ELEMEN MESIN (BANTALAN)

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@helfinefb Hiknihh}nik

MFKN MFKNFI FI TN MFIWFBFI ,MHF]NIK.

Mfiwfbfi Mfiwfbfi `h}xqfjfi `h}xqfjfi ufbfl ufwx mfknfi gf}n hbh`hi hbh`hi `huni `huni ~fik ~fik `h`hkf `h`hkfik ik

qh}fifi qh}fifi exjxq qhiwnik qhiwnik jf}hif jf}hif dxikun dxikun gf}n gf}n mfiwfbfi mfiwfbfi ~fnwx ~fnwx xiwxj xiwxj `hix`qx `hix`qx uhmxfl qc}cu fkf} qc}cu gfqfw mh}qxwf} wfiqf `hikfbf`n khuhjfi ~fik mh}bhmnlfi) Mfiwfbfi lf}xu lf}xu exjxq exjxq jxfw jxfw xiwxj xiwxj `h`xik `h`xikjnij jnijfi fi qc}cu qc}cu uh}wf uh}wf hbh`hi hbh`hi `huni `huni bfnii~f bfnii~f mhjh}of mhjh}of ghikfi mfnj) Qfgf x`x`~f mfiwfbfi gfqfw gnjbfundnjfunjfi `hiofgn = mfknfi ~fnwx ? 6) Mh}gfuf}j Mh}gfuf}jfi fi kh}fjfi kh}fjfi mfiwfbfi mfiwfbfi wh}lf wh}lfgfq gfq qc}cu qc}cu f) Mfiwfb Mfiwfbfi fi bxi bxiex} ex}

Qfgf mfiwfbfi nin wh}ofgn khuhjfi bxiex} fiwf}f qc}cu gfi mfiwfbfi jf}hif qh}`xjff i qc}cu qc}cu gnwx`qx gnwx`qx cbhl qh}`xjf qh}`xjffi fi mfiwfbfi mfiwfbfi ghikfi ghikfi qh}fiwf} qh}fiwf}ffi ffi bfqnufi qhbx`fu)

K f ` m f } 4 ) 6 M f i w f bf bf i B x i e x } m) Mfiwfbfi Mfiwfbfi khbnignik khbnignik

Qfgf mfiwfbfi mfiwfbfi nin wh}ofgn wh}ofgn khuhjfi khuhjfi khbnigni khbnignik k fiwf}f fiwf}f mfknfi mfknfi ~fik ~fik mh}qxwf} mh}qxwf} ghikfi ~fik gnf` `hbfbxn hbh`hi khbnignik uhqh}wn mcbf" }cb" gfi }cb mxbfw)

Kf`mf} 4)= Mfiwfbfi Kbnignik 6

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=) Mh}gfuf}jfi f}fl mhmfi wh}lfgfq qc}cu f) Mfiwfb Mfiwfbfi fi }fgnfb }fgnfb ,mhmfi qxwf}.) F}fl mhmfi ~fik gnwx`qx mfiwfbfi nin fgfbfl whkfj bx}xu ux`mx qc}cu)

m) Mfiwfb Mfiwfbfi fi fjunfb fjunfb ,mhmfi whjfi.) F}fl mhmfi mfiwfbfi nin uhofof} ghikfi ux`mx qc}cu)

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F) MFIWFBFI BXIEX]

Mfiw Mfiwfb fbfi fi bxie bxiex} x} fgfb fgfbfl fl uxfw uxfwx x hbh` hbh`hi hi `hun `huni i ~fik ~fik mh}d mh}dxi xiku kunn xiwx xiwxj j `hix`qx qc}cu mh}mhmfi" uhlnikkf qxwf}fi fwfx kh}fjfi mcbfj-mfbnji~f gfqfw mh}bfikuxik ghikfi lfbxu gfi f`fi)

