pa) the ball with her (sin)
8. Are
"
3. Had
-
"
4. The
"
mycket
aro
Sverigearo mycket angenama.
walnuts.
bought daughters?
Sverigeoch
"
i
neighbour'smaid-servant
My
2.
"
"
"
still victuals?
we
bl"a.
aro
Fangelsetsvaggar
Exercise 1. Have
"
Sgon
Spel-
13. As-
spader.
stader,men
tv"
16.
"
12.
"
18. Handmycket vallmo p" angen? 19. Korna afslutna. hafva ej langre
20. Somrarna
"
och
14. Flickans
"
15. Stockholm
two
fBr s6ta.
arc
near
in Africa? there still man-eaters the river and the shepherdess was
tives. rela10. The countryman has no more before the house. 11. The members of the association are not Frenchmen; Germans 12. The club is before my and Belgians. they are "
"
"
uncle's
garden.
Germany
and
1, 2, 3, "
The
Englishman
club with his (sina)friends. two towns of Sweden. are
the
"
13.
"
4
are
18. Are there 19. Are
20. The
ass
powerful.
are
figures. poppiesin "
there not has
long
any
at
(pa)
and Gothenburg
"
"
"
always
was
14. Stockholm 15. The armies of France 16. A, B, C are letters and
17. The
the meadow? knives
had
teacher
Yes,
"
and
spoons
on
thirtypupils. near
the river.
the table?
--
ears.
Conversation. Hvar Finns
voro
b5cker? larjungens
det annu
manniskoatare
bSnderna
Elementary
voro
Ja,
p" bordet.
det
finns
skoatare
pd jorden? Voro
De
p" landet?
Swedish
Grammar.
Nej, de
voro
annu
manni-
i Afrika. i staden. 8
34
9.
Lesson
Hvilka
ftro: hjerter, spelkortens ftlrger? Spelkortensftlrger
aro
rater, kldfv^er och spader. Hnr
flickans
aro
Aro
5gon?
De
Sverige an-
Ja
i
somrama
genama? Voro
icke
damema
blda.
"ro
visst,de
ftro
genftma. Jo, de voro
p" balen?
mycket
p" balen
an-
med
prinsessansd5ttrar. Hade
fiender
kjrkoherden
l^ej,han
sina sockenbor?
bland
alia
bans
Aro de fransmftn
eUer
De
engels-
ftro
hade
bans
inga fiender;
sockenbor
voro
yftnner.
belgier.
mftn?
Hafva
koma
Nej, de
mj5lk?
anna
Ninth The
ej Iftngremjdlk.
Lesson. of
gender
bafva
substantives.
I. Masctiline. Masculine
are:
of a) All appellations
and
male
mdlare, painter; bonde, countryman;
Ex.:
b)
men
The
the
of
names
seasons,
months,
forests. Ex.:
c) The
nouns
1. -ad and Ex.:
2. -ande Ex.:
3.
summer;
sommary
ending
lordag,Saturday. in:
-nod.
mdnadj month;
(names
skilnad, difference.
persons).
of
handlande,
merchant.
-are.
Ex.:
Idrare, teacher.
4. -dfom. Ex.:
5.
-e
-er
gosscj
boy.
(Plural-ar). Ex.:
7.
childhood.
(Plural-ar). Ex.:
6. -el
bamdom,
axel, axe.
(Plural-ar Ex.:
or
-er).
seger, victory.
animals. tupp, cock.
days
and
The
8.
35
of substantiTes.
nouns). -ing (concrete Ex.:
9.
gender
taming,
die.
4ing. frdmling,stranger.
Ex.:
10. 'lek love. Jcdrlek,
Ex.:
11. -ndr,
konstndr,artist.
Ex.:
12.
'Skap (Plural-er). Ex.:
egenskap, property.
Except: titlesending in -hud and
1. The
aandehud, ambassador; ataUr"d,
Ex.:
2. The
words:
anchor, 3. The
-rdd which
are
minister.
hdrad, district;altareyaltar; ankare, also neuter.
are
fjdder,feather; fldder,elder; lefver,
words:
feminine.
liver;dder, vein; ndfver, birch-bark, are 4. The
neuter.
in -sel
nouns
are
also feminine.
II. Feminine.
Feminine
a) All Ex.:
b) of trees the
The
and
are:
female
appellations:
girl;hona, hen. flicka, of Swedish names the
final vowel Ex.:
and
names
in -and and
nouns
in the
rivers
and
-dng
the
which
names
modify
plural.
hjork,birch-tree;hand^ substantives in:
hand.
c) The 1. -a (Plural-or), Ex.:
2.
nouns). (abstract
-an
Ex.:
3.
skola^school; piga, maid. horjan, beginning.
-df,'tf -st (mostlyabstract). Ex.:
mangd, great
deal
of; afsigt,intention;konst,art.
4. -else, Ex.:
5. 'het
(mostlyabstract).
Ex.:
6.
varelse,being. sannolikhet,likelihood.
-ing (abstractnouns) and Ex.:
-ning.
handling,act, action;aktning,esteem. 3*
36
9.
Lesson
7. 'Sel
(mostlyabstract). horsel,hearing.
Ex.:
'ik,'ion and
8. -t,
(foreign words).
-wr
teori, theory; fabrik, factory, temperatur,
Ex.:
perature; tem-
mission,mission.
Except: words:
brand, fire;pU, willow; apel,appletree; blast,gale(strongwind);jdst, yeast; tingest, thing; starch; hdktorst, thirst;bakdse, pastry; stdrJcelse, telse,gaol; hackelse,hacked straw, and vdoct,plant,
1. The
masculine.
are
words:
2. The
fruntimmer, lady; qvinfdk,women; land, country; vide, water- willow ; fangsto, mare; else,prison; spockelse, ghost; stdngsel,enclosure,
paddock; tdckelse,covering;betsel,bridle; barbaric geniy barbarity;baroni,barony; Icompani,company; neuter. genius,are III. Neuter. Neuter
are:
of towns, countries, the letters of a) The names alphabetand generallythe words used substantively ;
the such
ja, a
ett
as
Ex.:
b) 1.
Frafikrike,France;
The
-a
nouns
oga,
3. -ande
6.
7.
in
nouns
-a
derived
from
eye;
drama,
drama.
-ende
nouns). (abstract
anforande, conduct; afseende,connection.
(Plural-w). Ex.:
5. 'd
b.
lakan, sheet:
and
Ex.: -e
a
(concretenouns). Ex.:
4.
b,
Latin. Ex.:
-an
ett
in:
(Plural-n)and
and
2.
tyes*:
and
spdnne, buckle. -er
(unchanged
in the
Ex.:
galler,railing.
Ex.:
tryckeri,printing-house.
Ex.:
smultron, strawberry.
-en.
-on.
plural).
Greek
38
10.
Lesson
18.
Exercise
2. The [of] wine. in the wood and the girlsare at (in the) church. and my 4. My son she like oysters? sister are at
1. We
boys
are
are a
bought
bottles
two
"
the
college. dice?
cook's father
5. Our
"
the
the noise.
heard of the book.
garden
Hast
the
aunt's
were
wine
(the a. parishionersare at
14. The is dead.
16. The
"
gathered the
in
flowers
the
plucked raspberries 12. Oysters good.
very
of
"
table.
the
on
were
ambassador
French
"
11. I have
"
garden; they
bottle of white
a
6. Where
"
"
thou
in the meadow?
or
my
and
9.
"
10.
"
is dead.
7. We have cupboard? 8. The man coachour garden. The pupil has read the beginning-
Are
they in great deal of raspberriesin
in
"
"
3. Does
(pa)
have
P.) is
church.
learned
a
15. Our
"
leaves of the trees
13. The
"
man.
"
man-servant
yellow in
become
au--
entirelyseveral times. 18. The pupils were punished because they had not learnt 19. Has the neighbour seen the cook? their lessons. 20. The dice and the cards are on the table in a box; we can (kimna) play. tumn.
17. I have
"
read
the book
"
"
"
Conversation.
Hvad
hafva
barnen
gjort
i
skogen? ar (ligger)hjftrtat? Hvem ar p" gymnasiet?
Hjartat
Hvar Har
du
sett Prankrikes
hafva
De
Min
sande-
hade
Min
last boken?
har
van
Karl.
flere
ganger
bans
och i
dag
Prankrikes
sett
Hvem
(ligger)i br5stet.
Sr
son
Ja, jag
bud?
plockat smultron.
sandebud.
syster hade endast borjan.
last
bokens Hvilka
bryggeriets agare?
Bryggeriets agare
fruntimmren?
De
aro
kusiner.
tv"
Hvar
voro
Hvad
var
Hvad
har
Statsr"det
lararen
Lararen
gjort?
blefv^o
larjungarne
var
Remarks I. Gender
i
man.
rattel-
gjortn"gra larjungarnes haffcen. lart
sina lexor.
Lesson.
on
of
lard
en
har
ej (hade)
Tenth
barnen
blefvo straffade emedan
De
straffade?
kyrkan med
flickorna.
statsr"det?
ser
Hvarfbr
i
voro
och
mina
aro
the
nouns.
compound
are " 1. Compound nouns gender as the last component.
nouns.
generallyof
the
same
de
Eemarks
the
on
39
noans.
'h'osegare (m) [from hiis (n) and egare (m)]. husfru (f)[from hus (n) and fru (f)]. posthm (n) [from post (f) and /lus (n)].
Ex.:
II. Formation
of
female
appellations.
are " 2. The female appellations generallyformed of male individuals 4nna by adding to the appellations and titles), -ersJca (profession), (femaleanimals -a, -ska, -hustru "iska (names of peoples),-fru and (profession).
(earl).
grefve,count
grefdnna, countess. furstinna, princess. hertiginna, duchess. varginna, she-wolf. lejoninna^ lioness. dsninna, she-ass. IcokersJca,cook. slaktarh/ustru (fru),butcher's
furste,prince. hertig, duke. he- wolf.
varg,
lejon,lion. dsna, ass. cook. IcocJc^ slaktare,butcher.
wife. German.
tyska, German
Swede. s'vensk,
(lady)woman.
spanior,Spaniard.
svenska, Swedish (lady)woman. man. spaniorsJca,Spanish (lady)wo-
kines, Chinese.
kinesiska, Chinese
Note.
Names
syllable into
of
peoples
in
ending
man. (lady) wo-
this
change
"?waw"
-ska.
Ex.:
Norrman,
Norska,
Norwegian;
Norwegian
(lady)
woman.
"
3.
Special feminine
fader, father. son,
moder, mother. dotter,daughter. syster,sister. flicka,girl, /rw, lady. faster^,aunt.
son.
broder, brother. gosse, boy.
herr^ gentleman. uncle.
farhror\
morbror*, uncle. man,
moster^,
kvinna,
man.
systerson^,nephew. broraon*, nephew. III. Double 4. and
The
aunt. woman.
niece. systerdotter^,
brorsdotter*,niece.
Double
gender.
have
followingnouns
plural. a
double
gender
meaning: 1
the
appellations
By
the
father's
sister's side.
* "
side.
By
the
"
2
By
the
brother's
mother's
side.
side.
"
*
By
"
Also
fjdlland fjell.
Remarks
the
on
19.
ExerciBe
Slaktarhustmn
1.
finnes
Det
2
da
har
Hyem
5.
kan.
askens
lock.
hvita
tander.
11.
"
jorden.
"
p" balen? Jag s"g tyskan och svensv"gor nppslukadeskeppetoch bes^ttningen. och refvar aro till sain. notar 8. Gif mig sett
9. Flickoma
"
"
Norskan
var var
Har
"
Frankfurts
vackrare
Nej, jag
delar.
Paris'
hemma
bOrser.
hela
grundet. mig
dagen.
hundra
lady.
7. The
seen
"
5.
""
6. Was
"
fisher's lines
balar
12. The
boy had
bales of cotton. brother
"
14.
the
16. Worms
live in the
before
19. The French
ladies
sold.
9. Fishes
"
in
and
lady
earth.
the
13. Send
"
on' Change
day.
"
stable
prettierthan
15.
"
Give are
the
Did
you
"
ten my see
are
be
sold.
German
"
five beech-
those
me
to
"
prince's ball?
17. There
18.
"
me
yesterday and
the
at
scales; they the shoals.
(the) pocket?
your
and. curls.
"
cattle
was
have
perished in
you
was
on'Ohange?
or
8. There
--
crew
eyes
I
stable.
are
be
have
Norwegian
the
house
manskapet
manniskokroppens af god kvalitet.
bomuU
office
the
office all the
(saw you) trees
at
10. The
pretty "
at the
was
to
are
walnuts
many
mycket
20.
the river.
near
glitterlike silver. 11. How
af
g"r?
a
the merchant
in the meadow
vals ar
Fartygetoch
ar en
i
"
the butcher's.
German
p" banken
aro
lion, but I have seen a lioness in 3. The cook is the post-office? was 4. My nephew is at the ball with the The Swedish lady was the prince'sdaughter.
not
2. Where
"
Svenskoma
17. Denne 18.
19. B"len
"
du
"
"
Exercise
Paris.
15.
"
16. Var
"
af Gounod.
(it)ar
1. I have
silfver. "
20. Sand
"
Qall(Qell)glansa s".soin
sin dotter. p" pallet (Qell) med icke p" bOrsen ; han var p" kontoret hela dessa^ tv" du kOpt bSrsar p" torget?
ryskoma.
var
vacker, den omkommo i
lockar,bl"a dgon och
sk5na
"
och
an
hade
10. Fiskarnes
KSpmannen 13. dagen.
at
i
lefva
"
hade
--
12. 14.
3. Fiskarne
Maskarne
4.
"
k6pt v"gar.
"
6. Hafvets
"
7. Fiskarens
"
huset.
framfbr
i b"ten.
torskar
m"nga
(slagtarfrun)har
bankar
fyra
.
41
nouns.
books. "
"
20. The
ladies.
Conversation. Hum
manga bankar
framfbr
finnes det
huset?
Hvar
lefva maskarne?
Hvar
var
Det sex
finnes
stolar framfbr
Maskarne
norskan?
Hon
fyra bankar
var
och
huset.
lef^a i
jorden. sin med fjallet pS
dotter. Hvad
har
staden? 1
These.
svenskan
kSpt
i
Svenskan b5rsar
har
kSpt dessa tv"'
i staden.
42
Lesson
har Hvarf(3r[e]
karens Af
och
notar
Emedan
k5pt fis-
ban
de
Den
"r
af
Gounod; jag tycker
mycket Hvem
hafyen
I sett
till sala.
yoro
refvar?
'Ar valsen?
hvem
11.
Vi
p" balen?
den.
om
hafya
sett
syenskan
och
ryskan.
Uppslukade
hafvets
skeppet? Var kdpmannen i
sen
Hyar
icke
Ja, hafyets
y"gor
y"gor uppslukade skeppet och bes"ttningen. Nej\ ban yar p" kontoret hela
p" b5r-
dagen.
dag? fiskarne?
yoro
Fiskarne bade
yoro
m"nga
i
b"ten
och
torskar.
Lesson.
Reading Nordens
natnr.
yttre omgifyelsens^maktiga intryck g5r i norden Naturen sin naryarelse* latt kftnnbar. fir darstades Strang, kan Den ofta njugg och b"rdsint. ocks" yara '6m och yanlig, Det m"tta. ar det d" yanligen utan men hastiga afbrottet af yinter och y"r, host och yinter, genora ingen 5fyerg"ng fbrberedd, utan Uksom smygande sig fram, ar just en bild af i sitt inre. I den fysiska som hyad nordbon moraliska ar yerlden harska skiftesyis dessa altematiy af k5ld och hetta; det som ligger daremellan, den uppfriskande syalkan, den det ar hyad som saknas, narande, bildande mognande yarman Den
"
I. E.
1. Hurudan 2. Ar
ar
naturen
i norden?
alltid Strang?
naturen
3. Huru
fblja"rstiderna
4. Hyad
lilmar
5. Hyad
saknas
nordbon
p" hyarandra
The
to
be
are
i norden?
Lesson.
auxiliary verbs.
auxiliaryverbs hafva (ha),to conjugatedas follow:
"
omgifvelse
*
ndrvarelse
omgifning.
=
=
i norden?
i sitt inre?
Eleventh
The
Rydqyist.
narvaro.
have
and
vara,
48
auxiliaryverbs.
The
Infinitive. to
Hafva,
have.
Participle present.
Supine.
hafvande, having.
haft, had.
Subjunctive.
Indicative. Present. S.
jag du
har har
han
S.
.
,
hafva (ha) I hafven (han)
\
de
'
P. vi
hafva (ha)
P.
s
md
hafva (hafve) or hafva han (hafve) or md hafva md hafva vi (hafve) or I (hafven) or mdn hafva de (hafve) or md hafva md
du
\
har
jag (hafve) or
"
a
Imperfect. S.
hade
jag du
skulle hafva or (hade) or skulle hafva han (hade) or skulle hafva vi (hade) or sktdle hafva I (haden) or skullen hafva de (hade) or skulle hafva
S.
jag (hade)
hade
han
du
hade
P. vi hade
P.
I haden de hade
o8
H
to "
a
Perfect. S.
jag du
har
han P.
vi
haft hi ft
har
S.
hafva haft
or
du
haft
har
md
hafva haft 5: " (hafve) or md hafva haft han (hafve) or md hafva haft vi (hafve) or md hafva ho ft I (hafven) or mdn hafva haft de (hafve) or md hafva haft
jag (hafve)
P.
I hafven haft de hafva haft
Pluperfect. S.
hade
jag
haft]
hade
du
S.
du
haft
hade haft\ ri hade haft I
haden de hade
or
skulle^ hafva haft skulle hafva haft
(hade) or (hade) or skulle hafva haft vi (hade) or skulle hafva haft I (haden) or skullen hafva haft de (hade) or skullen hafva haftJ
P.
haft haft
Conditional.
Future. S.
jag
S. jap
skall hafva
skall hafva han skall hafva du
P. vi skola
I skolen de skola Future
Or
hafva
P. vi skulle hafva I skullen hafva
hafva hafva
de skulle Conditional
past.
mdUe.
hafva
skulle hafva han skulle hafva
jag
1
skulle
du
OS
skall hafva haft du skall hafva haft skall hafva haft han P. vi skola hafva haft I skolen hafva haft de skola hafva haft S.
'
han
han
P.
jag (hade)
08
c5
hafva past.
S. ja^f sfcwZZe hafva haft du skulle hafva haft han
II!* P.
vi
skulle hafva haft skulle hafva haft
I skullen hafva haft de skulle hafva haft
^
44
11.
Lesson
InflnitiTe.
ImperatiTe.
Pres. hafva or ha^ to have. hafy have (thou). have. let him Perf. hafva haft, to have had. hafve hany Int. skola hafva, to be about to (hafvomj, let us have. have. hafven (hafverj^have (ye). have. them let hafve de, forms 1. The Note hafvom and hafver are antiquated. Note written 2. "ia^" J^ is never with a capital letter,unless it
at
occurs
Note
beginning of
the
3.
The
4.
In
I
pronoun
sentence.
a
(ye, you)
with
is written
capital
a
letter. Note
5.
Note
I
vi ha,
han,
de
ha,
are
of vi hafva, I
instead
used
conversation
general
hafven, de hafva. periphrasticforms of the more frequently used.
The
mood
are
of
tenses
junctive sub-
the
InflnitiTe.
be.
to
vara,
Participle present. varande, being.
Supine. varit,been. Snbjnnctiye.
Indioative. Present S.
jag du
S.
ar
han
han
ar
P. vi dro I dren
P.
g
de dro
jag du
var
Imperfect. S. jag vore
'
B
var
han
du
or or
vara
md
vara vara
mdn
vara
md
vara
skulk
or
vara
skulle
or
vore
vara
md md
(vare) or
1H
md
or
(vare) or (vare) ox
I (varen) de (vare)
^
S.
jag (vare) du
dr
vara
^
'
han
var
vore
or
skulle
vara
^
P. vi I
har
jag du
har
^
varit
hade
jag du
hade
han
hade
P. vi
varit
"
c5 ^
"
3
/
M
de
]
varit varit
Or
mdUe.
varit varit
or
voren vore
or or
skulle
vara
skullen skulle
vara
"
vara
a
Perfect, S. jag (hafve) or md hafva varit du (hafve) or md hafva varit han (hafve) or md hafva varit F, vi (hafve) or md hafva varit
S.
varit
hade I haden de hade 1
g
varit
vore
de
voro
han har varit P. vi hafva varit I hafven varit de hafva varit
S.
I
voren
de
S.
P. vi
g
voro
P.
mdn
(hafve)
md
or
hafva
varit
hafva varit
jg
JH
Pluperfect. jag (hade) or skulle^ hafva du
I
(hafven) or
(hade) or han (hade) or vi (hade) or I (haden) or de (hade) or
^1
varit \ '" I'^ skulle hafva varit skulle hafva varit I'^ skuJle hafva varit i^ skullen hafva varit I^ S 3 skulle
hafva
varit
I^
.
"
46
11.
Lesson
sina
mot
Iftrarinnor?
Aro bOckerna
9.
--
hafvets
aro
kungar"
sclga
skall alltid regera ofver hafyet.* De aro fbr kusin eller min son?
Brittannia
"och
engelm^nnen,
8. "Vi
"
fbr min
vid 10. Vi voro vi s"go vargen framfbr huset nar bagge. 11. Jag skuUe skogsbrynet. k5pa en hast och en vagn, om 12. Hvarf^r har da icke varit hos jag hade s"lt mitt has. 13. Skola yi hafva en kryddkramaren? Jag hade icke tid. "
"
"
"
flaska hvitt vin i
dig
hos
tid.
hade
med
Vi
hon
"
19. Lakaren
skall
20. Flickan
skalle
skalle
inom
Det
have
cakes.
no
had
yoa
children
4. We
shall
trStt
it. Hvar
"
at!
hafva
18. Du
"
galdar.
ett
"
fader i affcon. grannes lakaren hade varit bar tidigare.
d5d, om
"
22.
been
not
2. Woald
good
at school ;
they shall
if as, go a banting with 3. Yoa shall not go a fishingto-day. within 5. We back three hoars. have
"
time?
timmar.
min
hos
have
varit
da
var
s"
skall
Exercise
1. The
bar
at
tre
ser
flicka och
ejvara
Jag
p" jakt med ban g" p" fiske,om broder icke g" at p" jagt
hemma;
vill din
vara
14.
"
icke
barnet?
snail
en
ostron?
fader
var
skola Sterkomma
varit med
varit
har
da
15. Min
16. Hvarf5r
"
OSS?
har
?
dnssin
tv"
dag, men
Holm
vannen
med
"
yoa
"
come
--
politeand
shall have
diligent;we (get) gold watch. been 6. Have at the grocer's? What have yoa boaght? yoa 7. My coachman at the earl's yesterday, bat the earl was 8. She woald have sold her a was banting with the dake. 9. Be father's house. 10. I I always politeand diligent 11. He tired yesterday. has mach been was never very 12. is How sister? Has she had ill;he is very well. yoar I her 13. have had not time to go a birthday? toys on
been
a
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
14. Has
fishing. "
15. I Holm.
18. The here
17. We
"
saw
girl woald
earlier.
horse.
The
a
not
19.
"
20.
"
been
at the
physician at the grocer's;his hoars go a banting in two
the
saw
16. I shall
"
the maid-servant
wolf be
dead
I shoald
papils have
the
on
baker's?
son
was
with
"
very ill. friend my
skirts of the
wood.
"
if the
physician had been pleased if I had sold my cakes and toys.
be had
Conversation.
Hvad
skalle
larjangen hafya
haft?
Larjangen kaka,
en
snail Hvad
skall barnet
Skall
fiickan
gd
hafva?
at med
Det
pigan
i afton?
Skola
vi
eller r5dt
en
vin?
flaska hvitt
om
Nej, hon
haft
hade varit
(i^)leksaker.
hafva
skall stanna
hemma
sin broder.
Vi skola hafva vin
ban
hafva
i skolan.
skall
med
hafva
skalle
med
en
ostron.
flaska hvitt
varit i
du
har
Hvar
Jag
dag?
bans
lararinnor?
Sknlle din fader med
p".fiske
ut
Ja,
vftn
fader.
skulle
han
p" fiske,men
tid?
hade
han
om
OSS
g"
min
Ja, de "ro mycket h5fligaoch skola fi, ett guldur.
sina
h^fligamot
p" jakt med
var
och
Aro flickoma
47
adjective.
The
gftrna gd han
har
nt
icke
tid dartilL
Aro b5ckema
for min
Nej, de
son?
"ro
fbr
kyrkoherdens
son.
N"r
s"g
du
vargen? du
Hvarfi)r[e]har m"laren
bos
i
varit
icke
var
g"r?
Reading Bonden
Till
Jag s"g vargen, nlir jag vid skogsbrynet. Jag har icke haft tid.
krigsmanneiu
oeh
koja kom
bondes
en
Lesson.
en
krigsman,
p" traben^, Bonden fyldeIngnt ett glas fbr honom, Bjod och talte till den gamle knekten : det dig till sinnes*, Fader I sag, bur var Nar i striden fienden dig ombvarft*, Tnng
af "r och
knallade
Skotten
vandrande
och knlor
hveno^?
tog sitt glas och sade* S"som dig, nar n4gon g"ng om h5sten Hagel krmg dig hvina, blixtar Ijonga, Och du bergar tegen for de dina.
Gamle
knekten
^
J. L.
:
Runeberg.
Notes. 1
Jcom
till sinnes
ndgon
vara
*
Construct:
*
Imperfect Imperfect Imperfect
*
en
hondes
*
*
krigsmani tung afdr koja.
Construct:
till en
nar
of of of
=
to
och vandrande
feel.
finden omhvdrft dig hvina (to whistle). taga (to take). saga (to say).
Twelfth The
pd trdben,
i striden.
Lesson.
adjective.
I. Declension.
divided into two classes: are adjectives those which used predicatively and those which are used attributively. are
"
1. Swedish
48
12.
Lesson
a) The former are placedafter the verb and declined form. accordingto the indefinite the noun b) The latter are generallyplaced before which they qualify and are declined like the and
definite
indefinite A.
"
form.
Indefinite
indefinite
The
2.
forms.
strong declension
or
has
three
diflferentforms:
a) A
form
common
in the
for the
masculine the
singularwhereby
und
feminine
adjectiverequiresno
alteration.
b)
form particular
A
inflection of which
the
c)
A
inflection
of
the
three
of which
-ad
Participlesin
Note.
in the
neuter
singular,
is -t
for
form
common
plural,the instead
for the
genders
is
the
-a.
saperlatives in
and
in
take
-ast
-e
-a.
Examples. Masculine.
god gosse, goda gossar.
Sing,
1.
Note
double
2.
Note
the
"x.r 3.
Note
-it remain
Ex.: Note in
the
4.
inflection
neuter
mogen^
three
to
in
an
accented
vowel
the
-n
fore be-
-t.
moget; trogen, troget.
The adjectivesin -t preceded unchanged in the neuter. fast; stolt;trott etc.
by
a
consonant
or
ending in -al, -en, -e?,-er (unaccented)drop preceding -2,-n, -r. Ex.: gammal, gamla; tapper, tappra, adel, ddla. mogen^ mogna;
plural
Those
the
vowel
B.
"
end
neuter.
grd, grdtt;bid, bldtt;ny, nytt. Those ending in -en (unaccented)drop
Ex.:
taking
godt ham. goda bam. ett
en
adjectives that
The
't in the
Neuter,
god flicJca, goda flickor.
en
Plor.
in
Feminine,
3.
The
Definite
definite
genders and
both
or
weak
numbers
form.
declension the
same
has
for
inflection
the -a.
the adjectives declined according are " 4. When this form they are generallypreceded by the Independent definite article (fristdende artihd):
adjective.
The
for the
den
masculine
det
y^
*
neuter
de
"
"
three
und
49
feminine
in
the
singular.
in the
singular. genders in the plural. Here it must be observed that the qualified noun has the terminal definite article although the adjective is preceded by the independentdefinite article,excepted in some which will be treated page 97 (Lesson cases the Pronouns)^. on Examples. Singular. den den det NB.
goda (e) gossen. goda flickan. goda bamet. 2 and Note 4 apply
definite
the
" also
In
5.
In
the
gode
When
the
1.
den
when
as
-a,
6.
Use
strong
a
and
declined
of the
article
after
by as
a a
noun
or
surname.
Great. take
-ast
-e
indefinite
stead in-
form.
of inflections.
when
be
declined
according
used:
predicatively.
godt vin, good wine; vinet the
is
woman).
or
the
superlatives in according to the
modes
or
noun
proper
Store, Charles
declension
Without
with
followed
not
should adjectives
The
Ex.:
2.
after
Participles in -ad G.
the
adjectives declined
man!
gode, the good (man
Karl
to
snenske
is adjective
den
"z.:
"
Chad!
it is used
when
of
also to the
singularthe inflection -e always be used instead of -a : and in solemn apostrophes.
exclamations
NB.
de
goda gossame. goda flickoma, goda barnen.
masculine
It should
Ex.:
b)
de de
form.
used.
a)
Plural,
indefinite
dr
godt,the
wine
is
good.
article.
god man, a good man. god fUcka,a good girl. ett godt barn, a good child. (good girls). Cgoda flickorj
Ex.:
en
en
3.
With
the
With
the
weak
interrogative
hvilket sot
Ex.:
"
7. The
Swedish
when Grammar.
hrave
soldier.
pronouns.
socker!
are adjectives
declension
Elementaiy
pronouns.
hvarje tapper soldat,every
Ex.:
4.
indefinite
declined
according to
used: 4
the
12.
Lesson
50
1. before
definite
the terminal
with
noun
a
article.
fransJcasprAket,the French langaag^e. the adjectiveis generallypreceded by In this case NB. definite article (see B. " 4). independent Ex.:
2. after
a
in the
noun
fadems
Ex.:
genitivecase.
egendomar,
atora
father's
the
largeestates.
relative personal,possessive,
3. after the
the
and
strative demon-
pronouns. Ex.:
jag olycklyga manniska!
min
gode
van!
Remarks.
a) Some b) all
indeclinable,such
are adjectives
ode, waste; gdngse, usual; bra, good the same have These adjectives
as
take
they
cases;
an
s
the
in
etc.
as:
etc.
termination
genitivewhen
in used
substantives. Ex.
:
dygdigesolycka,the virtuous (man's)misfortune, man's olycka, the virtuous dygdige mannens
den den
but:
misfortune. Words.
koja, cot. hUd, picture. jord, earth. fjader,feather. land (n),country. sprdk (n),language.
green.
gron,
fyrkantig,square. svdr, difficult. ripe.
mogen,
fattig^poor. stackars, miserable.
Idsebok,reading book.
stum, dumb.
frukt,fruit. klot (n),globe. om vdren, in spring.
dof,deaf.
am
in
aommaren,
blind,blind. Idra sig,to learn. plocka, to gather. liten (sing.), small, little.
summer.
Msten, in autumn. am vintern, in winter. ato, to eat. bo, to live,to dwell.
om
gammal, old. sund, healthy. kart,short. gul,yellow.
"
"
hafva
4. Min
mdste,
must.
"
dag, day. Idng, long.
rund
ar
vackra
gamla 7.
small, little. (plur.), the twelfth. tolfte, af hunger, dead of hunger.
dod
Tytjker du
6.
godt.
to know. (till),
den
Exercise 1. Jorden
woman.
kdnna smd
new.
skola
old
gumma,
round.
rund, ny,
ndr, when.
Jag
mormor
ett klot.
som
bScker.
28.
"
Sr
3. De
sjuk.
nya "
"
2. De husen
5. Hafven
51? Ja, men mycket om kSpt f"glarnes vackra
har
barnen flitiga
arc
det
icke vackra. I
godt vin? m"ste
"adrar.
"
vara
8. Vi
The
i ett siindt och
bo
vintern
och
l"nga
om
rundt
bord
gula
vi hafva
och
9.
"
sommaren.
och
v"ren
grona
land.
vackert om
51
adjective.
"
10. Trftdens
blad
11. Han
har
hSsten.
om
Sro korta
Dagame "
om
aro
ett
12. Svenska
fyrkantigt(bord). kanner till tyska sprdket ar icke sv"rt att lara sig, nSr man och den tolffcevar 13. Karl engelska spr"ken. Sveriges 14. snallt hafva barn skall lasebok med en Hvarje konung. ett
"
"
"
vackra det.
bilder. 16.
"
rika
voro mannen
frukterna,
ata
is deaf
mogna.
"
18.
bur.
table round
and
dumb.
24.
square?
or
3. The
"
The
2.
"
green in autumn? ill to-day. has been
learn.
6. Are
"
neighbour's
My
blind.
girl was
poor
is difficult to
English language bought the feathers? you
have
vore
"
1. Is the son
de
om
bor-
under
aro
"
Exercise
4.
skor
blommor. Furstarne plockade vackra stackars de aro nu 19. Den fattiga. gamle blind och d6f. 20. Jag har fyrtiosm" f"glar
var
i min
kusiners
sm"
"
men
stora
skuUe
Jag
Flickorna
17.
15. Mina
"
the
"
5. Where
"
of
leaves
the
7.
My grandmother is very old; My friend and my neighbour in have The flowers 9. the rable misegarden. gathered pretty 10. Charles will have a peasants live in small cots. and I shall have a gold pretty reading-bookon his birtliday 11. My sisters live in a pretty and watch. try. healthy coun12. I go a hunting every 13. The day in spring. 14. I like^ ripe fruit very old woman is dead. much.
trees
she
"
8.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
15. I should and
"
gather
you Eussian
rich.
were
17. Give
"
like wine?
"
castle,largeand
a
I
carriagesif
friend? not
have
No,
me
but
in the
roses
language; it
beautiful
16. How
"
gardens,horses
are
you,
my
18. Do glassof good beer. like beer much. "-19. they very
a
"
garden?
is too
I
20.
"
do
dear
they Will
not
like the
s"som
ett klot.
difficult.
Conversation. Huru
ar
din
Ar
jorden? gamla mormor
Tycker
ban
Hvem
har
om
Jorden
sjuk?
Ja, hon Nej, han
vin?
icke
vackra Hvar
bor
Hvemvar
1
kopt Qadrar?
sjukhos 1 like
f"glarnes
=
min
ar
mycket sjuk. tycker om 51, men vin.
om
Prinsessans
dotter
har
f"glarnesvackra Hon bor i Stockholm
moder?
din
ar rund
i
systrar.
Det
granne?
jag tycker om
bor tv"
.
.
var
kopt fladrar. och jag
NorrkSping med bans
tvd
s5ner.
mina
52
13.
Lesson
Ar svenska l"ra
spr"ket sv"rt
Det
att
sig?
ftr icke sv"rt
n"r
Hyad Bon
Karl
var
tolfte?
den
I i ett sondt
den
konung. Ja, Frankrike
och vackert
vackert
Ja, de
rika?
forstame
sig,
till tjska
engelska spr"ken. tolfte var Sveriges
Karl
land?
Yoro
k"lnner
man
ock
att l"ra
ftr ett sundt
och
land. de "ro
rika, men
voro
fattiga.
nu
Lesson.
Reading
Hemmet.
Pinnes y"ra ett
vftl
brinnande
m^t
af himmelen
skOn,
mer
den:
an tacks"gelser,
att
ega
vard
mer
familj,
en
dygderna, behagen och glftdjengro hvardagshjertaoch 5ga sola sig i en kftrleksverld,der tan-
der
hem,
g"ster,der
ej blott i ord, men upplyst, der vfinnerna handling sUga hvarandra; din gl"dje, ditt hopp, din bon,
ken i
g"fVa
en
blir lifvad och
ftro mina?
....
bar
Jag det i de
i
sett hemmet
slott,dem furstliga
kojan p" sandheden, jag bar konstema
pryda,jag bar
sett
sett det
beqvttmliga boning, och Sfverallt,der der dess genius, den goda familjebandet, dygd och y"rdande och verkande, s"g jag qvinnan, stod vaksam skona harmonier. Bikesamma vftnligasyner, h5rde samma dom och fattigdomgjorde ingen skilnad. i
och
borgarens enkla
kllrlek kn5t
och
Prederika
1. Hvad
vardt
ar
2. Hvilka
3. Hvad
saga det
Questions. v"ra tacksagelser?
familjenshvardagsgaster?
aro
4. Pinnes
Bremer.
hvarandra?
vannema
skilnad
en
mellan
i
hemmet
kojan och det
slottet? furstliga 5. Hvad
her
man,
hvad
ser
man,
der
dygd
och
kariek
harska.
Thirteenth The
Lesson.
adjective (continued).
II.
"
1.
aflfected
The
by two superlative.
Degrees
of
comparison.
adjectivesis comparison of Swedish degrees: the comparative and the
54
13.
Lesson
Remarks.
1. The
formation
adjectives ending in -aZ, -el,-m, -er (unaccented the vowel drop precedingI, n and r in the of the comparative and superlative.
Ex.:
ripe; mognare^
mosfen,
riper; mognast, (the)ripest.
2.
in -od, -e, -se, -es, -isk and Polysyllabic .adjectives the polysyllabic form their comparative by participles and their superlative placingthe adverb mera by placing the adverb mest before the positive. Ex.:
krigiskfwarlike;
mera
3. The
the
ending in -a form adjectives and superlative by adding only positive. Ex.:
their -re
which followingadjectives comparison like those in -a.
degreesof
the
C. Declension
a) The
4.
rative compa-
and
-st
to
stilla,still;stUlare; stiHast.
4. Notice
"
krigisk.
mest hriffisk;
of
the
form
their
comparative.
comparativesexpressingsuperior
gree de-
indeclinable.
are
Singular. Ex.:
en
rikare
en
vackrare
ett Btorre
fwrste.
fiicka.
den
rikare
den
vackrare
det storre
hord.
fursten. fliekan.
hordet.
Plural rikare
furstar.
vackrare storre
b) inferior
flickor.
hord.
de rikare furstarne. de vackrare flickoma. de storre
borden.
comparativeswhich express an equal degree follow the indefinite declension.
The
Ex.:
fursten dr sd ftcke sdj rik som konungen. furstarne dro sd (icke sd) rika som kwngen. hordet dr sd (icke sd) vockert som skdpet horden dro sd (icke sd) vackra som skdpet.
or
The
D.
Declension
" 5. a) The according to the of
an
in the
-a
Ex.:
definite
three
den
rikaste
vackrcLste
the
de rikaste de de
blommor
-e
numbers.
furstarne.
flickorna. barnen. flitigaste
unchanged.
vackrast
dro
absolute superlative
is dechned
the
like
form. Plural,
fursten dr mycket rih flickan dr mycket vacker. dr mycket sndllt. bamet
"6.
E
furstarne dro mycket rika. flickornadro mycket vackra. dro mycket sndlla. barnen
Irregular oomparisons.
small. (sing.), (plur.), "
mindre,
smdrst,
smdrrCy sdmrCf vdrre, worse, dld/re,older. bdttre, better.
elaJc (ondj, gammal, old.
near.
minst, smallest.
smaller. "
bad.
god, good. f", few. much. mycken (sing.), m"nga (plur.), many.
Superlative,
Comj^arative.
Positive,
ndra
an
declined instead
vackraste
Singular.
liten smd
both
genders and
fursten.
Dessa
c) The
Ex.:
takes
is
remains predicative superlative
Ex.:
indefinite
superlative. but
form
flickan. bamet. flitigaste
The
b)
of
superlativeattributive
den det
55
adjective.
sdmst, vdrst,
bdst,best. minst, least. mest, most.
more.
flera ndrmare,
worst.
didst,oldest.
fdrre,less. mera,
"
fldsta,mesta
"
nearer.
n"st, ndrmast,
"
neai-
est.
Words. paron korsbdr murcMre,
smed,
(n),pear. (n),cherry. mason.
smith.
bokhdllare, bookkeeper. bokbindare, bookbinder.
fjdril,butterfly. papegoja, parrot. skata, magpie. ferier,holidays. rosenbuske, rose-tree,rose-bush. Idrd, learned. tacky pretty, graceftd.
mjolnare, miller. angendmy agreeable. atskva/rdy lovely.
forstdndig,intelligent. bland, among(st).
fca", cold.
annu,
varm,
warau
bred, broad. blek, pale,
(healthy). f"rgare, dyer. frisk,fresh
station, station. hatt, cat.
plats, place, square.
still.
jo visst,yes certainly. sndl, miserly, avaricious. ock, also. svala, swallow. salt
(n),salt. stark,strong. seeker (n),sugar.
56
IS.
Lesson
26.
Exercise
Applena"ro
1.
mognast. Ax
3.
"
-
moraren
det
"
"
^Iskade
mera
trognastebland
9. Vi
skall
battre vin?
vinet.
13. Londons
"
14. Hvad
"
15. Ar
blekt
i
som
18. Gossen
"
muntrare.
de
studera
en
g"r.
bra.
s"
var
bans
an
Larjungarne 20. Jag kanner Exercise
1. Tbe
daughter. cherries
2. The
"
"
child. intelligent is still richer. 6. The
queen.
the
the
bread
is bad.
of
swallow
strong.
rose-tree
a
is
15. We red
(Edert)beer 19. It is learned
^
relative
have
wine
than
brother.
is not
is best.
"
the
than
17. Was
is the
than
warmer
beautiful
most
"
20.
as
my
on
the
14. The
"
it is at
wine
the
good but
bird
not
The
so
home. but
"
your
yesterday than
diligentof all the
yesterday.
you
Gold
learned ill
so
parrots
it colder
"
as
more
a
white
dyer
8.
is very
meat
gracefulthan
two
the
rich
as
often
are
more
beer?
"
princessis
a
the
7. Are
"
butterflyon a flower? the magpie, but
is better
18. Charles
"
not)
rich but
street.
brother
My
tbe miller's
(I know
dearer
the
poor 11. The
more a
or
i staden.
apples,but
graceful than
more
"
The
is
tbe is
smith's
"
12.
13. What
wine
of the
rich.
"
ock
ar
man
bealtby as
know
9. The
"
fadern.
langre ferier, om
starkare
so
than
the
sons
of the
sons
"
branch
silver.
10. The
than
16.
than
than
"
"
sn"lare an (his) syster; ban
ej en
not
not
broader
Eoropa.
blomma?
annu
bookbinder
Is
5.
older
or
"
sister.
"
~
is not
square
younger is heavier
4. The
i
stSrsta
Ja, visst. sjukt? Nej, det ar icke
riper tban
3. I do
ripest.
are
battre
vara
26.
are
pears
de
bafva
is not
bookkeeper'sson
12. Hafven
~
det m"ste
det
skola
"
salt?
an
"
trSttare.
(to)h5ra mnsiken
att
aro
ar
17. Sonen
"
voro
"r
katten.
an annu
en
blekt,
friskare
ar
19.
"
vftnner
flarilp" en f"gel an skatan?
an
vackrare
barnet
ar
8. Honden
"
(it)ftr trognare v"ra
stationer
tackare
ar
papegojan
16. Hvarfbr s"
djuren;
hdgst angenamt Ar 11. socker dyrare Gif mig ett glas 51,men
"
an
den
vara
tradg"rden. ej
fUrgarensgossar.
"n
mycket trStta,men
voro
10. Det
"
I
platsen.
som
"
flickor "ro
i
"ro
smeden? 4. Bokh"llame fattigare "n rikare "n bokbindarne, men handlanden den rikaste. var vackraste 5. Den bar sett ar Paris. stad^ som (thcU)jag 6. Ax lika stor som du din syster? 7. MjSlnarens
voro
"
k5rsbftren
ftn p"ronen, men mognare Gatan "r icke likas" bred
2.
"
day? to-
pupils. "
German
is
a
man.
The
terminal
pronoun
som
definite
(that or
article is left out
which)!
on
account
of
the
The
57
adjective.
ConTersation. Hvem
Smeden
fattigare?
ar
Sr
fattigareftn
ar
blek
mu-
raren.
Hvarfbr
ftr flickan s"
blek?
Flickan
mycket sjuk
ar
At
vin
dyrare
Hyilket
djor
det
ar
Ja, vin ar mycket battre an 61.
51?
an
emedan
Hunden
trognaste
och
dyrare men
dettrognastebland
ar
djuren. skall vara lika(s") Platsen an gatan. din broder? Nej, jag ar aldre
Skall
platsenicke vara bred som gatan? du
trStt.
d[juren?
bland
Ax
hon
an
yngre
bredare min
an
broder. Hvad
Ni
tycker
hvitt Hvilka
aro
i
na
battre
eller r5dt
Jag tycker
om
de st5rsta stationer-
Londons
du
stationer i
stOrsta
Europa?
Kanner
b"da.
om
vin?
till
svenskans
dotter? h5ra musiken Yiljen I gama i stadens tradg"rd?
och
de
alia snalla barn.
aro
med
vid^ den
norskans
bam:
I skolen komma
oss.
Lesson.
Reading Tatt
till svenskans
dotter
Ja, visst,men
Jiilen
Europa.
kanner
Ja, jag
de
aro
i
kojaiu
ensligaskogssjdnsvik,
P"
fattigdom och
P"
halmen
p" fromhet rik St"r l"g en koja,och p" dess hall En brasa sprakar i julekvall^ Och
leka de
modersogon
Dit
sk"da
Ty
aftonvarden
Med
fadersbon
Och
gr"nad
Ur
ar
och
laser
Och
sm"
huldt
englar.
slutad med
om
nyss
moderskyss, stamma
blid
julens frid:
i denna
fbdt, hur
derp";
Guds
farfar med
Jesusbamet
Vardt
se*
visst ock
bibeln
Hur
kara
natt
englarne sjongo* gladt
Bethlehems
stjama lyste. Z.
Topelius.
Notes. 1
tdtt vid
Idg
kvdll
pd 8 *
quite
=
Construct: tdtt vid den "
near,
quite close
Icojarik
en p" fattigdom och pd fromhet stdr ensligaskogs^onsvikoch en hrasa sprakar i jule-
dess hall.
Irregular "
to.
verb: "
(tosee). sjunga (to sing). se
58
14.
Lesson
Fonrteenth
verb.
The
"
1. The
which
Lesson.
Swedish
language distinguishedby the
are
has
four
conjugations
termination
of
the
supine. The
"
of the
termination
-at for the
1^*
-^
"
"
2^^
-tt
"
"
3'"i
"
'it
"
"
4^
"
2. The
firstthree
weak
and conjugations conjugation. or
First
"
"
conjugationsare called regular the fourth irregular or strong
conjugation.
first conjugationcontains
The
3.
supine is: conjugation.
-iga,-Za,-nay
in -era,
the and
-ska, -sa
-ra,
verbs
ding en-
-ta.
It takes: in the
-ode 'od
in the
-at in
"4.
the
imperfectindicative. past participle. supine.
JUka,
to
love.
voice.
Active
Indieatiye.
SnbjunctiTe. Present
I love S.
jag du
m
I
dlkar,
S.
dlskar.
or
dlske
de dhka.
or
I dlsken
or
de dlske
md
dlska.
md
or
etc.
dlska.
md
or
P. vi dlske
dlska. dhhen.
md
or
dhke
han
love
may
dhke
jag du
dlskar.
han P.
I love
etc.
md
dlska. dlska.
mdn
dlska.
dlska.
Imperfect. I loved S.
jag du han
I loved
etc.
dlskade, dUka^de, dlskade,
S.
jag du han
dlskade dlskade
love
might
or
or or
dlskade
or
skulle skulle skulle skuTle
P. vi dUkarde.
P. vi dlskade
I dlskaden,
I dlskaden
or
skullen
de dlskade.
de dlskade
or
skulle
or
or or or
or or or
etc.
mdtte dlska. mdtte
dlska,
mdtte
dlska.
mdtte
dlska. mdtten dlska.
mdtte dlska.
The
5^
verb.
Perfect. loved
I have S.
jag
aUkat.
har
du
S.
dlskat.
har
hafva dlskat. I hafven dlskcU.
P. vi
de
hafva
P.
dlskat.
loved
have
may
or
etc.
m"
hafva dlskat. hafva dlskat. han md hafva dlskat. vi md hafva dlskat. I mdn hafva dlskat. de md hafva dlskat.
jag
md
du
dlsktU.
har
han
I have
etc.
Pluperfect. I had S.
jag
loved
dlskat.
hade hade
du han
S.
I haden
du
mdtte
I haden
"
skullen
"
rndtten
de hade
"
skulle
"
mdtte
love
8.
jag du
love
etc.
dlska.
skuUe
skulle dlska. skulle dlska.
han
P. vi skola
dlska.
P. vi skulle
dlska.
I skolen
dlska.
I skullen
dlska.
de skola
dlska.
de
I shall .
I shoald
etc.
skall dlska.
Future
jag du
loved
skulle dlska.
Conditional
past.
have
^
Conditional.
skall dlska.
han
mdtte
"
hade
skall dlska.
jag
"
skulle.
"
Future.
S.
mdtte
"
dlskat.
I shall
mdtte
"
"
dlskat.
hade
or
P. vi hade
han
dlskat.
skulle
etc.
skulle skulle
dhkat.
hade
or
hade
loved
have
might
or
hade
jag du
dlskat.
P. vi hade de
I had
etc.
etc.
skall hafva dlskat. skall hafva dlskat.
skall hafva dlskat. \ vi skola hafva dlskat.
I should 8.
jag du
han
han
have
past. loved
etc.
skulle hafva dlskat. skulle hafva dlskat. skulle hafva dlskat. hafva dlskat.
P. vi skulle
I skolen
hafva dlskat.
I skullen
hafva dlskat.
de skola
hafva
de skulle
hafva
dlskat.
Inflnitiye.
Imperative. dlska, love,
dlskonhf
let
us
dlsken, love ye.
love,
Pres.
(Uakay
Perf.
hafva dlskat, to have loved. skola dlska, to be about to love.
Int.
to
love.
Participlefii. Pres. Perf. Fdt.
Sup.
dlskat.
dlskande, loving. hafvande dlskat, having loved. skolande dlskat, being abont to dlskat, loved.
love.
60
14.
Leeson
voice.
Passive
SubjunctiTe"
Indieatiye. Present. loved
I am
alskas.
jag
S.
I
etc. S.
du
dlskas. han dlskcLS, vi dlskcLS.
or
dlskes
han
md
P. vi dlskes
or
md
or
I dlskens.
I dlskens
de dlskas.
de dlskes
dlskas. dlskas.
mdn
or
md
or
etc.
alskas. dlskas.
md md
or
dlskes
loved
be
may dlskes or
jag
du
P.
be
dlskas. dlska.
Imperfect. I
loved
was
S.
I
etc.
S.
jag dlskddea* du dlskades.
or
dlska^des
P. vi dlskades
I dlskadens.
I dlskadens
de dlksades.
de dlskades
or
or or or
be
skuUe sktdle
or
dlskades
han
dlskades. P. vi dlskades.
might
or
dlskades
jag du
han
were
loved or
mdtte mdtte
or
skulle skulle or
etc.
mdtte
or
I
mdtte
skullen skulle or
\
mdtten
or
mdtte
Perfect. I have S.
jag
S.
har
I have
etc.
dlskats.
8.
or
jag
have
may md
been
loved.
hafva dlskats. hafva dlskats. han har dlskats. han md hafva dlskats. P. vi hafva dlskats. P. vi md hafva dlskats, I hafven dlskats. I mdn hafva dlskats. de hafva dlskats. de md hafva dlskats. Pluperfect. had been loved etc. I had or might have been loved m^Ue 8. jag hade skulle \ or or jag hade dlskats. har
du
I
loved
been
du
hade hade
han
dlskats.
haden
de hade
hade
han
hade
dlskats.
I
"
skulle
"
skulle skulle
S.
be
jag
loved
\3
^
du han
mdtte
}^
"
skullen
"
mdtten\
de hade
I
"
skulle
"
mdtte
Conditional. I shonld
etc.
skall dlskas.
Futu/re past. have been loved
jag
"
i
8.
jag du han
P. vi skola dlskas. I skolen dlskas. de skola dlskas.
8.
mdtte
I haden
du skall dlskas. han skall dlskas.
I shall
mdtte
"
qq
Future. I shall
"
etc.
j3 '^
P. vi hade
dlskats.
md
du
du
dlskats. dlskats.
P. vi hade
I
dlskats,
P.
be
loved
etc.
skulle dlskas. skulle dlskas. skulle dlskas.
vi skulle dlskas.
I skullen dlskas. de skulle dlskas. Conditional etc.
skall hafva dlskats. skall hafva dlskats. skall hafva dlskats.
P. vi skola hafva dlskats. I skolen hafva dlskats. de skola hafva dlskats.
I shonld
have
past.
been
loved.
jag skulle hafva dlskats. du skulle hafva dlskats. han skulle hafva dlskats. P. vi skulle hafva dlskats. 8.
1 skullen
hafva
de skulle hafva
dlskats. dlskats.
62
14.
Lesson
19. Ealla din bror, ban skall stanna vandrade hela natten. kvinnorna Exereise
1. We
have
2. Come
very agreeable. to-day,you will work sister
the
purpose], old
as
wine.
work
you 7.
"
to-day.
4.
"
flowers? are
You
3. The
"
will
be
and the
the
servant
not
your
time
Fetch
6.
"
garden; it was go a hunting
brother
has
Employ
young.
8. The
stackars
shall
we
me,
Why
5.
"
in the
music
with
to-morrow.
punished.
were
watered
20. De
"
28.
listened to the "
hemma.
punished
[to good
two
bottles
if you
wiU
in the
of not
Do yard. wait^ for the painter? 10. Have the plants been watered you this morning? No, they will be watered this evening. 11. The bookkeeper will not go a fishing; he has no time. 12. Were talking (talkedyou) with the bookbinder you 13. The politeand wise children are loved the miller? or 14. We have called several times, by every body (alia), 15. Charles would have had toys, but they have not heard. if he had been more diligent. 16. We must work, we shall 17. Did you not stay at home this evening. (have you "
girlsdanced
yet
9.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
not) dance at the 19. You cakes.
will
"
roses.
20. Two
"
ball?
countess's
play,
when
wandered
men
18. Has
"
the maid
fetched
have
gathered all the talked together.
you
and
Conversation. Hvem
bar
talat
med
p" gatan? gronska traden? Skall jag hamta vin
pigan
kokerskans
Nar
f5r
Nar
Tradgdrdsmastarens son Traden
eller (51
vin
om
skall furstinnan
fara
till
och
Furstinnan
landet?
dottrar.
gronska p" v"ren. bagge; vi tycka garna
Hamta
damerna?
och
oL
och
farsten
icke fara till landet staden
i
stanna
skola
; de skola
denna
sommar.
Aro damerna Hamtade
trStta?
kusken
vatten
for
Ja, de
dansade
i
afton.
g"r
Nej, ban
djuren?
det;
bar ban
for
mycket
icke annu skall gora
gjort det
straxt.
Har
pigan kallat drangen?
Hvem
har
hamtat
Ja,
flaskan?
ban
Jag
vet
kommer.
icke, det
lar
vara
kokerskan. Hafva
blommorna
denna
vattnats
Ja, drangens son dem.
morgon? Do
you
wait
=
wait
you
for
etc.
har
vattnat
The
de
Ylbita Dansade
Nej\ de vftnta p" handlanden. p"i bokh"llaren? for mycket hon icke p" grefvin- Nej, ty hon var trott.
bal?
nans
Lesson.
Reading
(Continued.)
Hemmet.
Godhet
ordning, dessa
och
5fyerallt
jorden, framkalla bitter
Ingen
eller
der
t"r, och
en
gubbens ro, 5fver hvar lyckligg"r menniskan
medlems ett
tj^nsteandarp"
och
trefnad.
samma
vill gro, uppkommer i dessa ett ord af kUrlek
all-
den
Qfver
bamets
val och
verldslifvet
ur
himmelen.
mot
app
frid
vaknar
st4r i lifvet s"som
Det
himmelens
sanuna
vAxa;
Karleken
den.
fbrkvafva
f"r
rot
tid ett leende
hdgre
63
verb.
vagga, trefnad; for att
att
5fver vara
hem.
"
gronskande trad, y^xande
Norden
ar kail och
allt
Konallvarlig.
tid ar kort. Vill ej der sin hembygd; blommomas du se deras jord,se Italien,se Frankrike; vill du se hemmets och familjensvigda jord, se Sverige!se 5f7erallt bland igallen dessa stilla g"rdar, der menniskan och skogama, njuter ett fbradladt natnrlif ; der i sk5tet af heligaoch IjufvafSrhS.llan-
stema
den
ega
svenskarnes
ntvecklas
nationaldygd^r:gudsfruktan och
tapperhet. Frederika
Bremer.
Qnestions. 1. Hvad
framkallar
friden
2. Hvad
(sker) hander familjenssk5te?
3. Hvilka
nar
karlekens
aro
och en
trefnad
i hemmet?
bitter rot
vaxer
upp
uti
bland familjensmedforrattningar
lemmar? 4. Hvad
liknar
hemmet?
5. Hvad
for
skilnad
en
finns det mellan
de
nordligaoch
sydliga landerna? 6. Hvilka
svenskarnes
aro
vecklas
nationaldygderoch
hvar
at-
de?
Fifteenth Lesson. Second
"
1.
The
are
a) To which weak
verbs
divided the
ends vowels:
in
conjugation. belonging to
into
two
first class
-ft,-p,
second
gation conju-
classes:
belong
-5, -t and
a, y, o, e, L
the
all verbs contains
the root one
of
of the
64
15.
Lesson
These
take:
verbs
imperfectindicative. 't in the past participle. "t in the supine, the second class belong all verbs 'te in the
To
b)
the
root
does not end in -A;, of which -p, -s, -t^but contains of the vowels: d, y, 5, c, i. These verbs take: -de in the imperfectindicative. 'd in the 't in
K5pa,
to
Active
the
one
past participle.
supine.
buy.
B9ja,
Passive
voice.
bend.
to
voice.
Indicatiye. Present S. 3(^9 du
S.
jag
\
hqjer.
du
jkopes.
hoja. hqjen. hoja.
P. vi I
\ )kdper,
hanj P. vi I
hanj
kopa. kopen. kopa.
de
bojes.
kopas. kopens. kopas.
de
bojas. bojens. hojas.
Imperfect. S.
S.
jag
]
du
)kdpie,
bojde.
\
du
ykoptea.
bojdes.
hanj
hanj P. vi
jag
kopte.
I
kopten.
de
kopte.
Note.
The
compound
bojdes. koptea. hoptena. bojdens. bojdes. koptes,
P. vi
bojde. bojden. bojde.
I de tenses
jonctive etc. are conjugated with verb: dlska, dlskas.
Indicative
of the the
same
and
Sub-
the
auxiliary verbs
as
the
SnbjnnetiTe. Present. S.
S.
jag \
\] ) kope.^
du
boje.^
kope. kopen. kope.
I de
\
du
\kdpe8.'^
bojes.^
hanj
hanj P. vi
jag
P. vi
boje. bojen. bqje.
I de
kopes. kopens. kopes.
bojes. bojens. bojes.
Imperfect. S.
jag
\
du
)
S.
kopte.^
bojdey
kopte. kopten, kopte.
1
de 1
\
du
) koptes.^
bojdes.^
hanj
hanj P. vi
jag
The of
bojde. bojden.
P. vi 1
de
bojde.
can periphrastic forms the verb: dlska, dlskas.
be
used
bojdes. kdptes. koptetis. bojdens, bojdes. kdptes. just
as
in the
gation conju-
1. Nar anlandt?
var
Hur
kan
du
spela med herrn, g"ngen jag Henrik.
faster? 4. Har
"
glomsk?
s"
jag kanner
men
2. Har
"
passagerarne?
vanner.
vara
ser
din
bland
gamla
fSrsta
kallades
besoka
din bror
af mina
jag^ en bok?
skall du
honom.
"
du 5.
honom 6. Barnet
"
"
3. I "ter^
Jag
dngaren g"r motte gl6mt din
skulle garna icke; det ar
(him) doptes i g"r och
7. Eummet
hyrdes af uilandningenoch stangt dSrren och fonstret? 9. Han 10. Tank tande en lampa och borjade att lasa. 11. Eump" brefvet och sand det (U) med fSrsta t"get. i staden vid vid museet arc an men kyrkan. dyrare 12. Vi korde p" oppna landet, d" vi s"go f(5reteelsen. 13. De tvd maktiga kungarne mattes p" stationen, kysste hvarandra (each other) och kSrde till slottet fbr att bes6ka 14. Valgarningame glOmmas ofta, men kejsaren. 15. Boken skall tryckas i alltid. minnas fbrolampningarne bans
(his) fru.
"
8.
"
har
Hvem
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
1
See
Elementary
Lesson Swedish
29, "
2 2).
Grammar.
"
2
gtm^ again. 6
66
15.
LeBson
16. P(Hj mig; jag skall tryckeri. 17. Tiggaren ringde och pigan gaf och ett par gamla skor. 18. Hvem
faders
min
yftgen.
"
stycke brQd p" gatan? saktmod.
visa*
"
Olyckan
20. S"nd
"
(should)bftras med
b5r
12
straxt
oss
ett
m5tte
dn
t"lamod
ock
"
19.
"
dig
honom
flaskor hvitt vin
och
ire
pond socker. Exercise 1. Do
post-office.
the
4. Have
"
pounds of town
he
flour.
"
6. The
"
us
pretty
a
and
house
"
near
10 gers. passenat the butcher's with
servant
of sugar and three let dearer in are
pound
a
houses
than
daughter?
has arrived
(with) the
5. Send
and
son
hired
have
steamer
met
you
baker's?
dyer's
the
his wife
3. The
"
at the
or
know'
you
foreignerand
2. The
80.
rooms
in the country. 7. The beggar has not been polite; will have nothing. 8. The child is not yet christened; "
"
(will it be) christened? 10. My uncle and my
is it to be
when and
follow
I
me
"
by the 1^* steamer. and
the
duchess.
11. The
"
aunt
ambassador
12. Show
"
9.
"
the
och
me
visa
wiU
way,
"
benefits.
recollect his master's
still forgottenmy
letter?
17. The
sent
but
come.
goods were they did* not
How
can
19.
I
shall
queen
so
the
15. The 16.
old
Have
you
forgetful? 18. 1 rang
"
"
arrived
14. Shut "
"
be you the first steamer.
by
have
if you please! not the servant
"
servant
lamp
a
visited the
13. Has mig vdgen!) sent off the post-cardby the first train? doors and the windows; it is too cold nowl
(Yar sd god
Light
"
twice
forget these
never
offences. Conversation. N"r
anl"nde
AngarenMn
fr"n
"ngaren
London?
heter' statsr"dets
Skall
Ni
fbrsta Hvem
s"nda
son?
Han
med
Nej, jag skall s"nda
oss?
Min
brefvet
anl"nde
g"r afton.
i
Hvad
London
ddptes i g"r
tillHenrik. det med
b"ten.
t"get?
vill spela kort med
broder
jag skulle g^rna spela med Eder, men
vi
och
bes5ka
m"ste
v"r
mor-
landet.
Voro
fbraldrar
Karls
mor p" Nej, de hafva
bland
passagerame? Arc
och
rummen
hus
i Stockholm?
M5tten
1
och
n"sta
vecka. ftro
skola
i New-
"terkomma
dyrare dar
Sn
p"
landet.
I brefbftraren*
p"
Ja,
ga-
tan?
What
York
Ja, de
dyra
stannat
vi
mStte
bref bftraren
vid
kyrkan. Visa is the
to
=
name
show.
"
"
of
See *
" .
.
.
" Rmd 26, " 3. Brefbdrare postman.
Lesson
"
=
heter?
Hvar
de tv"
mottes
67
verb.
The
De
m"ktiga
knngarne? pigan gifvitn"got till tiggaren? Hvajrfbr glGmde barnet sina
Ja, hon
Har
p" stationen.
mdttes
gaf
honom
ett 5re.
mycket glOmsk; det glQmmer alltid n"got, n"r det g"r till skolan.
Det
b5cker?
ftr
Lesson.
Reading
F5rsakelse. Uvi
^
Hon Hvi
Hr
Som
en
skulle
Hvarfbr
Jag
f"geln under br5st
dufva
en
min
Ocb
nar
Hon
bviskar
L"t 0
"r
segem
mild
tusen
min
sig b5nen
pilar, tro.
b"jer
bl"^ stjernef"ste i sitt Fader ^us bon rSjer^
stilla i bans
5ra
s":
viljadig bebaga, djupet af mitt bjerta ser! k"rlek taga, af dig min kalk med
offret af min
du
Jag
med
"n
Faders
min
Emot
vingar bvilar, jag lutar mig i ro*, moderns
dock, ocb
segrar
till sitt bud?
henne
d5den^
kommer
Liksom
m5ta
valde
ban
Intill bans Ocb
glad min
pl"ga? min Gad. 9.ngels"nd iMn jag den gode Fadren Mga^, jag ej
sknlle
som
vill
du
Liksom
utaf k9,rlek ger.
bonom
Vitalis. Notes. Hvi (hvarforj = why. Gonstract. : hvi skulle jag fr"ga den gode Fadren hoarforetc. " tar moderns under hvilar Construct. : som vingar jag lufdgeln mig i ro intill hans hrost * etc. skulle komma doden doden = Kommer om * bonen Construct.: hojer sig emot min Faders hlAa stjeme"
^
fdste liksom *
en
mild
Construct.:
dufva.
och
ndr
hon
rojer min
Sixteenth
Fader
i sitt
Ijus etc.
Lesson.
Third
" 1. To this monosyllabicverbs
Conjugation. coDJugationbelong all and
a
few
the
following
others: 6*
16.
Lesson
68
te, to show.
gry^ to
dawn.
skCj to happen. bo, to dwell. herOy to depend.
5%;
to
shun.
to
spit, to vomit. be, to feel.
glOj to
formd,
to
gno^
ndy
reach.
gape. to rub.
grOt to
shoot
sko,
shoe.
to to
twist.
to
believe.
varsko, "y, to bry, to
sow.
f
to
I to
after.
take
resemble.
Jcld,to strike.
trouble,to
forsmd, to disdain. spd, to foretell,to predict. dtrd, to long for.
bother.
for.
long
to
able.
be
forebrd,to reproach. to skin. /I(3,
warn.
sew.
to
tra,
to
j^jtr^i ^^f'J'
tro,
to
to
sd, to
forth.
sno,
ro,
spy, ma,
row.
flee.
fly,to
"2.
take:
verbs
These
imperfectindicative, 'dd in the past participle. 'tt in the supine. in
'dde
the
Tro,
believe.
to
SnbJnnctiTe*
Indlcatiye.
SnbJiinetlTe.
Indicatiye.
voice.
Passive
voice.
Active
Present, S.
S.
jag
\
du
" tror,
md
tro.^
md
tro.
hanj P. vi I
\
du
" tros.
md
tros.^
tros.
md
tros.
irons.
mdn
tros.
md
troddes.
troddes^
troddes.
troddes.
han) tro.
mdn
tron.
de
jag
md
tro.
P. vi
I
tro.
de
tro.
tros.
tros.
Imperfect. S.
S.
jag
\
du
)trodde.
trodde.*
ha/n]
jag
\
du
"
han) P. vi
trodde,
trodde.
I
trodden,
trodden,
I
troddens.
troddens.
de
trodde.
trodde.
de
troddes.
troddes.
P. vi
as
manner
the
tenses
compound
The
Note.
verb:
dlska, dlskas
are
conjugated
in
the
same
(page 58).
Imperative.
1
The
*
The
S. tro.
S
P. tron.
P. trons.
simple no
dlskas.
of
form
longer
the
tros.
subjunctiveis antiquated
and
sequently con-
used.
periphrastic
forms
are
like
those
of
the
verb
dlska^
70
16.
Lesson
17. Jag afskyrdenne man; familjp" landet. 18. B"djnren Mddes af slaktame. en tjuf. du Har icke fbrebr"r jag mig? gjortmin plikt Lukaren sknlle bafva son? 20. varskott den god
med
jag han
min
Hr
"
19. Hvad s"som
"
en
"
"
har
han
sjuke i tid, men
ej gjort det. 82.
Exercise
dressmaker
1. The
do^
had
parents live in
your
sewed
not
summer?
3. We
"
evening if
"
2. Where
"
shall
4. He
have time. you rather^ after he takes after his father;
lake this
gown.^
the
row
does
his mother
the
on
take
not
and
father grand-
5. The servant has sowed dishes raside). (by 6. The ; they are alreadyshooting forth (shootforth) with laziness. 7. The has teacher day reproachedme my 8. That to dawned when the steamer sea. depends upon put the weather; if it is fine I shall go a hunting;if it is bad I shall lived (dwelt) in Paris Street Nr. 4 9. We stay at home. Street Nr. 10. 10. Is live in London we formerly but now 11. The old poacher was disdained had my ridinghorse shoed? did' not warn 12. Why in me by all his neighbours. you
the mother's
"
"
.
"
"
"
"
"
"
time?
13.
"
Paris ?
hoped
How
were
14. The
"
seamen
were (sailors)
all
reach the coast, but
to
sisters when
your
15. The
on
to
wrecks
same
perishedin
went
you
the
and
deep waters. again.
his fatherland
for to
see foreignerlonged shall have that in a we war astrologerpredicts 17. All peoples believe in God. Europe this year. I got my boat 18. Thinking (believing) that you would come, "
16. The
"
"
in
ready 19. We
row go and wheat much
order to
have
sowed
like asparagus
"
river with
the
on
this year.
you.
20. I do
"
"
not*
much. ConTersation.
fbrebr"dde
Hvad
Han
generalen
hibstame
skotts i
kaptenen bans
uppf5rande under slaget. har Nej, man glomt att sko
kaptenen? Haf^a
fbrbr"dde
dag?
dem. Hvar
satt
flickan?
Flickan
satt
sydde Hvarfbr
afskyr
han
denne
vid
fonstret och
ett bl"tt fbrklade.
Emedan
han
"r
en
tjuf.
man?
P"
hvem
br"s
Han
gossen?
De
p4 modem. inom
skjortama
Hvad
i morgon. mar. har tr"dg"rdsm"staren Han har s"tt blomk"l
sys
i afton
br"s
M"ste
1
sys
tre
elier tim-
och spar-
riser.
s"tt?
[Fruntimmersjklddning.
"
"
m"ste
Hallre,fastmer.
'
See
Lesson
23,
"
8.
"
The
det?
beror
Hvarp" Tror
du
Med
hyem
verb.
71
Det
p" Olets kralitet. Nej, jag tror det icke,ty det.
det?
beror
icke sant.
Hr
din
bar
knsin
Min
rott
p" sj5n i dag?
knsin
bar
rott
med
en
tysk fr"n Berlin bela dagen.
Reading
Lesson.
Christina.
ledig fbr Christina, redan som bam; glansen af bennes faders Ura, hvilken omgaf benne i yaggan; redan bennes eldiga snille,som, tidigtntyeckladt, tidigtbennfh-ades; bennes fUltberrars bedrifter;bennes r"dsberrars y5rdnad fbr Gastaf Adolfs dotter; de l^des djapsinniga samtal; konstn"remas hdgt flygande bilder; allt detta gsi bennes maktiga sjal en fbr bog spanning. Hyad blef Att Gustaf Adolfs tron syntes henne fbr l"g, fbljdenderaf? bans rike for tr"ngt, bans religionfor enkel, bans folk fbr Den
lysande tron,
barbariskt, och bela
norden
ocb
stort Stoisk
sig sjalfsyafvande
Allt byad
ofyer stoftet.
bQgt
tankt, yill bon tillagnasig. bryta sig ur sinligbetdygd, ocb med Pythagoras yistas i Empyreen och lyssna af menniskor
sk5nt
i sin
band
sjalfya jord
denna
Hela
yppiga inbiUning. ^reb5ga sjal. Lik en paradisf"gel
forslogicke fbr bennes staller bon
Men
yildmark.
frusen
en
icke bennes f(5rn5jde
Bom
ens
stod
som
till sferernas
ar
Plato
med
yill bon
musik. F. M.
Franzen.
Qnestions. dotter
1. Hyems 2. Hvad
Christina?
yar
bidrog att gifvabennes sjalen sinnesstamning bestog bon ingaf sig Christina? yiUe bon tillegnasig?
3. I hyilken 4. Hyar"t 5. Hyad
Seventeenth
Strong
changes
" a) which and
The
1.
strong verbs in the
of their root
2.
They
are
divided
The
first group undergoes but
in the
pluralof
spanning?
tronen?
Lesson.
Conjugation.
Fourth
"
ft)rb5g
verbs. are
the
by
vowel-
ImperfectIndicative. into
contains one
characterized
chief groups: verbs the root
three the
of
vowel-change in the singular ImperfectIndicative.
72
17.
Lesson
the
change of the diflferent rootbe belonging to the first group may
According
to
vowels the verbs divided into 9 classes. l"t
dass
into
(long)changes
%
2i"d
"
M
3wl
"
a
4th
"
d
bita
Ex.:
e.
"
"
5. Ex.:
(long)
"
"
0.
(long)
"
"
a
Ex.
:
(to bite),bet, beta. bjuda (to offer, to invite), bj6dy bj6do. /"ora (togo, to drive),for^ faro,
.
[e].
or
Ex.:
Ex.:
^Zla
Ex.:
Mto
^rdta(toweep), (grrat
(to hold),h6U, h6llo. (to a. let),2At, Idio, Ex.: " o. /"aZia(to fall), f6U, f6llo. Ex. : grUfva (todig), " 0. grof^grofoo,^ Ex.: Ato (to eat),Jt,dto. " a. takes vowel-change place also in the Imperfect "
o.
"
The Subjunctive, but Note.
the
other
retain
tenses
the
root
vowel
of
the
Infinitive.
bita,to bite. jag bet, I bit; vi beta, we bit. jag har bitit,I have bitten,
Ex.:
comprisesthe verbs the root of which undergoes two vowel-changes (except the the one in the singularand verbs of the second class), the other in the pluralof the ImperfectIndicative. According to the change of the diflferent root- vowels be dithe verbs belonging to the second vided may group The
b)
into
second
4
iBt class i
group
classes:
changes
into
in
a
the
Ex.
2i^d
"
"
y
in
u
the
plur.
finna (to find),fanriy ftmno,
:
in the
sing, and in the plur. bryta (to break),br6t, br6to, in the plur. in the sing, and u Ex.: bUra (to bear),bar, buro. in the plur. in the sing, and u
0
"
sing, and
Ex.:
3i^cl
"
a
"
"
a
4th
"
a
:"
"
0
Ex. Note.
svUrfj]a (to swear),svor,
:
and
Participle(except in
Past the
Ex.:
root-vowel
fi/nna,to jag farm, m
of the find.
jag
har found
funnit,
of
the
2nd
class)but
the
the
other
tenses
bryta, to break. jag brot, I broke.
found. 1
the
Infinitive.
I found.
fiinno, we
in
svtiro.
dicative vowel-change plural Imperfect Intakes place also in the Imperfect Subjunctive, the Supine
retain
The
have
broke. vi broto, we not har brUtit jag
have
etc.
(brotitj,I
broken.
Obseryatioii.
It results from to
the ^
first group Also
the are
according to
above
that
the verbs
characterized: the
second
conjugation.
belonging
verb.
The
1.
by
a
of the
simple change
root- vowel
in the
perfect Im-
Indicative; 2.
the
by preservationof the root- vowel Supine; those belonging to the second whereas group 1.
by
a
double
change
of -the root-vowel
in
are
in the
the
racterized: chaperfect Im-
Indicative; 2.
vowel
the
by
which
is
the
in
always
Supine
and
Past
Participle
u.
verbs c) The third group contains all the irregular tenses will belongingto the 4 conjugations.The irregular be given in the text as they occur or in the vocabulary. " 3. Besides the different changes undergone by their
by
root-vowels,the strong verbs
the
"
also characterized
are
followingterminations:
4.
in the
'it
"
Grlpa,
Active
The
-en
"
to
Past
Participle. Supine.
seize.
Binda,
to bind.
voice.
compound
Passive
forms
are
coi^ugated
voice.
after ^alsha^
page
58.
Lesson
74
17.
Imperfect, S.
jag
\
du
)grepeA
8. 3^9 du
bunde
hanj P. vi
I de
\ jgrepes.^hitndes.^
hanj grepe.
btmde.
grepen.
bunden.
grepe,
hum.de.
grepes,
hundes.
I
grepens.
hundens.
de
grepes.
hundes,
P. vi
Imperatiye. S. P.
grip. gripom. gripen.
hind.
S.
hindom,
P.
hinden.
grips. gripofns. gripens.
hinds,
gripas.
Mndas
hindoms, hindens.
InfinltiTe.
gripa.
binda.
gripande,
hindande.
gripit.
hwndit.
"
Participle. gripen.
hunden.
gi-ipits.
htindits.
Supine. Words.
sommardrdgt, summer sdng, BODg. skordetid,harvest fait (n),field.
clothes.
hungrig^ to
skota^ to
be
hungry.
nurse.
knipa, lo pinch. tjuta,to howl. sjungaj to sing.
time.
ordination, prescription.
hjortjstag. {u),harness. jdgare, hunter. hosaa, gun (rifle). pipa, barrel. dessert. efterrdtt, mjolmaty milk-diet.
rakt, straight.
harnesk
skrika,to
cry.
strida, to fight. i dr, this year.
skrifoa,to
write.
slinta,to glide.
^unkaj to sink. sjuda^ to boil. psalm, church hymn (canticle). morrow. i ofvermorgon, the day after to-
fir.
gran, is, ice. sang,
vara
bed.
dryck, drink, beverage. pansarskepp (n),iron-clad (ship). for sent, too late. ox. oxe, kransj garland, wreath. hjalte,hero. taga, to take. mind! akt! take care! gif skina, to shine. vid hanegdllet, at cock-crow. rida, to ride. i fjol,last year. galen,gaining, mad, madman. (of a dog). gcdeny mad slita,to tear. furious. slita ut, to wear out. ursinnig^ skdllaj to bark. patriotic. patriotisk, skria, to bray. trdffa,to meet. till middag, to dinner[-time]. gnida, to rub. fOf giftad, poisoned. hugga, to hew. to lie. from, pious. Ijitga, The
compound
forms
are
conjugated
after "iidl8ka:" page
58.
verb.
The
i morgan^
to
vrida, svika, to
breakfast. well. brtmny lida,to suffer.
to frvJcostera,
morrow.
(to wrest).
twist
to
cheat.
for alia, for every ^Zida, to glide.
gala, to crow. Jcor (n),choir. dra^a, to draw. Exercises
the
on
1.
af
bets
Jag
kniper mig.
vid
3. I
33.
cob
galen hand
en
f(5r att skOtas
one.
first group.
of the
strong verbs Exercise
Paris
75
genast fara till 2. 6if akt, du
m"ste
Institut.
Pasteurs
"
(tvenne)sommardragter din syster icke bjudits 4. Har under min resa till Sverige. till borgm^tarens bal? 5. Den stackars galningen tjdt s"som 6. Studentema mSttes en p" torget och sjongo varg. 7. I skSrdetiden arc bonderna en patriotisksdng. p" ftlltet vid hanegallet. 8. Lakaren hvarje morgon tog sin penna och skref en ordination. 9. De tv" hjortarnetraffades rakt i brOstet; de tjoto och 10. Joban, hvarfor folio till jorden. har harnesket m"ste icke gnidits? Det gnidas i dag. 11. Jagaren grep sin bSssa vid pipan och stred emot det ra"
"ol slet jag
ut tv"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
sande
"
effcer mjSlmaten.
sjukt att konima ban
12. Fruktema
(ursinniga) djuret. 13.
"
lakare
en
i
huggas
att
Barnet
Sr.
mycket och blef sd. De h6ga granarne har Ijugit; lilla gossen
fbr
"t
kallas.
m"ste
14.
"
15. Den
"
skall blifva straffad af sin moder.
16. Vi
"
i
fbraldrar
efterratt
atas s",som
till
skrefvo
i mormor g"r och vi skola skrifva 17. Min bror slant, fSll p" isen och brot sitt ben. morgon. 18. Den sjuke vred sig p" sangen; ban hade tagit en 19. Det stora pansarskeppet sj5nk p" fbrgiftaddryck. har handlande svikit mig flere 20. Denne 5ppna sj6n. g"nger; jag skall aldrigk5pa nigot hos honom. v"ra
till vdr
"
"
"
"
34.
Exercise
1. The the not
ass
boil
dinner. "
6.
wolf
brays. yet.
2. Does^
~
4. A
"
5. We
is the
felas dig)
you
morning. a
not
eat.
9. Have
I
"
See
Lesson
23, "
3.
not
am
did^
they
deep well was digged out. 12. I they are very pretty. "
by (hvad
you?
8. What
"
"
drawn
was
with
10. A
1
the
does^
prince
to
"
do^
He
crown.
it
No,
invited
and
crows
of young girls sang pious canticles. to the country the day after to-morrow.
matter
late this held
boil?
water
ambassador
heavy carriage
7. What
the
cock
choir
shall go
The
The
3.
"
the
howls, the dog barks,
"
am
he
not
big
two dr
det
fallen
11. Take
in on
"
dig; hvad
at
hungry; hold
oxen.
I ate
too
his hand? the
these
ice?
"
gloves; writing (write) to my
76
17.
Lesson
brother
and
sister is
writing (writes)to her aunt. 13. Why do you weep? 14. We They have pinched me. Two of my 15. (have) suflFered much during the journey. friends were 16. The soldiers fought bitten by a mad dog. my
"
"
"
"
like heroes. rode
yesterday
town.
by
been
sun
your
met
19. The
"
the
17. The and
"
20.
"
weeping (has wept)
everybody.
for
father; he has
widow
poor
bookbinder.
shines
all
to
shamefully deceived
brother
My
18. I
going (went)
was
been
"
is
punished; he
has
day long.
Words. vaSj
redligyhonest.
vase.
weak.
apis, chimney.
svag,
enJcttywidow.
fdrdJdralds,orphan. damma, to dust. rycka bort, to carry
sjukhtis(n),hospital. kirurg,surgeon. packcy bundt
file,bundle.
dterldmna, up. beskrifva,to describe. betrakta, to contemplate. berora, to touch.
banksedel, bank-note.
sdnglinne (n),bed linen. kvistjbranch, bough. Strom, river. engelska kanalen,
vara
the
British
Channel.
piska, whip. fadernesland (n\
off.
deliver
to
fatherland.
ekorrCysquirrel. lofverk (n),foliage (leaves). hankir, banker.
to torstig^
be
thirsty.
het, to be warm. ddrfor, therefore. rdf, fox. veranda, verandah. skdra, to cut. genomtrdnga, to penetrate. vara
dtgd, to
away.
pass
(to flow). rinna, to run smdlla, to clap. Paris
Paris utstdllning,
tion. Exhibi-
[stodjpinne(n),prop. Idrft,linen.
pd ryggen, on one's hakldnges,backwards. till botten,on
back.