Qfgf Qfgf mfiwf mfiwfbfi bfi bxiex} bxiex} wh}of wh}ofgn gn khuhj khuhjfi fi bxiex bxiex}} fiwf} fiwf}ff qc}c qc}cuu gfi mfiwf mfiwfbf bfi i jf}hif qh}`xjffi qc}cu gnwx`qx cbhl qh}`xjffi mfiwfbfi ghikfi qh}fiwf}f bfqnufi qhbx`fu) Mfiwfbfi bxiex} `f`qx `hix`qx qc}cu mh}qxwf}fi wnikkn ghikfi mhmfi mhuf}) Mfiwfbfi nin uhgh}lfif jciuw}xjuni~f gfi gfqfw gnmxfw uh}wf gnqfufik ghikfi `xgf `xgfl) l) Jf}h Jf}hif if khuhj khuhjfii fii~f ~f ~fik ~fik mhuf} mhuf} qfgf qfgf {fjwx {fjwx `xbf `xbfnn ofbfi ofbfi"" mfiwf mfiwfbf bfi i bxiex bxiex}} `h`h `h`h}bx }bxjf jfi i `c`h `c`hi i f{fb f{fb ~fik ~fik mhuf} mhuf})) Qhbx` Qhbx`fuf fufi i qfgf qfgf mfiwf mfiwfbf bfi i nin wngfj wngfj mhknwx mhknwx uhgh}lfif) Qfifu ~fik wn`mxb gf}n khuhjfi ~fik mhuf}" wh}xwf`f qfgf mhmfi mhuf}" `h`h `h`h}bx }bxjf jfi i qhigni qhignikn knifi ifi jlxux jlxuxu) u) Uhjfbn Uhjfbnqxi qxi gh`nj gh`njnfi nfi"" jf}hi jf}hiff fgfi~ fgfi~ff bfqnuf bfqnufi i qhbx`fu" mfiwfbfi nin gfqfw `h}hgf` wx`mxjfi gfi khwf}fi uhlnikkf lf`qn} wngfj mh}ux mh}uxf}f f}f)) Wnikj Wnikjfw fw jhwhbn jhwhbnwnf wnfi i ~fik ~fik gnqh} gnqh}bxj bxjfi fi wngfj wngfj uhwni uhwnikk kknn mfiwf mfiwfbfi bfi khbni khbnigni gnik k uhlnikkf gfqfw bhmnl `x}fl)

M) MFIWFBFI KHBNIGNIK

Qfgf Qfgf mfiwf mfiwfbfi bfi nin wh}ofg wh}ofgnn khuh khuhjfi jfi khbni khbnigni gnik k fiwf} fiwf}ff mfknfi mfknfi ~fik ~fik mh}qxw mh}qxwf} f} ghikfi mfknfi ~fik gnf` `hbfbxn hbh`hi khbnignik uhqh}wn mcbf ,qhbx}x." }cb fwfx }cb of}x`" gfi }cb mxbfw) Hbh`hi khbnignik uhqh}wn mcbf fwfx }cb gnqfufik fiwf}f enieni bxf} gfi gfbf`) Ghikfi `h`xwf} ufbfl ufwx enieni wh}uhmxw" mcbf fwfx }cb fjfi `hbfjxjfi kh}fjfi khbnign khbnignik ik uhlnikkf uhlnikkf khuhjfi khuhjfi fjfi fjfi ofxl ofxl bhmnl bhmnl jhenb) jhenb) Xiwxj Xiwxj mcbf fwfx }cb" jhwhbnwnfi jhwhbnwnfi wnikkn ghikfi mhiwxj gfi xjx}fii~f `h}xqfjfi uxfwx jhlf}xufi) Jf}hif bxfu mngfik jciwfj fiwf}f mcbf gfi }cb ghikfi enieni ufikfw jhenb" `fjf `fwh}nfb ~fik gnqfjfn lf}xu `h`nbnjn jhwflfifi gfi jhjh}fufi ~fik ufikfw wnikkn) Mfiwf Mfiwfbfi bfi khbni khbnigni gnik k qfgf qfgf x`x` x`xì~ i~ff bhmnl bhmnl ececj ececj xiwxj xiwxj mhmf mhmfi i jhenb jhenb gf}n gf}n qfgfmfiw qfgfmfiwfbfi fbfi bxiex}" bxiex}" wh}kfiw wh}kfiwxik xik qfgf mhiwxj mhiwxj hbh`hi hbh`hi khbnigni khbnigniki~ ki~f) f) Qxwf}fi Qxwf}fi qfgf 5