(to) the
satte
ground.
i
fullgalopp, full gallop. i hopp att, in hopes that. sndr (n),thicket. medeltidy Middle Ages. riddare, knight.
forbitdgande(n),passage. krdldjur (n),reptil,reptile. brefbdrare,postman. forslag(n),proposal. domare, justice.
sanning, truth. china. porslin fajans ", crockery (earthenware). "
,
skryta,to boast. tjock,thick. lottferijbiljet, lottery-ticket. slingring,winding. tjugu,twenty. \ set off at full
af,
i fullgalopp, j gallop. forsvinna,disappear. krypa, to creep.
brinna
upp,
to
burn
smdlta, to melt. antaga, to accept. vikt,weight. vinna,
to
win.
stjdla,to steal. flyta,to flow. hinna, to reach. dricka, to drink. to sting. sti/nga, skydda, to protect.
borgare,citizen.
down.
78
17.
LeBflon
poacher slipped into 11.
and
thicket
the
waited
for
the
fox.
to defend knights of the Middle Ages swore 12. Snakes widows orphans. they, therefore, creep; 13. Who the called knit are reptiles. stockings?Is it your 14. I do* not want not thirsty. mother? to drink; I am 15. The postman (has) found a pocket-l30okin the street. "
The
and
"
"
"
"
16. Burn
"
the
will force 18.
They
19. I
(compel) me before
swore
have read it. you to accept my friend's
the
when
17. Nobody
"
proposal. "
justice to speak the
fell backwards.
slipped and
cold water
when
letter
20. Never
"
truth.
drink
"
(fresh)
(you are) hot. Words.
landsman, countryman. tdg (n),train. krog, public-house. hiskopybishop. pdfve, pope.
rcittvisans
oforsdkrad,not insured. fordom, formerly. to. % begrepp att, about gd pd teatem, to go
of Parlia-
member
of
jus-
to
the
theatre.
ment.
likhdr
power
vdnster, left.
farmer. landthrukare,
rtkdagsman,
mdkt,
tice.
bandbarrow.
fHittenpol^ pond, pool. landstdlle (n), country
Idsa, to read. rdkna, to reckon. drommat to dream.
seat
-
(house).
lyftayto lift. ledaaga,to accompany. dog^ died.
Idda, case. sdpa, soap. hare, hare. sida,side.
undkomma,
helgon
allmosay alms. l6nnmorda/re, murderer. dolk (n),dagger. Exercises
visa^ to show. sofvit,slept.
lefde,lived. of the
irregular verbs
on
to escape. saint. (n),
Exercise
third
group.
37.
skall ridhast; nu 2. Hvart han kunna rida. gick hunden? jag ser den ej 3. du Vet Uro? hvar bSckerna langre. Nej, det vet jag 4. Vi icke. visste ej hvilken en vag vi skulle gd, men fram landsman visade oss vagen och vi hunno till byn inom 5. tio minuter. Hvarf5r log din bror, nar han s"g (den 6. Hur[u] beta katten och hunden? gamle mannen) gubben? 1. Karl
bar
f"tt
vacker
en
och
stor
"
"
"
"
"
Katten
heter
Miss
och
Cato.
hunden
"
7.
Visste
resanden
8. Mina dags t"get skulle afgS.? larjungarhafva icke kunnat 9. Huru sina lexor i dag. mdnga bOcker bar bokbindarens larlingbragt? Han bragte tvA bocker for mig. 10. Huset brann under sista natten; det var olyckligtvis icke huru
"
"
"
1
See
Lesson
23, "
3.
verb.
The
ofbrs"kradt. dricka
11.
Togen I ett glas ol eller yin p" krogen? krogar; yi g" till kaffeet dd. (n"lr)yi yilja
"
icke
bes5ka
Yi
n"got.
12. At
"
hand!
min
sl^
hafya
hyem
de stackars
personerna
13.
Jag skall ge dig en 5rfil om 14. Frankrikes konangar smordes for-
s"lt sina sista iu6bler? da
79
"
"
15. Hyad biskoparne och af p"fvarne. spSrjer da din derf5re icke kan fbrst"r icke syara mig? jag Mga jag dom
af
de^.
"
16. Den
"
likdagsman.
17. Vi
"
yille icke l"ta
fader
d5d
bragtes yattenp5l.
p"
en
flickan denna
begrepp
mitt
landst3.11e. Det
Exercise
1. We
good the
children
5. Have did^
fishing,if
a
go
two
going
not
yoa
^
seen
yar
had
we
brorl
2. Charles
"
always.
3. We
"
going the garden?
were
charch.
to
in
is not
Where
4.
"
were
father
yoar
"
time.
They
to?
min
men
bani tolf"rigt i sig en djap staden; jag skall Hyem 20. gaf
min
of soap. chatters
case
a
till
88.
school; he laaghs and
at
shoald
received
haye
afg",
att
dr"nkt
hade
bakett?
yaldes
18. Ett
"
ej yanja mig yid
kan
tUl
yackra
landtbrakarne
allena.
afg"
oss
Jag
"terkomma
snart
i
yoro
likb"r; han
19.
-"
af de ty"
rikare
"
6. I
"
is 7. What know, that yoa had broaght a hare. His name (how is called)? name (he is called) yoar is John; he was christened yesterday. 8. The girl wanted not
"
coasin's
"
to not
(Can
the
to
go
theatre them
accompany he) read
and
10. I cannot
"
to
hanger.
well, I laid 14. What been
raise
13.
"
on
has
the
9. Does^
"
Yes
he
stone;
for yoa
bat
father
her he
know
can
it is too
to-morrow.
heavy. 12.
"
been
doing (done)
his learning(learnt) and
lessons?
to
reckon.
11. Come
"
They
sleepwell, Mr. Holm? yoa the whole left side; I dreamt
he
woald how
write, read and
Did^ my
into his
mother
(dem),
write?
I shall wait
me;
her
with
died
Not
of
very
night.
"
this
"
Has he morning? 15. He pat the money
16.
"Giye, rich! Charity is pocket a sister to Prayers, said Victor Hago, the greatest poet of 17. A beggar asked me for alms. 18. The oar centary. went
oflF. "
"
castle tower
old
died in
like
hopes
"
stands
hero.
a
to
escape
yet.
"
20. The
"
the power
19. He marderer
lived like concealed
saint and
a
his
dagger
of Jastice.
Conversation. Skola
vi
bjada borgmastaren
till v"r bal? Nar har lararen
Ja
visst,vi skola bjada borgm^staren
fdrstort sitt
ar?
Lararen sender
"
See
Lesson
23.
och foil i sitt
bans
dotter.
g"r och
galdar.
slog
80
17.
Lesson
L"karen
gjorde lllkaren?
Hyad
en
Hvar
stndenterna?
m5ttes
icke
harnesket
Har
en
och skref
penna
p" torget och sjongo en patriotisks"ng. Jo, det gjordes i g"r afton.
gnidits?
mottes
Lararne
Iftrarne?
skrefvo
Till hvem
De
tog
ordination.
skrefvo
till deras
Iftr-
jnngars fbrftldrar. Nar
Frukterna
frukterna?
atas
efter Hvem
har
Ijugit,flickan eller
I barnen?
de
komma
Hvarfbr
att
narne
Ijugit
de
skola
straflFas.
barnet?
Alsken
maten.
hafva
Bagge
efterrStt
s"som
atas
h6ga
gra-
de
Ja,
nar
De
komma
huggas?
huggas, emegamla.
att
de
dan
snalla.
aro
aro
fbr
Lesson.
Reading
T"gen. Mitt Som
lif
ar
rores
t"g
Vid
vindarnas
Nar
lugn
Och
vinden
Hon Till
strid.
blir
p"
haf
hon
af
*
hon'
stranden
^
tyst,
ar
somnar
Vid
tid
en
I svallande
D"
v"g,
en
kysst.
lagger sig ner* bl":
i det
ro
Hon
synes
Men
finnes*^ and".
ej
Af
verldshafvet
En
mer,
juar',
droppe
hon
Och
solen
anna
Kan
spegla sig der. K.
Nicander.
A.
Notes. 1
The
leaving
poetical licence. * Separable "
The
out
verb:
relative
of
article
the
afsomna,
pronoun:
som
to
go
in
"Zu^n"
to
sleep.
and
(hviUcenJ is often
"?ja/*"is
left out,
English. *
Separable
*
To
*
Construct.
exist
verb:
(to :
be
hon
ner-CnedJ-ldgga,to lay down. there). dr ju en droppe af verldshafvet.
as
a
in
Auxiliary verbs.
81
Eighteenth Lesson. Auxiliary " 1. (pages43
Besides
verbs, which
in Swedish
are
either to form
serve
They
1. mdf
may.
Present.
jag
\
du
\md.
S.
Matte
"
I de
md.
I de
"
"
2. Skola,
to
Present
be
jag du
S. shall.
Imperfect. jag \ du
hanj
jsktUle.
han)
P. vi
skola. skolen.
I de
P. vi
skola.
Present
skuUe. skulUn. skulle.
I de
Supine: The
"
obliged,shall,onght.
\
j
Subjunctive.
Imp.
"
Present. S.
mdtte. mdtten, mdtte.
P. vi
periphrasethe
to
"
3.
\mditte.
du
md. mdn,
P. vi
serves
Imperfect, jag \
hanj
han]
M"
auxiliary tain periphrasecer-
to
are:
2.
S.
vara
other
two or
and
of verbs.
tenses
"
(Continued.) auxiliaryverbs: hafva
the
45) there
"
verbs.
skolat.
of sJcolaserves
both future tenses.
to form
The
to periphrasethe Imperfect of sJcola serves Imperfectand PluperfectSubjunctiveand to form the
Present
" hunna,
and 4.
Conditional.
Past
To
these
vUja, mdste
should and
be
added
to
be
able.
Present.
jag du
Imperfect.
\ )kan.
8.
I de
kunna. kunnen. kunna.
\
du
"ktmde.
Swedish
I
kunde. kunden.
de
kunde.
P. vi
Supine: Elementary
jag
han]
han] P. vi
following:
fa.
3. kunnaf
S.
the
Grammar.
kunnat. 6
18.
Lesson
82
"5.
4. vi^a,
willing,to wish,
to be
to like.
Imperfect.
Present S.
S.
jag
\
du
\vill,
vUja,
vi(jen.
I de
fndste,
be
to
jag
and
"
Jag
har "
vi mdste. mdsten.
I
be
mdst.
allowed, to get, to receive.
Exercise
1.
to.
de mdste.
6. fd, to
sv"rt.
have
to
P.
mdste.
Supine:
fbr
viUe.
viilen.
Imperfect.
han)
7.
de vdat.
\
du
"
viUe.
obliged,must,
Present S.
yvUle,
P. vi I
vilja. Supine:
5.
\
du
han)
han) P. vi
"6.
jag
icke konnat 2. Han
skall
39.
mig tyska spr"ket; det "r aldrig blifva lard, d" han icke
l"ra
83
Auxiliary verbs. stnderar.
3. Du
"
4. Har
"
"lr icke sftgadet; l"raren skall straffa dig. f"tt g" p" konserten med dina vanner? Nej,
du
icke velat.
fader har
min
tack, jag
icke
f"r
den
skota
for att
5. Vill Ni
"
r6ka.
6.
"
sjuka.
MMte
7. Du
"
rSka
cigarr? Nej,
en
lakaren
m",
komma
s9,gahvad
i
tid,
vill;jag
du
8. Den berSmde lakaren har icke g5ra det and". 9. Det var i s" mSrkt bota konungens sjukdom. kunnat m",ste tanda for vi att att soka bQckerna. en lampa runmiet, skall
"
"
10.
"
Utlandningame
icke
tala litet franska.
firuar kunde
fbraldrar.
sina
lyda
kunde 12.
"
tala
svenska,
11. Bamen
"
deras
men
mdste
alska och
Sallskapsrummet,matsalen, sofm"ste i dag. tamburen [renjsopas
(sangkammarne) och Jag kan icke gd, min vanstra fot varker for mycket. frdn Nizza. 14. I gljrfingovi en ISda apelsiner 15. Skall oss? Nej,jag fir icke dricka Ni icke dricka ett glas vin med min 16. M" det. Gud lakare forbjod mig vin; skydda de
rummen
13.
"
"
"
"
tappra soldaternal
17. Det
"
nyttigt att kunna simma. p" stolen utan p" bordet. mitt rum, du vill;mitt boksk"p nar
18. Du
skall icke lagga boken
19. Du
fir
till
komma
till ditt
fbrfogande. vi hafva tyska spr"ket,men st"r
"
ar
"
"
20.
Vi
icke
1.
so.
"
lara garna vilja
oss
larare.
ndgon 40*
Exercise
2. Can
skuUe
should We like to go to the theatre to-night. he swim? if he can I do^ not know swim; I think 3. You ought not to spot your books and copybooks. "
May I offer you a cigarette?No, thanks, I ought not forbade me to smoke. 5. We have smoke; the physicians 4.
"
to
"
been
able to raise the stone; it was too heavy. 6. We could not liged obso we were go any farther;we to sit down the wayside. 7. May he always be on
not
"
tired that
were
"
a
good son! diligent. "
not
"
could go
8. The
understand
not
pupil will
9. We
must
kitchen
clever;he is
out; it is late.
go
this letter.
12. The
become
never
11.
"
My
uncle
could
not
be swept before noon. sleep. 13. We could not (have not been able to) go to the concert. 14. To-day everybody can read and write. 15. I
to
"
"
must
"
"
would wise to
10. I
"
not
and
buy
of"ce.
open
"
horse, but "
18. The 19. We
"
to-morrow the window?
1
See
Lesson
thing.
"
17. The
diligent.
a
enough.
believe this
he
could
maid
must
must
go
16. The
to-morrow
evening at Paris. it is
23, "
so
pupils ought
to be
peasant (countryman)wished not, for he had not money bring the letter to the post-
morning; "
we
20. Shall I
are
pected ex-
(far jag)
hot here!
3. 6*
84
Lesson
18.
ConTersatioii, Vill Ni
rSka
Nej, tack, jag f"r icke roka. Ja, han kan tala svenska och ryska mycket bra. Ja, om hon hade en god l9.rare.
cigarr?
en
Kanfransmannentalasvenska?
vilja l^ra engelskaspr",ket? Skall jag stanga dSrren? Skulle
hon
gMrna
och
Ja, doiTen
fbnstret,jag
ber.
At
det och
FS,r
l^sa
nyttigtatt kunna
Ja,
skrifva?
och har
Nej, han
lexa; han
ten?
det i rummet
var
Det
?
s"
var
tanda
komma i
broder
din
ville med
ej p" landet
oss
Han
icke knnnat
mSrkt,
sin
att vi m"ste
lampa for
en
pen
att soka
noma.
frukostera med
m"ste
hos
lUsa,
rHkna. skall straffas.
haftet och Hvarfbr
kunna
m"ste
skrifva
ISlrjangengS. pS. konser-
Hut
alia
vannen
mig
Karl.
gUr?
Har
sagt
man
att
drangen
hit?
komma
HvariMn
till
komma
Ja,
han
kommer
inom
tv^
minuter.
apelsinerna?
Reading
Pr"n
Nizza.
Lesson.
(continued).
Obristina
umg",s med sin samtids yppersta snillen,lefver i efterverlden. Hvarje hennes fomtiden, Smsom tanke blir en bild,som, stamplad i en oforganglig metall, rullar kring verlden och fbr de senaste slakter tyder hennes sjals lik en Phoenix storhet; som p" jorden finner ingen make, och rike vill hon nSjs med ingen lagre liknelse an solens. Utan diadem den vara drottning; utan yppersta bland dSdlige. val finnas arfd vill hon genom Sedan hon nedlagt en spira, den och hon nedsteg ifr"n tronen, dS. hon vardig en annan; krona. I sjelfvasin kungliga icke kunde tillaggaen kejserlig hon inibr andas den HSgste blott sin egen storhet. forOdmjukelse du har gjort mig s" stor" sager hon till Gud; "att om "Du gifvitmig hela jordens rike, skulle du ej fbmSjt mitt hjerta." hon I detta enda drag tecknar sig sjelfs" talande, att jag af hennes bild ej behSfver till fuUkommandet tillaggaflera. Ej n5jd
hon
(5msom
att
i
J. M.
Franz^n.
Questions. 1.
Nojde sig
Christina
med
att
umgS,s med
yppersta snillen? 2. Hvilken 3. Hvarfbr
var
hennes
nedsteg
hon
5nskan? lifliga
ifrln tronen?
sin samtids
86
19.
Lesson
" 7. tin placed before
the year* is translated the numeral. In
"z.:
the
II. Ordinal
numbers
elfie^eleventh. twelfth. tolfte^
trettonde,thirteenth.
fjortonde,fourteenth. ijugonde,twentieth. thirtieth. trettionde, fyrtionde,fortieth.
femte, fifth. sixth. sjette, sjunde, seventh. dUondey eighth. niande, ninth.
femtionde etc., fiftieth. hundradcy hundredth. tiisende,thousandth.
tionde, tenth.
number
compound placed before
is
takes
the
the
ijog,a
Swedish
which
number, in
as
English.
(Samlingstal).
en
shock,three
en
gross,
a
score
(60 pieces).
gross.
score.
IV.
Fractional The
11.
greater
fyrtionde^nde).
not
numbers
"** J^fl*"! a pair (couple). ett dussin, a dozen.
"
smaller
47tli (and fyrtiosijtmde^
III. Collective
ett
the
numbers
of ordinal numbers
termination
Ex.:
" 10.
ordinal
In
9.
(year)
ar
(OrdningstcH),
8 8, forste,-a, first. andre, -a, second. tredje,third. fjerde,fourth.
"
the word
"r 1830,
1830:
year
by
numbers
fractional
by adding
the
(Deltal).
numbers
formed
are
to -del (part) particle
in
the ordinal
numbers. Ex.:
en
tvd
V.
third. a tredjedel, thirds. two tredjedelar,
Proportional
numbers.
are " 12. The proportionalnumbers -duhhel or -fcddigto adding the particles:
formed
by
the cardinal
numbers. tvddubhel
Ex.:
trediibbel
"
The
13.
in the Hvad
dr
twofold. tvdfaldig,
or
threefold. trefaldig,
or
of
hours
the
and
day
night
are
pressed ex-
followingway:
klockan?
What
time
dr
Klockan
dr
It is one, two, ett, tvd, sex. half tvd. It is half past one.
Klockan Klx"ckan
dr
tre
kvart
pd (till) fern.
dr
en
kvart
ofver
Klockan
dr
en
hvart
pd fyra |
tre
it?
is (o'clock)
Klockan
J j^ ^^
It is
jg *"
^ "
six o'clock.
a
quarter
to five.
three. quarter past 4u"xw;i poo toxica.
The
Kloekan
87
numerals.
5, 10 minuter of'oertt^d. It is 5.10 m. past two. It is (wants)5.10 m. 10 minuter i sex. ottos (dr) f 5, dr
Klockan
six.
to
dags?
Hum
what
At
tune?
Words.
dr (n),year.
anldnda, to arrive. upptdckOy to discover. huru dags^ at what time? in the morning. pd morgonen^ pd eftermiddagen,in the after-
month.
mdnad, veckoy week. plate. tollrik, (n), egg. agg ofgd,to depart,
leave.
to
noon.
dr, this
i
year.
Exercise
1. Det
41.
finns
2. Huru fyrtiofem larjungar i skolan. 3. Vi k5pte ett dussin m"nga apelsinerhar frun k6pt? 4. Karl Sr den tolffce i skolan. flaskor af gront glas. "
"
"
"
5. Aret
tolf mS.nader
har
och
fyra veckor i
arc
Med
"
8. Hvad 9.
"
g"r
fSrsta
Han
11. Grefven
femton
icke; jag
vet
och
skall "terkomma
till
dags skall du fara fyra p" morgonen.
klockan
hundra
5. f. m.^
klockan
upp
Jag
"r
dog
"
7. Huru
"
t"get
klockan?
ar
har veckor ; m"naden 6. Huru m"nga minuter
femtiotv^
sju dagar.
Sextio.
timme?
en
Paris?
veckan
och
vill
mitt
p"
se
ur.
10. Solen
tjugufyra.
"
g"r ned
"
klockan
8
m.^
e.
"
till slottet inom
fjorton dagar. 13. Huru g"nger "tta gor sexton. mycket ar tolf och tjugusju? 14. Min 15. Huru bror ar tio "r gammal. 16. barnet? ar skref den gammalt dig Jag tjugufemtede17. Huru cember; har du icke f"tt mitt bref? m"nga g"nger i g"r tre tolf? Det g"r fyra g"nger. 18. Vi skola fara tillstaden klockan half tv" p" eftermiddagen. 19. Gif mig ett dussin 20. T"get [af]g"rklockan tallrikar. fem p" morgonen. "
12. Tv"
-"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
42.
Exercise
1. It is the
six o'clock when
was
twelfth
part of
a
year.
4. How
twenty-eight. "
old is your
5. The old. maid servant years 6. The steamship leaves Havre at "
the in
evening and the morning.
thirds
and
arrives at
sixth
a
make
yesterday; 10. America write
I
12. Does' 1
=
she a.
wix)te
m.;
8
you
==
p. m.;
"
in 1492. the
on
"
a
or
see
"
25*^
the
score
minutes
ten
back
come
the third
want
bought
five sixths. will
discovered
was
me?
he
times
at
half of this
me
2. A
"
9.
in
He
Lesson
My
"
fortnight. "
October
23, "
in
8. Two parted debrother
apple!
fourth?
"
six o'clock
11. When of
are
is five
of eggs. past nine
about
a
month
seven
little cousin ?
Southampton
7. Give
"
Four
3.
"
off.
set
we
No, 3.
did*
you
last.
"
she wants
88
19.
Lesson
the
twelfth. The
15.
"
273
has
Holm
boor
13. 73
"
cows.
won
eleventh
in his
will look
at
1632. not
sir.
know,
died
time
to
five
it?
I
(o'clock).
train leave? at
over
the
16**^ November
the
on
the is
theatre
his cousin
is (o'clock)
minutes
does
time
The
20.
"
and
My neigh-
this year. sheep, and
310
oxen,
Liitzen
near
what
14.
"
crowns
second
; it is twelve
Adolph 19. At
"
253
17. What
"
58.
thousand
is the
son
watch
leaves
bought
My
class.
my
18. Gustav
"
has
16.
15
hundred
one
earl
"
minus
I do^
quarter to
a
twelve. Gonversatioii. Huru
finns det
h"star
m"nga
finns
Det
tjugutvS..
i stallet?
Aret
Hurum"ngam"naderhar"ret?
tolf
har
veckor
tv"
sextiofem far
dags)nUr
(Huru
m"nader, femtio och
tre
hundra
dagar.
icke ; jag h{)rde Hans Jag Majest"t skulle fara kl.: sju vet
konungen
till Stockholm?
i afbon.
Nar
de till din fader?
skrefvo
skrefvo
De
sjunde apriloch p" ett svar. Med
hvilket
t".gfar du?
med
far
Jag 10
den
tjugu-
v"nta
ftnnu
honom
fbrsta
minuter
6fver
tS.get fyra i
morgon.
Huru
'"r Ni?
gammal
Jag
Nar
dog Linn6? Hurudags g"r solen Hvem
upptackte
Linne i
upp
femton
Hr
dog
Elockan
dag?
Amerika?
"r
f.
4
Christophus
S,r
m.
Columbus den
tackte Amerika Ni
b"ten
nar
anlander?
Jag tror,
I sin Och "
i^stmans
och
h"rda
"Allt,ack allt,hvad Gossen Har
den
Dubbelt
Hafva "
See
Lesson
gret
dagar.
jag
gladdes i sin
fiicka^
en
3de:
sista natten, gode min hydda, brunno
"Brann
skall
tr$st
armar
beklagade sitt
Under
den tre
Lesson.
Reading FSrlnst
att
inom
landa
yngling, mina
hjordar,
i verlden
sjaloch
egde."
tankte:
trogna flickans hydda brnnnit, skall hon
hennes
23, "
dS. min
mdnga 3.
upp-
12
ok-
1492.
"r
tober Vet
gammal?
1778.
hydda alska^; hjordarbrunnit,
an-
The
Dubbelt Har
fftgnasdS.
skall hen mistat
hon
annat
Dubbelt, dubbelt
89
pronouns.
ftr
allt i
jag
henne
af mina
^
;
verlden;
dyrbar*. J. S.
Euneberg.
Notes. *
Construct.:
'
Construct.
:
hon
skcUl dlska dd " Construct. :
hon
shall
henne
fdgnas
Construct.
*
dubbelt
och. flicJca gfet i sinfdstnians armar (eftersom)den trogna flickanshydda har hrunnity min hydda dubbelt (efteraom)hennea mdnga hjordar hafva brunnit,
en
dd :
dubbelt
af mina. (eftersom) hon har mistat aUt i verlden^jag
dubbdt
or
dyrbar.
Twentieth The
Lesson.
pronouns.
" 1. There are in Swedish 7 kinds of pronouns: the determinative, personal,possessive,demontrative and indefinite pronouns. relative, interrogative ,
A.
"
Personal
2.
First
(Masc,
^
See
note
1, page
16.
(Fersordiga). person.
fern, and
neut.)
90
Common
Neuter.
gender. N.
N. G.
den, he, she. dess, his, her.
D.
(dtj den, to him, den, him, her.
A.
20.
Lesson
dc*,it. (af det), its (of it). (dt) det,to it. det, it. dees
G. to
her.
D. A.
PluraJ. for N.
wers
used as
the
to
a
the
de, they. deras (af demj,
D.
(dt) dem,
A.
dem
to
conversation
English polite
is
their
(of them).
tiiem, them.
them. "^t" form
in narratives, novels etc. of social address. mode addressed
genders.
G.
In
Note.
all
^Ni*
"you". but it is The
title
frequently used
more
instead
is ased
or
and
ans*
commonly generally accepted
not name
with
of "l"
is also
the
of
the
dual indivi-
third person
of
verb. Ex.:
HiNTu mdr are grefven? How Ear varit i Faria? doktorn
you,
Have
Count? you
been
in
doctor?
Ar
is used
Du
B.
5.
Are
ill,Madam?
you
like friends,relatives,
intimate
between
"bu" and
German
"
Paris, frun sjuk?
French
"tu".
Possessive
(Egande).
Adjectival possessive
I.
pronouns.
My.
^
[s] [om]
'
With Ex.:
obsolete
the
My
form.
possessive father's
case.
house,
min
faders
hus.
The
91
pronouns.
Thy.
"7-
Plural
Singular. and
Masc.
fern.
N.
dtn, tla^.
G.
din[8j\
D.
dinfomj \
A.
thy. dw, thy.
of
Neuter. N.
diU, thy.
thy,
G.
di",ofthy
thy,
D.
("t) dUt, thy.
for all N.
genders.
(thy)."
G.
dtna, thy. dtna,of thy^thy).*
thy,
D.
(dt) dina,
(thy)." to
A.
to
to
thy,
thy. dina, thy.
A.
dttt,thy. Tour.
"8.
PZt*raZ. and
Masc.
Neuter.
fern.
N.
eder
G.
of ederA/ rc"-/"i",
fe""), your.
D.
(dt) eder (er),to
A.
eder
"
N.
cdra
edert
G.
edra,
D.
(your).^ r^t)edcrt rcr^,to
D.
(your).' (^dyedra, to
A.
edert
of
(ert),
your,
your,
(er),your.
9.
alert f"ry, your.
G.
your.
your,
His,
your.
his,
to
A.
hcms^
"
D.
(her).* (dt) hennes,
to
dc"s,its.
G.
de"", of its (its).*
D.
(dt) dess, to its, its.
her, A. hennes, her.
10.
dess, its.
A.
Their.
"11.
N.
deras,their.
G. D.
deras, of their, their. (dtj deras, to their, their.
A.
deras, their.
Reflexive
possessive
pronouns.
Singular. Masc. N.
and
your,
N.
her.
his.
your,
Its.
N. hennes^ her. hans, his. his of G. /latw, (his).^ G. hennes, of her,
his.
of
cdra, your.
Her.
("t)hans,
fcra"), your.
your,
(ert)^your.
N.
D.
genders.
N.
(your).*
your,
all
for
Plural.
fern.
Neuter.
for
sin, his,her, its.
N.
sitt,his,her,
its,
N.
his, her,
G.
his, her, its. sitt,
G.
D.
(dtJ sitt,to his, her, its. sitt,his, her, its.
D.
all
genders
sina,his,her,its, their.
G.
sin,
D.
(dtJ sin,
A.
her, its. sin,his, her, its.
of
sina, of his,her, its,their. (dt) sina, to his, her, its, their. sina, his,her, its,
its. to
his,
A.
A.
their.
"
12.
Sin, sitt,sina
sense, A
that
is when
[s] [onijobsolete
form.
used
are
they " "
See
in refer note
a
flective subjectivereto the subject
2,
page
90.
20.
Lesson
92
hanSy hennes, dess and
sentence, whilst
of the
when
that is objectively, subjectof the sentence.
used
Han
Ex.:
He
Ron She
(gosaen)cUskar (the boy) loves dlskar (flicJcan) (the girl)loves
Det
dlskar
(hamet)
they
"in hroder his
brother sin hroder her brother
sin hroder its brother
(the child) loves Han (fadern) dlskar He (the father)loves Hon (modern) dlskar
It
do
der"xs
are
refer to the
not
(syster). (sister).
(syster). (sister). (syster). (sister).
sitt ham. his child.
sitt ham. (the mother) loves her child. (fruntimret) dlskar sitt ham. (the wife) loves her child.
She
Det She
De
dlska
(gossarne, flickoma, hamen)
girls, the
the
(the boys,
They
sina
hroder. their
children) love
brothers. Gossens
fader soker hans hok (gossenshok). The boy's father is looking for his book (theboys book). Flickans moder soker hennes hok (flickans hok). mother for The her book is looking girl's (the girPs book). hroder soker hans hok (hamets hok). Barnets is looking for The its book child's brother (the child's De
book).
(gossarnes fader,flickornas modrar, hamens deras
soka
hroder)
hok.
(the boys' fathers, the girls' mothers, the brethren) are looking for their book.
They
children's
n.
Absolute
possessive
" 13. These pronouns adjectival possessive pronouns
have
pronoims.
the
and
declined
are
as
the
in
the
manner.
same
Singular. Masc.
forms
same
and
Plural.
fern.
Neuter.
mitt, mine.
mm,
mina, mine. dina, thine. sina^ his, hers, vdra, ours.
dittythine. sittyhiS; her, its. vdr, vdrt, ours. edra eder, er, edert,ert, yours. Note. Sin, sitt,sina agree in gender din, sin,
its.
(era),yours. and
number
with
possessed object whereas: hans
is used
hennes
"
dess
""""""
deras
"
"
"
when "
"
the "
"
object is possessed by "
"
"
"
"
"
noun.
a
masc.
"
fem.
" " "
"
"
"
neut.
"
"
"
plural
the
94
20.
LesBon
Exercise 1. Hvem 2.
Jag
fr5ken
bOssa.
i morgon.
begrafven
varit i Paris
bar
ocb
sett flickan
fader. ocb
detta De
fru
16. Mina
"
lararinna.
Det
ar
mitt.
19.
Hvilka
18.
"
allmosa
bar
bScker
".t denna
Min bon
stackars
give
you
lend
bim
done "
it.
a
"
tbese
garden trees
11. Tbe
be
person)servant. tbose
children
tbese
old ruins
wbicb
do* you
brother's
book
to
tbis
last year. prefer? mine is not
therefore,prefer it. does* not
bere.
come
"
satisfyber
neighbour'suncle.
"
so
"
By
tbey
of
not
7. Are
"
brotber's.
my
lost it.
good.
not
9.
"
10. Her
"
Tbey cousin
to-moiTOw.
come
"
"
to bis
(speakingof a tbird gentlemen bave forgottentbeir
bas
lost ber 14. We
"
or
mistress.
gloves. tbe
are
brother's?
my
is
"
18. Tbis tbe
way
to
See
Lesson
two "
books;
16. Your
I, interesting;
more
maid-servant
19. Show
13. Tell
"
already visited
bad
15. Here
"
"
en
small brook.
a
Holm's?
bas
thick, but it
"
would
it,but I bave
are
perbaps
17. Tbis
yourself,alone.
"
2. Would
"
3. He
is too
lazy; she
gentleman is our these peopleI
(man and woman) are very ill; the (masc.) will be long and painful,whereas 1
med
broders?
svenska. 20. Gif
en
"
Mr.
20. Both one
ar
said
or
bread
tbe
lady
landet
pa
eller Eder
tbe bank
on
yours
12. Tbese
"
walking-sticksand
g"tt
ricb?
I bave
will
to-day; baker bas given come
ftro dessa bandskar?
frn
bim 8. I gave a pretty watch; be would buy tbem dolls if tbey were
will not
lart
44.
stockings? No,
your
du
son!
were
lies
bonom 12. Har
"
14. Har
"
piece of bread.
a
if you 4. "
two
bra.
tagit? Dessa.
enkas
give tbem
bouse
any money. 5. Our
6. Are
tbese
will
ber
dem.
bus Edert
Exercise
1. Sbe
"t
glas 61
jag bar sett bennes Ja, jag kan franska(n)
men
larares
taga apple
oordentligabamen
systrar bafva
17. Ar detta
"
Ja, jag ett
ett
15. Hvems
"
en
g"r ocb skall blifva
i
sSka
m"ste
Nej,
band^?
make
bennes
ocb
11. De
"
de
ryska(n) mycket
egen
"
gaf
tala franska?
berrn
kan
mina.
aro
benne.
p" konserten?
spr"k p"
deras
10. Modern
"
"t
taga plats; ej dr"ja l"nge.
9. Vill Ni
"
forlorat?
varit i Paris?
frun
g"nger.
pennor;
13. Kan
"
min
ring dog
Ni
bar
doktor
skall
amma
8. Har
flere
fSrlorat sina
bafva
5. Vill herr
"
barns "
oss, berr Holm? ett styeke ost
med
Ni
7. V"rt
"
"
4. Hvad
"
tillbaka; det benne yacker en
gaf
"
och
snart
6. Grefven
god
oss?
ring.
tjanare gaf mig det. 3. Skall gick bort.
En ord
n"gra
med
f5rlorat min
kommer
brefvet?
blott
till staden
g"
bar
Jag jag
gaf Eder honom
sade
48.
"
illness of this the illness of
23, " 3.
The
this
95
pronouns.
(fern.)is dangerous,but will
one
not
be
Oong)
of
a
long
duration. OonTersation* Hvem
p" bryggan? fbrlorat n"got?
herm
Har
Eder
Gaf
Min
du
ser
honom
piga
gamla
dr"ng.
grannes
Ja, jag bar fbrlorat mitt dag p" torget. ett Nej, hon gaf honom
ett
i
ur
6re.
styeke brod? s"g Ni p"
Hvem
Ja
varit i Berlin?
frun
Har
tre g"nger. (visst), kusiner tv" Jag sS.g mina
teatern?
deras
och Kan
p" Ar
m"ste spr"ket Nej, man i Sverige.
svenska
lUra
man
hand?
egen
denna
din eller din
penna
fruar.
Den
"r
bo
n"gra
ir
min.
broders? Hvems
dessa
aro
larde
spr"k
Hvilka
De
hus? rika
den
gjorde
soldaterna
larde
Han
utlandningen? Hvad
grefv^ens. franska,tyska och ryska spr"ken. aro
De
p"
gingo omkring.
landet?
Lesson.
Reading
Adolf.
Gustaf ES. menniskor
Gustaf
som
namn
i varldshistorien
Adolf; enskilda
alia den
af
blott
hafva
ett
namn
som
menniskans
effcerlamnat ett s"dant ".terkallat minnet
dygder,
ock
utan
icke af
och
icke alltid forenade hjeltensdermed egenskaper. B"dan denna, lika ovanliga som alskvarda personftnnu dyrbar for hvarjehjerta;men lighet,skulle g5ra honom det sattet dessa blif^it har ban hvarpS egenskaper mera genom blef slutligaforemSIet den bragd, hvilken anvandes, genom le"ads ^r bans verksamhet, namligen Europas raddning Mn och verldsligtslafveri. Den herrligadager af samandligt under dessa tvanne kunskap och bildning,som hallsordning, iMn det nordligaEusista "rhundraden gjutitsig 6fver och
snillets,statsmannens
for
har
ropa,
Gustaf
Adolfs
tillvaro att
sin
tacka
Gustaf
Adolfs
mod
och
svard. A.
PryxeU.
Questions* 1. Har
Gustaf
Adolf
efterlemnat
ett
stort
namn
i verlds-
historien? 2. Hvilka 3. Hvad
dygder "terkalla bans namn? dyrbar for hvarje hjerta? gjorde honom
4. Hvilket 5.
Huru
var
var
6. Fdr hvad svard?
fbremdlet
for bans
lefnads
verksamhet?
Europa vid Gustav Adolfs tid? Europa att tacka Gustaf Adolfs
har
mod
och
96
21.
Lesson
Lesson. Twenty-first The
pronouns.
(Continued). D.
"
Relative
(rdativtpronomen).
pronouns
relative pronouns are: hvUken who, that; hvUhet (neut.), (masc. and fern.), which, that; kvUka, who, which, that (forthe The
1.
genders).
three
T*
^ ^ den, det, dem] hvad, which.
1 who,
which, that.
a
SingtUar. Masc. N. G. D. A.
and
Neuter.
fern.
hvUken, who, that. hvilkensy whose^ that. (dt) hvilken, to whom,
that.
that.
hvilkeny whom,
N.
hvilket,which,
G.
of which, that. hvilJcets,
D.
CdtJ hvUlcet,to which, hvilket,which, that.
A.
that. that.
Plural
the
(forthe three genders). N. hvilka,who, which, that. G. hvilkas,whose, of which, that. D. (dtj hvilka,to whom, to which, that. A. hvilka,whom, which, that. 1. When Note used adjectively,hvilken drops the "s" in genitive. Ex. : Modem, hvilken sons ddd intraffade i gdr at otfostlig. the death whose The of mother, son (took place) yesterday is inconsolable. 2.
Som
Like
the
Note
genders. governed by
a
Ex.:
is
indeclinable
1.
Give
Jag I do
3.
Note
when
or
placed
the
at
left out,
as
in
When the end
stands med
Oif mig kdppen min
3.
who
man,
all
c"om"
or
nwn
father. hvilken fnot tsomiO du iAog the
on
bridge,is
my
hund. me
not the
stick with
the
kdnner
ej UU
know
the
relative
the
English.
sentence,
which
you hit my Ni talar om,
flickansom girlthat you
pronoun
preposition connected of
"that",
for
is never
(TmlkenJ stdr pd hryggan
Mannen, som fader. The
used
be
may
English preposition.
2.
case
und
relative pronoun
the
is
with relative
are
in the
dog.
speaking of. the
objective
pronoun
pronoun
may
is be
The
Ex.
vifiyjag Jcoptear icke godt I bought is not good.
Det
:
wine
The Den
talade
flkkan jag
fwilken). girl I spoke
om
dr
gift (i.s,
of:
om
(i.s. of: of whom). hvUkas, genitive,fmlkens, hvilJcets^ (antiquatedgenitiveof hvar) is often used. Ex. : Denne konung, hvars dygder man prisarsd mycket virtues This king, whose are praised so much of relative sentence 5. The Note antecedent a generally The
4.
Note hvara
97
pronouns.
of is married
of the
.Instead
.
.
independent article
is
.
.
placed
it.
before
Ex.
Be darner (damema) som du talarom,kdnnerjagicketilh I do not know the ladies you are speaking of. used and are Dew, det, dem are not very much
:
6.
Note
always
in the
used Ex.
De
:
dative books
accusative
and
backer,dem
The
E.
the
article when
terminal
the
drops
.
.
that
case.
jag kopte dro for min (which)1 bought are for
moder. my
mother.
jpronomen), (interrogativt Interrogative pronouns axe: " 2. The interrogative pronouns which is always used substantively 1. Jivem? who? "2.hvadP 3.
what?
"
"
and
occurs
and
adjectivelyand
only in the singular. what? In the hvilken? (m. and f.) who? hvilket? (n.) sing.JivUka? for the three genderswho? which? (what?)in the plur.can be used substantively is declined
(m. a. f.)hvUketdera? which the two (these)? hvilkadera? hvad for en? (m. a. f.)hvad for
4. hvUkendera?
kind
for the
or
relative
(n.)which of (ofthese)? ett? (n.)which
3
hurudana? (m. a. f.)hurudant? (n.) plural and used is always adjectively genders
how is? is obsolete who?
1. ho?
the
of?
6. hurudan?
means
as
hvilJcm,hvilket^hvUka, page 96.
pronouns:
5.
"
"
"
and
only
used
in bibUcal
language. poetical
" 3.
hvevn?
who?
hvad?
which?
Singular. N.