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mfiwf mfiwfbfi bfi nin gnmfwf gnmfwfun un cbhl cbhl kf~f kf~f uhiw} uhiw}ndx ndxkf kfbb ~fik ~fik wn`mx wn`mxbb qfgf qfgf hbh`h hbh`hi i khbni khbnigni gnik k wh}uh wh}uhmxw mxw)) Jhxikk Jhxikkxbf xbfi i mfiwfb mfiwfbfi fi nin fgfbf fgfbfl l qfgf qfgf khuhj khuhjfi fii~ i~ff ~fik ~fik ufikf ufikfww }hig }higfl fl)) Qhbx`f Qhbx`fufi ufii~ i~ff qxi qxi ufikf ufikfww uhgh}l uhgh}lfi fif" f" exjxq exjxq ghikf ghikfi i kh`x kh`xj" j" mfljf mfljfi i fgf fgf ~fik ~fik `h`fjfn unb uhign}n wngfj qh}bx qhbx`fufi bfkn) @hujnqxi jhwhbnwnfi~f ufikfw wnikkn" if`xi if`xi jf}hif jf}hif fgfi~f fgfi~f kh}fjf kh}fjfi i hbh`hi hbh`hi khbnign khbnignik ik gfi ufikjf} ufikjf}"" qfgf qxwf}fi wnikkn mfiwfbfi nin fkfj kfgxl gnmfignikjfi ghikfi mfiwfbfi bxiex})

6) Jhxiwxikfi Jhxiwxikfi gfi Jh}xknfi Jh}xknfi

Jhxiwxikfi gfi jhjx}fikfi mfiwfbfi khbnignik gnmfignikjfi mfiwfbfi bxiex} fgfbfl ? Jhxiwxikfi

f. Khuhjfi `xbf `xbf ~fik ofxl ofxl bhmnl jhenb jhenb gfi qhikf}xl qhikf}xl ~fik bhmnl bhmnl jhenb gf}n gf}n ox`bfl qxwf}fi wh}lfgfq khuhjfi) m. Khuh Khuhjf jfi i jh}o jh}off bhmn bhmnl l jhen jhenbb uhln uhlnik ikkf kf qhin qhin`m `mxb xbfi fi qfif qfifuu bhmn bhmnl l jhen jhenbb qfgf qfgf qh`mhmfifi ~fik uf`f) e. Qhix}xifi Qhix}xifi {fjwx qh`fuxjfi qh`fuxjfi gfi gfi qhikf}xl qhikf}xl gf}n mflfi mflfi qc}cu) g. Qhbx`fu Qhbx`fufi fi wh}xu-`h wh}xu-`hih} ih}xu xu ~fik ~fik uhgh}lf uhgh}lfif if gfi lf`qn} lf`qn} mhmfu mhmfu qh`hbnl qh`hbnlf}ff f}ffi i uh}wf ox`bfl mflfi mflfi qhbx`fu ~fik ~fik ofxl bhmnl uhgnjnw) uhgnjnw) h. Jhwhbnwnf Jhwhbnwnfi i ,q}hunu ,q}hunun." n." qh`mhm qh`mhmfif fifi i ~fik ~fik gnnonijf gnnonijfi i gfi qh}lnwxikf qh}lnwxikfi i gf}n gf}n x`x} x`x} jh}of" jh}of" mh}lxmxi mh}lxmxikfi kfi ghikfi ghikfi qh`mxf qh`mxfwfi wfi ~fik ~fik mh}`xwx mh}`xwx wnikkn wnikkn gfbf` gfbf` qfm}nj qfm}nj jlxuxu uhlnikkf `h`mh}njfi jhxiwxikfi gfbf` qhikkxiffi qhikkxiffi uxjx efgfik) d. Jh`f`qxfi Jh`f`qxfi `hiflfi mhmfi jhoxw uhuffw) k. Jhmh}unl Jhmh}unlfi) fi)

7

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Jhjx}fikfi

6) Bhmnl mh}nunj qfgf jhehqfwfi ~fik ufikfw wnikkn) =) Jhwflfifi ]higfl jh ulcej bcfgnik) 5) Mnf~f f{fb ~fik bhmnl wnikkn) 7) Ghufni ~fik bhmnl }x`nw)

=) Wnqh mfiwfbfi mfiwfbfi khbnignik khbnignik gfi qhih}fqf qhih}fqfii~f ii~f

Mfiwfbfi ~fik mh}hgf} uhjf}fik wh}gn}n gf}n mh}mfkfn `fef` mhiwxj ghikfi jhbhmnlfi gfi jhjx}fikfi `funik-`funik) Lfb ~fik qh}bx gnjhwflxn gfbf` qh`nbnlfi mhf}nik fiwf}f bfni ? 6) @hikhwf @hikhwflxn lxn jh`xik jh`xikjnif jnifi i qhi~hmfm qhi~hmfm wh}ofgni~ wh}ofgni~ff jhufbflf jhufbflfi i gfi fjnmfwi~ fjnmfwi~f) f)

Mhf}nik Mhf}nik ~fik ~fik whbfl whbfl }xufj }xufj fjfi fjfi `hin`mx `hin`mxbjfi bjfi mxi~n ~fik ~fik mh}nunj) mh}nunj) Ghikfi `hikhwf `hikhwflxn lxn gfi `h`flf` `h`flf`nn qhi~hmfm qhi~hmfm jhufbflf jhufbflfi i gfi jhufbfl jhufbflfii~ fii~ff gfqfw gfqfw gnkxifjfi gnkxifjfi uhmfkfn gfuf} xiwxj `hikfwfun `fufbfl uhbfioxwi~f) uhbfioxwi~f) =) @hik @hikhw hwfl flxn xn uwfi uwfigf gf}} mhf} mhf}ni nik" k" lfb lfb

nin nin xiwx xiwxj j `h`x `h`xgf gflj ljfi fi qh`h qh`huf ufif ifi# i#

qh`mhbnfii~f qh`mhbnfii~f onjf fgf qhikkfiwnfi mhf}nik)

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Ohinu-ohinu mhf}nik fiwf}f bfni ?

6) Unikbh Unikbh }c{ }c{ k}ccth k}ccth mfbb mfbb mhf}nik mhf}niku) u) Mhf}n hf}nik ik nin nin `h`q `h`qxi xi~ ~fn fbx} fbx} gfbf gfbf` ` qfgf qfgf jhgx jhgxff enie enieni nii~ i~f) f) Jf}h Jf}hif if `h`n `h`nbn bnjn jn fbx} fbx}"" `fjf `fjf ohin ohinuu nin nin `h`q `h`qxi~ xi~fn fn jfqfu jfqfunwf nwfuu gfqfw gfqfw `hif `hiflfi lfi mhmfi mhmfi uhef}f uhef}f nghfb qfgf f}fl }fgnfb gfi fjunfb) @fjuxg gf}n mhmfi }fgnfb fgfbfl mhmfi ~fik whkfj bx}xu wh}lfgfq ux`mx qc}cu qc}cu"" uhgfik uhgfikjf jfi i mhmfi mhmfi fjunf fjunfbb fgfb fgfbfl fl mhmfi mhmfi ~fik ~fik uhf}fl ux`mx qc}cu)

=) Gcxmbh Gcxmbh }c{ uhbd uhbd fbnkini fbnkinik k mfbb mhf} mhf}niku niku Ohinu nin `h`qxi~fn gxf mf}nu mcbf" `funik-`funik mf}nu `h`q `h`qxi~ xi~fn fn fbx} fbx} uhign} uhign}n-u n-uhig hign}n n}n qfgf qfgf enie enieni ni mfknf mfknfi i gfbfì~f) Qfgf x`xì~f wh}gfqfw fbx} mcbf qfgf enieni bxf} bxf}i~ i~f) f) Enie Enieni ni mfkn mfknfi fi gfbf gfbfì ì~ ~f `f`q `f`qx x mh}k mh}kh} h}fj fj uhign}n xiwxj `hi~huxfnjfi qcununi~f) Ninbfl jhbhmnlfi gf}n ohinu nin" ~fnwx gfqfw `hikfwfun `fufbfl qc}cu ~fik jx}fik uhmf}nu)

5) Unikbh }c{ fikxbf} fikxbf} eciwfew eciwfew mfbb mhf}niku mhf}niku Mh}gfuf Mh}gfuf}jfi }jfi jciuw}xj jciuw}xjuni~ uni~f" f" ohinu ohinu nin nghfb xiwxj mhmfi }fgnfb) Mhf}nik nin mnfufi~f gnqfufikjfi ghikfi mhf}nik bfni" mfnj nwx gnqfufik uhef}f qf}f}hb `fxqxi mh}wcbfj mhbfjfik" uhlnikkf `f`q `f`qx x oxkf oxkf xiwxj xiwxj `hiflf `hiflfi i mhmfi mhmfi fjunfb)