G. D. A.
Jwem? who? hvems? whose? to hvem? (dt) hvem? whom? Ex.:
D.
hvad? what? hvars? of what? CdtJ hvad? to what?
A.
h^vad?what?
N. G.
whom?
stdr framfor huset? Hvem before the house? Vi^ho stands
Elementary Swedish
Grammar.
7
98
Lesson
At
hoem
To
whom
do
har
What
have
"
Which
of
an
F.
those
Hvad
for fdglar
What
(sort)kind
1. mafif
one,
-ens,
Dat.
2.
soldiers
thoasand
birds
of
they?
are
for persons, hvad is used for persons and
and
Ace.
for
things. things.
pronomen), (indefinit
pronouns
they, we,
(or passivevoice).Gen.
you -en.
ndgoHf ndgot, ndgra, any,
somebody.
some,
3. annan, annat, andra(e), other. 4. hvar(t) och en (ett);en (ett)hvar(t)^all and one,
5.
were
dessa?
dro
is used
Indefinite
nitive ge-
af dessa (M) larjungar dr ^juk? (two) pupils is ill? bland dessa tusen scldater hlefvo sdrade?
among wounded?
Hvilken
in the
c5".
Which
Hvem
mination ter-
these
of
Hvilkadera
5.
like hvUken^ the
remaining unchanged except
HvUkendera
"
apple?
Intet.
"
is declined
admits
which
sett?
M
HvUkendera 'dera
grivethe
yon
Nothing. yoa seen? hoeker har han l"st? books (has he) did he read?
Which
4.
gifver du applet?
Hvad HvUka
"
21.
every
each, every.
hvarje (indeclinable).
6. hvem
hdst; hvad
heist;hvilken som'hdst, whoever,
whatever. 7. bdda
and
bdgge,both.
aUy alltyaUa, all. 9. hel,helt,hda, whole, entire. 10. mdngeUy manget, manga, many 8.
11.
sondiga,some.
12.
flereor flera^several. NB.
like the
The
indefinite
pronouns
admit
a.
of
an
in the
"8"
genitive
substantive.
Q.
Correlative
pronouns.
Declension.
Singular. Masc.
and
Neuter.
fern.
N.
deny he, she. denSy of him, of D. (dt)den, to him, A. den, him, her. G.
N. her. ,
to
her.
G. D. A.
dety it,the
one.
of the
one.
(dt) det, to it, to det,it,the one.
the
one.
Tbe
99
pronoans.
Plural
(for both
nnmbers).
N. G.
deras, of
D.
(dtj denijto
A.
dem, them.
de, they. them. them.
Observations.
a)
This
followed
by
is almost pronoun the relative pronoun Den,
Ex.:
He
De,
becomes in the
fears God rika aro
som
who
They
b) It
fruktar Gud,
som
who
is
are
"5ow".
sdll
dr
happy. icke alltid de
aro
rich
always immediately
also be used with determinative pronoun
may a
lyckligaste.
always
not
are
a
the
happiest.
and
noun
and
then the
drops
it "5"
genitivecase. Ben
Ex.:
The
som
fruktar (}ud
who
fears
man man
Den
mans
The
virtues
dygder of
God
som
the
is .
.
sail.
dr
happy.
.
who
man
.
.
.
c) In the dative and accusative cases "dem* into "de" when followed by a substantive. Gud
Ex.:
God
dUkar loves
de man, the
som
men,
dygdiga,
aro
who
changes
are
virtaous.
Words.
kulleyhill. knif, knife. ddd, death. fat (n),cask. rykt (n),report. omstdndighet,circamstance.
tulpan, talip. ftdlkomlig, perfect. inconsolable. otrostligy kostbar,costly. tdras,to weep. knacka, to knock. smaka, to taste.
ndl, needle. nyckel,key.
foredraga,to prefer.
levera/ntor, purveyor.
%
vaSy
vase.
bruka,
1. Hvems
ftr detta
has
m"ste
eller bans grannes blifva val gjordt.
var
vill hon
"
hvilken
sons
i
ocb
morse
hvilkens son.
"
son
som
45. vi
faders?
"
se
p"
hon da
6. Det
kullen?
3. Hvilkendera
"
Ax det
skall gSra, af dessa (tv")knif-
2. Hvad
Ni
4. Modem, den bar eller den der? intr"ffade 1 g"r, ar otrSstlig; jag s"g henne
kSpa? d5d
use.
this morning.
morse^
Exercise
min
to
"
5. Kftnner du till mannen 5rfiil?Nej,hvem ftr han? skolmftstarens
grat fortfarande.
giMt fat vin
en
jag kSpteMn
"
denne
handlande
ftr 7*
d"ligt;
100
21.
Lesson
jag yill kopa ett mina
vackra
tv"
kendera De
som
darner
"
ftr det
vaser?
bland
dessa
bl"a
aro
7. Hvem
(fat).
annat
slagits5nder
pigan eller drilngen?
n"sdakar
eller de
"r det som
din
finner ftro
som
8. Hvil-
"
syster vackrast
grona?
9. Hvilka
"
?
ara
10. Den g4r afton p" balen? store konung, hvars dygder man prisade s" mycket blir nix 11. luckor De hvilkas aro bus, gront m"lade fbrgaten. 12. Hvar i staden visste tillhdra mig (aro mina). och en 13. I bela staden gick ryktet att Tysklands kejsare det. 14. "En moders skulle anlanda bjarta", sade en genast. kostbar skatt ; hvar och en bar sin del deraf stor skald, "ar en de
du
talade
med
i
"
"
"
"
"
alia bafv^a det belt ocb
ocb
sjuka.
16. Hurudant
"
laser Eder
hvilka
under De
"
dotter?
18.
dog?
2. The
the
sister's?
speaking^; I the
door
have I
which
with
reading was wine
of
9. He
who
him
means.
I
do
of soap
sort
is the
6. The not
whose
prefer the
key
you
at our
taught the "
"
boast
can
use?
you
14. Which
"
it is
ours; son
are
house
not yet tasted last month. me
sent
purveyor
my
you
5. Here
"
to
whom
10. God the poor, lends to the Lord. in his wiU have given a glass of water who
11. Who
"
ladies of
gives to
will reward name.
which
good"
not
are
"
"
8. I have
"
me?
"
gardendoor. knocking* is
honest.
med?
bund
3. Whose buy them? Are they yours or your
?
them.
countryman
but
poor
got
"
were
you
have
you
the
seen
the
opened
7. The
"
know^
not
never
of which
cousin's. cask
I do
4.
"
min
moster.
a-hunting with
(will) come
to
bocker
46.
which embroidering-needles, (have you bought) did you gloves I see on this chair
Where are
wishes
slog du
for min
Exercise 1. Who
fbr
omstandigheterna
voro
19. Hvad
"
(bagge) aro
17. Hvad
"
Hurudana
jag kSpte, aro
fSglar,som
15. B"da
"
motet?
var
"
hon
b"llet."
rose
I
books
which
on
know*
the
persons
whom
has
he
are
of these two
tulip. too
was
far
the table who
been
being perfect?
13.
"
the
to
nothing,because
of
a-
spoke
"
the
do 15.
away.
with
not
flowers
"
the
near
fishing?
20. Here are part. not Are they pretty?
I
know^
lamp.
she "
(have seen) the Bring me
saw
16.
"
what
prefer^?
do you I
17. Do
"
the merchant? 19. Give
"
12. What
"
each
"
you
18. With
of them
his
toys that I bought for Charlie
Conversation. Hvilken
af dessa
viljenI
tv"
backer
Vi
kopa? Lesson
"
See
*
Translate
viljakSpa denna, emedan. den
23, " by
the
8.
imperfect.
ar
vackrare.
t
102
22.
Lesson
Notes. ^
Construct.:
*
Constract: men and * Construct
men
sol
en
Hon
dock
gUndrar
slitter dock
den
%
Gud
liUa.
inom
en sig. lifearn beHdr gaffbloU dt tjalen,en hon kan forvara (gafe hlott dt ^dlen). earn Ijuabild, * of: (om) den gl"nser klar, hur etc. etc. Instead * md gd. Construct.: md vindame kamma, vindame ^ Construct.: det evdrldligadr gifvetdig. "
:
ett
Twenty-secondLesson. The
"
deponent verb the passive form A
1. in
verbs.
deponent is
verb, which
a
whilst
is
having
gated conju-
an
active
meaning. 1.
Note
with
the
2.
The alone
when
"""
"
deponent
verbs
2.
i"^
The
four
Swedish the
tenses
andas, dagos, to
2^
afraid. be
ashamed.
appear.
tyckas,to seem. vdmjaSy to be disgusted.
weep.
vistas,to stay, to sojourn. afundas, to envy.
yvaSy
Conjugation.
boast.
to
3rd ,
o
^^^*
Conjugation.
f to
resemble.
(
take
to
4**
hehdfvasyto want. dvdljas,to dwell. to
to
to
synas^
svettas, to sweat.
2nd
be
rddaSy skdmmas,
hope.
ponent de-
ConQugation (cont^J. to
dawn.
to hc^pas,
conjugationscontain principd are:
Conjugation.
breathe.
to
minnas,
compound
present participleof the deponent verbs retains and followed drops it when by a noun.
verbs, of which
tdras,to
their
form
supine.
Note
the
The
after.
Conjugation,
hitas,to bite.
recollect.
Pronominal
finns (det),there
is.
verbs.
conjugationof the pronominal verbs is which with the help of the personalpronouns formed verb is "hafva*. are placed after the verb; the auxiliary "
3.
The
The
108
verbs.
deponent
Example. sig, to complain.
BeklMga
Indicatiye. "
Perfect,
Present,
Jag behlagar mig^ I complain. du cornhehlagar dig, thoa plainest. han\
jag
har
du
har
heklagatmig, I have heUagat dig, thou
hast
he ) 73
com-
hon]beklagar sig,she) plains. detf vi beJclagaossy I
I j
U we
det vi
so
i
it
VS
"
a
we ^
heJclagastg, they J and
**^'
hafva heklagatoss,
yon heklagenedfT,
de
f
8
Ihafven heJclagat eder, have you
forth.
de
hafva heklagatsig, they
Words.
renegade. affalling,
gd spatsera,to
tillvaro,existence.
springa^ to
fratngdng,success.
misstaga sig,to
eagle.
6m,
mistake.
tro
(n), faith. okunnig, ignorant.
behandla, to treat. to belong. tillhora,
kloster rddhus
msnoA,
(n),convent. (n),town-hall. prudence. forsiktighet, leave. till"telse, bitrdde (n),clerk. datum (n),date. vistelse,sojourn (stay).
dn,
,
noise.
make
a
be
angry.
skingras,to disperse. trosta, to console, rattvts*,wrongfully, i
allmdnhet,generally.
eld, fire.
att dn besQkt
blef rftdd fbr 6rnen,
hnnd
to
vregdas, to
47.
Exereise
1. Minns
walk.
a
fomeka, to deny. uppfostra, to bring.
care.
omsora,
go out for
run.
som
detta
2. Min gamla kloster? syntes viljaflygap" honom. "
kunna
Utl^ndningame hoppades 4. Nftr fingo icke tilltrftde. 3.
"
"
det
besoka
r^hnset)men
de
dagas, tager jag min kftpp
och
5. Jag om sommaren. g"r spatsera hvarje morgon icke Ofver att hafva sett allt och de, som om yfvas tycker att vistas p" landet 6. Det ftr mycket Ijufligt gjort allt. under 7. Hvarfbr l"ter Ni flickan sommarens varma dagar. nusvettas 8. Handoch hon blifver s" mycket; sjuk. springa laren beklagade sig 6fver sitt bitrHdes uppfbrande. 9. Jag detta slags datum; det var Si ti*or,att hon misstager sig om "
"
"
"
"
1806 bror "
-
och
icke "r
1809.
jag mig sysselsatte 11. Man
behttfdes
d"
m"ste for
icke att
10. Under
"
med
att
afundas
radda
den
min
samla
andras
vistelse bar bos min
blommor
och insekter.
lycka. "-12.
sjukes lif? litet
mera
Hvad om-
104
22.
Lesson
ej sk"mmas sorg och forsiktighet. 13. Det finnes m"n, som den tro, hvari de blifvit appfostrade;de kallas att fbrneka "
14.
(renegater). affUllingar 15. Vi gladja oss lig. "
Den,
6fver
"
hUmnar
som
v"ra
sig Hr fbraktframg"ng.
vftnners
"
16. Hvaraf begagnen I eder f5r att gSra s" vackra saker? bemddade 17. Hon sig att blifVa yftrdigsina herrars y"nskap. "
18. Hvarfbr
"
beklagar
att da
f^raktas
bonom
icke.
i bela
ban
sig?
staden.
20.
"
Yon
2. The
onght
his chiefs.
by
high the
seas.
the
in
4. It seemed
"
enemies.
nameroas
of
to
5. Do
"
way
behavioar.
yoor
which
it dawns
3. When
"
Min
ashamed
complains of
soldier
treated
be
to
tyckes icke veta band bits; nalkas
48.
Exercise
1.
19. Du
"
as
me
if I
shall be
we
on
by mnch;
sorroanded
were
let this child
not
has
he
"
been
so
ran
6. I sweating very (hoped)expected to be able to pay yoa a visit,but I was prevented do ill the whole from it; I was 7. Of what day. masters? treated by yoar complain? Are you not well yoa believe that I belong to this if 8. You mistaken, Sir, are you 9. He who who class of men deny the existence of God. and boasts of having done seen everything is generallyan
mach
it is
and
it coald
ill.
become
"
"
"
"
ignorant man. I
10. I envy
"
pity them, said
11. It
not
was
drink; I
a
man
"
to bring wine; I do not want If the 12. approach dog; it you
to
necessary
thirsty.
not
am
great
the lot of the rich and, however, I forgetnow. whose name
"
13. Those who will bite you, take care! Christ in his gospel. says Jesus
14. You
"
you
the
country
follow
them.
in
town?
or
soled, con-
will
collect re-
pleasure the piecesof advise that I give
with
day
one
if you
will be
weep
"
"
15. Where
does
16. The
soldiers
"
in
live now?
he
selves revenged them-
captain who had wrongfully punished them. 17. The gamblers dispersedafter having lost much money. the
upon
"
18. Do
"
the
you
him
yesterday night?
street
20. Whom
"
know does
who "
this knife
making
was
19. Is any
one
noise
much
so
angry
with
in
you?
belong to?
Conversation. det
Ar
p" reus
Hvarfdr barn
vistas
trefligtatt
landet varma
under
Ja
och
icke
Edert
springa omkring med kallas
sin tro?
de,
en
Emedan kunde
som
fomeka
De
kallas
p" landet hela
med
v"r
familjfr"n det
familj
Paris.
allaredan
bar
mycket; det s" blifva sjukt.
sprungit
dess kamrater? Hum
"ro
sommaren
somma-
dagar?
l"ter Ni
visst,vi
for
afiP3.11ingar.
The
Hvarmed
syselsattesig Eder under
son
samlade
Han
sina sista ferier?
insekter hos
Gladja de sig
sin femte
6fver
att yi i
minus
Yi
det kloster,
flolhafva besSkt vi se p" kullen? som Biter Eder hund mig? Hvarf^r fingen I ej tilltr"de
sin yistelse
sin kusin. sundt
ar
och
kraffcigt. beklagade sig ofver bitrftdes uppf^rande.
beklagadesiggross-
af Eder
under
och
Han
handlaren? Hvem
blommor
Ja, ty barnet
fodelseV
sons
Hvarofver
105
verbs.
impersonal
alia minnas s5kt oss
Ja,
Ni
Emedan
att hafva
nalkas
vi
beroat
vid det tillfailet.
mycket
om
hafva
att
det och
sitt
^ro
honom.
utlUndningar.
till r"dhuset?
Misstaga de sigicke segers
denna
om
i
Ja,
segern "r 1805
datum?
frdga egde
och
ej
"r
rum
1815.
Reading-Lesson. Gustaf Han
Adolf.
(Continued).
eget br5st kS.nde kallelsen och kraften att framst" som Ijusetsoch frihetens fSrsvarare; och detta heliga vS.rf och beseglade det med han fallbordade sitt stort, adelt och sk5nt dessa landers hjeltar eget blod. Hvad fro och snillen hafva utfort, bildat och tankt, 15.gredan som i den enda hjeltetankenatt for Ijusetsseger vS.ga bS.de sig sjelfoch sitt folk; och detta fr5 har efter hans dod utvecklat i snillets varf, hvilkas sig i eviga bragder i statens likasom mi skOnaste blommor knytas tillen krans "t befriarens rainne, krans, faktad af hela det protestantiskaEuropas tacksamma en af det folk, som aktades mest t4rar; men vardigt att i sitt offra sitt blod 8k5te uppfostra denne honom hjelte,att med i den heligastriden, att med honom g4 i valsignadt minne till den
var
den,
inom
som
effcerverld.
senaste
A.
Fryxell.
Questions. 1. Hvad 2. Hvilka
3. Hutu
kande voro
kan
Gustaf
Adolf
foljderaf Gustaf
Adolf
inom
hans
eget brSst?
regering?
betraktas?
Twenty-third Lesson. The
impersonal
verbs.
" 1. The impersonal verbs are so they are conjugated only in the third singular.
called because person
of
the
106
23.
Lesson
Example. to hail.
Hagla,
Indicatiye. Present
Det
Imperfect. ling). haglar,it hails (ishailing). Dei haglade^it hailed (was hai-
Perfect. haglat,it has (has been hailing).
Pluperfect,
har
Det
Future Det shall will be
Det
hailed
hade haglat,it had hailed (ithad been hailing). IL
FtUure
L
hagla,it will hailing).
hail
Det shall hafva haglat,it will have hailed (itwill have been
(it
hailing). Gonditional. Present.
Past.
Det shulle hagla,it would hail (itwould be hailing).
Det skulle hafvahaglat, it would have hailed (it would have
hailing).
been
SnbjanctiTe. Present. Det
md
Imperfect. hail
hagla,it may be hailing).
may
Det md have been
(it
Det shulle (m"tte) it might hagla, hail
Perfect. hafva haglat,it may hailed (it may have hailing).
(itmight
be
hailing).
Pluperfect. (m"tte)hafvahaglat^ it might have hailed (it might have been hailing).
Det shulle
InflnitiTe.
(att)hagla,to hail.
Participle. PaM.
Present
7ia^Zan(26^ (beinghailing),hafvandehaglat,having hailed hailing (havingbeen hailing). The chief Swedish impersonal verbs are: det regnar, it rains. det snoar, it snows. it lightens. det hlixtrar, det fmns,there is.
I.
det toar, it thaws. det dshar, it thunders. det haglar,it hails. det dngrar(mig),I repent.
Interrogative conjugation.
is formed " 2. The interrogative conjugation English. Ex.: dr
jag?
am
dr barnet
I?
voro
sjuht?is
as
in
vi? were we? child ill?
the
.^
II.
107
impersonal verbs.
The
conjugation.
Negative
gether negativeconjugationdiffer^ altois icke from the English one; the negativeparticle inte)and it is placedafter the verb in simple tenses (ej, the verb in compound the auxiliaryand and between "^did ^do not^ and tenses, the English negativeforms be translated literally. therefore never not* should
Swedish
3. The
"
speak (we speak not).
do not vi tala icJce, we vi hafva icke talat, we
Ex.:
vi shola
icke
have not spoken. shall not speak.
tala, we
phrases the negative particle should placed before the subject and the verb. kunde Ex. : jag sade honom, att jag icke g" pd teatern. I I told him (that) could not go to the theatre. In
Note.
be
III.
subordinate
conjugation.
Interrogative-negative
sentences " 4. In interrogative-negative always stands after the subjectwhether it a
pronoun. Ex.;
Skall
jag
icke
se
dig
i
the is
a
negation noun
or
dag?
Shall I not see to-day? you Ear barnet icke varit sjukt? ill? Has the child not been
Words.
dterse,to see again. mistig,foggy. stormy. stortnig, afldgsen,absent. stark,strong.
lexa, lesson. dimma, fog. to blow. hldsttj dugga, to drizzle. skord, crop (harvest). foda, food. hldchkorn (n),inkstand. sound. Jjud (n), ringa, to ring. farvandla,to change.
mild, mild. molnbetdckt, cloudy. Ijus,bright.
vidskeplig,superstitious. stortregn,shower. Exercise
bar
1. Det sofva.
2. Har
"
sin
barnet
moder,
icke
6. Askar blixtrar 8. SkuUe fiske med
som
hela
att
g"r. har
viljaspela om Nej, men "
7. Hade
Eder
icke kunde
jag
det?
starkt.
natten; jag bar
regnat under
afreste i
far, som
"terse
det
fbrargar mig
3. Det min
blixtrat
49.
4. Det
"
varit det
flickans
hade
amma
"r.
lexer
snart
det icke hafva fdgnat dig, om min a kusiner och mig? Jo "
tv"
fUgna
att
"
med
fara till London
borta
icke
kunnat
till Paris?
resa
skall
det kommer
icke
henne
att
5. Skulle
"
att
l^ra
sig?
dska, ty det
ej varit sjuk? f"tt g" p" du hade "
visst.
"
9. Det
sofves
108
23.
Lesson
i detta has; p" aftonen tills kl: 10 p" morgonen Nar 10. det inte fbr mycket? ar regnade (Idngt). 11. Lftraren dngrade sig att det i g"r, der I voren? hafya slagitpojken p" hufvudet. 12. SnSar det mycket i i Frankrike, men "n Ja, det sn6ar mycket mera Sverige? i 4r har det icke sn5at har varit mild. mycket; yintem och 13. Under det varmt under natten ftr det kallt. dagen "r Mn
8
kl:
"
"
"
"
"
14. Vftdret
"
15. Ar
himmelen
yi
nar
icke molnbetftckt? sofvit
du
Har
kommer
stormigt;det
"ska
att
16. Vadret
"
b5rjade Tack, mycket
uppnatt 5ppna sj(5noch
17.
"
ftr
snart
bra?
i afton.
dimmigt
var
det
att
bra.
"
regna. 18. Fi
"
19. Det det ofba dimma. ar Englands kuster duktigt,att ydr tradg^rdsalia trad fbllo till marken timmar. 20. Det daggade hela dagen.
bl"ste
"
sa
inom
tre
"
50.
Exercise
1. I think
2. Has
bright. glad to see "
when
it will not
that
it is
you
foggy at the in England?
than
last year; showers.
the
side.
sea-
you the whole
bookseller
I sent
12.
When
received wind
it
death before
3
food. other
o'clock?
receive
cannot
little birds
Why
her
him
man?
I
now;
go the
through enormous
here
out
this
not
the
post?
waves.
unhappy kings' sons
the
she am
oftener
14. I told her
"
has
is
"
"
because
are
13. Are
"
out
lightens? destroyed often cloudy
10. Has
"
raised
go
was
it rain
home.
violentlyand
snows
find any like every
cannot
books
the
blew
am
it
I will not
snows
at
The
sky
8. Does it
like to
crop
7. The
evening; I shall shall stay 11.
not
afraid when
"
"
9. If
"
4. I do
"
6. Are
"
too
"
well.
are
much
by the hail and and
it been
thundering.
6. It hailed
"
is to-day; the weather 3. I raining last night?
rain
come?
busy.
they subjectto
not
16. Could
"
to
come
15. Tell
"
her
I
not
you
17. There inkstands; mine is broken. to believe that the sound of are people superstitiousenough bell keeps the lightningaway. 18. I do not like rain a
lend
me
of your
one
"
"
and have
I like
changed
in Nizza
still less.
snow
and
"
19. The
the rivers into torrents. in
summer
showers
of last week
20. In
"
winter
I live
in Stockholm. Conversation.
Hvarfbr
har
sofva Huru
ar
frun
icke kunnat
sista natten? vadret?
Emedan
det
hela
natten.
Vadret
ar
kunna
Har
ej
Ni
sagt honom, att Ni g" pa teatern?
kunde
Jag
(har) blixtrat
har
honom hemma.
vackert, vi
fara till staden icke
kunnat
det, ty
han
var
skola i
dag. saga icke
110
24.
Lesson
A.
verbs.
Inseparable " 2. Verbs beginning with prefixesare inseparable:
of
one
the
following
ant-, he-,hi-yent-, er-, for-,gen-, hdr-, miss-y sam-,
und-y
um-y
Ex.:
fdrstd,we understand. jag erbjuder,I offer. tn
B.
compound verbs composed of a noun an adjective are separable. The separableprefixis placed after the verb. Ex.:
Domaren The
Ex.:
sdtter
the
Some
this
to
Some
frdn-taga, carry
learnet
rules
the
on
can
sition compo-
only
be
verbs.
reflect back.
to dterspegla,
to leave,to ofoergifvay
surrender.
separable verbs, (ejmolrtaga,to receive. ned-huggay to hurl down.
away.
till-Uanday to bland.
hddan-faray to decease. m-packay to pack up. inne-stdngayto shut in. Note.
figurative meaning.
nedgoray to overwhelm. to worship. tillhedja, underldtayto help from. "kallayto invoke.
share. to
noun
a
counterbalance.
to
af-ddttyto
or
in the
class; they
inseparable
afhdnday to spoliate. anklaga, to accuse. frdnkanna, to dispossess. foregifva,to pretend. inverkayto influence. innehdra, to imply (infer). motvagay
adverb
translate.
give absolute
verbs
belonging by practice.
of
of the letter.
I overstep. ofver (sep.),
It is difficult to
Note.
cognizance
I jag ofversdtter(ins.),
jag
learnet
took
compounded with an generallyinseparable separablein the proper
and
meaning
tog del af hrefvet.
judge
" 4. Verbs preposition are
a
verbs.
Separable
of the
Most
or
reder-.
van-,
Some
remain
compound
pd-kldda,to to ofver-ldsa,
verbs
inseparable: these
composed are
very
few
dress. read of
through. adjectiveor
an
and
will be better
by practice. Ex.:
Hvem Who
htishdller for honom?
keeps his household? Words.
fdngenskap (n), captivity (bondage). motive. grufi^y
anledning, occasion. dmbetCy office. brott, crime.
'
Compound motstdnd
(n),opposition. belagringysiege. fredsfordrag(n),treaty of peace. alkoholyalcohol. heslut (n),decision. system. netcsystem (n),nervous
Ill
verbs.
8"tt
(n),way.
besdgra,
to
shun.
to
forstd, to utgd,
vanquish.
to
undvika,
understand.
give
I
^i^oUiAn
over.
^"
^
mistaken.
mvssiyaa,
| ^ misinterpret. omvdnda, to convert. t^m^oZda, to expiate. to assist. 6ist"l, frikalla,to acquit. to dishonor. t?awfea(2ra,
tHttwj, witness.
slagsmdl (n),dispute. Zast, vice.
sMdespel (n),play. stcUlning,place (situation). peraonlighk, personality. ingenior, engeneer.
gd ut,
to
go
out.
inflytande (n),influence.
utehlifva,to stay out. godkdnna, to approve. oantaglig,inadmissible.
hof,
trots, in
custom.
vana,
berdttelse,evidence. court.
Exercise
i
hast
sin rikedom
konung
hafva
"
under
of.
51.
besegrades,frdnkS.nd6s 2. Han anklagas att fdngenskap.
1. Denne leddes
spite
importance. vigtighet,
(n),proof.
hevis
sista
natten.
grund du tillbringa sommaren
3. Den
"
och
stnlit
en
nSmner
ar
i "r? skola vi 4. Hvar oantaglig. Viljen I tillbringaden p" landet eller vid sjSsidan(p" kusten). larare. 5. Boken som jag last igenom, tillhSr min 6. HvarfSr gifvitandreg han ned borgmastaren? bar densamme 7. De ledning dertill? dS.ligasallskapen mdste undvikas. hvarfor han 8. F6rst"r Ni ej ville g" frdn sitt amnu, han 9. Om fbrst"tt saken bete? p" detta satt, sd bar han 10. Ynglingen hanfiJrdes af prastens misstydt mina tankar. "
"
"
"
"
"
"
tal
och
omvande
p" schavotten.
sig. "
11. LOnnmordaren
"
12. De
umgalde
belagrande,trotta
6fverg"fvobelagringen och
af stadens
undertecknade
ett
sitt brott
motst"nd,
fredsfSrdrag. "
14. Alkohol inverviljaej inverka p" bans beslut. kar 15. Om mycket p" nervsystemet. ingen hjelperEder 16. P" de fyra skall Ni ej blifva fardig fbre kl. 10 i afton. vid slags narvarande vittnenas (hvilka) voro berattelse,som 13.
Vi
"
"
"
-
m"let, frikallades" min
bans och granne det fordrag, som
son.
"
17.
Nar
de
(skola) hafva godkant jag sander dem med i affUrsforbindelser med trada dagens post, skall jag kunna att 18. De icke fSrr. kunde icke underl"ta dem, men 19. Lasten vanskratta, d" de s"go den stackars tokan. allt sandebud hedrar manniskan. 20. Englands gjorde mSjhofvet kinesiska det att hos ligt motvaga Rysslands inflytande "
"
"
men
misslyckades.
112
24.
Lesson
52.
Exercise
1. You
long.
too
which
I showed read
brother
and
you
of the
bad
little
cannot
of
weather.
5. The
"
7. The
8. The
"
of the lake.
from the
smoking; lion
does
o'clock she
up?
was
and
dinner.
18. Do
"
drunk
from
weeping
11. I cannot
"
refrain
12. The
"
was
you
reflected in the
were
refrain
valley. enough. yearly?
"
Take
14. How
"
of
roars
13.
the much
"
you
know
for I
beautiful
horses
o'clock the
king
these
were
what
at
19.
Speak slowly
speak Eussian
a
little.
prudence of the engineershave
success
acted towards
"
Petersburgh.
of the
I
motives
15. At eleven bring you 16. The duke received not yet dressed. offered to whom he a gala high personalities
"
you,
and
have
17. Where
"
for St.
we
near
acquittedfor want
nature.
whole
situation
your
numerous
spectacle?
the
in
invoke
was
he could
is second
custom
now
sad
You
tall trees
10. Who a
resounded
glasses away;
9. The
overwhelmed
was
one
in which
"
"
of such
view
the
at
"
enemy 6.
accused
way
approved of by nobody. waters
N***.
village called
accept.
out
"
I could
proofs.
been
"
book
"
have
future; you
my
you
the
in
out
go
text pupils translated the German 3. It is not sufficient for yesterday? 4. My through to get an idea of it. not prevent him from settingoff in spite
2. Have
"
to
a
shall not
brought is to leave
I shall
and
20. The
"
contributed
stand underabilities
much
the
to
entreprise. Conversation.
dina fbr"ldrar tillbringa
Hvar
aldrar tillhor boken
Hvem
i dina
ser
hinder?
d"liga
M"ste
jag
som
kamrater
und-
vittnena
hOrts
af do-
fbrst"r Ni
KUnner
han
ofversatte
saken?
den
mig;
alltid undvikas
m"ste
och
en.
derasbe-
Ja, dehafvahortsoch
l"raren, brefvet
Saken som
pd
franska? Hvem
satte passagerame str5mmen?
Ja,
lilla flickan?
kan han
fbrst"s
icke bans 5fver
Atta
p" tv"
k"nner
utseendet,
de
slltt.
till
honom
(han)
men
vet
namn.
matroser
satte
som passagerame, med Ingaren.
Hoshvilkenfamiljuppfostrades Hon den
jag har fbrtv"dagarsedan.
tillhor
k5pt Ja, de
f(3r-
r"ttelser hafv^a nedskrifvits.
maren?
Hur
Den
mina
den i Wiesbaden. tillbringa
af hvar
vikas? Hafva
och
Stockholm
vanligtvis?
sommaren
i
Jag tillbringarsommaren
Sfver anl"ndt
uppfostradeshos en af i staden. ftrligaste fami^jer
Adverbs.
Har din van
fannit
en
(anstall- Ja, ban blef antagen
af gross-
handlaren.
ning) plats? blef af din kusin ?
Hvad
113
Han
blef
ingeniSroch for till
Amerika
med
sina tv" barn.
Reading-Lesson. Oustaf
hafva valsignelser
Och
b"de
valsignelseraf F6r
(continued).
Adolf
ocks"
stadse
fiirstar och
folk,
har
varit
tyskarne
han
fOljtdetta
af
hans
minne, och
egna
af
icke mera lika, om i Weissenkar, an de regenter. Det rum af flackades vid fels, som balsameringen konungens blod,bibeoch visas som h"lles annu en han helgedom. Niimberg, som med sin han s". kallade 5gonsten, som mycken anstrangning
frSmlingar.
storste
forsvarade
af deras egna
WallensteiDS
mot
hotande
svard:
Niirnberg, som
af dess innev"nare den en hugnaden, att det var hvilken ett af likasom ombud stadens tackLeubelfingen, unge samhet fSljdekonungen anda in uti dodsstunden; Niirnberg sin valgSraresbildstod,fastan inre foranbesl6t att uppresa och hindrade yttre tv"ng sedermera dringar verkstalligheten. valtrade p" Liitzens Mt Gustaf Adolfs ridknekt En stor en inemot det der sten till samma stalle, konuDgsliga liket blef Stenen har sedan bibeh"Uit sin plats jemte namnet fiinnet. Schwedenstein, samt blifvit omgifven af planterade trad, och kommit till dessa nejder. besokt af en hvar, som A. Fryxell. hade
den
Questions. 1. Har
Gustaf
Adolf
varit kar
for
tyskarne?
kallas rummet, flackades af hans blod? som 3. HvarfSr har Niirnbergbeslutit att uppresa hans bildstod? stdr p" det stalle,der Gustaf 4. Hvad Adolfs lik blef 2. Huru
funnet? 5. HvarfSr
valtrades
denna
sten?
Twenty-fifthLesson. Adverbs.
"
1.
Swedish
all Swedish them
adjectives may
in the Ex.:
adverbs
dirived from become adverbs
are
adjectives; by placing
neuter.
polite; hofligt^ politely. Tioflig, trogen, faithful;troget,faithfully.
Elementary
Swedish
Orammar.
8
25.
Lesson
114
"
end
adverbs
Some
2.
in
-igen.
Ex.:
trcHig,probable; troligenjprobably. to a questionexpressed The word "ja" answers
" 3. and affirmatively
"Jo" to
drieka
du
VUl Will
Ex:.
you
Adverbs
Note.
of
form
their
"*"
and
superlative forms.
in
the
and
5. "lcJce9 which
is
List
of
behind.
bortom, beyond.
hredoid,near. der, ditythere, thither. dd, then. efterdt,afterwards. emellandt^sometimes. emdlertid, however. purpose.
even.
famlande^ groping. fordom, formerly. fort, fast. fram, forward.
framdeles, henceforth. framfor, before.
tej*
chieflyused
aldrig,never. annorst"desy elsewhere. alldeles, quite. aJltid,always.
ens,
of
degrees
positive form
fortj(fast). gdrna, (willingly). illa^(bad). ndra, (near).
enkom,
Jo. wine?
of
glass
tainly). (cer-
Yes
comparison
politely;hofligaM,
more hofiigty politely;hofligare^ most politely.
hra, vdl, (good, well).
on
Yes, I will.
comparison.
Irregular
bdkom,
a
The
comparative
*inte^
Ja.
adjectives. Ex.:
"
vin? of
drink
not
Degrees like the
glas
ett
wine? a glass you du icke drieka ett gla$ vin?
ViU
4.
questionexpressednegatively.
drink
Will
"
a
the
does
not
occur
in
the
adverbs. hast,
h"ttre, fortare,
fortast.
hdUre, vdrre^
varst,
ndrmare,
ndrmast.
are
hdlst.
used
in
preference to
in conversation.
principal adverbs. foga, little. for (mycket)y(too much). forr, formerly. foruty
before.
ganska, quite,
very.
genast, at once. gdrna, wiUingly. hellre,sooner. huru
(mycket),how
hvarest,
(much).
where.
hvarfdr[e],why. hdr, hit, here, there. hddanefter, hereafter. ilia,badly, ill. inoni, inanfor^ in.
inunder^ underneath. likasom,as, like. likasd, as as. for all that. likafulUj likvdl,yet, still. .
.
115
Adyerbfl.
Idngt,far off. Idnge,long.
rdU, right
sedan, since.
"i"r, mera, mindrey less.
s"9i^,late.
inycketjmuch, Very.
anart,
nog, enough.
tillhopa,together.
n",
tvolrtom, on
more.
sedermera, since,
now.
soon.
the
contrary.
early. tidigt,
nyligeHylately. presently. nyM,
"P2"ra"^,upright, without
mircLy near. ndstan, almost, nearly. ofta, often.
utom,
ofvanpd, over. omkring, round, about. plotsligt, suddenly. redan, already.
vidare, further. vdl, bra, well. dnnu, still.
utanfor, outside.
verHigen,really.
dfveraUt,everywhere. Words. i
grund, thoroughly. hdndelseviSfby chance.
sah, thing. solfjdder(n),fan. (n),poetry (pieceof). skaldestycke forslag (n),project. "^a, to
possess.
to skcika,
play
nodsakas,
to
truant.
stdnd, (to be) able. pd tndfd,at random. Mrom dagen, the other i
obliged.
be
ptS X;na, on
med
for ofrigt,nevertheless.
"
det snaraste,
at
fall (n),at the
vdrsta
pd
soonest.
the
knees.
give one
worst.
{to pitalit hos-
in
when
genomresa,
.
iUa, to hurt. gora, inom hart, in a few i godo, amicably.
day.
vdgen! this wayl
c2enna
lofva,to promise. ttjpp ocj^i ned, topsy-turvy.
.
.
well.
wonderfully fortrdffligtj
days.
58.
Exercise
1. Vi
traffade honom sedan. fSr en och en half m"nad fader har icke "nna anl^ndt; jagtror att han skall
2. Min landa det
har
sju
hadanefter
konungen vi fara s5ken
att
historisk
i afton.
skuUe
har
p"
till Vexi6
historia i hon
kl.
.
lara sina lexor battre.
till Berlin. genomresa fbr att bes6ka v"r gamla "
i
godo ordna saken. grand, s" att jag kan
fr"ga. "
lofvade
3. Barnet
"
8. Hon
fann
"
7.
Jag
afhandla
larare
an-
att
Nyligen var
4.
"
kort skola
5. Inom mormor.
6. F(5r-
"
Frankrikes
kanner
hvilken
handelsevis
fbrlorat
sin
"
som
heist
solQadern,som 9. Med motvilja
den
fbr n"gra m"nader sedan. lararen att straffa en af sina basta larjangar, dS. han skolkat. 10. G" icke s" fort, vi kunna ej fbljaEder; "
n5dsakades hade
"
vi aro dina
allaredan
frdgorl "
trStta.
12. Nar
"
11. Dessutom
skall du komma
gOr du
mig led med
till mig? i morgon. 8*
"
116
25.
Lesson
13. Hvarfbre inte.
ntlandningen s"
kom
14. Det
"
Ikr
skall da
svenska,
snart
v4rt spr"k.
detta
dem
trott
g"r afton?
bar
och
Ifttt tala
att
vet
gjorde det! jag
skrifva
aUt k6tt
atit nftstan sknlle
vandrade mannen unga natter och slntligenfingo de
tre
Jag
dn fortsfttter att s" stndera
om
17. De
"
och
dagar koja, bvarest
vara
16. De
det.
I
i st"nd
15. Katten
"
l"g p" bordet. ty"
ganska bra
i
sent
som
ej bafva tillp" m"f" under se
fiskares
en
Jag bar litet, 19. Haromdagen kopte allt bvad jag eger, ar fbr dig. men tvl i morse min r idbastar ocb dog en af praktfiilla granne till dessa. 20. "Denna vagen!" ropade stationsbitradena visade
man
dem
18.
gastfrihet. "
"
"
resanden. 54.
Exercise
1. He rewarded. Miss I and
wbo
2. Will
"
to God.
prayed well.
Russian? 7. In
few
days
be
in which
to
brother
my
11.
"
We
seat.
once.
19. For
"
I
the
box matter
family.
obliged to
was
of
me
a
well
before.
as
have
more.
"
"
mother
my
amicably
turn
or
disturbed
(some)
matches
country-
ill two
very
not
give
this
we
as
you
had
was
to go want.
settled?
her maid-servant
"
out.
tell you anything certain; present I cannot man's information about this young awaiting some 20. Tbis wayl shouted Ihe railway servants. the
still
am
not
should
enough;
not
17. Was
"
13. I am
might
you
information
Formerly "
it before
since
worst
any
I
have
housewife
The
18. I
herself.
you
then
gi'oping along for
16. In hurt
uncle
my
"
tbe
12.
"
lately(nyss).
years ago and known 14. If I had I
give go.
can
you
15.
from
"
to
10. At
"
would
sold it
"
a
into
off.
I set
"
three
you.
receive
you letter
fully wonder-
this text
before
bed
try-seat spend some days at bis coun8. All was neighbourhood Edinburgh. the house. 9. Gk) for tbe physician and tell
who
Now
will
her
near
translate
to
I will write
invite you
at
come
able
you
Willingly,
succeeded
of
in
topsy-turvy him
Are
you
wHl tbe
in
knees
her
will be
beart
to tbe ball?
me
on girl was 4. My projectshave
"
5.
"
accompany
6. Moreover
"
a
you
piece of poetry by
little
3. Tbe
"
tbis
learns
"
Conversation. Stod
ban
bakom
eller fram-
Han
fbr? Hafva
stod
bakom
med
sin
moder. de
statsr4dets
offca
bjudits
till
Endast
tv"
g"nger.
denna
baler
vinter? Har
kusken
redan
rengjort
Ja, ban
harnesket? det icke battre ordna
Ar i
godo?
en
saken
Jo
ar
timme
fdrdig dermed sedan.
visst, jag det.
f5r
tror
(tanker)
118
26.
Lesson
Twenty-sixth Lesson. of
List
the
principal prepositions. meddst, by
af, of. behind.
hokomy
efUr^ after. mligt^ according, emot, towards. before,
/"fdw,from. ho8,
utan, without.
uti, in.
.'s.
at
.
.
of.
rorande, concerning. sedan, since. under, under, during.
between.
emeUan, framfor,
of.
means
oakiadt, in spite omXrrtn^,about. pd^ on.
ibland, among.
utom,
^enom, throagh.
dt, to.
innafif before. inonij in, within.
anskont, notwithstanding. ofver,over.
med,
out
with.
Words.
gtibbe,old man. under aokning,
examination.
sunning,
woman.
(fire-place). anordning, order[ing]. stdlpenna, steel pen. hearth
hard,
krita, chalk.
hlyertspenna,pencil. fdrstdnd (n),intelligence. flotta,fleet. vaderlek, temperature. krog, wine-shop (tavern).
graf,
forsakra,
I
^
at the
i kraft af, by virtue of. af, in spite of. of. i brist pd, for want
hitom,
to
to.
to
come
back.
side.
this
doubt. tvifvel,\ without tvifvelsutan,J undoubtedly. midt emot, \ ^^^^^^^ utan
.
**"**"'( ^vTleave
beyond. ^^z""".
.
infor, in front Zdn^s, along.
lycUigtvis,fortunately. frtiktbar,fertile.
beta,
amerikansk, American. mig ovetande, unknown
.
graze.
(Ug),
.
bad. dd/t^,
gd tiil motes, to go dyr, dear. nyligen,recently.
to
.
of.
undanskaffa, to suppress. a"a /rtifcos^, \ breakfast breakfast. frukostera, J^ cold. hli fdrkyld, to catch ^racA;a
for
shdl, for,
sake.
i, uti, in.
order,
anto^a, to accept. hakta, to arrest. to sail (for). segla (till),
to
expense
i trots
utofver, J /or, for
assure.
| ^ j^^^^^
dterkomma, heordra, to
care.
undantagande, except. angdende, concerning.
^?r*T'
grave.
^A^ajsh^^
af,
take
of.
truth.
old
gumma,
bekostnad
pd
domare, judge.
to
dgna omsorg, sirad,wounded.
stretch.
to
meet.
vild, wild. to
me.
The
"5.
Exercise 1. Oaktadt
119
prepositions.
d".ligav"dret gick den stackars gabben byn. sagt, kan jag f5rslLkra Eder, att att vidare komma till mig som jag icke skall till"ta honom till
fbrr.
3.
"
ankom.
domaren
komma
hennes
man.
efter
Hvar
9.
"
vannina
af
kaptenen.
61.
8. Utan
"
med
fbrSldrar, hvarifr^n
tiotusen De
moder?
lefde
s"rade
voro
dollars. deras
hos
aro
soldaterna
s"rade
11. Alia
"
resandena
s"rade
be-
p"
undantagande
12.
Ang"ende det fat 61, som jag beordrade fbrra 13. Varjag icke antaga det inom "tta dagar. "
16.
omkring huset.
natten
midt
betade "
ondt.
min
10. De
"
regeringen. "
si"gosfbrra
gar lamm
de
ynglingen till Amerika,
och
fru
N ***.
kan
mdnaden
vara
trettio"rigbortvaro
en
min
Sro
Fru
kostnad
h9,rd for
utan
mig stod hon med h5fligaemot gubbame
ibland
var
d"
5. Bakom
"
m"ste
Jag
d5d,
undersokning kan
allvarsam
en
iyckligtvis intet
bistdnd,
ban
7.
"
flickan allaredan
var
sanningen.
6. Barnen
"
"terkom
bref
4. Medelst
till
jag hade
utan
hennas
"
gummorna.
men
emellan
Enligt
lakaren
och
det
2. Oss
"
p" angen. af
I trots
fSraldrar
sina
14.
"
15. I brist
"
Kor, hastar och p" vin drucko vi i kloster.
gick flickan
18. I sig ett fniktbart land. haktad och blef generalen konungens anordningar 19. F6r hvem f6rd framfor domaren. dessa applen? aro 20. Skall Ni icke k6pa huset som ar till salu i Stora Gatan? min det icke ar fbr dyrt. herre, jag skall k6pa det om jo, 17. Hitom
"
Loiren
stracker
"
af
kraft
"
"
56.
Exercise
1. Give better he
him
died
pen. night at
last
often are poor 4. The American 6. Has
"
2
o'clock.
of
during
warm
I
out?
gone
do
children
not
south.
5.
"
him.
the "
The
months.
the past two see
of rich.
those of the the
fleet sailed towards very
a
3. The
"
intelligentthan
been
dog
my
pencil; he will write spite of the physician's cares
instead
2. In
more
has
temperature "
steel pen
a
the
with
7. Go
"
sister who is to come by the three o'clock train. your 9. Beyond the 8. The hotel is opposite the post office.
to meet "
"
10. Several king is equal to the beggar. suppressed in Norway by virtue of a new
the
grave
"
were "
11. Cannot
small to
books
I breakfast the
on
to-morrow;
me
large
15.
"
16. We
before you
seven.
might
Spain
were "
catch
speak
17. Do cold.
13. Do
not "
not
forget to "
the come
14. The
cent. Heidelberg is magnifi-
and
arrive
law.
12. Put
"
of this matter.
behind to
o'clock?
9
"
Heilbronn
is much
expected a
ones.
shall
we
country lying between "
before
shops wine-
Germany at
6
but
in
could
civilisation. not
arrive
stay before the door; it is cold: 18. By this book whom was
120
written? aunt
19. She
"
church.
at
Lesson
26.
seated
between
was
20. Is the
"
her
letter from
mother
Mr.
and
Mrs*
or
her
Long?
Conyersation.
Hvarskolenlvaraefterbalen?
Ni
skall
finna
trftdena i Har
Ni
lange i Sverige? din syster n"got p"
varit
Dansar
har
Jag Hon
under
oss
tr"dg"rden.
varit dar
dansar
"r.
tre
icke ofta.
balen? ^^
Ax
brefvet
Hvarom
Brefvet
Ni
med
sko-
Jag
talade
gifva mig tillpennskafk? icke g" ut?
Icke
mitt
FSr
Ni
framfbr
hastame hvem
aro
stallet?
De
och
land
inom
visa
sig
lufkstreck
Tyskland,
utstracker
som
mil dare
annu
kastanien,
mulbarstradet,
ehuru
i
Husdjuren
stSrre
Sk"ne.
beh5fver
blott
Tyskland (der endast
och
dertill,med
under
sig
olikheter.
har
men
aro
halffemte 5fre
m"nad
Italien, d"
dig och
ett
p" angen. syster.
din
s4 olika
Sk"ne emot
vintrar
blott och att
det
polh5jder,
g5r tillutseende liggande nedre an
detta.
Akta
planteradt, frodas frodigare. E"gsadet ej langre an i mogna, i deremot Lappmarkerna
kornet fara
bref.
natnr.
m"nga dfyerg^ng till dot gent
en
midt
voro
fbr
g" ut, ty
skrifva
m^te
aro
mig igen
Lesson.
Syeriges Ett
son.
ger
pennor. f"r icke
de
Nej,
frukter?
dessa
Ni
Nej, jag
Reading
m"ste
Stor.
vannen
bans
om
fbrr an
mina
jag Voro
ftr fr"n
?
skall Ni
baka F"r
Stor
Hellgren?
talade
makaren
Nar
Herr
fr"n
eller Fru
br"dmognar) behOfver halfannan att innan bergningen bortfrysa.
sommar
En
hastigare fSrandring i naturlig beskaffenhet och alSk"ne och stringsfbrm"ga finnes ej i Sverige, an emellan Smaiand. Detta kommer af det senares betydliga h6jd 6fver till ett hafvet, som g6r den sni"landska bergstrakten nastan Norrland
midt
fbrst bar
af
i G5ta
rike.
verklig nordisk
Den
Mn
s6der
resande
mStes
natur.
E.
G.
Gejer.
Questions. 1. Hvad 2. Aro
Sk"ne?
ar
i Sk"ne
vintrame
3. Hvad
4. Vaxer den 5. Finnes
Hvad
vaxer
i denna
r"gen
snabbt
fbr
att
det
mildare
an
i
Tyskland?
provins? dar?
Huru
m"nga m"nader
behOfver
mogna?
en
fSr en?
skilnad
mellan
Sk"ne
och
Sm"land?
The
121
conjunctions.
Twenty-seventh Lesson. List antigen
.
.
of
dler,
.
principal conjunctions.
the either
or.
...
att, that. hdde
ddj
.
.
.
.
and.
och
and. .
J
ocksd, also.
when.
as,
(viz.).
nemligen, namely
och, both dock, though. .
but.
men,
if, whether.
om,
ehuru, although.
sdledes,thus.
eljest,otherwise.
ty,
eUer, emedan, as, since, for. hvarfore, why.
an
or.
for. .
dndd,
sometimes
an,
.
.
.
.
.
times. some-
however.
likvdl,nevertheless. Words.
Jcrita,chalk. minne (n),memory. lofva, promise. to
gora,
med
pd give back.
to
sjnka
eller kritan.
vS.r
vi
det
att
en
4.
"
att
gifva
hnnden
icke
till,seeing
that .
.
.
icke
Efter
g"r
kande 2.
"
ban
mat
att, untill.
57.
annan.
3. Ehuru
"
hederlig arbetare. g"rden fbr
Iftkare
kalla
.
forutsatt att, provided. sd framt icke, unless. sd Idnge, so long. vid eldbrasan, by the fire-side.
Exercise
m"ste
.
dety that.
till dess
to
1. Emedan
.
condition.
ehuruvdl, although.
beg for. Idnma hifall tiU, to approve. hetjdna, to serve. orgcmisera,to arrange. slosaktigyspendthrift. om,
after
vilkor,on
i anseende
make.
dterlamna,
hedja
efter det att,
at!
Tag
det
antingen en
pennan
god och
atit,gick hon till 5. Stang dSrren, p"
hon
att "
6. P"
"
stackars
den
fattig,ftr ban
ar
ankorna.
"t
beta
af att intet
grand
7. Oppna d9rren s"g tjufven,s". blef ban frikallad. 8. D" den och fbnstret,p" det att elden m" brinna battre. af lilla flickan "ters"g sin moder 9. Ehuru hon gladje. grat val doktorn hela dagen hade ban sina sjuka, m"ste besdkt 10. Min larare "terkomma till min kl. 3 p" natten. granne att svensk med vilkor gaf mig en jag skulle lara grammatik 11. S" snart som vi anlande, kommo mig svenska spr^ket. v"ra bekanta tillmOtes. 12. Barnet oss grat till dess att det s" ar att 13. Cm bit kaka. man gaf (ett stycke) en Ni icke vill stanna och i afton, sd. vilja ata (spisa)med oss vi ej afh"lla Eder. 14. POrutsatt att du ej bade n"gra foralhvad du 15. JLn skrattar skulle till med? drar, taga dig felas henne. hon, an grd,terhon; jag vet icke hvad som 16. Kom hit! eljestfiir du sm5rj. 17. Jag kan icke g" ut lakaren 18. Innan kommer skall den ^^ ty i^S sjuk. vittne
"
"
"
"
~
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
122
27.
Lesson
sjuke
d5d.
vara
vi icke aro
sS. framt
ban
19. Vi komma
"
tillbaka
k5pa duk
skolle
i tid.
1. I me
3.
Henry
can
assure
book
are
was
lent
me,
must
be
not
om
the
that had
stranger cigars.
give
it back
physician well, he
eaten
4.
"
"
I
Bring
come.
"
be dear to Frenchmen
them
a
that
2.
"
[will]
you
always happy. spendthrift.
memory to render
condition
for
asked
wben
will
6. Provided
the
bis best friend.
am
sought
on
me
"
7. After and
he
rich you
you
days.
promised
the Fourth's
because
dag
visste icke
58*
I
that
you
you
20. Han
"
i
eller linne. Exercise
tbe
g" till grefvinnan
att
book
within
eight
in
come
Although
5. This
time.
"
by the fire-side
sat
too late ; the purchase sent before was already concluded even telegram. your you 9. My father will not let you unless your parents go alone 10. I am assent to it. to to do work willing give them 8. You
"
arrive
"
"
me provided that they serve as long as I had any money.
there
in
three
would
you
of the
best
he
has
does
who
had "
not
you
earned his
answer
much
14. -"
Germany 15. My
in America.
"
is
one
"
I
son,
mother.
your
letter sooner?
my
money
faithful friends
had
organized countries in Europe. remember ring that you may
did
stayed in Paris
12. If it is fine I shall be
"
"
this
give you 16. Why say
be
11. I
"
13. If you unfortunate now.
weeks.
not
well.
17.
18. The
"
They man
duty is happy. Conversation,
Kan
ynglingen
franska Tror Ni
Ni
har
och
b"de
tala
Jag
icke druckit
har
Ni
51, ar Ni
kOpt denna
ftila
hast? Var
bamet
radd
han
endast
kan
for hunden
del, hon har ej gjort n"got ondt. hungIngalunda; jag ar mera rig an torstig. Jag skall icke saga Eder det den. d" Ni ej tycker om ville Sannerligen, ty hunden
Nej,
ej tSrstig? Hvar
att
franska.
tyska?
fiickan skammes?
att
tror
?
f9r
all
bita det. Fdr
jag stanga
Ja, stang ftJnstret och oppna d5rren, p" det att elden m"
fSnstret?
brinna Har
lakaren
icke kunnat
den stackars enkans Hvad felas dig? Huru
st"r det till?
bota
dotter?
battre.
han gjorde allt Nej, mojligt. Jag vet icke ; an skrattar jag, an griier jag! jag skulle Jag m"r bra, men m" battre om jag icke hade fallit annu en g"ng i g"r.
oaktadt
Ibe
]!?i
Kommm kloekw
fo
cj
kafrm
tid:
foist kL
S
Yi
soit?
aikndut
ir
li^S
intojectioiia.
7?
tMiten
b^r};ur
d.
Reading-Lesson. "0
qriniia,qrinna!*
"Den
forsta
tanke,
Prithjofs"de.
na
Loke
som
hade,
logn, och han sinde den I qTinnoskefHiad till jordens mlm. En med falska tirar blAdgd logn, som Alltjemt OSS tjnsar,alltjemt06S dArar\ Hogbannad l^n med sin rosenldnd, Med djgd af y"ris och tro af Tind, I hjertat fl"rden och sreket hviska, dansar Och mened p" lappar firiska. Och dock, hnr yar hon mitt hj"rta kfir*, Hnr k"r hon yar mig, hnr k"r hon "rl Jag kan ej minnas s4 lingt tillbaka, min Att hon i leken ej yar maka. mins Jag ej bragd, som jag t"nkt uppd, Der hon ej tanktes som prLs ocks". Det
Tar
en
"
Som
stammar,
S14r Thor
den
Den
andra
Den
andra
S"
frin
ynxna
tillsamman, himla-flamman,
med
ena
rot
Idfyas en, klfider i gr5nt hyar gren;
yissnar;
men
glu^j^*^^ ^^8 gemensam; ensam'. att mig t"nka ej yan jag ensam. y"r
yar
Jag
"r
Nu
ftr
E.
Tegn^r.
Fotes. 1
088
Constract:
aiUjemt
hldogd logn falska tdrar. en
med
"
GonslTact.:
s
Constract.
hur :
jag
var
dr
hon
ej
van
^usar
som
oss
alUjemi, ddrar
(for) mitt l^erta!
kdr att
idnka
mig
ensam.
Twenty-eighth Lesson. List ack!
of
the
alas!
aj! ay! o anf dicta!plagael gud nd^s! alas! fy! te\ dear!
hval
hva
sal
hey!
principal interjections. lappri! nonsense! sann! really!faith!
min o
/ o!
pytt
sa^n!
bless
mel
St/ hush!
tag mot!
look
here!
124
28.
Lesson
hvadan! hm!
I
whatl
topp! agreed! tro mig! depend
sayl
ha I ahl
ha!
usch!
da
gamla
v"h
4.
Det
"
icke
sa!
snail.
1. Husb! not
know
wbicb I
Holm
60.
for
you.
7.
Sk"ne
Karlskrona
Vattems
"
genom
sjalfvalandets
af
How
I do
of pens
poor
mucb
young tired
tbat.
"
me
I say, Mr. ! tbis is too bad ! 9.
Lesson.
(continued). kusten,
sS. visar
mildare p" OstersjOns en
strand,
lundar
ocb
som
sig i Blekinge skarg"rdsnatur p" sina staUen
Ofvan
Kalmar
enstaka
trad
vaxer
g" dock
oroligabSljorskiljaVest'er- ocb OsterSveriges fhiktbaraste landskap, b"da likval men
stora
skilnader
i
I
b5rdigbet.
bildning b6r VestergStland
till Vattems
till
anseende
till
Vanerns, Oster-
vattenomr^de.
gStland Ering sj5arne Hjalmaren stQrsta
box
a
5. Ob!
10. Bless
natnr
"t 5stra
smarre
klara,
gotland,tvenne
is
tbe
bar sin like i norden.
knappast mera: bokskogen ej b6gre.
Sveriges gynnade
"
"
till Kalmar
i skonbet
utmarkta
g"r?
2. Faitb!
"
Alas!
4.
"
believed
please.
beviset
vackraste fr"n
"
kiss you; bave been too you bave foot. stepped on my you
Ay!
bave
not
Sveriges
ocb
dOrren. i
"
fbr
I will not "
for me,
F5ljes fr"n
coming.
"
Reading
det
bade
till staden
bere I bere
days suffering.
6. Fie! at scbool.
! wait
teacber
3. Look
me
I sbould
8. Ab!
Exercise
der"t.
son
vid
bar
GSteborg?
skratta
ondt
gjort mig anlanda
our
"
after ten
"
naugbty
is
name.
given
was
am.
Here
bis
died
man
icke
skulle
knngen
att
till
oss
min
"r
kommer!
Fy! du
5.
"
skraddarens
som
bar
bam, med
fara
l^raren
jag icke.
visste
Det
bvad
ar
Aj! jag
Yisste Ni
ban
det
sanni
n"sl
I m"sten
sa*nl
detta 9.
"
d5dt, gud
ar
6. Skall
"
Pytt
7.
"
mot!
Tag
Eder. 10.
som
2. Min
"
8. St I mitt
"
lilla barnet
varit
Hva 8.
olyckligl
ftr nog
kommerl
ohl
59,
Exercise
1. Ackl
it!
upon
slattland
med
ocb
Malaren
ar
det
mellersta
barligasadesbygder, dessutom
lycklig blandning af S.kerbruk ocb bergsr5relse. forening bar strackt sin valg5rande inflytelse afven till Yarmland ocb Dalarne, utan att likval i dessa b"da bergiga landskaps dfre delar bafva kunnat besegra naturens Likval narer annu bOrjande vildbet. kalkgrunden kring sjdn i fSrv"nar. Siljan (t. ex. Rattvik) en vaxtligbet,som E. G. Geijer. genom Dessas
en
126
B.
"
a)
3.
without
:
Lararen
case
the
Like
gaf
a
dt
boh
case.
book.
preceded
is
case
should
case
diately imme-
the
Idrjungen.
book
a
gave
the
in
boy
objective
verb.
en
English
placed
hok.
objective
the
after
teacher
in
en
used
when
direct
objective
direct
Lararen The
noun
objective
the
gave
the
placed
Ex.:
is
case.
indirect
the
When
be
c)
objective
la/rjungen
gaf teacher
preposition
a
the
indbect
The
The
b)
of
Place
preposition precedes
any "x.
by
28.
Lesson
indirect
genitive
tiie
to
boy.
objective and
case
of
case
a
the
precedes
noun.
Min
Ex.:
Order
II.
"
a) Generally
4.
in
part of
the
the
generally
de
they
relative follow
The
be
skyldiga,
are
guilty
bears
the
placed
cipal prin-
the
at
ginning be-
pd
hvilkene
from
money
subordinate both
"Sd"
which Ndr When
is
harnet the
fick child
saw
sin
jag
rdknade
I
relied
has
me.
precedes united
rendered se
refer.
mig.
generally not
trohet
faithfulness
sentence
are
acquitted.
conjunctions
they
(hvars)
whose
on
be
adverbs,
frdn
pengar
friMnnas.
should
which
to
nouns
de
akola
they
the
pronouns,
servant
a
:
house.
which
should
stulit
sentence,
Ex.
clause
not
stolen
When
clauses
dro
the
har
c)
of
icke
Drdngen
Ex.:
father's
sentence.
If
The
my
the
sentence
Om
Ex.:
b)
hue,
faders
in
moder, its
mother,
sd
by
the
cipal prin-
the
junction con-
English. borjade it
began
det to
att
le.
smile.
127
Readings.
Beadings. frukost
1. En En
hbstdag "r
i Marseille
1869
d"r
Medelhafvei
pa
h5llo
ekipager vid hamnen i alia rikt"ngb".tarzie ligga som
de stora
tvenne
jast Ur det fbrsta stego en och herre ningar pl"ja Medelhafvet. Det var dam, b^ge unga, med tre sm". barn. en synbarligen i ".kte och de andra "tfn6 famUle tr^s-distinguie* som yagnen tycktes tillhSra uppvaktningen. Det var D.D. K.K. H.H. hermed sina bam som tigen och hertiginnan af Osterg5tland, ,
skuUe
till Nizza, for att
resa
Elockan
dar
vinterm"naderna. tillbringa
d", enligt p" aftonen, den timman "ngb"ten skulle afgd.; men annons, ingen rdk ur dngskorstenen att eldat ^nnn man r5jde, p", och yid sidan af "ngb"ten l"g lastade in kol pS. den f5rra. Den en koldragare, som som vid v"i*a ordentliga at van "ngb"tsturer fdrv^nas 5fver oordkan darfbr ej undra ningar s5dernt, och man pS.,att de nyss anlanda syntes missn5jda. passagerame "Nar afg"r fartyget?* fr"gade en af prinsensnppvaktning kapfcenen. "Nar
var
sex
vi f"tt kolfbrr"det
"Och
nar
"Det
jag dr5jer kanske en kan drSja tv"."
"Det "Det
sker
svarade
ombord",
denne
tvart.
det?" icke."
vet
hel timma?"
"Ty"? Om6jligtI" "Ni
kan
hafva
ratt, det
"slippa vi med jag v"gar hoppas."
tre
tenen;
"Men
det
ser
eller
annonseradt
var
omSjligt ut", medgaf kapfyra
i
klockan
dag, sex",
ar
det
an
mer,
anmarkte
den
nppvaktande fbrargad.
Kaptenen sm"log "Men
svar.
ropas
aro
medlidsamt
hoga
personer
och
vande
ombord",
ryggen anmarkte
Kaptenen sm"log, men bevardigade honom Ombord ar skepparen ensam konnng, om suveraner
Till nas,
det
att
vore
ndgon ursakt den
b"t, han
folk, och gods
ar
en
till. dBn
ej med
vaktande. npp-
n"got
ocksS. alia Eu-
tillstades. fSr
i fr"ga m" nam"ngb".tdkoniingen afsedd f^r gods an for fbrde, mera var och Emellert"lig tystl"tenpassagerare.
128
Readings. H.K.H.
tid hade
sina sm" funnit sin hytt hertiginnan med och balar. effcer ett besyftrligt klllttrande Qfver tannor Men med lS*tt behertigenfbredrogatt yistas p" dllck,afvaktande gripligot"lighetstunden fbr afresan,hvilken IslngeIftt yftnta 11, nS.r "ngb"ten stotte fr"n land. yar p" sig. Klockan Natten hafsyinden yar kolmSrk, men y"nlig och mild. Trots m5rkret trodde sig prinsenigenk"nna n"gra af de Qgrupper, hyilka ".ngblten dem mellan gled fram, och han betraktade den djupa r5relse,ett poetisktsinne erfar,n"lr det 4termed finner stftllen, det i yngre som dagar sk"dat. Prinsen hade nftmligen en g"ng som yngling,och d" i egenskap af I5jtnant syenskt Gfver Medelhafyet. p4 ett gjort en resa Srlogsfartyg, Men
och
sj5n sager
Medelhafv^et
icke minst.
Fram
emot
k"Lnde sigprinsen hungrig. Men ingen restanration morgonen fanns ombord. endast Fartjg, som g5ra nattresor, a.ro berHknade
fbr sofvande, icke fbr S.tande. Prinsen gaf sig i samhuruyida han d" afkastade spr"k med kaptenen, men anony-
miteten
"Vill Ni och Ert s"llskap h"lla till ej bekant. hyad jag har att bjada p"", sade kaptenen, "8" "r
a,r
godo med Ni hjertligen yftlkommen. Min frukost ya.ntar redan". Prinsen tackade och f"rbindligt intrS.dde med sin kayaljer yisst icke i kaptenens hytt, dftr en frukost seryerades, som att fbrakta. Men det dr5jde icke lS.ngef^rr9.n en yar fjerde i yisade Det en yar sig samma hytt. l"ng ung man, person till och f r"n icke desto mindre men som fot, hjessa sotig flottig tog plats bland de andra yid bordet och delappetit i frakosten. tog "F5r att yara rysk amiral, talar Ni en ypperligfranska", yttrade kaptenen till prinsen. har "Hyem fr4gade sagt Er, att jag S.r rysk amiral?" och \Sa fullsyensk amiral prinsen; "jag har den SLran yara belt obesy"radt med
frisk
komligt bel"ten dermed. underligt,n^ jag i min
Men
att
jag
talar "anska
sl"kt haft icke mindre
S.r mindre
"ln ty"
franska
mar8kalker." "Ty". en
yiss
marska]ker", upprepade kaptenen med
franska
andakt, "och
hyilka
"ro
de?" syarade
prinsen. "BernadotteI" upprepade ".nyokaptenen och gjorde stora prinsen och ma5gon, dem han oupph"5rligenflyttademellan skinisten,hyilken sednare ocksS fick stora 5gon. "0m Ni ftr en Bernadotte", "tertog kaptenen, "8" kan sieur jag h"lr p" stSrlletpresentera fbr Er en nUra slakting,monaf en De la Graise, maskinist p" min b"t och sonson Bernadotte." syster till marskalk
"Eag^ne
och
Bemadotte!"
Det b"gge sysslingarnes5gon mattes. mycket i ett s"dant der Qmsesidigtbetraktande. De
"5dets lotter!
Fr"n
samma
yr"
kommer
man,
den
kan
ligga
Hura
ofika
ene
till en
farstekrona, den
till
andre
hett fr"n
bS.ggeoch b"gge
sig;
i f5rh"llande
en
men
anderordnad Prinsen
Det
"ngpanna.
en
hafva
kunna
kan
sitt stora
osa
lika ft)r
ansyar
till fursten, blir yS.1 S.nd" maskinisten ban m"
person,
rS.ckte likv^l
firHnden sin
129
Exercises.
Beading
hand, och
befinna
sig5fyer eller under dM.Gk. vllnligtden sotige ocb flottige denne
som
var
bildad
en
man, ung emellan dem ett lifligtoch underh"llande samf5r det mesta rSrde sig kring familjegrenare q" i Alia med s5der. tillh^ra dock Bemadotte namnet
nppstod snart tal, som som
norr
ej
fttt.
samma
Namnet
Bemadotte
i s5dra
Frankrike
ftr lika
BergstrQmoch Str5mberg bos oss. HumtilliUllet n"gra dmsesidiga slS.ktbes5k utlofvades, k"nner skeppsbord a.r aljag dock icke. Men frukosten om drig l"ngvarig. Den unge maskinisten aflS.gsnade sig snart och halade sig 4ter ned i maskinrummet. Prinsen fortfor att p4 dS.ck,betraktande den af eldgnistor paljetterade promenera yanligt,som vida
namnen
vid
hvirflade
som stenkolsrQken,
Kanske
fall.
t"nkte
ban
ur
p"
Han syntes tankskorstenen. sin fr"nde, som djupt dS"mere
stektes f5r det gemensamma bSsta. M"hS.nda tSukte ban ock8" p" hum af 5det 8"r den, som bestSimd att f5rest4 det stora maskineri,som kallas staten ocb bvaraf
lln floras tS.1 och
yid sakta
eld och
mera
lif bero, Sn
en
ofta nog f"r stekas jILrnvSil
g"ng
sin panna.
torka
August
Slaget vid Narva.
2. Karl
den
fader.
sin
tiden
tog yid femton "rs dlder riket i arf efter l"ng f5ljd af fredliga"r ocb en kraftfuU
tolfte
En
styrelsehade bela
d"
"rbundradet yoro
Men
Blanche.
bragtSyerigetillen ySLlm"ga,som forut hade
saknat, och
det under
utsigternaf5r fram-
lofvande. det
spordes snart,
lekar och
att
den
unge
tS"nkte
konungen
yftrf. Dock allyarliga
yoro p" lekame s"dana, som tydde p" n"got oyanligt.Det yar bans lust att p" en yster b"st flygafram 5fver de farligaste stigar; och fbrgftfyes s5kte d" bans faders gamle tj"nare yarna boaf Jakten Karls ock ett den unge bufyudnom. yar kung af det men som isynnerbetjagades bonom, yar n5jen; djur, bjSrnen,och de yapen, som d" anySudes, yoro icke skjutyapen, utan hQgafflaroch p"kar. J)"k Syerigesgrannar h5rde, att p" den syenska tronen satt en yngling,som endast roade sig, trodde de rUtta tidplaner,som de l"nge punkten yar inne att utfora de flentliga nS.rt. I Byssland bSjrskade d" en kraftfall farste,Zar Peter, till sin att som uppgift b5ja sitt rike till en stormakt gjort i Europa. Till den S.ndan yille ban berSfya Syerigedess bemera
p"
Elementary
Swedish
n5jen,S"n
Grammar.
9
Exercises.
Reading
180
liksom i hvarje vid Ostersjdn, och i den "tgftrdeii sittningar och Polens konunannat Sverigesfbrsvagandeyoro Danmarks S" att deltaga. bdrjadede tre makterna villige gar af hjftrtat n"stan p" en g"ng och utan skymt af rftttvisa ett anfisdl mot Syerige. bftst var Just nftr konnng Earl som sysselsattmed sina Danmarks underrftttelse om och nOjen yid EungsOr, kom med harm och fbry"ning. Polens fredsbrott. Detta slog honom mina sade "att "Det fbrundrar han, mig", grannar yiljahafya Oad hj"lper oss y"l; yi hafva en r"ttkrig. M" s" yara! sak. Jag yill fbrst afgOra saken med den ene; sedan fllrdig den andre." f" yi nog tala med Nu det slnt med yar nOjena. Som med en
sin
p" Seland krigshftr fred, och f$r5dmjiLkande Zar
han
fbrrftderi
blizt
stod
fttreskref danske
och A"
en
strax
gick det
Earl
konungen
dftrefter tick nnderI5st emot
Byssland. Yid landstigningen p" Seland hade Earl, sftgesdet, h5rt i luften ett nnderligthyinande ftr det?" sporde Ijad. "Hvad han. syarade en gammal krigare. cEoloma, Eders Maje8tftt", "N" ySrl",sade Earl, "detta skall hftdanefter blifva min musik."
rftttelse om
Och
Peters
blef det ock, ty fr"n den stunden yar bans aderton "r. "n kedja af strider nnder mer
8"
bmten
lif Zar
en
oafPeter
y"nskap, gjort ett en ringa hS.r seglade d" Det g"Ude att nu konnng Earl 5fyer till OstersjQlandskapen. fbrst undsfttta Narya, som af Zaren bel"grades. I noyember m"nad Earl med sina f"taliga ryckte trapper Mn tillNaryas unds"ttning. Det Pemau, dftr han landstigit, ett fdrfftrligt yar t"g, som profvade b"de mod och krafter,ty hade,
trots
hastigtoch
upprepade
i yinterk5ld och 5de fann Och
Med
sn5yra m"ste
hS.ren
genomt"ga
och
f5rh"rjadtland, dftr han p" och dftr ett sp"r af mftnniskor
nftr
sig den Vid dock
fbrsftkringarom
fbrrftdiskt anfall.
Zar
stod ftndtligen ryska h"rens sextio han
underrftttelsen Peter
om
nftra yid
"tta tusen syenska
sex
han
dagars led
tid
brist
m41et, s"g
alldeles
ett
han
knappt p" ailt. framf"r
krigare.
hftrens ankomst
Iftmnade
beft.let 5fver de
ryska truppema "t hertigen af Groi,och begaf sig sjftlf p" yftgen in"t sitt eget rike. !^rl sin hftr och beslSt att angripafienden dftremot uppstftllde sjftlf till och med Det inom bans egna fl5rskansningar. yar ej tid att Iftngre drdja,ty n5den hotade den syenska hftren. strftckte sigkring Narya i en l"ng Eyska fbrs^nsningarna Naryaflodens strand. halfkrets,med flyglarne st5dda mot fbr Syenska hftren yar att angripamer ftn ett par nftrbesyag Dessa nftra midten af ryska linien. Iftgnaponkter. ntsftgos Ett par raketer skalle yara tecknet,klockslaget tn-tiden,och "med Gnds orden hjelp"I5sen. Nu flogode ty" raketerna 1 "Med Gnds hjelp!"drog den liUa luften,och under fftltropet:
STenska
181
Exercises.
Reading fram"t.
faun
Eonangen i sin och sig ytterst p" y"nstra flygeln,
bans
drabanter,
h"ren
anfbrdes
som
af Arvid Stenbock
gick Magnus
b"ren. I detsamma s" t"tt
af
trupp
Horn. med
fbljdenUrmast
honom
till hQger
N"got
ocb
rock be-
femtio
man,
konungen den 5friga
om
s" bela
ryckte fram, nppstod en h"ftig tjockt,men enstaka moln med
sig ett
snSglopp,att
se 5gonen, icke knnde svenska er general N"gra
bade
som
ryssame,
trettio till
i
detsamma
midt
fyrtio steg framf"5r sig.
ville
uppskjuta anfallet till 0Y8"dret "n konungen, "Yi bafva mera gagn
g"tt forbi. "Nej", sade d"raf."
skada
Byssame,
trott,att Earl
som
fdrblindades
sedermera
dragitsigtillbaka,ocb som starka sn5gloppet, anade ocks"
af det
p" blott femtio stegs af-
ingenting,forrttn
svenskarne yoro fr"n yallarne. D" ft)rsyann
st4nd
med
sn5molnet st6rtade
yid det
ocb
ens,
syenskame
medfbrda
mot
och risknippor,
kastades
"t sidorna.
timma,
ocb
den
de
som
skrS.mda
om
syenskame
ocb
bl"a
ett hundra
dalkarlame
syenskame
dref framfbr
bl"st,som ett
utvald
en
enkla
S.fyen till alias fbrundran
frambrytande solskenet fylldesaf fbrskansningen.Grafyama yallarne bestegos.Eyska linien br5ts Detta
"*ter
gjordt inom
yar
fjerdedels
en
tillyS.gabragta Qppningen sprM"ngde genom syenska fram fotfolket. att rytteriet understSdja I b5rjan sokte yftl ryssame best5rtfbrsyara sig; men underbart ningen 5fyer syenskames hastigaanfall och deras mod allt och snart sprungo atomordentliga spred sig mer, f"r
om
fly undan
hyarandra.
p" sidan
s5kte
M"nga
till skogs. Men
d"
Earl
dem
m5tte
sjelfi spetsen fbr drabanter ocb dragonerocb jagadedem tillbaka in i tr"ngseln. I yild oordning stdrtade nu b5gra flygelner ryssames bron
emot
8"ges det, s"ledes
Kyska yana,
ralerna
5fyer funno
stanna
Nanra.
Den
sin graf yid stranden
i
brast, och
b5ljoma. mellan
floden
yoro mer gardesregementena, som ^r stund det syenska en bejdade
gjordeallt
f5r att ordna
den
tre
tusen
StQrsta och
ryssar,
m"ste
delen
syenskame.
5fyade
och
krigs-
anfallet,och
5frigamassan.
gene-
Men
d"
de fbrrlldiska b5rjade med ens ropas, att olyckan komme fr"n Zaren och andra som tyskarae utlS.ndningar, dragit5fyer Bina landsman, ocb i fbrtyiflan b^rjade ryssarne nedbugga allt hyad tyskt yar, utan att akta n"got bef"l. Hertigensaf D" Oroi eget lif botades. af bans besl(5to ban och tyenne f"ngar generaler samt n"gra andra utlUndningaratt som fr"n
kmna
sig i
syenskames
raseri. yer
Med
till syenska
"t hyilken
de
hand
fbr sames rysbetjS.ning sprS.ngdede of-
b"Lllre S.n
adjutanteroch
sidan
ocb
stotte
der
yara
utsatta
p" Magnus
Stenbock,
g"fvo sig till f"nga. 9*
132
Beading Na
Exercises.
intrftffade emellertid
den
h"ftigastestriden
i detta
slag. De yid stranden trossyagnar och hvad
instftngde ryssarne uppfbrde i hast af de fingo fiatt en fdrskansning,och ^rsyara sig. Svenskame hftrifr"n b5rjade de ihftrdigt hade till stQrsta delen bortskjntit de tjugnfyraskott,hvarje soldat medfbrt, och upps5kte na nya nr d5da fienders patronk5k. Ett stort antal ryssar stapade,och likv^l ville de Uterst"ende icke gifvasig. ttnna F5r att fiendernas v"nstra den flygelej skulle komma erSfra ett stort till lS.tKarl hjalp ryskt batteri,som h5gra l"g p" en hSjd midt emellan b"da flyglame,hvarigenom han fr"n D" hvarandra. f5rlorade ryssarnes afskar dem hSgra officerare modet skickade ett att och beg^ra ^r~ flygel par skoning. Nu inbr5t m5rket och blef s" tjockt,att striden ej atan Iftngreknnde fortsSlttas, konungen l"t gifva tecken till hans
upphdrande. En
hvar
s5kte
men
ingen fick afl"gsna sig.
Y"ta
kinder
och
lade
Med
till i
hafvudet
Earl
yakteld, som kappa, som ka^i p" en bland en
sig der p"
hvila, bftst han
na
en
kande,
gick med ftnnu genomgardessoldaterna appgjort, atbredt
man
5fver marken.
bassame, tog han
en
kort
beh5flighvila.
och
Snart handla.
kommo De
af ryssarnes anf^rare fbr att nnderf5r Earl, dar denne l"g yid vaktelden.
tvS.nne
anm^ldes
Ofyerenskommelsen appgjordessnart. Byssame, dom af verkligafdrh"llandet, tyckte sig ej nog komma
undan;
syenskarne
h411ande, tyckte sig ej Man
snart
k"nnedom
med
ktone-
fort kanna samma
blifva af med
kanna
nog
af
atan
f5r-
dem.
appgjorde,att generalernaoch 5fyerbef^let skalle stanna krigsf"ngar.Eanoner, fanor, standar m. m. horde ock
som
kyarlemnas,
lagade bron
alia truppema t"ga hem igen med
men
Syenskarne
bibeh"llna
snart
app-
yapen.
ordning, och redan klockan fyra fbljandemorgon, innan l"ngt dagsljasethannit yisa yerkhga bel"genheten, t"gade fiendens hQgra flygelofyer och och hyar en bron, skyndade till sitt hem igen. Byssarnes yftnstra flygelhade stridit med st5rre framg"ng. Men ander natten kom bad, att hQgra flygelndagtingeneralen p" y"nstra gat, hyarigenom den bef^lhafyande fann detsamma. att flygeln sig tyangen g5ra Underhandlingen hftrom bppnades genast. Ofyerbef^let den 5frigaskaran fingeaft"ga; skalle blifva krigsf"ngar; men dock
skalle alia lS.mna Det
se
hastade
genast 5fyer den
tio
var
ett
att
laga bron
i
sina vapen.
m"rkvSTdigtsk"despelatt fbljandeformiddag
eller tolf tasen
man,
bland
hvilka
v"l m"nga voro svenskar, bland
vftpnade,strS.cka geyS.r f5r knappt sex tusen hvilka m"nga voro attrSttade och sjaka efter den fbreg"ende "Bland mina handra sv"ra medfarten. sex Dalkarlar",skrif-
184
Exercises.
Beading
latinska Med
hvilka grekiskaf"rfattarne,
och
desto
ifver 85kte
stQrre
han
studerades
dftremot
att
i skoloma.