4

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7) Gcxmbh }c{ fikxbf} fikxbf} eciwfew mfbb mhf}niku mhf}niku Gnuf`qnik gfqfw `hiflfi mhmfi }fgnfb" ohinu nin oxkf gfqfw

`hiflfi lfi

mhmfi

fjunf unfb gfbf` bf` gxf f}fl) fl) Jf} Jf}hif oxkf"

jci jciuw}xj w}xjuuni~ ni~f ohinu

nin

gfqfw

`hiflfi `hiflfi mhmfi wc}un) wc}un) Ohinu Ohinu nin oxkf oxkf gnkxifjf gnkxifjfi i xiwxj xiwxj `hikkf `hikkfiwn iwn gxf mxfl mxfl mhf}nik onjf }xfikfi ~fik wh}uhgnf wngfj `hiexjxqn)

8) Gcxmbh Gcxmbh }c{ }c{ mf}}hb mf}}hb }cbbh} }cbbh} mhf}ni mhf}niku ku Mhf}ni f}nik k

nin nin

`h`qxi~f i~fn

gxf

mf}nu f}nu

hbh` hbh`hhi }cbb }cbbh} h} ~fik fik qfgf qfgf x`x` x`xì~ i~ff `h`q `h`qxi~ xi~fn fn fbx} fbx} mh}mh mh}mhiwx iwxj j mcbf mcbf qfgf qfgf enie enieni ni bxf} bxf}i~ i~f) f) jfqf jfqfun unwf wfuu

mhmf mhmfi i

Ohin Ohinuu }fgn }fgnfb fb

nin nin

`h`n `h`nbn bnjn jn

~fik fik

mhuf mhuf}}

uhlnikkf nghfb xiwxj `hiflfi mhmfi jhoxw)

4) Unikbh Unikbh }c{ }c{ e~bnig} e~bnig}nefb nefb mhf}n mhf}niku iku Ohinu nin `h`qxi~fn gxf fbx} qfgf ufwx enieni ~fik mnfufi~f wh}qnufl wh}qnufl)) Hhj gf}n qh`nufl qh`nuflfi fi nin" nin"

enie enieni ni

gfqf gfqfww

mh}k mh}kh} h}fj fj

fjunfb ghikfi `hiknjxwn enieni ~fik ~fik bfni) bfni) Lfb nin `h}xqfj `h}xqfjfi fi uxfw uxfwx x fqfmnbf

jhxi jhxiwx wxik ikfi fi"" mhf}nik

jf}h jf}hif if lf}xu

`hikfbf`n qh}xmflfi mhiwxj jf}hif wh`qh}fwx}" `fjf enieni~f fjfi ghikfi `xgfl `hi~huxfnjfi qcununi~f) Ohinu nin `h`qxi~fn jfqfunwfu mhmfi }fgnfb ~fik mhuf} qxbf gfi oxkf ececj xiwxj jhehqfwfi wnikkn)

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;) Wfqh}hg Wfqh}hg }cbbh} }cbbh} mhf}niku mhf}niku Gnbnlfw Gnbnlfw gf}n gf}n jciuw}x jciuw}xjuni juni~f" ~f" ohinu ohinu nin nin ngh nghfb xiwxj wxj mhmfi fjunf unfb `fxq `fxqxi xi }fgn }fgnfb fb)) Ohin Ohinuu nin nin gfqf gfqfww gnqnufl" gn`fif enieni gfbfì~f gnqfufik }cbb }cbbh} h}i~ i~ff

mh}uf`f gfi gfi

ghikfi

enie enieni ni

bxf} bxf}i~ i~ff

wh}qnufl)

<) Unikbh gn}hewnci wl}xuw mfbb mhf}niku mhf}niku Mhf} Mhf}ni nik k ohin ohinuu nin nin lfi~ lfi~ff ecec ececj j xiwx xiwxj j `hif `hiflf lfi i mhmfi mhmfi fjunb fjunbff gfbf` gfbf` ufwx ufwx f}fl f}fl ufof) of)

Hbh` bh`hi~f i~f

uhlnikkf

gfqf gfqfww

`xgfl

gnqn gnqnuf ufl ljfi `hbfjxjfi

qh`f qh`fuf ufikf ikfi) i) Mhmfi Mhmfi fjunf fjunfbb `nin`x `nin`x` ` ~fik

gfqfw gnwflfi wh}kfiwxik gf}n jhehqfwfii~f)