Iftsa i naturens
bok, i hvilken han ans"g sig inhftmta kanskap om Skahan till h"raf parens allmakt, vishet och godhet. D" visade sig s"som en h"glQs och ingalnnda flitig lUrjangei de stora
^Ijd
ftmnen,
i skolan
som
den
kapema om
hans
att
studera.
tiden
lS.rare i
skr"ddare-
Ocksd
eller
blGdande blott
och
doktor
Bothman
framtid
en
Vexio
endast
att
att
han
8S"tta honom
"tminstone
i
p"
kunna
sitt uppeh^lle. fbrtjS.na fadem att lyda detta r"d,
fick kvarstauna
gjorde
Iftmnade
fader
snickare-lftra, p" det
besl5t fifven hja.rta tillf"Uighet gjorde,att
en
fortfarande han
tillrl.ddede hans
sfttt skalle i
n"got Med
och d" dessutom naturvetensf"redrogos, s" det voro yar ringa aktade, ejunderligty Vezi5 skola ans"go honom s"som oduglig
p" inr"dan
gossen
af
en
i
skolan, hvarest han dock obetydliga iramsteg. D"rfor, d" for att s"som
gymnasinm
student
i Lund
fortsSitta sina studier, medfbrde han dit ett ingalnnda vackert i det att hans l"rare fbrklarade,att "angdomen afg"ngsbetjg, i skoloma
kan
under
tiden, sig T"l, utan dem
trftd i en liknas vid sm" der det trftdskola, fast"n sftllan,hftnder,att unga trS.d icke arta sfttt likna alit vilda p" stammar, ehuru man p"
anvftndt
omflyttade i sin
den
allra
jordm"n,
annan
d"ligaart
och
flit;blifva
st5rsta
kan
blifva sk5na
dessa
sedermera
det hftnda, att de
trftd,som
n5rftndra
gifvabebagligfrukt.
I denna
afsftndes till akademien denne afsigtoch ingen annan kanske dftr kan komma yngling (Earl Linnseus), som p" ett kan f5r i hans n5rkofran som vara stftlle, kunskaper". gynsamt Med ingalnndagladt mod begaf han sigmed ett s"dant vitsord till Lund, hvarest han genast vid sin ankomst trftffades af
motg"ng. Vid inresan i staden h5rde han nftmligen klockorna ringa till begrafning,och till svar p" sin aflidne hvem den fbrfr"gan, vore, erh511 han den upplysningen, att det var hans hos hvilken han hoppats Anna en slftgtinge, skydd och hjftlp.Den fattige,af alia f5rbisedde ynglingen en
ny
hade
ej en
m"hftnda
varit n5dsakad
att
snart
lemna
Lnnd, s" vida
lyckligtillf^llighet gjorthans synnerligaflit bekant f5r doktor vid namn Stobseus, hvilken snart fattade s"dant
en
behag
fbr
sin stora till och
honom,
att
han
boksamling,utan med
lofvade
Emellertid
kunskaper i de dftremot
var
gora
Lund
ftmnen,
ej blott ftfven honom
ej som
en
Iftt honom
upptog till sin
honom
fritt
mest
och
arfvinge.
plats f^r Iftmplig
Linnsens
begagna
i sitt bus
att inhftmta
ftlskade.
En
s"dan
med Upsala, hvarest den berQmde Olof Budbeck i D" Linnaeus dessutom, undervisning naturens kunskap. for att skaffa sig sin utkomst, hade beslutit att blifva af stor vigt, att de bftste Iftrame Iftkare,var det f"r honom i medicinen funnos i Upsala. Han besl5t derf^r att l"mna var
delade
Lund, hvar5fyer Det
var
dock ISmna
bonom,
ur
Upsala.
n(3d ocb
var
snart
studera
s".
for
ban
det att de
Utan
tiden sina
ans"gs studiers
med
papper m"ste skulle sticka fram
ej
mat, klSder
eller
penningar
knappast n"got annat beslut att fatta "n farvS.1 "t Upsala ocb p" samma g"ng dt studiema. Nu besannades dock ordspr"ket, att d" n5den
bade
be-
s5kte lILkarevetenskapen,
l"ngt att
fitter,p"
trasiga skodonen.
sv"raste
det den
n".got understM
gick
HS.r fick ban
de
fbrSildrar kunnat
bans d"
fbrt"rd,ocb
erb"lla
sina frusna
de
till
penningsiunma,som
Ndden
fortsSittande. omlinda
kom st5rsta
lilla
att f5rgllfves
ban
ban den
att foraktligt
nS.stan
yara
1728 mot
k"mpa Den
kymmer.
Stobseus h5geligenfbrtSrnades. yS.lg5rare
hans
hosten
om
snart
135
Exercises.
Beading
ban
att
s"ga
storst,
Sir
Innan ban kmnade Upsala,ville ban n"rmast. S,r ock bjS.lpen nUmligen ILnnn en g"ng bes5ka den botaniska tr"dg"rden, ban vid betraktandet af en bvarest njutits" mjcken glS.dje f5mt fr"mmande ntl"ndska, f3r bonom mUngd fbrr stod der nyss ban sd.dan, som ej skMat, 5fver glSidjen ocb lllgenbet
bet,
unders5kte
ju ocks",
nSje
yar
bonom
d4
ban
som
besk"rdt.
f^r att medfbra ban
nS;Stan
delar
vS.xtens
var
blomman
ban
gl5mde
samma
det
"
s"dant
den
benne
stSrsta
trodde,
sista
sSsom
minne
ett
D"
band.
Linnaeus
v^nde
barsk
stftmma,
sig
om,
uppskattadeLinnsei
snart
sysselsattmed
i bibeln
omtalade
bj"Llpaf
Linnseus,s"
som
noggrann-
g^ngen ett ban afbryta fr"n lyckframtid,
en
bejdade bans framfSr sig en
sdg ban Olof Celsius den M.ldre, byilken
doktor
v5rdig prestman, n"gra Mgor ban sj"lfyar
S.nna
en plStsligen
sorgligabe-
med
y"gade boppas p" ligare dagar, S.gnad it natnryetenskapema. D"" bQrdes
utslagen. I
sin
Till sist yille
af
utarbetandet d"rtill
ocb
ylLxterna
stora
En
5rter.
efber
ocb insigter,
d"
ett yerk
de
ans"g sig kunna
om
"". god
i sitt bus, sd att den upptog snart med gllLdje s"g sigkunna fortsSittasina
fattigestudenten
ban
bonom
studier. Detta iinderbara kant
med
tog
bonom
kan
ySLndpunktema i Linn6s Celsius blef ban n^mligen beungdomslif. Genom den ryktbareprofessor Budbeck, byilken ej allenast
kapen bifall kommit
s^ga
yara
till sina barns
fbrordnande Budbecks
man
sjukdom
eller
blott
underyisa
botaniken,
fuUgjorde,llnda
-"
af
l"rare,
ban
att, eburu
en
de
ett
utan
yar
en
ung
skaffade
en
som
bonom
student, under
5frigastudenterna
uppdrag,
till dess
ock
ban
i 5rtkunsmed
allmS.nt
ftldre uniyersitetslS.rare "ter-
5fyertogdenna underen yisning. Lyckan, som gynnat Linnaeus, bQrjade nu bonom "ter att yara ogunstig, hyarf"r ban besl5t att f"5r Budbecks n"gon tid lS.mna Upsala. P" sin yftlgSrare tillstyrkan f5retogban ocb ofta d"rfQr 1732 en yidlyftig lifsfarlig fr"n
en
utlS.ndsk
resa
tid
ocb
d"
186
Exercises.
Reading
fUrd till Lappland, hvilket
obekant, och hvarest och
detta
Qfriga
d"
s"
var
Med
natorfbrh"Uanden.
ban
samlingar, som
alldeles godt som hade ett rikt till"lle att g5ra nya egendomligalands innev"nare, djur,
ban
rOrande iakttagelser vftzter
land
der
alia
vftnde
sammanbragt,
de
ban
dyrbara
visserligen
tillbaka tillUpsala, men "ter i Dalame, snart finna vi honom i natnralbistorien dels undervisande (i synnerhet Iftran om detta landskaps naturalster. stenarterna),dels andersQkande Hftr fl5rlofvade ban Sara Elisabet Morsea, dotter af med sig i Falon. stadsljlkaren
Anna
hade
doktor, och fbr ej blif7it medicine b"lst ban det att begifvasig vara ans"g till Holland, i hvilket land p" den tiden ej blott l"karevetenskapen, ntan 8.fven botaniken stod i stSrsta utveckling. H"r detta
m"ls
yann
ban
"
hvad
LinnsBns
vinnande
ftfven snart mera
var
allm"nt
"
ban
mttngd arbeten, som
nppseende, s"" att med
bvarandra
kAnde att
ntan ej blott doktorsvftrdigbeten,
den
sig vara
f^rstr"cka
b"r
visa honom medel
bekostade
rike; fr"n olika land kommo land, Spanien s"tta sig derst"des och Men
nade
Att
i
med dock ban
person,
sin
Sppna
som
hemkomst
f"tt anseende
n"mndes ban
han
sedan
Under
S"
yoro
de
efter tre
"rs
brad. yannit
mottagas, s"som
efter
lem-
men
5fyerallt
knappast kande
stor
sSrger,
man
y"nta,
n"gon tid,och
s" s"
blef
firad, blef lifnftra sig.
efter att f5rst
Stockholms
s"som
lUkare,atskickligaste till professori Upsala, hyilken befattning
innehade
hela denna
talrika del.
1741
land
kannat Utomlands
man
skingradesig dock
bafya
"teryM"nde
y"l
mycket
gnld; ban
sin yS.ntande
och
ingalanda h^ndelsen. s" fbrbisedd,att ban hemma
Molnen
Frank-
dS.ryarande
ftlskade t^r
och
frSlmmande
skulle
bade
armar,
yid
af fr"mmande
lysande utsigteroch
till sitt f^demesland
a.ra, yid
ungdomen
svensk
yar
fr"nyaro
en
till England och
resor
f5r att lockas
alia dessa
i Holland
yistande
g5ra bans
nndervisa
Linnseus
sitt ^demesland
y"nskap, samt Qppet errika m"n t"flade lS.rjnngar;
Frankrike, Holland, England, Tyskanbud, om ban ville nedfriskostiga
"
"
nniyersitet.
stQrsta
vetenskapsmtint"flade
sin
och
bans
En
anseende.
och
trycka, vftckte det
svenskens
unge
honom
bebagligtsamt
lS.t
h.6gtaktade
gamla
i att
erk"nnande
SLfyen
llnda till sin tid
yar
bans
erk"nnanden
erh5ll han
d5d
10
den
janaari 1778.
rykte i st"ndigtstigande,och kommo
hS.raf,som
arkiater,utnM.mndes
titel af
honom
till
till riddare
nordstjerneorden(byilketden tiden ans"gs s"som en lika ovanlig som stor utm".rkelse)samt adlades, bvaryid ban antog af
namnet
detta bans
yon
namn,
S"
Linn6. att
blifyande
bans
stor
ende
den
glans,som
f5re faderns
son
eftertra.dare.
redogjortf5r bans
yar
Vi
men lefnadslopp,
hafva det
nn
yar
fUst yid
dOd ntnS.mdes i st5rsta
dterst"r
att
till
kortbet
antyda,
det stora, blifyit 8" ber5md
hyari
Sk"da andra M.ro
vi
b5gst olika.
ocb
ocb
inom
kan
Man
finnas mycket
nu
af dessa
M"nga
b"de
utrM.ttat, best"r, och
hvarfbr
ban
Sverige.
utom
omkring oss, finna vi jorden M"dd af trttd och af otaligaslag,byilka i skilda trakter af jorden
yS.xter
klotet
ban
som
137
Exerdses.
Reading
till andra
med
tryggbetp"st", att pd jordM"n
mer
bundra
tusen
olika
arter.
tjftnamS.nniskan till fbda, kinder,lS.kemedel, det andra S.ro skadnyttiga S.ndam"l, under
kM.nnedom af s"dana giftiga.En noggrann ySiXter "Lr fdr m"nniskan ej blott dessa b5r n5dyS.ndig;men likna dessa hon s5ka Iftra sig k"nna, utan S"fyen alia, som fory"xlas. byilka de knnna ocb med Ja, byaije annan yS.xt, af mftnniskans stor eller liten,S.r yS.1 fbrtjS"nt uppm"rksambet, ty intet a.r on^digtyisskapadt; ocb dS^rfdr ml. icke mS.nniskan i sin kortsyntbetanse sig f5r b5g att betrakta ocb beundra den all8mM"ktige skaparen ej ansett sig f6r stor ocb det, som bOg att frambringa.
liga eller
af
rent
af yftxtyerlden bor derfor anses s"som kS.nnedom denna ock "r yiktigfbr m"nniskan, men ES.nnedomen
med
ej ringa sy"rigbeter.Detta
i
yar
mycket fdrenad
synnerbet fbrb"llandet
bade man yisserm"nga ligenfbrut gjbrten m"ngd iakttagelserang"ende y Externa; liksom anyftndandet af basger"dssakema inom ett bnsmen i de kastades b"U blefye sy"rt eller om5jligt, om en b5g om de om sS.tt yoro y Externa byarandra, p" samma gjorda iaktoany"ndbara, emedan ingen fSrmdtt tagelsema si godt som Linn^. Han de samma. Detta att ordna appstS.lde gjorde n"gra enkla, lattfattliga grander,efter byilka ett s"dant ordfore Linn6s
nande
tid.
kunde
honom
ske, ocb
fast
en
drbundraden
Under
s"landa
grand, p"
erb5ll
byilken
ySiXtkunskapen genom
ban
ordnade
alia
de
fbrr
Qkade ban dem med en gjorda iakttagelserna; dessntom a f gjordaupptftckter. mS*ngd nya ocb b5gst yiktiga, bonom sjelf "botanistemas Linn6 namnet erb5ll konang", H"rigenom hyilket namn ban M"n i dag utan motsS.gelseuppbS.r. Det yar ban "gnade sin rastdock ej blott "t denna yetenskap, som utan det samma I5sa flit ocb sitt genomtr"ngande snilie, g9.11er lika b5g grad lllran om i n"stan djuren eller zoologien,ty ocks" denna b(3rjarfr"n bans upptr^dande en ny tidrS.kning.
Afyen
lllran
stenriket, liksom
om
y8"lg5rande inflytandeaf F5r
att
f" menniskor
8" utmM.rkta blott eger
ordnande om
sina
ett
rSnte
ande.
nya
"sigterocb
tagelser, iakt-
naturligtyis upptr"da s"som fbrfattare, skrifyit s" m""nga ocb dertill torde bafva
SS.kert 8"r,att en person, som bafya en r"tt stor alia arbeten, m"ste anses dessa backer 9.ro dS.ruti olika flertalet af
b5cker
Linn^s
boksamiing, ocb backer, byilka
medicinen,
Linn^
mdste ocb
Linn^s
sprida kS.nnedom
ock
snart
som
ban.
fbrlora
sitt yftrde ocb
gl5mmas,
att
de
188
Reading
h"Ua, S.fven fel och
i dem
om
ordnade,
en
n"gra
"
alia dl. fbr och
med
l^tteligenkan
hvar
mlbiskligt
finnas
namngifna, beskrifha
kftnda uaturfbrem"l
de inne-
insmugit sig.
talrika arbeten
Linn^s
att
i allt
liksom
"
hafva oriktigheter
I dessa
f5r allt det utm"rkta
bdgt skattas
fortfarande
tyftrtom
Exerdses.
tiden
p" sddant
sS.tt
af dessa tillhjS.lp
skrifter be8tS.mma
han antr"ffar. Men de natnrf5rem"], som dS"rjemte85kte Linn^ att p" allt sfttt utreda och spridaka.nnedom
nytta och
fbrekomst, lefnadss"tt,
sttrskilda naturalstrens
de
om
anvftndande
m.
hvilket
ntan
m.,
allt natnrveten-
skaperna skuUe hafva nedsjunkitblott till en namnkunskap. finnas som Otaligaftro de nya npptftckteroch iakttagelser, nedlagda i dessa arbeten, och ej mindre viktiga 9jro hans af en m"ngd oriktigaoch vidskepliga forest"UyederlS.ggningar H"rtill f"5rut varit fordrades allm".nt ej ningar,som gftngse. Sd t. ex. blott kunskaper, ntan Afven m"ngen g"ng mod. i Hamburg lif i fara, d" han SY"fvade till och med Linn^s yisade,
att
blifvit s"ld
som
"flygande drake med
forvarad
fdr
en
tio tusen
af
snmma
ftn
ntan
Stor
tvifvel Linn^
ntan
var
mindre
storartad
professoryid ydra gifna "h5rare. och 8"retitel,
ntan fbrel"sningar,
sig ftfyen
hans yerksamhet hSgskolorhar haft s" kallas
"Linn^s
fSr att
l"rare.
s"som
var
Att
till i naturen,
sina talrika verk,
genom
och
m"nga
stndenterna
skyndade ej en mllngd af rikets f"rn"msta Stnjutahans underyisning.Ja,
men
Ingen
s"
h"n-
fbr
l"rjnnge" ans"gs
blott
derfSr
sju hufyad", ej var
mark,
bedr"geri,och att dylikadjur ej finnas blott i enfaldigapersoners inbillning.
annat
ej
der
en
en
till hans
m"ii
infonno
till och
med
danskar, tyskar, engeltmSin, schweizare, fransm"ln, ryssar, h5ra infunno sig fi)ratt af honom och amerikanare isl9.ndingar tolkas naturens
nnder
Onttrottlig yar till sent
pd
aftonen
i fuUt
eller fQrel"sningssalen utan
vandrade
ofta
s",
endast
som
S.fven iSiraren.
nt
tidigtp4
arbete, meddelade
i botaniska
han
f5rstod det.
han
Fr"n
han
morgonen
ej blott p"
tr"dg"rdensin undervisning,
i fria naturen
f5r
att
l"Lra sina
och utforska att sj"lfvannders5ka talrika,yetgiriga Ittrjungar naturens hemligheter. Till ett antal af ett par hundra yananyS"nd drade de ut tidigtp" morgonen, och efter en flitigt dag int"gade de sent p" aftonen i Upsala, f5ljande under pnkors och yaldthorns klang sin SJskade l"rare till hans bosOch h"nmder llfven de f5rut ringaktade natnrtad. vlbcte
yetenskapernasanseende mer
och dade det
n4gon satt
de d4 af alia vordades
nSstan
en
annan
Linn^
verlden. som
att
yetenskap. som en vetenskapernas konung i Upsala, blomsterspirasmakt strltokte sig Ofver hela den bil-
"n
S" hans
8",
Jordens
a.ra att
med
mS.ktigefnrstar och farstinnor ans"go honom och fr"n alia st" i ber"5ring,
Reading b"ll
in8S.ndes till honom
Exercises.
skatter
af
139
naturalster
fbr
att
be-
och beskrifvas.
st"mmas
uts"xide ban tillyS.rldens afl"gsSj9"lf for att derifr"n bemfbra dittillsokS.nda lILrjungar
trakter
naste
bland
naturalster;m"nga
dem
f511o yM.1 under
sina
resor
offer
f5r
den s" stor var sjukdomar, m5dor ocb forsakelser,men bfig,som Linn^ m"ktade ingifvaalia,att st"ndigt nja unga till man erbjodo sig farligafSrder. Hvarp" berodde nu nya denna Linn^ 5fVade p" alia sina samtida, ofantligamakt, som h5ga ocb l"ga? Utan tvifvel Hr bon att s5ka 1 den snillrikbet, ban hvarmed forstod att tyda naturens dunkla g"tor, ocb den allt i naturen. Men ban omfattade gl5dande kHrlek, bvarmed i ej ringa grad torde bon i den Hfven att v^l vara s5ka bvarmed ban bar sin VS.! det Hr lycka. sant, att odmjukbet, ban ofta n^stan barnsligtgladde sig "t de bedersbetygelser, bonom till del, men kommo som aldrig lat ban fbrleda sig i sina sUtta Tv^rtom att skrifter i forsta rummet. sig sjS.lf andas de alia den djupastevSrdnad, den oinskr^nktaste underberre; 9fverallt s5ker ban blott framgifvenbetf9r naturens Guds visa godbet ocb allvisbet. Dd ban gjort n".gon viktig forbafver ban sig icke derSfver, utan ocb storartad upptftckt, utbrister i glad bdmjukbet: "Jag s"g skuggan af Herren, den ocb allsmaktige,svafv^a f5rbi, ocb jag bapnade af vSrdnad Hans alltid bade beundran". ban valspr"k,som bokstafligen
for bgonen, inristadt ofvanfdr sin d5rr, lydde s": "Lef Ax det underligt,om s4dan en r"dig, 6ud ser dig"^. sin samtids
yinner
beundran
ocb
rattman
karlek?
f5rflutna,sedan Gustaf den tredje infbr rikets stander klagade 5fver den oersattliga f5rlust,som Linn^s Sverige genom bortgdng lidit,ocb mycket bar sedan dran, beunden ar dess fbrandrats.Men det, som ej f(3randrats, Hundra
dr
af bela
som
snart
aro
vetenskapsman,
den
Karl
bildade
yon
Linn^.
i yidt skilda land
"rsdagen Qdmjukt sinne
med
agnas Sverigesst5rste
varlden
fira Arligen
af bans
naturens
f5delse,ocb
yanner
otaligaaro
graf i Upsala bans enkla boning p" Hammarby, domkyrka eller intradt det stalle, "r sedan ocb for bundra nu tyst undangSmd, men de,
som
vid
stannat
bans
i
yetenskapenssol klart str"lade 5fyer bela jorden. liten I y"ra barrskogars djupaste skugga d5ljer sig en klockfr"n sina en ljusr5da, yaxt, som krypande stjalkb5jer byarifr"n
Ear
lika blommor.
ty bon aro
Linn^s
blomma,
Standigt
namn.
friska
horealis,
Linncea ocb
gr5nskande
blad, enkla ocb ansprdksJasabennes blommor, men tjusar bon alia ocb fyllerden omgifyande nejden yidt
bennes
dock ocb
bar
for alia ar denna
bredt
af Linn6 1
med
en
mild
sjalfocb bans
Innocue
vivito,numen
yallukt.
Hari
kunde
man
Tb.
ara.
adest.
se
en
Fries.
bild
140
Appendix. I. Words. 1. Tftrldsalltet.
himmeln^
the
nnirerse.
vattnetf the
sky.
varlden, the world. solen, the sun. Ijuset,the light.
mdnen, the tjdrnay the jorden, the luften,the
The
water.
island.
on, the
star.
hafvetfthe sea. the lake. j^'on, (!n,the river. hdckenj the brook.
earth.
dammen,
moon.
the
pond.
daZen, the valley.
aur.
2. Landet.
The
eonntry.
bonden, the peasant faltet,the field.
the farm. arren(2e^(2r(2^, trddsgdrdeHfthe garden.
dngeuy the meadow. 5y", the village. hyddan, the cottage. traUeHy the country.
kvarnen, the mill.
the sJcogen, the v^dlen,
va^en,
bush,
highroad. och
walnut.
the
ladan, the grdset, the
straw.
harvest.
barn. grass.
Trees^ fruits
blommor.
dppeltrddet^the apple-tree. dpplet,the apple, ^rowtmde*, the pear-tree. pdronet, the pear. the fig-tree. fikontrddety the fikonet, fig. the walnut-tree. valnotstrddetj "?alw6fen,the
barley.
hoetythe hay. plogefijthe plough.
road.
Trftden^ finikter
com.
wheat.
a%or(7"n,the
vineyard.
landsvdgen, the 8.
halmeny
the
rye.
the
the 7ii7e^6t,
plain.
the
the
komety
wood,
vinbdrget,the buskeny
rd^en,the
forest,
the
^t^an,
spannmdlen,
and
plommantrddety the plum-tree. the plum. j"Zo9n}nonet, smvltronety the strawberry. vinbdret, the
currant.
hallonet,the
raspberry.
"oA;m, ^rancw,
the
the
beech,
fir-tree,
ektrddetythe oak-tree. the poplar, cherry-tree. jpojpeZn,
korsbdrstrddetjthe korsbdret,the cherry.
flowers.
rosm,
the
rose.
Appendix.
142
bordet^the table. stolen,the chair. the sofa. soffatiy the looking-glass. spegelfiy ^Mpei, the wardrobe. dragkistanythe chest of drawers. the picture. taflafiy vdggurety the time-piece,
san^en,
the
bed.
hufvudakuddeny the lakanetythe sheet. madrassen,
the
sdngtdcketythe mattany
the
pillow.
mattress.
blanket.
carpet.
the IjusstakeHy
candlestick. 10.
hatteny mos^an,
the
hat
cap. bonjouren, the frock-coat.
the ^rflcA:m,
jackan,
the
tail-coat.
jacket.
the dX:e{2en,
spoon. fork,
the gaffelfiy the ^ni/ren,
koppen,
knife.
the
cup.
ial2rtA:en, the plate. the table-cloth. "or(2{2t"fcen, handdukeriy the towel.
aervetteny the napkin, forhdngetythe curtain. flaskan,the bottle. glaset,the glass. korgen, the basket.
serviette.
Klftdning. Clothing.
(bonnet).
the
the wax-candle. i7aa;^*iMet, the tallow-candle. talgljusety Iju88axen,the. snuffers.
kdpan,
the
cowl,
natttocken, the i7ast"n,the
66n/:W("er,
byxoTy
dressinggown.
waist-coat.
j
^j^^ ^^^^^^
Words.
strumpan, the stocking.
skan,
the
the umbrella. j^ara^Z^n^'e^y), the parasol. parasolleHf
shirt. apron.
11.
Kroppen.
(the)man.
kufvudet, the
o^fa*,the nosan,
nose,
mouth.
the
Idppen, the lip. tanei^n,the
tooth.
the ^w7(jFa7};
hakan,
tongue. beard.
skdgget,the
12. F5da
back.
breast
ma^^n,
the
stomach.
armen,
the
arm.
kndetf the /bicn, the
chin.
the
the
och
dryck.
knee, foot.
tdn, the
toe.
strupen,
the
throat.
and
Eating
drinking.
MZen, the cabbage.
frukosten,breakfast. middctgen,dinner. kmllsvarden^ supper.
potatisar,potatoes.
hrod^ bread.
drier, the
mool, meal,
flour.
the
soup. gronsakerna, the
soppan^
vegetables.
the
moroten^
the
peas. beans.
kakan,
the
cake.
frukten,
the
ostew, the t?tnc*,the
fdrkott,mutton. kalfkottyveal. flask,pork. "^inA:an,(the)ham.
fruit.
butter,
"wor,
stek,roast-meat. beef.
carrot.
honor,
kott, meat. oxkott,
(chest).
handen, the hand. the finger. fingretffingernj, nail. the na^eZn, 6en6*,the leg.
^at, the ear. kinden, the cheek. munnen,
body.
Zun^an, the lung. hjdrtat,the heart,
eye.
the
purse.
hrostet,the
face,
ansiktet,the
The
ryggen,
forehead.
the
the
pi"n^en,
ringen, the ring. orringen,the ear-ring. glasogon,the spectacles.
the neck. halsefij sA^uZdran,the shoulder.
head.
Ajarwaw, the brain. Mret, the hair. pannan,
veil.
the walking- stick. 8jpatserA^P|"6n,
ndsduken, the kandkerchief. hcUsdykenfiae neck handkerchief. hravatteriythe cravat. ^nc2sA;ar;the gloves.
manniskan,
ribbon.
sldjan,the
slippers.
s^jortan, the farkladet,the
watch.
the
bandet,
boot.
stofveln,the tofloma,
the fikuret,
shoe.
the
143
cheese. wine.
diet,the
beer.
vattnet, the the fca/fe*,
water,
coflfee.
teet, the
tea.
fisken,the fish. scUladen, the salad,
mjolken,
the
the mustard. ^enajpen^ oljan, the oil.
honingeny the honey. timjan, the thyme. korfveln,the chervil. the 2)"rsi(;aw, parsley,
dttikan, the vinegar. saZte^,the salt. pepparen,
the
pepper.
milk.
the chocolate. c^("^Zac2en,
syra,
the
sorrel.
144
Appendix.
n. Ear
Ni
Icke
"nnn.
Hyad Skola
conversations.
Easy
"tit frakost?
Haye
yon
Not
yet.
skola vi "ta?
What
yi
Shall
taga kail mat? taga n"got yftrmt.
skall
Jag Eypare!
bar Ni till fra-
hyad
Kalfstek
och
grOnsaker. ocks"
oss
ttro yi
flaska
en
What
do the
Boast
yeal
Bring
Y"l!
L"tom
Herrarl
for
you
Piye
Ni?
do
I
am
g" med mig? Jag far med jemy"gen. N"r skall t"get afg"?
When
Cm
fern minnter.
In
Har
Ni
Gaye
icke
iQst
biljett?
Will I
am
bottle
a
of
gentlemen! go!
us
are
you?
owe
we
crowns,
Where
hem.
redan
also wine.
Well, let
g"!
OSS
g"r
Jag g"r Ni
haye
gentlemen wish? and yegetables.
ns
What
skyldiga?
kronor, mina
YiU
something warm.
what
white
Fern Hyart
cold food?
take
we
Waiter!
hyittyin ! Hyad
eat?
we
breakfast? herrame?
Onska
Bring
shall
I will take
kost? Hyad
breakfasted?
you
going?
going home. go with me? by the railway.
not
you
going
will the
train start?
fiye minutes.
alreadytaken
you
your
ticket? "r Nej,biljettlackan
"nnn
icke
No,
Oppen. Hnr
mycket
Ni
not
yet
open.
kostar
en
andra
yarit
What
does
second
a
class
ticket cost?
klassbiljett? Jag skall fara med Har
office ist
the
"ngb"ten. till sj6sfBrr?
I will go Haye you
by the
steamer.
been
eyer
at
sea
before? om Jag blir sjQsjnk
jag stannar
I
p" d"ck.
ou
yi
Nn
m"ste
En
lyckligresa!
skiljas.
Se
seasick when must
we
part.
happy yoyage!
There det Hr.
I remain
deck.
Thank
knackar.
hyem effcer,
Now A
Tack, a^5!
N"gon
am
Gro and
you,
is
a
see
fare well!
knock. who
it is.
conversations.
Easy Det
N.
Herr
ar
God
Det
dag.
It is Mr.
^gnar mig
att
fram
Satt
kan
ej
Sr
Ni
f^r
endast
och
stanna
med
Bring
att
I
You
middag
ata
you.
chair to Mr.
a
N.
stay.
only called you did. are
know
to
how
kind; will
very
stay and
OSS?
take
dinner
you
with
us?
tack, men
M"ngen
are
I cannot
efter,hur Ni m"(r). vill mycket vftnligt;
h6ra Det
N.I
glad to
very
you? Very weU, thank
stanna.
kommer
am
you.
How
stol "t Herr
en
N.
day, I
see
Hur(u) st"r det tiU? Tack(ar),mycket bra.
Jag Jag
Good
Eder.
se
145
m"ste
jag jag har mycket
g"k,emedan
gora hemma. ar mycket fSrbunden
thanks, I have
Many
do
to
much
at home.
att
Jag
Edert min
f5r
I thank and
bes5k
och ber om N. "ra till helsning
beg
give Mrs.
Ni
Vet
mycket klockan
huru
Do
Se
st"r, jag glomde
klocka
(att)draga upp henne. p" Eder klocka; den
g"r
know
you
My
watch
ar
G"r
hon
for
Look
l".ngsamt? ar ej i ordning. Jag vill sanda henne till ur-
it
wind
it up.
your
ways watch; it al-
It is out I
i.
ratt
right. slow
too
or
too
of order.
going to
am
You
send
it to the
Sfver tio.
Hon
ai- 10
minuter
Hon
ar
en
kvart
half elfva.
Sfver tio.
Hon
ar
Hon
felas 10 minuter
Hon
ar
en
kvart
skola
vi
well.
very
(o'clock). It is ten past ten. It is a quarter past ten. It is half past ten.
i 10.
pd tio. gora
minutes
It is ten It is
f3r att
a
minutes
to ten.
quarter to shall
What
fdrdrifva tiden?
we
do
ten. to
om
Ni
We
will
play at cards,if you
det.
skola vi
spela om?
How
much
shall
we
for? Elementary
spend
the time?
spela kort,
tycker om
will do
It is ten
tio.
ar
kunna
well.
watchmaker.
g'6r Ni
Klockan
got stopped; I for-
to
it go Does fast?
makaren.
Hvad
time
at
It is not eller for
fort
Hon
Vi
what
has
goes
icke staid.
Hon
Hvad
kindly regards to
best
N.
alltid bra.
Det
will
you
my
visit
your
is?
ar?
Min
for
you
Swedish
Grammar.
10
play
146
Appendix.
L"t
spela
OSS
f5r
jnst Hvem
skall
Blanda
to
I
ge.
Deal
igen. god bar
Jag
bar
Ni
att
Jag
af
tag
ej "tt fina yinna
boppas
kort
(or
kapera).
n"gra ocb
bra
kort.
kommer
took
You
I
jost
deal?
deal. the
if
well.
cards
hope
please.
you
nothing have
will
partiet. det.
crown
again.
Cut, I
to
to
Shuffle
bra.
a
oorselyes.
amose
is am
for
play
ns
Who
korten
Yar
Let
skull.
ger?
Jag
Ge
n5jes
krona,
en
om
win so.
a
the
good. fine game.
play;
you
147
Vocabulary. Explanation of
the The
numbers in the
five declensions
l.,2.,3.,4.
and
singular
and
the
in the
used
abbreTiations
and
si^s
of substantives
Yocabnlarj, designated by
are
definite form
by the terminal
5. followed flexion
ticle ar-
in
indefinite
of the
the
the
plural. fana, 1.,-n, -or conjugationsof
Ex.: The
four
fiag(the flag,flags). verbs are designatedby the
figures I.,U., III. and IV. The sign 0 placed after to the
=
the
third group
verb belongs irregular. adjective. adj. adv.
prep. pres.
adverb.
=
=
=
s.
I.
=
pi.
present.
=
=
=
conjunction. preposition.
=
and
strong verbs
imperfect. supine. sup. past participle. past part.
imp.
=
conj.
that the is quite
figuresmeans
Roman
of the
Roman
=
singular. plural.
Swedish-English. -er, afternoon-
3.,-en, -cr, adjutant, A^djtiiant^ adla, I, to ennoble. afhrotU 5., -et, interruption. afgd, III. 0 (seegd\ to go off. afgdng, 3., -en, -er, departure.
aftonvard,3.,-en,
5.,-et,testimonial, afgdngshetyg, afgdra, 11. Q (seegora),to settle,
allmakt,3.,-en, omnipotence. allmdn, adj.,general. dlltjdmt,adv., always. adj.,serious. allvarlig^
off. I.,to throw afkastttj ufliden,adj.,deceased. afldgsen,adj.,distant, afldgsna,I.,to remove. afresay 1.,-n, departure. afse. III. O (see 8e\ to have
\ distance.
K ^^^J9^^ afstdnd,5., -e",{ removal. ^
aftdga,I. (tdga afj^ to afvakta^I.,to await.
ojcta, I.,to
retreat.
esteem.
alsteTf5., cUstret,produce.
aUtringsformdga,1., -n,
pro-
ductiveness. in
view.
afskar,imp. of afskdra. to cut IV. (sees^ra), a/'sA^ra,
meal.
amerikanare, 5.,-n, amirdl, 3., en, -er,
[ to
off.
I.,|
have
American. admiral. a
presenti-
of. ana, surmise. to I a'nbud, 5.,-et, offer. ment
10*
148
Vocabolaiy.
andakt, 8.,-en, -er, devotion. mind. ande, 2.,-n, -ar, spirit,
andlig,adj.,spiritoal. anfaU, 5.,-et,onset, attack. anfdra, U., to lead on. anforare,b., -n, leader. angripa,' IV. (see gr%pa)y to attack.
ankomst, S.,-en, arrival. anlete,L, -t, -n, face. antdgga^ H, Q) { \x" pat on. (see lagga\ \ to establish. anmaZa^ IL, to announce. f^w.fj, cmnat annan (nj, other.
3., -en,
anno9W,
ment. -er, advertise-
anonymitet,8.,-en, atwe,
O
in.
(see8e)y
anonymons-
look npon. to consider,
f to I
\ I
4.,^| consideration. "ij.,|^f^^ ansprSkslos, appearance.
anseende, ',
anstrdngning,2.,-en, -ar, eflfort 5.,-e^, responsibility. an"^, imp. of anse, antrdjfay I.,to meet. antydaj U., to point out. anvdnda, II.,to use. anvd1^dandeJ4., -t (see anvdndansvar,
ning), anvdndning, 2., -en, -afj use. opft^, 8.,-en, appetite. arhete,4., -",-n, work. arfy 5.,-"ef,inheritance. arfvinge,2.,-n, -ar, heir. arkiatery6., -n, physician. a I *"" assume T "w" o,/.
JBa(2,imp. of hedja, haisamering,2.,-en, -or, hana,
I,, -n,
-or,
way). bafj imp.
of bdra,
"-*-*.
"xij-
road
ming. embal-
(path,
(fster
childlike. "arn"Ztp,adj.,fiJia), barrskog,2., -en, ar, fir forest
barskf adj.,rough, rude. 8., -e*,-er, battery. hatterif
hefdejr,pres.
b^a, Mdo;
of
"ec(;a. O, imp. s. body pL "e(ii;past part. sup.
IV.
bedd,
bedrift,8., -en, -er, feat. 2.,-en, f occupation, "6/a"tntn47,
i pursuit,
-ar,
befriare,5.,-n, liberator. (^a{,5.,-et, command. befdlhcrfvandey 5.,-n, -no,
j
manding com-
officer.
befdlhafvare,5., -en,
ding comman-
officer. use (of). begagna, I.,to make to begifva^IV., (seegifva)[sigj^ repair. begrafmng, 2., -en, -ar, burial. I conceivable. "^^ K./^.*^?.v. begrtplxg, adj.,|
comprehensible. desire. to II., 5^ra, benagy 5.,-e^, pleasure.
behagay I.,to please. adj.,necessary. behofligy "eX"s^a, I.,to defray. care. bekymmefy 5., -re*,sorrow, "e{(l*en, adj.,pleased. beldgenhety 3.,-en, -er, situation. beldgrayI., to besiege. venient. begvdmligor beX^famZi^, adj.conberedtty 11.,to prepare. bergigyadj.,mountainous. bergstrakty3., -en, -er, hilly country. berofvayI., to bereave.
beroKn^, 2., -en,
-aty
contact.
besegla,I.,to seal. 5ese^a, I.,to vanquish. 2.,-en, -ar, possession. besittningy nature, beskaffenhety3., -en, quality. besMray IV., to bestow upon. IV. (see sluto), to decide. besluta, imp. of bealttta, besloty cend, bestigayIV. (see ^t^a), to asto climb, to mount. beatrdltty I.,to irradiate. bestdyIII. O (see std),to consist. bestdmdy adj.,definite. bestdmmay II.,to determine.
150
Vocabulary.
de
dinoy yours. deltagoyVL (see toga),to a
dga. egendomlig,adj.,peculiar. e^o,
take
share.
egna,
see
see
oma.
5. [3], .ekipagcy equipage -t,/"-erj, eldo, I.,to heat. Migy adj.,fiery,ardent. tldgnistOy1.,-n, -oty spark. diadem. diadem, 5. [3.], adj., alone, one. -et,f-erjy enoo, enfaldigyadj.,simple. dig, you (thee). dity there (thither). engelysee dngeh to till that place. enfteZ, dittills, then, a4j.,simple, single. tnligtyprep., according to. adj.,thoughtful,prodjupsinnig^ found. ensaniy adj.,sole, alone. en8A;tZd, domkyrka, 1.,-n, -or^ cathedral. adj. peculiar. dop, 5.,-etybaptism,christening. enslig,adj.,alone. enatc^,adj.,isolated. drahantj 8., -en, -er, satellite. er/ar, pres. of erfara, drag, 5., ^et, feature. dragay IV., to draw, imp. s. erfara,IV. (see fara\ to hear. dfog, pi. drogo; sup. dragit; eribanna, II., to recognize, to acknowledge. past part, dragen, ledgment. dragon, 3.,-"n, -er, dragoon. erkdnnande, 4., -t, -n, acknowdrifva,IV., to drive, imp. s. dref,pi. drefvo; sup. drifvit; erofrayI, to conquer. past part (Jrtt^en. evdrdlig,adj.,eternal. 2.', (2ro})pe, evt^,adj.,eternal. -n, -ar, drop. druiienay I.,to be drowned. FaUa, IV., to fell,imp. s. fW, drdnkOf I.,to drown. pi./o72o; dufva, 1.,-n, -or, pigeon. past part. sup. fallit; dygd, 3., -en, -cr, virtue. /aZIen. dy'li^, familjy3., -en, -er, family. adj.,like,similar. dear. /ana, 1., -n, -or, flag. dyrbar, adj., befool. to dara, I.,to infatuate, /ora, IV., to go, to drive,imp. s. for, pi. foro; sup. farit; dackj 5.,-et,deck.
dess,whose, of which. desgutom,adv., besides. (before compadesto,the more ratives).
dor, adv.,
past part. /aren. farvdl!interj.good bye I /(Mt, adj.,Ann, solid.
there.
daremelZan,adv., between. daremoty adv., against it. darifrdnyadv., therefrom.
ddrjamtey adv., besides that. there. darnere, adv., down
ddrpd, adv., thereon. c2arun(2er, adv., under ddrstddes, adv., there. ddrtQl, adv., thereto. dodlig,adj.,mortal. dddstund, 3., -en, -er,
that.
hour
of
death.