Ohinu

nin ufikfw uhiunwnd wh}lfgfq jhwngfjuhmf}nufi ,`nufbnki`hiw. ,`nufbnki`hiw. qc}cu wh}lfgfq }x`fli~f)

>) Gcxmbh gn}hewnci gn}hewnci wl}xuw wl}xuw mfbb mhf}niku mhf}niku

Ohin Ohinuu nin nin uf`f uf`f uhqh uhqh}w }wnn qcni qcniww <" lfi~ lfi~ff ufof ufof mhf} mhf}ni nik k ohin ohinuu nin nin gfqf gfqfww gnmh gnmh}n }n mhmf mhmfi i fjun fjunfb fb gfbf` gfbf` gxf gxf f}fl f}fl)) Mfkn Mfknfifi-mfk mfknfi nfii~ i~ff qxi oxkf oxkf gfqfw gnqnufljfi uhlnikkf `xgfl mcikjf} gfi qfufiki~f)

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Gfbf` qh`nbnlfi mfiwfbfi qh}bx gnjhwflxn undfw-undfw ~fik lf}xu gnqh}wn`mfikjfi fkf} gnqh}cbhl mflfi ~fik wh}mfnj" undfw-undfw mfiwfbfi ~fik mfnj ~fnwx ? 6) Wflfi Wflfi Whjfifi Whjfifi)) Mflf Mflfi i mfiwfb mfiwfbfi fi lf}xu lf}xu `h`nb `h`nbnjn njn jhjx jhjxfwf fwfi i whjfi whjfi ~fik ~fik wnikk wnikknn xiwxj xiwxj `hif `hiflf lfi i whjfifi `fjun`x` uhlnikkf `hiehkfl hjuw}xun fwfx ghdc}`fun qh}`fihi qfgf mfiwfbfi) =) Jhjxf Jhjxfwf wfi i dfwnkxh ) Mflfi Mflfi mfiwfbf mfiwfbfi i lf}xu lf}xu `h`nbnj `h`nbnjnn jhjxfwf jhjxfwfi i dfwnkxh dfwnkxh ~fik ~fik wnikkn wnikkn uhlnikkf uhlnikkf jhwnjf jhwnjf wh}ofgn mhmfi mh}xbfik wngfj `hiklfunbjfi }hwfj qfgf `fwh}nfb) 5) Ecidc}` Ecidc}`fmnb fmnbnw~) nw~) Fgfbfl jh`f`qxfi mflfi mfiwfbfi xiwxj `hikfjc`cgfun bhigxwfi qc}cu gfi jhwngfjfjx}fwfi jhwngfjfjx}fwfi mfiwfbfi cbhl ghdc}`fun ghdc}`fun qbfuwnj ,e}hhq.) 7) H`mhgg H`mhgg fmnbnw~) fmnbnw~) Fgfbfl Fgfbfl jh`f`q jh`f`qxfi xfi mflfi mflfi mfiwfbf mfiwfbfi i xiwxj xiwxj `hikfjc `hikfjc`cgf `cgfun un qf}wnjh qf}wnjhbb jhenb gf}n gf}n ghmx" qfun} gbb) 8) Wflfi Wflfi Jc}cun) Jc}cun) Mflfi mfiwfbfi wngfj mcbhl `hin`mxbjfi jc}cun fjnmfw qhbx`fufi) Q}cqh}wn nin ufik ufikfw fw qhiw qhiwni nik k gn gfbf gfbf` ` `hun `huni i qh`m qh`mfj fjf} f}fi fi gn`f gn`fif if qhbx qhbx`f `fuu ~fik fik uf`f uf`f gnkxif gnkxifjfi jfi xiwxj xiwxj `hbx`fu `hbx`funn gnignik gnignik unbnigh} unbnigh} gfi mfiwfbfi mfiwfbfi)) Gn gfbf` gfbf` unbnigh} unbnigh}"" qhbx`fu gfqfw ufof wh}cjungfun gfi `hiklfunbjfi higfqfi jf}mci) 4) Wlh}`f Wlh}`fbb jcig jcigxjwn xjwntnwf tnwfu) u) Mflf Mflfi i mfiwf mfiwfbfi bfi lf}xu lf}xu `h`nb `h`nbnjn njn jcig jcigxjw xjwnt ntnwf nwfuu qfif qfifuu ~fik ~fik wnikk wnikknn uhlnik uhlnikkf kf `h`xi `h`xikj kjnij nijfi fi qh}qni qh}qnigfl gflfi fi qfifu qfifu ~fik ~fik ehqfw ehqfw ~fik ~fik gnlfu gnlfunbj nbjfi fi uffw uffw wh}of wh}ofgn gn khuhjfi) ;) Hjuqfiu Hjuqfiunn wh}`fb) wh}`fb) Mflfi mfiwfbfi lf}xu `h`nbnjn jchdnunhi hjuqfiun wh}`fb }higfl" uhlnikkf jhwnjf mhjh mhjh}of }of ghik ghikfi fi uxlx uxlx ~fik ~fik mh}mhg mh}mhgff-mhg mhgf" f" wngfj wngfj fgf fgf qh}xmf qh}xmflfi lfi mflfi mflfi ~fik ~fik gnfjnmfwjfi gnfjnmfwjfi qh}xmflfi qh}xmflfi uxlx)