({o2ja,II. 0, dolde; sup.
to
conceal, imp.
fastdn,conj.,although. /atta,I., to seize. fattigdomy2., -en, poverty. adj.,hostile,inimical. fientligy /in^o,imp. of fd. finna,IV., to find,imp. s. fann, pi. funno; sup. /tmnit; past part, funnen. firayI.,to celebrate,to solem5.,-et, majority, [nize. flertdl, cation. flit,[3.1 -en, diligence,appli-
(2o2t;past part.
dold.
JEfterlamnayI.,to leave behind. eftertrddare. 5., -n, successor. 2,, -en, posterity. eftervdrld,
fiod,3.,-en, -er, river. /loWt^,adj.,fatty,greasy. flyga,IV., to fiy,imp. s. flog, pi. flogo; sup. ^ptt, past part, flugen.
151
Vocabulary. 2., -w, -glar,wing, aisle. flygel, IV., to flow, imp. s. fiot; fi'ifta, pi. fiato; sup. /^tf^tt; past part fknUn. I., to remove. flytta, fl"cka,I., to blot, to stain,to spot.
fldrd,[3.]-"n, vanity. fordrGy I.,to demand, to claim, to
ask^
to
require.
fomtidy 3.,-en, antiquity. fort,adj.,fast, quickly. fort,adv., forth, continuously. fortfara,IV. (see /ora). fortsdtta,II. 0 (see satta). fotfolk,5., -et,infantry. frambragt, imp. of framhringa, framhringa, n. ", to bring forth, to produce.
frambryta, break
framgd,
IV.
(see 6ryta), to
forth, to appear. Q (see ^d), to to step along.
III.
framgdng, 2., -en,
'ar,
vance, ad-
success,
progress.
frawkaJla,I., to call,to to
cause,
occasion.
fulfill.
fMJcomlig, adj.,complete. as fvMhorda, fullkomna,I.,same adj.,princely. furstlig, /yiia,n., to fill. fysisk,adj.,physical. f", few. /A, lU. ", may i|to get, imp. s. fick, pi.fingo;sup. fS^tt.
fdnge,2., -n,
-ar,
prisoner.
fdr, 5.,-e*,sheep. fdtalig,adj., unimportant. /ii",sup. of fd. fdgna, I.,to rejoice,to be glad. fdlla (nedj,U., to fell. 2.,-n, -ar^ general. fdltherre, fdltrop,5., -e*,parole. 5.,-e*, campaign. fdlttdg. /ar"i,3., -en, -er, journey, ride, drive.
framstd, III. ", framtid, 3.,-en, future. framsteg,5.,-e*,progress. framvisa, L, to evince, to to
stand
forth.
show
forth.
framdty adv., forward, /red, 8.,-en, -er, peace. fredlig,adj.,peaceful. fredahrott, 5.,-e*, breach
of the
peace.
/W(l, -en, peace [calm]. frihety3.,-en, -er, liberty. /Vtfco""tgr, adj.,liberal. frodig, ad", luxuriant, rank, exuberant.
fromhetj 3., -en,
frukost,2.,-en, -ar, breakfast. fruUbar, adj.,fertile. friMefiy past part, of /V^sa. frysa, IV., to freeze, imp. s. frds, pi. /roso; sup. frtmt; past part, fruaen, to question. frdga,I.,to ask (for), frdga, 1.,-n, -or, question.
from.
fdstman,
mannen
groom. (man), bride-
foda, n., to give birth to. f6da, 1.,-n, food. foga, little. foyd, 3.,-en, -er, result. /"orait, to, in order to (before foTflyn., to conduct, [an Inf.). forakt,5., -et,contempt. fordkta,I.,to despise. foraktlig, adj.,disdainful. forbereda,II.,to prepare. forU, adv., by (past). forUndlig,adj.,obhging. look. forbise,III. " (seese),to over-
piety, piousness,
meekness.
frdn, prep.,
frdnvaro,[2.], -n, absence. /rammane2e, adj.,strange. frdnde, 4. (3.), -n, -r, relative. I., to wet, to moisten. /t"A;^a, fullhorda,I., to terminate, to achieve,to finish. fuUgora, II. " (see gora),to
fdrblanda,I.,to
fOredraga,IV.
mix.
(see draga), to
prefer.
foredrog,imp. of foredraga, forekomst,[3.], -en, occurence. foreldsning,2.,-en, -or, lecture. fdrena, I.,to unite. forening,2.,-en, -ar, union. imp. of forekrifva. foreskref, fdreskrifva, IV., to prescribe.
152
III. O, forestd,
Vocabulary. to govern,
forestdUning, 2.,
adv., certainly, forviast, /orvdna, I.,to astonish. formance.fdrvdning,[2.], per-en, astonishment.
to manage.
-en, -ar,
forfatta,L, to compose. 5.,-n, author. forfattare, fdrfiuten, past part, forflyta. to flow IV. (see flyta), forflffta,
f6rvdxla, I.,to mistake. forddla,I.,to ennoble.
fardndring,2.,-en, -ar, alteration. fdrodmjuka, I.,to humble. liation. fdrodmjukelse,8.,-n, -r, humi-
away.
forfrdgan,1.,enquiry. forgdfves,adv., in vain. forhdUande, 4., -*, -n,
G^a/", imp. stance. circum-
forhdfva,II. (^m^, to boast. forhdrja,I.,to devastate,to
of
^rt/t^a.
^fogm, 5., -e*, profit.
5farde,4., -t, -n, guard, ^e (abbreviation) gifva, =
vage. ra-
forJdara^I., to explain. forkofran,1.,improvement. forkvdfva,II.,to stifle. to lead astray,to seforleda,II., [duce. forlofva,I.,to engage, /orZM"t,3.,-ew, -er, loss. forndmstj the most hed. distinguis-
gemenaam,
adj.,mutual.
genius. genier), genius,3. ^^enien, gehljud,5., -e*,echo. through. to traverse. I., genomtdgaj adj., wet through. ^enotiif7(S", gent emot, adv., in front of. genom,
prep.,
(abbreviation) gifver. gevdr, 5., -et,gun (rifle). gick,imp. of ^d. forndja,11.,to satisfy. giftig, adj. poisonous, IV. O. to give, ind. forqvdfva,see fdrkvdfoa. ^"fva ^^fe;, s. pi.gifva; forrdd, 5., -e*,supply. gifver (ger), pres. treason. forrdderi,3.,-c^, -cr, imp. s. gafj pi. gdfvo; sup. forrddiskfadj.,traitorous. gifvit;past part, gtfven. forrdn^ coiy., before. gjorde,imp. of ^fora. forsdkehe, 3.,-n, self denial. ^'uto,IV., to pour forth, imp. gjutii. s. got, pi. 5fo"o;sup. forsanding,2.,-"n, -ar, meeting. farskaffa^ I.,to procure. glad, adj.,glad. gladde, imp. of glddja. forskangningy2., -"n, -ar, intrenchment. glans,2., -en, splendour. of forsJog,imp. forsZd. ^Zed,imp. of glida. m. imp. /or"J4, O (see "?a),to sufglida,IV., to glide (slite), s. gled, pi. gledo; sup. forstodyimp. of /or"*"l. [flee. ^fZtdit, forstdlla, II.,to disguise. glindra,I.,to glimmer. to un/or^td,in. O (see s*"!^), O, to rejoice,imp. derstand. ^icM^a, n. and s. pL gladde; sup. gladt. forsvaga,I.,to weaken. glddjcy3., -n, joy. red hot. forsvara,I.,to defend. ^;o"2a,II.,to make kindness. defender. fdravarare^5.,-n, godhet^ 3., -en, forsvinna,IV., to disappear. ^0(28,5., -etygoods. 2.. -en, -ar, insurance, forsdkring, grady 3.,-en, -er, grade, assurance. 2., -"en, -var, grave. ^fra/*, deserve. to forljdnayII., grekisk,adj.,Greek, deserved. forijdnt,adj., ^ren, 2., -en, -ar, branch. fortdra,U., to consume. gripa,IV., to seize,imp. s. grep^ I.,to offend. fortiMrna, pi. ^repo; sup. gripit; past forundra, I.,to wonder. part, gripen, forvara,L, to preserve. gro, in., to shoot forth. ger
=
153
Vocabulary. ffrdna,I., to become grey. gubbe, 2.,-en, -ar, old man. gudsfnUctan,fear of the Lord. guld, 5., -etygold. gull,see ^uZd fff/nna, I., to favour. adj.,favourable. gynaam,
historia,3., -ten, -ier,history. l^ordy 2.,-en, -ar, herd. [3.], ^i*?l", -en, help. adv., hearty. hjartligeriy of the hjasstty 1., -n, -or, crown head.
^onom,
pron.^
him.
III. 5F(I,
O, to go, imp. 8. guik, hoppy 5.,-e*, hope. pi. gingo; sup. ^^"*; past I., to threaten. hottty hotande, adj.,threatening. part, gd^ngen, sure. gdfva, 1.,-n, -or, gift(donation), hufimdndjey4., -*,-n, chief pleapd/t?",imp. of gifva, gdta, 1., -n, -or, riddle. gdlla,11.,to be in force. gangse, adj.,usual. gor^ gora,
hugga, IV., to hew, imp. s. hogg, pi. hoggo; sup. huggit; past part, huggen, hugnad, 3. ,-en, satisfaction.
pres. of gora. II. to do, make
gor,
pi. gora;
gjorde; sup.
O, pres. s. imp. s. and pi. gjort; past part.
for
house.
the
hushdll,5., -e",housekeeping. Avail,what^ that which. hvalf,5., -vet, vault.
fa/!, 5., -vet, sea.
Iki^e/, haglet,hail. TuUfhdgey2.,-n, -or, 2.,-en, -or, halfhreiSy ^Zm, [2.], -en, straw. Baffin, 2., -en,
i^u2(2, adj., tender. sils husgerddsaker,3.,-na, pi. uten-
hvarfjej,each, every. half bow. half circle.
Avarani^ra,each
other
hvardagsgdsty3., -en,
-aty port,
(one
another). -er,
daily
guest.
[2.], -en, vexation. harmoni, 3.,-en, -er, harmony.
hvila,1.,-n,
hastay I.,to hasten. adj sudden [ofh onour. hastig, 3., -n, -r, marks hedersbetygehe, Aeje2a,I., to hold back. helgayI., sanctify. helgedom,2.,-en, -ar, sanctuary.
to whistle, imp. hveno; hveny pi. sup. i^mnt^ whirl. to I., hvirflay I., to whisper. A{7isX:a, hydda, 2.,-n, -or, cottage. 3.,-en, -er, cabin. J^ytt,
heligyadj.,saint. Ttem,5.,-met, home.
[3.], /i"Sflr, -en, mind, spirit. hdgloSfadj.,lazy,indolent. AdZZ,5., e", side. hdlla, IV., to hold, imp. s. holl, pi. 7io2Zo; sup. hdllU; past
^rm,
.,
.
hem, hemma, adv.,home, at home.
hemhygd, 3.,-en, -er, native place. hem foray II.,to bring (home). hemlighety8., -en, -er, secret. herrligyadj.,magnificent, "fcet,adj.,hot. heta, I. O, to be called,pres. 8. ^ter, pi.heta; imp. s. and pi. hette;sup. Aeta^. himlafktmma, 1.,-n, -or, fire of heaven.
2., (himlen) (himlarj,heaven.
himmely
hvUay I.,to
rest. rest.
i^tnna,IV.,
s.
part, hdllen.
hdrd, adj.,hard. hdrdsintyadj.,hard-hearted. hdftigyadj.,violent. ^W, 2.,-en, -ar, hearth. /landa, II.,to happen.
hdndelse,3., -n,
-r, occurence,
event. or
-/e/n,
J^inna,IV., to get to (toreach), imp. s. hann, pi. ^i^nno; sup. hunnit; past part, hunnen.
hdngifvayIV.
Q
to (se"^*/'w"),
surrender.
hdpna, I., to be astonished. hdrska, I., to rule. [fork.
^itchhogaffel,2.,-n, (gafflar),
154
Vocabulary.
hoger,adj.,left. hogligenyadv., greatly. hogsKola,1.,-n, 'Or, high hdja, n., to raise. hora, U.,
to
adv., just. jftwt, jdmforeUe,3.,-n,
-en, -ar,
autumnal
kan,
observation. lahttagelse^S.^-nj-r,
ifrdnyprep., from. ifver,-n, zeal. igetiyagain.
ihdrdig,adj.,persevering. inbillning,2., -en, -ar, fancy. in"ryta, IV. (see hryta), to break
in.
inbrotj imp. of inbryta. ,
vade, infalla,IV. (see /aWa), to in[appear. infinnayIV. (sig)(see fhma)j to 3.,-", -r, influence. inflyteUej infunno^ imp. of infinna. infor,prep., before. in^"n, pron., no. ingen, nobody. ingentingynothing. ifAdmta,I.,to bring in.
innan, before.
inne, adv., in, within. innehafva,
to
possess.
innevdnare, 5., -n, inhabitant. inre,adj., interior. inristaiI., to
engrave.
iwrddan^ advice. tnsikty3.,-c", -er, notion. insmngit,sup. of in^my^a. insmyga, IV. (see smyga\ creep
to
in.
instanga,II.,to lock in (orup). until, to. tn^t7/,prep, till^ ifUrycky5., -et, impression. in. intrdda,II.,to come to meet. intrdffa,I., in. intdga,I.,to march indt, adv., inward.
islanding,2.,-en,
comparison.
JCalfc,2., -en, quick lime. kalk,2., -en, -ar, chalk. ling, 3., -n, -r, vocation, calA:aZZe29e, appeal.
hear. of hora.
horde, imp. hostdag, 2., day.
-r,
school.
-ar, Icelander.
pres.
of
jbtinna.
jbanon,3.,-en, -er, cannon, gun. kanske, adv., perhaps. Tcastanje, 3.,-", -r, chestnut kavaljer,3., -en, -r, cavalier. X:e(2ja, 1.,-n, -or, chain. kejserlig, adj.,imperial, fcind,3., -en, -er, cheek. klaga, I., to complain. klang [3.], -en, sound. klocklikyadj.,like a clock. klockslag,5., -e^, stroke of the clock.
kldda, U., to dress. kldttra,I.,to climb, ^nalla, I.,to snap. knappast, adv.,barely, scarcely.
kneh, 2., -en, knyta, IV., to s.
-ar,
soldier.
tie
(toknot),imp. kndt, pi. knoto; sup. knutit;
past. part, knuten. knappa, II.,to button. X:ndf,imp. of knyta, kolmorky adj., coal-black. kom, imp. of A;omma. komma, IV. ", to come, imp. s. kom, pi.^ornmo; sup. kommit; past part. A;ommen.
komminister,2.,-en, -ar, curate. konungslig,adj.,royal. fcon"*,3.,-en, -er, art. fcom, 5., -ety barley. kort, adj.,short. 3.,-en, shortness, [ness. korthet, 3.,-en, shortsightedkortsynthet, 3.,-en, -er, power (strength). fcra/it, adj., powerful. kraftfully Xrans, 3.,-n, -ar, crown, fcn^f, 5.,-et, war. fcn^rare, 5.,-n, warrior. krigsfdnge,2.,-n, -ar, prisoner
of war. fTordiskyadj., earthly. jordkht, 5., -ef,globe. krigsman, -nen (man), warrior. to jordmdn, 3., -er, ground. krigsvany adj., accustomed Yule. j"I,2.,-ew, -ar, Christmas, war. jiJeX;vaZ2,2.,-en,-ar;Christmas eve. kring, prep., around.
'
165
Vocabulary. JiA;, adj.,like. Jcrypa,IV., to creep, imp. s. kropj pJ. kropo; sup. Jcrupit; lihnca,I.,to resemble. liknelaey 3.,-n, -r, likeness. past part, hrupen. hda, 1., -n, -ofy ball. liksaniy conj. as, as if. kungligfadj., royal. likvdlyadv., however. (to be able), it/ja,1., -n, -or, lily. ikunyia,I. ", can Knie, 3.,-n, -r, line. pres. kany pi. X^unna; imp. s. and pi. kunde; sup. kunnat 5.,-ety sound. {;tMl, Ijufyadj.,charming, sweet. kunskapy 3.,-en, -er, knowledge. kvarj adj., remaining (left). Ijungay I.,to lighten. leave to kvarldmnay 1., over. Iju8,5., -e",light. man's 3.,-en^ -er, wofci^fUMAe2!mad, lockayL, to entice away, to
duce. se-
form.
kys8, 2., -ew, -ar, kiss. X;^55a,II.,to kiss. kdmpa, I., to struggle,to fight. kdnna, II.,to know, to feel. kdnbafy adj.,sensible.
kdnnedom, 3.,-en, -er, knowledge. Mn^Za, 1.,-n, -or, feeling. kdr, adj.,dear. kdrleky 3., -en, love.
karlekavdrldy 2.,-en,
-ar,
world
of love.
Lade, imp. of 2a^^a. laga,I. ^tordntn^^,to get ready, to
prepare.
to landskga, IV.,(seestiga),
landstigning,2., -en,
-ar,
land. ding. lan-
lappmark, 2.,-en, -ar, Lapland. Icuta,I., to load. latinsk,adj.,Latin. 0, to laugh. Ze,m. led,5., -ety f-erj,limb. ?"(%, adj.,vacant (open). leende,4., -t, -n, smile. 7e/na(2,3.,-en, life. of life. 5.,-e*,career lefnadslopp, lefnadssaU,5., -et, customs. Zefc, 2., -en, -ar, play. hika,2.,II.,to play. lida,IV., to suffer,imp. s. led, pi. Zedo; sup. lidit;past part.
Ztden.
adj.,lively. lifiig, 11.,to feed, to nourish. lifna/ra, lifsfarlig, adj.,dangerous. I., to enliven. Zi/t?a, lifvad,past part, of lifva, lifvadyadj.,glad. 5.,-ety dead body. ZiJfc,
logyimp.
of
le.
-er, lot Jtt/lt, 3., -en, air.
lott,3., -en,
lugn, 5., -e*,rest, quietness. lugnt,adv., quietly. Zwnef,2., -en, -ar, thicket. 2i4"t, 3.,-en, mind. Juto, I., to incline,to lean. lyda, IL, to obey. lysa,II. to light. lysandeyadj.,bright. lyasnayI.,to listen. ^"te,imp. of lysa. idgyadj.,low. l"ngvartg,adj.,long lasting. to lay Q, imp. s. and pi. laggayll. lade; sup. lagt; past part. Za^(2. dicine. 3.,-en, -er, meZaX:areve^en"^j), ,
Idkemedely 5., -e^,medicament, Zamna, I.,to leave. [remedy.
lamplig,adj.,proper. ^i"Pj 2.,-en, -ar, lip. 2ara,II.,to teach [to learn]. lara, 1., -n, -or, doctrine, apprenticeship lard, adj.,learned. lo^ancZe,3.,-",-n, reading. 2att,adj.,easy. stood. adj., easily underIdtifattlig, adv., easily. Idtteligeny with Idfvajsjyto cover lie. Zo^n, 3., -en, er,
leaves.
i^aX:a, 1., -n, wife. 2., -n, inaX:e,
husband
[sin (her)like],[statue. marmorsbildy 3.,-en, -er, marble make:
his
-ar,
156
Vocabulary.
maskineri,3.,-et^-er, machinery.
JVamn, 5.,-et,name.
3.,-en, -er, machinist. tnaskinistf maskinrum^ 5.,-met,en^ne room. 1., -n, -or, mass, block. massay
namn^/W,
Medelhafvet,the [sea]. med
ens,
Mediterranean
suddenly, all
at
once.
medfart, 3.,-en, -er, treatment. medfdra, II.,to bring (take)with. medgifva, IV. " (see ^/va), to ap:ree, to acknowledge. me(2Zem,2.,-men, -mar, member. medicin, [3.], -en, medicine. meelZttZsam,adj.,compassionate. mellerst,adj.,middle. menedy 3., -en, -er, false oath, menshlig,adj.,human. mest, adv., mostly. mesta (for detj, for
name.
3.,-en, -er, nature. nottirafoter,5.,-et, produce
natur,
of
nature.
6., -et, being. natur/(9remd7, nattir/^,adj., natural. tural naturvetenskap,3., -en, -er, nascience.
nedhdla, J., to
let oneself
slide
down.
nedhugga,
IV.
(see hugga),
to
"
(see %^a),
to
put down. the
most
[3.], -en, middle,
nedrcy adj.,under.
nedsjunka, sink
centre.
mine [de mtna my, family]. mi/nstjadj.,the least. missndjd,adj.,dissatisfied. mista, I.,to lose. mistake. misstag, 5.,^et,. mod, 5., -ef,courage. I.,to ripen. mogna^ mognande, pros. part, of mo^na. =
(see gifva\
namnA;unm^, famous. ney. nattresa, 1.,-n, -or, night jour-
nedldgga, U.
part. metall, 3.,-en, -er, metal. mtn,
"
fell down.
perjury.
mtd*
to
IV.
mina, my
IV.
(see ^rjun^), to
down.
nedsijunkit, sup. of ned^unka. nedsteg^imp. of nedstiga. to descend. nedstiga,IV. (seeett^a),
nejd, 3., -en, -er, country. adj.,avaricious. f^ii^^, njtita,IV., to enjoy, imp. s. njot^ pi. t^oto; sup. njutit; past part, njuten. adj.,accurate. noggrann, no^^rannAet, 3.,-en, accuracy. molny 5., -et,cloud. "Mwd* [3.], mora2i"X;, adj.,moral. -en, north. nordi"o, 3.,-n, -r. Northerner. fnotgdng,2.,-en, 'ar^ adversity. tion. nordligyadj.,northern. motsdgeUe, 3.,-n, -r, contradicadj., north[erly]. nordtsA;, ceive. nordstjdrneorden,2.,-nar, order mottaga, IV. (see ta^a), to reof the
mulen, adj.,gloomy,
overcast.
mMW6ar"*ra(i,5., -et, mulberry-
nytti^,adj.,useful.
tree. mura, a
polar star. nyss, adv., recently,just. use. nytta, 1.,-n, utility,
L,
to
wall
up,
to
make
wall.
mtmfc, [3.], -en, music. mdhdnda, adv., perhaps. mdl, 5., -et,aim, goal. mdtta, 1.,-n, measure. mdkta, 1.,to be able. maktig, adj.,powerful. mo^tore, 5.,master. morker, 5.,-et,obscurity.
n3,well! ndd
[3.], -en, grace, mercy. n^^on gdng, sometimes. namZt^en, adv., namely. ndmna, n., to name. ndr, conj., when. adj. and adv., near. nara, ndra^ II.,to feed. ndrande, pros, part of ndra. ndrheldgen^adj.,neighbour. narmotft, adv., nearest.
158
Vocabulary.
rikedom, 2.,
riches,
-ar,
-e",
wealth.
I., to
servera,
riktning^2.,-en, -ar^ direction. rttMfa, adj.,little. riiknippa,1., -n-, ro, [2.], -n, rest roa,
segraj I.,to conquer.
I., to
or,
fagfg]ot.
amuse.
ruIZa,I.,to roll. rycka, II.,to pull, to stir. ryktbar,a4J.,renowned. nown. rykte,4., -t, -n, reputation,re3., -et, -er, cavalry. rytteri,
rSd"^erre, 2., -n,
-art councillor.
rdg, [2.], -en, rye. rdckaj 11.^to reach, to
on.
look. -er,
sphere.
8tda, 1.,-n, -or, side. 8%g, one's self. etnnZt^^, 3.,-n, thoughtfnlness, sense.
^'unX;a,IV., to sink, imp. s. pi. sjohko;sup. flr;unXs"t; fijonk, past part sjunken, ajdl,2.,-en, 'ar, soul. skada, 1., -n,
-or,
damage,
jury. in-
skopa, I.,to create. skapare,5., -n, creator. imp. of "XMipa. "X:apte skapcide, skeppare,5., -n, sailing master. =
pass,
to
eX:i2i, adj., see
give.
rdddning, 2.,
to wait
ee. sett,sup. se ut (see "e),to be looking, to
sfdr, 3., -en,
rock, 2.,-en, -ar, dress. ro^enkind,3.,-en, -er, rosy-cheek. root rot, 3., -en (rotter), to ruft"a,I., displace.
serve,
of
-en, -ar,
saving,
deliverance.
sdrskUd.
skilnad,3., -en, -er, difference. skilja,II.,to separate.
akimra, I.,to twinkle.. 3.,-en, /^erj,right eA^/uta,IV., to shoot, imp. s. adj.,right,just. rdttfdrdig, skot, pi. skoto;sup. fiX^/titit. rdttrddig,adj., righteous, upright. skjiUvapen,5., -et, fire arm. skodoHy pi.,shoes. rattviffa, [1.], -n, justice. rofc,[8.], dcogs^Oy 2.,-n, -ar, lake of the -en, smoke. forest. rdja, II.,to disclose,to reveal. ney. to experience. skorsten, 2.,-en, -ar, flue,chimrdna, n., rora, II.,to move. skott,5., -et,shoot Sakj 3., -en, -er, thing, cause. 8.,-en, -er, handwriting. "lkn/i{, in be to to saknafaj,I., skrifva,IV., to write, imp. s. miss, need. pi. skrefvo; sup. sfcri/"efcre^, sakta, adj.,soft, slow. tnt; past part, skrifven. samMlle, 4., -et, -n, society. skrdmma, II., to frighten, to startle. conversation. samsprdk, 5., -et, of skrdmsei, [3.], sammansammanbragt, sup. -n, fright. brin^a. 5., -et, shelter,refuge. "k^(2(2, 8ammayi6rin^a, II. Q, to bring skymt, 2., -en, -ar, shimmer. together. skynda, I.,to hasten. conversation. samtcU, 5.,-et, 8kdda, I.,to look at. 5.,-et,sight,spectacle. aamtid, 8.,-en, -er, the age we skddespel, rati,
'
live in.
skdne, Scania.
sandhety2.,-en, -ar, sandy aatt, sup.
heath,
of sdtta.
schweizare, 5.,-n, Swiss, se, III. O, to see, imp. s. sdg, pi. sdgo; sup. ^ett; past part sedd, senare,
comp.
of
sen.
akdlfva,II.,to shiver,to quake. skdra, IV., to cut, imp. s. skar, pi. skuro; sup. part. aA;tiren.
akurit; past
8kdrgdrd,2., -en,-ar, archipelago. akon^ adj.,beautiful. 8fc6fe, 4., 'ty-n, bosom.
159
Vocabulary. 3.,-et, slavery. alafveriy 5.^ slag, -et,battle,species.
sporja,II. 0, to question,imp. s. and pi. sporde; sup. sport; past part, spord,
slut, 5., -et,end. stadna, see stanna. sHuta,I., to finish. duta, IV., to lock, imp. s. slot, stam, 2.,-en, -ar, stem; race. standar, 5.,-et,standard. pi. sWto; sup. a2t4tit; past sltUen. stanna, to stay, to remain, part. stotsman, -en (man), statesman. slutlig,adj.,final. o" *o ^"**" i^^P- *" sld, m. "t6^,imp. of stiga. pi. steg, 5., -et,step. ^Zo^^* slogo; sup. sZo^, steka, II., to roast. past. part, dagen. stenart, 3., -en, -er, species of sldkt,3.,-en, -cr, race, family. stone. 2., -en, -a/r, relative. sldkting, plain. stenkol,5.,-et,coal,pit-coal. 5.,-e* f-ldnderj, slattland, "Zo^ imp. of sluta (IV.). stig,2., -en, -ar, path, smd, adj.,small (pi.). sti^a,IV., to mount, to ascend, to (hotels),imp. s. smorde, imp. of smorja. put up to to smuggle, slink, IV., pi. past steg, stego; sup. stigit; smyga, 8. pi.8m6go\ sup. imp. part, stigen, smog^
smugit, smygande sigfram, slinking. snMe, lU. O, to smile. smorja, II. O, to anoint, imp. and
pi.smorde; sup. smort; past part, smord. snille,4., -", genius. snoglopp,5.,-et,snowdrift. swotnoZn,5., -et, cloud of snow. s.
snoyra,
1.,-ti, snowstorm.
"oc"en, 2.,-ar, sola, I., to
parish, district.
[3.], -en, -er, pain, grief. sorglig,adj.,sorrowful. sorg,
adj., sooty. dtjKira,I.,to save, to spare. spegla,I.,to reflect. spets, 2., -en, -ar, point, top, "o%,
head.
spira, 1., -n, -or, sceptre. sporde,imp. of sporja. sprdka, I.,to crackle. imp. of spiida. "pre"2, sprida,IV., to spread, imp. s. spred,pi.spredo; sup. ^ru2^; past part, spriden. springa, IV., to run, imp. s. pi. sprungo;
sprungit; past
sto/lt, 5., -et, dust. stoi^A;, adj.,stoic. cent. storartad, adj.,grand, magnifistorhet,3.,-en, -er, greatness. strid,3.,-en, -er, strife,dispute. strida IV., to fight,to quarrel, to dispute,imp. s. stred, pi.
stredo; sup. regular).
sun.
scHskeUy5.,-et,sunshine.
sprang,
stjdUc,2.,-en, -ar, stalk. stjamefdste,-t, firmament. imp. of etd. sto(2,
sup.
part. "prun-
(sup. also
stridt,sup. of strida. strdle,2., -n, -ar, ray, beam. strdcka,II.,to stretch. strdcka, -n, -or, stretch,extent, trakt.
strdnder, pi. of etrand. strdng, adj.,severe, stern. I., to fall. 8tti2)a,
3.,-n, -r, administration. styrelse, st5, III. 0, to stay, imp. s. stod,pi. stodo; sup. stcltt. constantly. 3ta(28e, adv.,steadily, stdlle,4., -t, -n, place, stamma, 1.,-n, -or, voice. stdmpla,I.,to stamp, sto^'i, adj.,supported. to overturn. storta,I.,to precipitate,
II.,to blow up. spdr,5., -et, trace, track.
stota, II., to
spdd, adj.,tender, gentle.
suck,2.,-en,
spranpa,
stridit
to
push,
to
hurt. -ar,
sigh.
thrust,
160
Vocabulary.
suck, imp. s. sog, pi.8ogo; sup. sugit;past part.
U.,
8uga,
to
9ugen.
suver"n, 8., -en,
svaJka,1.,-n.
-cr,
sovereign.
fin och
med,
even.
11. " (see hringd),to tt{/"rtn^a,
coolness.
bring.
I.,to answer. 5., -e^,deceit. di7"%,
war
iidig,adj.,early. tidpunkt,3.,-en, -er, moment. tiUbcika,adv., back, ago.
a,
I. (see a^na), tillegna,
to
bute, attri-
to dedicate. ^'dri^Ae^,3., -en, -er, difficulty. 3., -en, casualty. tillfdllighet, 8vdfva,I.,to hover.
5., e", sword, syn, 3.,-en, -er, sight, view. to appear. synas^ II.,to seem, synbarligen^adv., visibly.
ti22^idra, 11.,to belong.
especially. synnerhetfij, II. sysselsatta, " (see 8dtta\ to
tillskynda^ I.,to
5mrd,
be
tillika, adv.,at once, conjointly. tillra,I.,to trickle. tillrdda,II.,to counsel.
occupied.
syssUng, 2., -en,
son
-ar,
of
cousin-german.
sdg, imp.
of
ee.
sdlt,imp. of sdlja, sdsomy conj., as, like,
eade, 4., seed, so^, imp. of saga, imp. saga, II. ", to say, to tell, s. and pi. sade; sup. sagt saJja, U. O, to sell, imp. s. and pi.sdlde; sup. sdlt;past part, sdld,
sdllan, adv., seldom. sdnka, II.,to sink. sdrskild,adj.,various. sdtt,5., -e*,way, wise. sdtta, II. O, to place, to set, to put, imp. s. and pi. satte; sup. satt; past. part. satt. soder, [3.], -n, south. soderut,adv., southward.
ftndra, I.^to twinkle. titel,3., -n, -er, title. tjiMa,I.,to charm. tering 2., -n, -ar, minisIjjdnsteande, spirit. tog, imp. of taga. pret. tolka,I., to explain, to intertorde, imp. of tora. torka,I.,to dry. trakt, 3.,-en, -er, country.
trefnad,3., -en, comfort,
tron, 3.,-en,
-er,
trossvagn, 2.,-en,
throne.
waggon.
trupp, 3., -en, -er, troup. tryeka,II.,to print. trygghet,3.,-en, surety.
"ra6ew,5.,-e*,wooden
3., -n, tacksdgelsey
trdnga, XI.,to
tempelscU,2.,-en,
-ar,
temple.
luggage-
-ar,
"rSn^, adj.,narrow.
=
well-
being. tro, [3.], -n, faith.
tacksamhet,3.,-en, thankfullness. io^a, IV., to take, imp. s. tog, pi. togo; sup. to^i^; past. part, tagen. talande, adv., expressive. tanke, 2.,-n, -ar, thought. tank full,adj.,thoughtful, 3.,-en, bravery. fajpper^e^, *ar ^a^er, pres. of taga, teckna, I.,to sign. tecken,5.,-et, sign. teg, 2., -en, -ar, arable land.
sion. occa-
1.,counsel. tillstyrkan, tillstades, adv.,present,in (tobe). to add. ti2^^^a,II.,"(seeIdgga),
TaeA;sam, adj.,thankful. -r, thank,
to
cause,
press,
to
leg. throng.
trdngsel,[3.], -n,
crowd. "ro"f, 1.,-en, consolation.
*tiK,2.,-en, -ar, toll,duty. adj.,heavy. *tin"jr, tunna, 1.,-n, -or, tun. tvinga,IV., to compel, imp. tvang, pi. tvungo;
sup.
s.
tvun-
^if;past part, tvungen. tvungen, past part, tvinga, tvdng, 5., -ef, constraint. tmri, adv., forthwith. tvdrtom, adv.,
on
the
contrary.
161
Vocabulary. tyeka^U., to like (bm) to think. tydttyII.,to point, to signify. tyatyadj.,still.
tysddten, adj.,taciturn.
upplyming, 3., -en,
*ar,
mation. infor-
upplyst,past part, of upplysa. uj^pmdrkMmhet,3.,-en, attention, attentiveness.
tag, 5., -et,train.
tdlig, adj.,patient. tdr, 2., -en, -(mt, tear. ^a/Za,L, to emulate^ to contend.
tfppref"a, I.,to repeat. uppresa, II.,to erect. uppseende,4.,-f, stir,sensation
tdty adj.,close. tora, II. O, may
[supervision]. uppskatta, L, to value, to
and
(shall), imp.
s.
preciate. ap-
pi. torde.
torn, 2.,-en,
-ar,
shock
to [bruise]. uppskjuta, IV. (see sikjuta),
postpone.
Umg"fsJ,
O
in.
(see ^"^),to
intercourse. undangomd,hidden. have
undanhmma,IV., Q
to
escape.
uppsdka, U., to seek out. upptdkt,3.,-en, -er, discovery. uppstd (see St A),to stand up. U. (seestaZJa), to draw uppstdlla,
under, 5.,-et,marvel, wonder.
up,
to
range.
undergifvenhet, -en, resignation. uppvaktande, 4., -t, -n, waiting. dance underhandla, L, to negotiate. uppvaktning,2., -en, -ar, attengotiation. ne[suite]. underMndling, 2.,-en, -ar, ur,
Mf^^/idlZa, IV., to maintain. drous. underlig,adj.,wonderful, wonunderordna, L, to subordinate. understodja,11.,to support.
prep,
urna,
L,
out
of.
-w, -or,
um.
utaf, from,
out
titan, prep,
without, conj. but.
utarbeta,I.,to work
out.
spread. underverk,5.,-ci,wonder. utbrista,IV., to break out, imp. s. [utjbrast,pi. [utjbrusto; undervisning,2.,-en, tuition. i*n(iera*teZ"c, 3.,-n, -r, news (pL). sup. [utJbrustU. undra, I.,to wonder. utforska,I., to search. II. to un{2"at"a, Q (see "dtto)^ utfora^ n., to execute. relieve (a garrison). iit)koin"t, 3.,-en, -er, gettingout, income. ing. undsdttnmg, 2.,-en, -ar, relievutlofva,I.,to promise. adj.,foreign. uppbdra, IV. (see 6ara),to bear. titZamJsA;, ing. livuppehdUe, 4.,-t,livelihood, utndtnna, 11.,to appoint. uppfriska,I.,to refresh,to
vive. re-
uppfriskande,pres. part,of upp^ friska. uppfostra,L, to bring up, to educate.
uppfora,n.,
to erect
lish]. [to estab-
utbreda,II.,to
utamlanda, adv., abroad. II.,to distinguish. t/tmarA;a, utmarkdae, 3.,-n, -r, distinction. nary. t"tomordent%^ adj., extraordiutreda, to fit out ||to clear up. utrdtta,L, to perform. utseende,4., -t,-n, appearance^ look.
uppg^,3., -en, uppgora,
II.
"
ment. -er, task, state-
(see gora),to
arrange.
upphof, 5., -ve^,origin. upphdra, U., to cease. upplysa,JL, to light. Elementary Swedish
Gr"mmar.
utsikt,3.,-en, -er, view. II,,to stretch out utstrdcika, utsdnda, II.,to send out. to expose. uUdtta (see satta), uttrdtta, L, to tire out
II.,to empty. tttoald, adj.,select,chosen.
uUomma^
11
162
YocabnUry. vissna^I.,to wither, to fade. visste,imp. of veto. vistas J L, to sojourn.
utvedcla,I.,to develop, [ment. 2.,-en, ar, developutoeckling,
5.^ -et,testimonial, tHt"ne""drei, i^ttoord, 5.,-e^, witness, wd, 3.,-n, corner.
cradle.
yaggc^i1-^-""" 'Of" vakna, I., to awake. vaksam, adj.,awake.
watch-fire. election. i7aZ,5., -et, choice, valde, imp. of vdlja. horn. vcUdthornj 5., -et, French
vdkteld,2.,-en,
"ali,2., -cw,
-or,
-ar,
vuxen^
vdga, I., to dare. vdrda, I.,to nurse, vdrdande, pres. part, of vdrda. vdriSy2,,-en, -ar, vernal ice. vdl, adv., well. vdlgorarey5.,-n, benefactor, adj.,beneficial. va^oronde,
wall.
vaJsprdA;, 6.,-et, device. van,
adj.,accustomed.
vandra, I.,to wander. vatulrande, pres. part, of vandra. va/nlig, adj.,usnal. vanligen,adv., usually. vara,
I.,to last.
vordt
C== hlefj,became.
I., to
varnay
s.
pi.veta; imp. t^i^te;sup.
vetenakdp,3.,-en, -er, science. vetenskapsman, scholar. ning. adj., desirous of learvetgirig, extensive. aclj., vidlyflig, adj.^superstitious. vidskeplig, viga,II.,to consecrate. v%gd[a],past part, of m'^. adj.,see viktig, v"^tt"7, vikj2.,-en, -ar, bay. iH^^t^,adj.,weighty,important.
viMhet, 3., -en, wildness.
O, will, pres.
pi. viZja;imp.
s.
and
s. vUl, pi.ville;
veiat
adj., willing. villig, vind, 2.,-en, vinge^2., -n,
-ar, wind. -ar,
.
wing.
[3.], vinterkold, -en, wintercold. wisdom. i7t57"ef, 3., visserligen, adv., surely.
-r,
blessing.
vdltrayI., to roll (out). vandOy U., to turn, to apply. vdndpunkt, 3.,-en, -er, turning point, mnja, n. 0" ^ accustom, imp. 8. and pi. i7an(2e; sup. vant.
vanlig,adj.,friendly.
vans^j9, 3., -en, friendship. I'anater,
pres.
vetai,
sup.
vaOa, II. O, to choose. vdUuJet,3., -en, pleasing odour. 1., wealth, comfort. vd(IfRd^a, vdlaignayI., to bless.
vdlsigneUej3.,-n,
"et, pres. of veta. veta, I. O, to know,
vilja,L
vdikommen, adj., welcome.
warn.
2.,-en, refutation. vederl"ggningy I.,to work. verica, verkande, pres. part, of verX:a. verklig^adj.,real, virtual. verhsamhety3.,-en, activity. 2.,-en, effect. verkstdUighet, var2"2. 2., see ver2(i, verldsUg,adj.,worldly.
vet,
past. part, of vdxa.
adj.,left.
vdrdy adj.,worth. var(%, adj.,worthy.
vardighetj3., -en, -er, dignity, vaf/nin^,2.,-en, -ar, recruiting, vdrma, 1.,-n, warmth. vdxa, II.,to grow. vdaxi, IV. O, to grow, and pi. vdxte; sup, ima^t; past part,
imp. vaxt
vdxt
s. or or
[vuxen], 3., -en, vegetation. vdxtlighet, vordigyadj.,venerable, t^drdnad,3.,-en, veneration.
Tpperligy adj.,excellent. ypperst, adj.,extreme.
yppig, adj.,luxuriant. 2^"^, adj.,fierce,wild, ^ter^, adj.,utmost. yttra, I, to utter. yttrCyadj.,exterior. -4fcdrare, 5.,-n, listener,auditor. dA;a,n., to drive.
163
Vocabulary. Skety 2.,-n, (dkrarjjfield. dlder, 2.,-ti, fXtdrarJ^age.
dnghdt^2.,-en,
-ar, steam-boat.
^nflfftdti^tw, 3., -"n, -er, steam
a
on
voyage
dngpanna,
short boat.
1.,
-n,
dffd, past part, of drfva, drfva, II.,to inherit. dtt, 3.,-en, -er, race, family.
-ar, flue.
^nyo, adv.,again, anew. dr, 5., -e*,year. drligen,adv., yearly.
dde,4., -*, -n,
drsdag,2.,-en, -ar, anniversary. 4^er,adv., again. IV. dterjfinna, (see finna\ to find
again.
dterkalla, I.,to recall. III. O dtersfel, (see 8td\ to to be
dtminstone, adv.,
dtertaga,IV., to dtervdnda, II.,
cord. -r, ac-
(the)least. transition.
dfvergdng,2.,-en,
retake. to
"
ofverenskommehe,3.,-n,
return,
to
back.
come
lot.
3., -en, humbleness. odmjuJchet, ofre, adj.,superior. I., to exercise. o/^0a, ofverdllt, adv.,everywhere. mand. comofverbefdl, 5.,-e*,supreme
main, re-
left. at
nour. ho-
steam-
-or,
boiler.
dngskorsten,2., -eUy
dndamdl, 5., -ej,object. adv., at last. an(2^Ziigfen, dngelj2.,-n, -ar, angel. dra, 1.,-n, honour. 8.,-n, -er, title of areftYel,
ogonsten, 2., -en,
apple
dtgdrd,3.,-en, -er, measure, step. to enjoydtf^uta,IV. (see n^'tita),
ogrupp,
-ar,
of the
eye.
3.,-en,
-er,
eye
ball,
archipelago.
ofca,1.,to increase.
adj.,tender. cal. omsesidig,adj.,mutual, reciproonly
Ade2, adj.,noble. afveriyconj.,even. a^a,
II.,to
possess,
to
own.
oppna,
1.,to
oppnmgy
open.
2., -en,
English-Swedish.
Abbreviate
(to),forkorta,I. formdga, 1.,-n, -or. ability, abject, adj.,foraktlig, abjure (to), fomeka, I. abolish (to), I. afakaffa, accident, hdndehe, 3., -n, -r. accord (to), ftewya, I. Q. 3.,-n, accord, ofverenskommelsey "r.
account, rafcmn^,2.,-en,
-ar.
acquaintance,bekantskap,3.,-en, "er.
adv., alternately.
-ar, opening. 2.,-en, -ar, box on the ear. drfil, 5.,man-of-war. orlogsfartyg, ort, 3.,-en, -er, herb. ortkunskap,S., -en, -er, botany. deter,adj.,eastern. Oatersijdy 2.,-n, -ar, Baltic Sea.
dgna, I.,to devote. akta, adj.,genuine. dUkare, 5., -n, lover. dmna, I.,to intend. dmne, 4., -t, -n, stuff. an, adv., yet. ane2a, 1.,-n, end.
n"
omsom,
act, ^arntn^, 2.,-en, -ar. action, handling^2.,-en, -ar. add (to), tiUdgga (see Ja^^a). I. admire (to),"ei"n(2ra, 1. heundran, admiration, adorn (to), pryda, II.,smyckOy I. adornment,
(i'^y^^^^* ;^'
"^"
'leiwwcfce, 4.,-t,-n.
2.,-en, -ar. advantage, /ordle/, 5., -n. motetdnclare, adversary, advice, rcld,5., -et. advise (to), underrdttar L 11*
164
Vocabulary.
afternoon,eftermiddag,2.,
-en,
-or,
dlder,2.,-n, -ar, (toX iHira ense. 8.,-en. air, 2ii/l, 2., -n, -or. aisle,flygelf alms, cUmosaj 1.,-n, -or. alter (to), andra, I. ambaasador, sdndebudj 5.,-et. amount (to),beldpa,II. amount, belopp,5.,-et, amuse (to), roa, I. ancient, adj.,urgammal 2., -n, -ar. angel,d^n^el, age,
agree
animal,
{^W, 5., -e^.
(to),5e8V^a, I. (to),svara, I. answer, war, 5., -et. (to), framgd (see ^d). appear arm, arm, 2.,-en, -ar. annoy answer
/rdpa, I. (to),
(to),bistd (see std). (to), forsdhra,I. astonish (to), forvdna, I. astonishment, /orodmn^, 2.,-en. attentive,adj.,uppmdrksam, avail (to), ^a^na, I. avoid (to),undvika, IV. avow (to),erkdnna, II. assist
assure
branch, "|fren,2., -en, bread, hrod, 5.,-et.
ryp^, 2.,-en, -ar. bag, eacK, 2., -en, -ar.
(to),bryta,IV.
burst
IV. (to),ftrieta,
butter, smor,
5., -et.
button, knappy 2., -en, -an byname, oknamn, 5.,-et. -or.
cabbage, kdl^2.,-en. cabin, kajuta, 1., n, -or. cage, 6ur, 2.,-en, -ar. 1.,-n, -or. cake, fcafca, calculate (to), berakna^ I. call (to), feaWa,I. calm (adj.), lugn. candle, Ijus,5., -et. capitulate(to),dagiinga,L card, A"rt, 1., -et.
-ar.
bail,X:2of, 5., -et
band, bond, 5.,-et. bank, tan^, 3.,-en, -er. banner, /ana, 1., -n, -or. barbaric, adj.,5ar"arteA;. bark (to),skMla, II. battle,slag,5.,-et. bear, 5jorn,2., -en, -ar. bear (to),6ara, IV. beard, skdgg, 5., -e^. beat (to), 8ld,III. ". bed, sang, 2.,-n, -ar. beer, 61, 5., -e*. begin (to),horja,I. beginning, hegyneUe, 3.,-n,
-ar.
breast, 5rd"t, 5., -et. bride, 6riMl,2.,-en, -ar. bridge, hrygga, 1.,-n, -orII. ". bring (to), ftnn^ra, brush, borste,2., -n, -ar. buckle, ej9anne, 4., -t, -n. bud, A;noKp,2., -en, -or.
Cab, droska, 1.,-n,
Back,
balance, vd^, 2., -en, bale, 5aZ,2.,-en, -ar. ball,6aZ, 8., -en, -er.
(to),*ro, III. bell,hlocka,1.,-n, -or, belt,balte,4., -e,-n. bench, 5anib,2.,-en, -ar, berth, ^y^, 8.,-en, -er. bid (to), ftiada,IV. bird,fdgel,2.,-n, -ar. birth,fodeUe, 3., -n. bite (to), Wto, IV. blood, bZoei, 5., -et. IV. boast (to), ejkryta, boat, idi,2., -en, -or* 2.,-en, -an body, A;ro^|), bone, (en, 5., -et. bottle,fiaaka,1., -n, -or. box, Idda, 1., -n, -or. boy, go88e, 2., -n, -ar. brain, hjdrna, 1., -n, -or,
break
vopen, 5., -et. A;onet, 3.,-en, -er. art, ash, oeX^a,1.,-n. arm,
ask
believe
carpet, matta, 1., -n,
-r.
-or.
Zdda, 1.,-n, -or. cask, /Vtt, 5.,-et. cast (to), kaka,I. catch (to), faUa, I. orsaA;, 3.,-en, -er. cause, celebrate (to), fira,I. chain, A^ec^'a, 1.,-n, -or. chair, etol,2., -en, -ar. case,
166
Vocabulary. ill,adj.,ddlig. image, hild, 8.,-en,
give (to), gifva,IV. ".
glass,glas,5.,-et, glove,2.,handske, 2.,-n, -ar. III. ". (to), flra, God, 2., 6ri"J,2.,-en, -ar. gold, ^d, 5.,-et. grant (to),fewiya (see vilja). ^ra/",2., -t?en, -txir. grave ground, prutui,3., -en, -er. guard (to),vaA;to,I. go
gun,
hoaaa, 1., -n,
Hackney -n,
-or.
1 coach,[dkarjdroska^
.,
-or.
hair,fcilr, 5.,-et, ^roky "MnX;a,1.,-n, -or. hand, ^ni, 8.,-en, hander, handsome, adj.,vacker, happen (to),hdnda, IL hard, adj.,hdrd, hare, fcare,2.,-n, -ar. harm, aA;ada^1.,-n, -or. hasten (to),skynda, I. hat, ^att,2., -en, -ar. hay, fed,4., [-e]t 5., -et head, ^ti/'vud, -n. 1., health, hdlaa, n. hear (to), hdra, 4., -t,-n. heart, ffjarta, 1., -n. heat, fcetta, height,^djd, 3., -en, -er. help (to),J^alpa. hen, Aona,1., -n, -or. herd, hjord, 2.,-en, -ar. hero, J^alte,2., -n, -ar. hew (to),hugga, IV. ham,
hide (to),doija, U. hill,X^uAe,2.,-n, -ar. hive, diX^upa,1., -n, hole, MZ, 5., -et. home, ^em, 5.,-met.
-or.
(at),/iemma. honey, hanung, 2., -en, honour, dra, 1.,-n. hope (to),hoppaSi I. hope, ?iopp,5.,-et. 2., -en, -ar. horse, /ias*, hover
-ar.
-n,
-r.
inquire (to),/rdpa,I. iron, jarr^,5.,-e*. ivy, murgrdnaj 1., -n, Jacket, jacka, 1., -n, Jew, jude, 2., -n, -ar. join (to), forenat I.
-or.
-or.
journey, re8a, 1.,-n, -or. joy, ^W("*e,3.,-n. judge, dontare, 5.,-n. judgment, dow, 2., -en, -ar. jump (to),Aoppa, I. justice,rdUviaaf 1., -n.
Keep (to),Mlla, IV. 2.,-n, -ar. key, n^efceZ, kiU (to),doda, I. king, fconu^, 2.,-en, -ar. 2., -en, -ar. kiss,A;y"s, II. kiss (to), X^j^ssa, -n. /-e/i, knee, kndj 4., II. kneel (to), X;na5dja, knife, knif^2.,-t?en, -t?ar. knight, riddare^5., -n. knock (to),knacka^ I. knot, %vt9t,2.,-en, -ar. know (to),kdnna, II. liabour, ar"efe,4., -t, -n. lake, sjo, 2., -n, -ar. lame, adj.,{am. land, land^ 5., -e^, fancier. lark, Idrka, 1.,-n, -or.
(to),svdfva, I.
-ar.
-ar.
lay (to),Ugga, II. 0. iMuier,anforare, b,, -n. learn (to), Ura (aig),II. leave (to),Idmna, I. length, 3.,Zon^d, 3., -en, letter,"r^, 5.,-vet
-ar,
husband, maX;e,2., -n,
Idea, tatike,2., -n, idol, afgud, 2., -en,
information, underrdUdse^
laugh (to),sikraUa^ I. law, lag^2.,-en, -ar.
home
hour, ttmme, 2., -n,
-er.
increase (to), HUtaga, IV. induce (to), /"ormd,III.
-ar.
frihet,3.,-en, liberty, lie (to), IV. ". li"75fa, life,lif,5., -vet. I. lift (to),Zy/lto, 5., -et. light,ijus, Ught, adj.,mt
-er.
-er.
8.,
167
Vocabulary. lion,Ujon, 5.,-ci. lip,Idpp, 2., -en, -ar. live (to),lefva,II. lock, Ids,5., -et. look (to), hlicka,I. lose (to), forlora,I. loss,forlust,3.,-en, I. love (to), d79A;a, love, Mrlek^ 3., -en. lack, lyeka,1.,-n.
number, nurse,
5.,numret. I.,-n, -or.
ntimmer,
amma,
nut, noty 3.,-en,
notter.
Oath, ed, 3.,-en,
-er.
oblige (to), forhinda,IV. morife. adj.^ obscure, obscurity,marker, 5., -et. occasion,Ullfalley4., -t, -n. offend (to), ftewara, I.
-er.
offer
maid, jungfru, 2.,-n, -ar, mannisX;a,1.,-n, 'Or. man, s"tty 5.,-ef. manner, mantle, Icappa^1.,-n, -or. Icarta^1.,-n, -or. map, march (to),t"ga, I. mark, mdrkey 4., -i, -n.
(to),erl^uda,IV. office,kontor,5., -et. oil,olja,1.,-n, -or. (to),oppnuj I. open opinion, mentn^, 2.,-en, -ar. 3.,-en, opportunity,Idgenhety order, ordmn^, 2., -ew, -ar. ornament, prydnad, 3.,-en, ox, oaje, 2.,-n, -ar.
market, torg, 5., -et. marriage, brollop,5., -et. marvel, tinder,5.,-et.
mdlay paint (to),
Mad, adj.,galen.
Pain, j)l(l^a, 1.,-n,
(to),mena, I. meat, kdU^ 5.,-et. meet (to),mcia,II. mellow, adj.,mogen. melt (to), ^maZtd,II. member, lem, 2.,-men, -mar. milk, n^dJk, 2., -en. mill,verky5.,-et. miserly,adj.,sndh miss (to), forfela,I. moment, dganblkk, 5., -et. |)enntn^ar (pi.). money, monkey, opa, 1., -n, -or. month, mdnad, 3., -en, -er. 2., -n, -ar. iitdne, moon, morning, mwrgon, 2.,-en, mor[gJmean
nar,
month, move
mi"n,
2., -en,
(to),, rora,
-ar.
II.
mushroom,
wamp,
Jfail,na^eZ,2., -n, name,
namn,
pane,
ruta, 1., -n,
-or.
5., -et. papper, parish, socken,2., soA;nar. parole,faltropy5., -et. parson, kyrkoherde,2., -n, paper,
-ar.
particular,adj.,aars^t7(2. patience, tdlamody 5.,-et. I. [-en,-er. (to),hetaltty pay frid, 3., -en; /red, 3., peace, pearl,parlay 1., -n, -or. 1.,-n, -or. pen, pennay 5., -et. people, /btt;, picture,tafla,1.,-n, -or. piece,stycke,4., -t, -n. pigeon, dufvay 1.,-n, -or. pillow,kuddCy 2., -n, -ar.
^'i""*' (i?r*'
place,pZat5,3.,-en, 2., -en, plate, taMrtJk,
play
-ar.
2., -n,
nest, n"ste, 4., ^t,-n. night, natt^ 3.,-en, natter,
noise, Ijud,5.,-et.
2., -en, 9itu2(ia^, 1., n, -or. na"a, nose, nourish (to),ndra, 11.
noon,
ar.
5., -et.
neighbour, granne,
-or.
I.
"'''^*
2., -en,
-ar.
-ar.
-er.
pair, par, 5.,-et. 5., -t, palace,^i^tt,
pimple,
murder, mord, 5., -et.
-er.
-er. -ar.
(to),Zefca,I.
please (to),hehagay I. plough, phgy 2., -en, -ar. plume, fjddery2.,-n, -ar. pocket, fickay1.,-n, -or. poet, skaldy3., -en, -er. -et,-er. poison, gifty[5.], pole,pol, 2.,-en, -ar. pdfve, 2., -n, -ar. pope,
168
Vocabulary.
port, hamn, 2., -n, -ar. portioB,del, 2.,-en, -ar. kraft,3., -en, -er, power,
sand, ean(2,2.,-en. 5., -et. sash, sj(;arp, save (to),bevara, I. say (to), "a^a, II. Q. school,skola,1.,-n,
IV. (to),^e^'a,
pray
(to),hereda, II. presence, ndrvaro, 2., -n. price,pr%8, [5.], -e", -cr. prince, furstey2., -ti, -ar. prison, fdngelse,-t" -r. profit,fordely2., en, -ar. 4., -*,-n. promise, Zo/te, proud, adj.,stoU. prepare
pull (to),(ira^a,IV. punish (to),straff a, II. purchase, kopa,
-or.
quell (to),h"dfva, I. query, /rd^a, 1.,-n, -or. question,frdga, 1., -n, -or. quiet, adj.,Zti^ti. quite,adv., alldeles.
Rabbit, Jcanin,3., -en, 3., -et, rain, repn, 5., et. rage, ro^ert, raise
reason, receive
-er.
er.
(to),fup|)") resa,
rat, rdUa, 1.,-n,
U.
-or,
forstdnd,5., -et. (to),emottaga, IV.
(to),rdknaiI. region,tiejd,3.,-en, -er. remain (to),stanna, I. remembrance, minne, 4., -t,-n. I. remove (to), flytta, I. reply (to),"t7ara, reptile,kraidjur,5., -et resist (to), motstd,HI. Qrest (to), hvilay 1.,-w. ride (to), rida, IV. right,adj.,rdU, reckon
ripe, adj.,mo^en.
road, vdgy 2.,-en, 5., -et roof, fafc, room,
ri4m,
-ar.
5., -met.
root, rot, 3., -en, rotter, rose, ro", row run
[1.], -en,
-or.
(to),ro, III. (to),springa,IV.
IS^ack, "acX:,2., -en, -ar. saint, helgon,5.,-et. salt,salt,5., -et.
-er.
(to),sdtta, II. Osecret, hemlighet^3., -en, see (to), ses, III. Oseed, ead, -en. seek (to),"dA;a,U. seem (to),synaSy U. seize (to), ^rt'pa,IV. sell (to), sdJja,11. Osend (to), adnda, II. seat
I.
4|ueen,droUning^ 2.,-"n,
-or.
sea, haf, 5., -vet. drstid^3., -en, season, seat, sdUy 4., -t, -n.
sense,
etnne,
-er.
4., -t, -n.
sensible,adj.,A:dn"ar. serve (to),^dna, I.,II. service,tjdnst,3.,-en, -er. set (to), eatta, n. ". shade, akugga, 1., -n, -or. skake (toX aA^a^, L sham, bedrdgeri,3.,-et, -er. shame, skam, -en. sheep, /ar, 5., -et. shine (to), sfcina,IV. ship, eA:epp, 5., -et.
shoal,grundy 5.,-et. shoe, skoe^[3.], -n, -r. shoot (to), sl^uta,IV. shore, "trami [3.], -en, shoulder,
atrdnder.
sikM^^ra, 1., -n,
(to),ropa, I. show (to),vwa, I. shut (to),stdnga, IL sight,syn, 8.,-en, -er. 5., -et. sign,tecA;en, simple, adj.,enA:e2. sink (to), ^ufika, IV." sit (to), sim, IV. situate,adj.,beldgen. skin, ^ud, 2.,-en, -ar. sky, ^%, 2., -n, -ar. 2., -t?en, -"ar. slave, dto/", IV. (to), soffMy sleep I slide (to), ^2t(2a,V. slow, adj.,Idn^^am. smeU (to),lukta, I. smUe (to),[smdJU, HI. " smoke, rok, 2., -en, -ar. smoke (to), rdka, II. shout
-or.
169
Vocabulary. snake, orm, 2., -e", -ar. sneak, smyga (sig),IV.
truth, sanning, 2.,-en.
snow,
snOy
soap,
sdpa, 1.,-n,
turn (to),t;anda, II. tutor, l"rare, 5.,-n. twist (to), vrida, IV.
forsoka,II. try (to),
-w.
society,samhdlle, 4., "*, -". song, "5"^, 3., -ew, -"r. soul,^al, 2.,-ew, -or. spark, ^w"a, 1., -w, -or.
spar/", 2.,-tjcn, -rar. speak (to),tola, I. speacb, to2, 5.,-et. stand (to), s"4, HI. ". star, stjarna,1.,-", -or, story, herdtteUe,3.,-ti, -r. street, ^fata,1.,-n, -or, strength,styrka,1., -".
Undress (to),afkl"da,11. 5rMfc, 5.,-et. nse,
(to),begagna, I.
use
sparrow,
socJcer, 5., -cf. 1., sunimaj sum, -w, -or. 2.,-ew, summer, sommar, sun, sol, 2.,-en, -ar. sugar,
Value, vdrde, 4., -*, -n. vault,hvalf, 5.,-lye*. vein, ader, [1.], -n, -ddror. victory, "eflfer, 2.,-n, -ar. vinegar, dttika,1.,-n. voice, roa*, 3., -en, War,
5.,-et. fcrt^, (to),tuaWa, I. watch, fickur,5.,-et. wash
somrar.
water, vatten, 5., -et
swallow, svdlja,II.
wave,
(to),svdrja,IV. swim (to),simma, IV. sword, ""ard,5.,-ct
way,
swear
Table, hord, 5., -e*. tail,"ran", 2., -en, -ar. tailor,skrdddare, 5., -n. IV. take (to), toflfa, (to),tola,L, sprdkayI.
task, uppgiftj3.,-en, -er. 2., en, -ar. tavern, fcro^, tea, *e, [5.], *ee",teer.
(to),iinderiHsa,I. tear, tdr, 2., -en, -ar. tell (to), taZja,II. (talaysdga), thank (to),iacfca,I. thief,tjuf,, 2., -t?en, -var. thieve (to),s"JaZa,IV. think (to),, tanka, II.
teach
thirst, torstj-en.
thought, tankCj 2.,-n, -ar. thread, trde^, 2.,-en, -ar. threat, hotelse,3., -n, -r. throat, strupe, 2.,-", -ar. throw, A;a"*a,I. toad, padda, 1.,-n, -or. tongue, tunga, 1.,-n, -or. tooth, tand, 3., -en, tant^er. town, stad, 3.,-en, spader, trace, spdr^5., -e*. treat
(to),behandla,I.
tree, tradf,5., -et
iJd^,[1.], -en, -or. t7a^, 2.,-en, -ar.
weather, rnder, 5., -et. week, tjecfca, 1., -n, -or. weep
talk
-er.
(to),prdta, IV.
wheel, hjul,5., -e*. widow, enfca,1., -n, -or. wife, maifca,1.,-n. wind, vind, 2.,-en, -or. wine, t?in,[3.], -et,-er. winter, vinter,2.,-n, -tror. wish (to), onskaj I. witness, t?i"ne,4., -t,-n.
wolf, M?/*, 2., -i?en, -var, rar^, 2., -en,
-ar.
woman,
kvinnay 1.,-n,
wonder,
wnder, 5.,-et.
-or.
wood, trd, 4., -et,-n. wool, wZ?, -en. word, ordy 5., -et. work, arhete,4., -t, -n. world, mrZtZ,2.,-en, -ar. worm,
wasfc,2.,-en,
-ar.
wreck, wafc, 5., -et. write
(to),skrifva,IV.
Year, 5r, 5.,-et. yellow, adj.,gul yoke, ofc,5., -et.
youth, wnpdow, 2., -en. yule, jwZ, 2., -en, ar. Zeal, i/*t?er, -n. zinc, zinky -en.
Printed
by C. P.
Winter,
Darmstadt.
FetterLane, FleetStreet. London^StBunstan'sHouse,
JuliusCroos
45 Rue Jacob. Paris, Rome, B07 CorsoVmberto L 14 Newski-Frospekt. St. Petersburgh, Heidelberg.
Gaspey-Otto-Sauee
Method FOR
each
"With
trade
the
OP
PUBLISHED
BY
JuLIUS GrOOS.
newly-learnt language
and
peoples
ties up
the
relations
new
bou1."
new
a
is ruled
world
through
traffic;it breaks
and
wins
one
19*"'century the
of the
the end
"At
LANGUAGES.
MODERN
STUDY
THE
Olass-Books
and
Works
Edncational
Charles
by the
interest for
which
barriers
separate
the nations.*
between
WiUiam
"Juliu8Groos, specialattention a
other German
any
which
of differentsizes by
seen
that This
glance
a
at
is
small
no
is
language alone
of
ten
similar
of
theory and
books, are
with
conceived
the
reallytaught to The
firsttime
are
grammars
into
a
number
in succession, the are
explained
more
is
as
easily
another
one
when
the
others.
knowledge of
one
increasing
reputatUnhf has
become
a
the
have, within
method
necessityof
in
portion pro-
modem
favorablywith thousands compare the happy union of price and good appearance,
and
which
they
aU
exercises
the
divided
the
the grammar ^
rules
of Lessons.
into
foreign two
com-
proper
the
and
carried out, by consistently write
and
speak
most
sufficient
conversational
systematicexplanation of divided
closelyresemble
basis of practice,the clear scientific
for
published
languages
system,
same
times
exacting
universal
an
lowness
practical
has
is in
OcLspey-Otto-Sauer
chief advantages^by
The
of
bined
these
in
so
knowledge of livinglanguages
a
as
life.
modem
devoting his
the study of the greatly facilitates
one
the
acquired
years,
those
the
on
which
grammars
hardly deemed
TJie textbooks last
languages, and
modern
all arranged
with
advantage
been
U.
passed our opinion unsurparticulardepartment The series 160 volumes consists of publisher.
are
the
acquaintance
an
on
he
this
In
generally spoken. by
works
of class-books for the study of
number
large
Pnhlisher, has for the last thirty years educational
to
V.
which
system, here the
pupil is
language.
parts,
commencing
for pronunciation,and Each Part treats of the
are
Parts
unth
again
of Speech
firstgiving a rapid sketch of the fundamental rules, which fully in
the second.
a
sub-
Method
"aspey-Otto-Saner
for the studyof modern
dearlygiven,theyare explainedby examples, quitesufficient.] is entirely due the enormous with success which the
The rtdes appear and
the exercises
to
are
this method
To
langnages.
us
to he
textbooks have
Gaspey-'OttO'Sauer
met;
other
most
either
grammars
givingthe theoretical expositionof tJie grammaticcd trouble the pupil with a confused mass of the most far-fetched
themselves with
content
and
forms
irregtUarities and
exceptions without
applying
ever
hin^
te"U)h
l^ienhfor
go
a parrot^ simply repeat him grasp the colloquial phrases without letting real genius of the foreignlanguage. The system referredto is easilydiscoverable: 1, in the arrangement of the pupil to understand the grammar; to encMe 2, in the endeavour a and above all to teach him to speak the regular text as soon as possible, foreignlanguage; this latter point was considered by the authors so particularly characteristic of their works, that they have styledthem to distinguish
to the other extreme^ and
like
manner
in
to
few
a
"
from other works of
them
a
similar kind
for
firstseries comprises manuals
The
CfonversaUontU
~-
the
Gramtnars.
of Englishmen
use
and
consists of 38 volumes. Our and examine In
for this rich collection of works, for the method fertile genius of certain of the authors,is increased when
admiration the
the other
series, which
these works
are
for
under the chief difficulty
laboured, has
have
intended
the
played diswe
of foreigners.
use
which several of the authors
the
been
necessityof teaching a languagein a foreign which the German idiom offers idiom; peculiardifficulties in Meriting school'books for the study of that language. not
We
to mention
confessthat for those
must
of view, wish %vr1te
and
a
We and
a
way,
Moreover, we binding of
volumes such
to learn a
speaJk
rules in such
and
the
who, from
persons
it with
the authors
ease,
have set down
that it is
cannot
pr"tc tical point to ena ble them to
a
wdl foreignlanguagesufficiently
equallyeasy to understand the elegance and but commend
the books.
It is doubtless
have been received with
and
grammaiical
to learn
them.
of the tgpe
neatness account
too that
favour and that several
much
so
on
this
the
tfiese
have reached
large circulation. that the testify willingly
industry, both
with
regard
whole
collectiongives
to the aims
proof of
it has in view
much
care
and
in the way which these have been carried out, and, moreover, reflects great credit on the this collection in being editor, quite an exceptional reality thing of its kind,** .
from (JEnctra^ct All books
Jnlins
OrooB,London.
Paris.
Rome.
the
.
.
t.
Literary Review.)
bound.
St.
.
Petersburgh. Heidelberg.
h
Method
"aspey-Otto-Saner
for the stodyof modern
languages. 8.
Edition^ Bi3.lgai.yiai.li Eleine dentsehe
Greirmai.n Arabisehe
Harder
v.
Cbinesische
10 8
Seidel
y.
8 1
y. SpracMehre
Seidel
Schiassel dazu
y.
]"ftnlsebe
Eonyersations-Grammatik
Schiassel
y.
dazu
Harder
Seidel
y.
Eleine chinesische
]"aala
v.
....
Eonrersations-Grammatik
SchlttBsel dazu
2
.
.
Editloiis^
Eonyenations-Grammatik
SchlUBsel daza
Gawriyskj
fdr Bulgaren von Sprachlelire
Seidel y.
Wied
Wled
nnd Sprachlehre
WOrterbuch
yon
Seidel
y. Gaspey-Eunge. 23. Aufl. ISng^lisclieEonyersations-Grammatik Schiassel dazu y. Runge. (Nur fUr Lehrer und znm Selbstunterricht.) 3. Aufl. Eonyersations-Lesebuch y. Gaspey-Runge.6. Anfl. Englisches Eleine engliscbe Sprachlehrey. Otto-Bnnge. 6. Aufl EnglischeGespr"chey. Range. 2. Aufl Materialien z. Cbersetzenins Englische y. Otto-Runge. 3. Aufl. 9. Aufl Chrestomathie y. SUpfle-Wright. Englische Handbuch und deutscher Idiome y. Lange englischer .
.
.
.
FranzSslsehe
Eonyersations-Grammatik y. Otto-Runge. 27. Aufl. Selbstunterricht.) 4. Aufl. Runge. (Nur filr Lehrer and znm Franz. Eony.-Lesebuch I. 9. Aufl.,11. 5. Aufl. y. Otto-Runge.a II.3. Aufl. k Franz. Eony.-Leseb. f.M"dchsch. y. Otto-RungeI. 5. Aufl., Eleine franzdsische Sprachlehre y. Otto-Runge. 7. Aufl FranzOsische Gespr^chey. Otto-Runge. 8. Aufl Franzfisisches Lesebuch y. Siipfle. 11. Aufl
SchlUssel dazu
y.
.
Japanische Schlussel
dazu
Eonyersations-Grammatik
.
Plant
yon
Plaut
von
Itallenisclie
li
Sauer. 11. Aufl. SchlUssel dazu y. Gattaneo. (Nur fttrLehrer und zum 8. Autl. Selbstunterricht.) Italienisches Eonyersations-Lesebuch 5. Aufl y. Sauer. Italienische Chrestomathie y. Gattaneo. 2. Aufl Eleine italienische Sprachlehre 8. Aufl y. Sauer. Italienische Gesprg,che 5. Aufl y. Sauer Motti. tibers. i. Ital. y. Lardelli. 4. Aufl. zum a. d. Deutschen tibungsstucke
Eonyersations-Grammatik
Xengrlecliische Schlttssel dazu
Lehrbuch
der
Eonyersations-Grammatik
y.
Petraris
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Petraris
y.
neugriechischen Volkssprachey.
Niederli"ndische Schlttssel dazu
y.
y.
Petraris
Eonyersations-Grammatik
y.
.
.
Valette.
.
2. Aufl.
Valette
Niederlandisches Eony.-Lesebuch 2. Aufl y. Valette. Eleine niederiandische Sprachlehre 2. Aufl y. Valette.
Polnisclie Schlttssel dazu
Eonyersations-Grammatik y.
Wicherkiewicz.
y.
Wicherkiewicz.
Portng^iesiscbe Schlttssel dazu
Eleine
y.
2. Aufl.
.
2. Aufl
Eonversations-Grammatik Kordgien. 8. Aufl
v.
Eordgien. 2. Aufl.
Sprachlehrey. Eordgien. 3. Aufl portugiesische 4. Aufl. Eonyersations-Grammatik y. Fuchs-Wyczliiiski.
Bnssisclie
Schlttssel dazu y. Fnchs-Wyczliuski. 4. Aufl Russisches Eonyersations-Lesebuch v. Werkhaupt Eleine russische Sprachlehre Motti. 2. Aufl y.
Schlttssel dazu
v.
Motti.
2. Aufl
H Julias
Groos,London.
Paris.
Rome;
St.
Petersburffh.Heidelberg.
Method
"aspey-Otto-Saner
for the
studyof
G"rmetn Schwedische
modern
Editions^
Eonversations-Grammatik
Schlttssel dazu
v.
Sprachlehrev.
.
.
.
.
.
Fort
2
ISpaiiisclieEonversations-Grammatik dazn
Walter
Walter
v.
Kleine schwedische Scniassel
languages.
Sauer-Buppert. 8.
v.
Aufl.
2. Aufl
Rnppert
v.
4 2
SpanischesLesebuch y, Sauer-E($hrich. 2. Aufl Kleine spanischeSprachlehrev. Sauer. 5. Aufl SpanischeGesprache v. Sauer. 3. Aufl SpanischeBektionsliste v. Sauer-Kordgien
4 2 2 2
i^iialiili Eonversations-Grammatik
5
Schlflssel dazu
Suahili W(5rterbuch
Tilrkisclie Schltissel dazu
Kleine
v.
Seidel
Seidel
v.
v.
2
Seidel
2
Eonversations-Grammatik v.
Jehlitschka
v.
8
Jehlitschka
8
ann^ariselie Sprachlehrev. Nagy French
2
EdLitioixs"
Grammaire allemande 17. l^d par Otto-Nicolas. de la Grammaire allemande Gorrig^ des th^es par Otto-Kicolas. Petite grammaire allemande par Otto-Verrier. 9. "d Lectures allemandes par Otto. I. part. 6. 1^ Lectures allemandes par Otto. II. part. 5. l^d Lectures allemandes par Otto. III. part.2. "!d Erstes deutsches Lesebuch Vomer von Conversations allemandes par Otto. 4. !]^d
6.
Grammaire 9. l^d ann^laise par Mauron-Yerrier. Oorrig6 des themes de la Grammaire anglaise par Mauron-Verrier. Petite grammaire anglaisepar Mauron. 5. Ed l^d Lectures anglaises Mauron; 2. par Conversations anglaises par Corkran Grammaire itallenne 10. l^d par Sauer. italienne par Saner. Gorrig6 des themes de la Grammaire Petite grammaire italienne par Motti. 3. !Bd Chrestomathie italienne par Cattaneo. 2. !^d Conversations italiennes par Motti
n^erlandaise Grammaire par Yalette. n^Iandalse Corrig6 des themes de la Grammaire Lectures n^erlandaises par Valette. 2. Ed Grammaire
Corrig6de Grammaire
Corrig6des Petite
2. par
.
"d.
.
6. "d
l^d Valette
portng^aise la Grammaire rnsse themes
par Armez portngaise par Armez 3. ild par Fuchs.
de la Grammaire
russe
Fnchs.
par
Motti Corrigides themes de la petitegrammaire russe Lectures russes par Werkhaupt et Roller
grammaire
russe
8.
td
par
par
Motti
Grammaire espan:]iole par Sauer-Serrano. 5. !^d Corrig^ des themes de la gramm. espagn. par Saner-Senano. Petite grammaire espagnolepar Tanty Lectures espagnolespar Sauer-R6hrich. 2. !6d Petite
3.
ltd.
grammaire sn^doise
Jnlins
OrooB, London.
par
Paris.
Fort
Borne.
4.
td.
...
.
St.
Petersbnrgli. Heidelbergr.
.
Method
"aspey-Otto-Saner
for the
studyof
Grreete
modern
languages.
Editions^
Eleine dentsclie SprachlehrefUr Griechen Deutsche G^prHche ftlr Griecben von Maltos
Maltos
von
Ita.liai.ix liSditioiits. Grammatica Chiave
tedesea
di Sauer-FerrarL
della Granunatica
tedesca
14
6. Ed
di Sauer-Ferraii.
2. Ed
Grammatica elementare tedesca di Otto. 5. Ed Letture tedesche di Otto. 4. Ed Antologiatedesca di Verdaro Conyersazioni tedesche di Motti. 2. Ed Avviamento al trad, dal ted. in ital. di Lardelli. Grammatica
2
2 2
I[3 | 2 :l2
4. Ed
I
iiia:lese di
CSiiave della grammatica
2
Grammatica
Pavia. 5. Ed 2. "d. inglesedi Pavia. elementare inglesedi Pavia. 3. Ed.
2
Grammatica
francese
Chiave
di Motti.
della grammatica
2. Ed
4
di Motti
Arancese
2
(Grammatica elementare francese di Sauer-Motti. Letture francesi di Le Boucher Grammatica Chlave
Grammatica Chiave
spagrnnola elementare
dentsche
Chave
aUema
Grammatica
Grammatica
elementar
Grammatica
franceza
Chave
da
Grammatica
2
2. Schwippei-t.
Dr.
Edition^ Paulus
von
Editions^ 2. Ed.
.
.
.
Otto-Prdvdt
por
allema
por
Otto-Pr^v5t.
3. Ed.
Tanty
por
Aranceza
5
.
2. Ed.
door
Otto-Pr^v6t.
por allema
.
2
Pavia.
SprachlehrefcLrPolen
da Orammatica
.
JBditioii,
FoytiigruLese Grammatica
2. Ed.
di Pavia
spagnuoladi
Hoog^dnltsche
por
Livro de leitura franceza por
Tanty Le Boucher
Ifcoiitnaxi
.
.
.
.
Editioiis"
GramaticS
de Leist g^ermana de Leist gramatidl germane Elemente de gramaticS germane de Leist. de Leist Ck)nversa^iuni germane
2. Ed.
Gramatic" francesli de Leist Cheea gramaticii fk-ancese de Leist Elemente de gramaticS francesS. de Leist. francese de Leist ConversaJiunI
2. Ed.
Cheea
Jalins
Oroos, London.
Paris.
5 2
di Pavia.
spagnuola
Folish Eleine
3
I
Piitch Eleine
2
di Motti
russa
della Orammatica
Grammatica
3. Ed.
di Motti
rnssa
della grammatica
4
Borne.
.
.
St. Petersliiirgli.Heidelberg.
"aspey-Otto-Saner
Method
for the study of modern
Bn^llsli Key
the
to
Grammar for Eussians by Haoff for Russiaos English Gr"mmar by Banff
Dentselie Schlfissel
Grammatik zur
fiirRussen
Grammatik
dentschen
dentsclie
Clave
Sprachlehref^r
alemana
Gramdtica
alemana
elemental
.
.
.
Scbweden
Walter
von
Editions^ 2. Ed Kappert. 2. Ed
Ruppert.
por
la Gram"tlca
de
....
Hauff
yon
Edition^
Spanish Gram^tica
....
Hauff
von
ftlr Bussen
STvedish Eleine
Uuigatges.
por
alemana
por
Otto-Ruppert. 6.
ing^lesa por Pavia Clave de la Gram"tica inglesa por Pavia Gramdtica sucinta de la lengua inglesapor
Ed.
.
Gramatica
Gramatica Clave
francesa
por
de la Grana"tica
Pavia.
4. Ed.
Otto.
4. Ed.
Tanty
francesa
por Tanty Gramatica sucinta de la lengua francesa por Libro de lectura francesa por Le Boucher
Gramatica
sucinta de la
lengua italiana
Tchech Kleine
deiltsclie
8. Ed.
.
.
.
.
Edition^
SprachlehrefiirTschechen Turkish
Kleine deutsche
Pavia.
por
von
Maschner
.
Edition.
Sprachlehrefur
Tiirken
Conyersation-Books in two
von
Wely
Bey-Bolland
by Connor
langnages:
English-German English-French English-Italian
English-Spanish English-Russian
Fran9ais-Italien Fran^ais-Espagnol Deut8ch-Franz5sisch
Deutsch-Italienisch
Deutsch-Portugiesisch Deutsch-Rumanisch
Deutsch-Spanisch Deutsch-Russisch in three Ed
languages:
13. English-German-French. Germ English-
in four an-French-Italian
Jalins
Oroos, London.
languages:
Paris.
Rome.
St. Petersbargh.
Heidelberg.
Method
Gaspey-Otto-Saner
for the
stsdyof
modern
langoages.
cAs lon^as Bellamy's^state of the future' is no fact yet, as long as there are millionaires and Social Democrats,until every cobbler can step of his handicraft,fitted out with an academic on to the scene education, so lon^will privatetuition be a necessity. considerations fetter the private Since no pedagogic tutor,one should think that the choice of a classbook could not be a difficult matter for him ; for it is understood,and justlyso, that any book is useful if only the But the number of those who write grammars, teacher is of any use. from the late respectedDr. Ahn down to those who write in order to merely small lightshine is too large. Their aim, after all, is to let their own placethe pupilas soon as possibleon his own feet i. e. io render a teacher and to save time and money. superfluous, Then the sayingholds good: "They shall be known by their works ", in favour words here few of and for that reason the books of the we a say which have been publishedby Mr. Julius Groos. Method Oaspey-Otto-Sauer Valuable though these books have proved themselves to be for the tuition that they are absolutely at school,it is for private use indispensable. They just contain what I claim for such books, not too much and not too of the various volumes are little. The chapters easilycomprehended and are arranged in such a way that they can well be mastered from one is worked lesson to the other; besides,the subject-matter out so as to lead to converse in the foreign the pupilfrom the commencement tongue. What success these books have met with will best be seen from the ever which comprise, in different groups renumber of their publications lating increasing Russians etc.etc. to Englishmen,Germans, Frenchmen, Italians, Spaniards, volumes of which I have successfully not less than 160 works the following the French used myself and am stillusingfor the instruction of Germans: the the (21**. edition)^ Spanish, (24^\edition), English grammar grammar and French students: for English Dutch, and Russian grammars; Italian, works by the same firm. the German grammar, not to mention minor auxiliary obtain by means of this what splendidresults one It is surprising can "
"
method
in a
is enabled
period of
6 to 12 months.
After
to instruct himself in commercial
languagewithout
a
master's
helpinghand."
The Publisher is untiringly engaged in works issuingfrom his Press. A number of preparation. course The
new
editions
Jalivs
are
Groos, London.
such
a
of
new
books
constantly improved and kept'up
PBris.
Bome.
St.
the
course
correspondencein ( extendingthe range
a
student
foreign
) of tional educain now
are
to date.
Petorsbnrgli. Heidel1"erg.