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Xiwxj `higfqfwjfi uh`xf undfw gn fwfu uxbnw gnwh`xjfi gfbf` mflfi mfiwfbfi wh}wh wh}whiwx iwx)) Gn`fi Gn`fiff mflfi mflfi ~fik ~fik gnkxi gnkxifjf fjfi i qfgf qfgf q}fjwh q}fjwhji~ ji~ff wh}kf wh}kfiwx iwxik ik qfgf qfgf jhmxwxlfi gf}n jcignun qh`fidffwfi mfiwfbfi) Uhlnikkf qh`nbnlfi mflfi xiwxj uhwnfq uhwnfq fqbnjfu fqbnjfunn lf}xu lf}xu mh}gfuf} mh}gfuf}jfi jfi lfunb fifbnunu fifbnunu)) Wfmhb Wfmhb mh}njxw mh}njxw `hixioxj `hixioxjjfi jfi qh}mfignikfi gf}n mhmh}fqf undfw ~fik bhmnl x`x` mflfi mfiwfbfi bckf`)

E) UNUWH@ QHBX@FUFI QFGF MFIWFBFI

Qhikk Qhikkxif xiffi fi mfiwf mfiwfbfi bfi qfgf qfgf uxfwx uxfwx `huni `huni"" lf}xub lf}xubfl fl `h`q `h`qh} h}lfw lfwnjf njfi i unuwh` unuwh` qhbx` qhbx`fuf fufi i ~fik ~fik fjfi fjfi gnkxi gnkxifjf fjfi" i" uhlni uhlnikk kkff jciuw} jciuw}xju xjun" n" jcignu jcignunn jh}of jh}of"" gfi gfi bhwfj bhwfj mfiwfbfi `hiofgn qh}wn`mfikfi gfbf` qh`nbnlfi) @hwcgh Bxm}njfun 

@fixfb Bxm}nefwnci Bxm}nefwnci



Fxwc`fwne Bxm}nefwnci



K}ftnw~ U~uwh`

61

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

Q}huux}h U~uwh`



Uqbful Bxm}nefwnci Bxm}nefwnci



]nik Bxm}nefwnci Bxm}nefwnci



@nuw Bxm}nefwnci Bxm}nefwnci

6) @fixfb @fixfb Bxm}nef Bxm}nefwnci wnci @fixfb bxm}nefwnci gfqfw gnbfjxjfi `hikkxifjfi qc`qf cbn

=) Fxwc`fwn Fxwc`fwnee Bxm}ne Bxm}nefwnc fwnci i Bxm}njf Bxm}njfun un nin `hikkx `hikkxifjf ifjfi i eciw}cb eciw}cb wn`h} wn`h} xiwxj xiwxj `hikfwx} `hikfwx} uxqqb~ uxqqb~ cbn#k}hfu cbn#k}hfuhh uhef}f uhef}f cwc`fwnu

~fik

gngc}cik

ghikfi

`hikkxifjfi qc`qf

66

=161


5) K}ftnw~ K}ftnw~ U~uwh` U~uwh`

Qhbx`fu Qhbx`fu gnbhwfjj gnbhwfjjfi fi gnuhmxf gnuhmxfl l }huh}tcn }huh}tcn}" }" jh`xgnf jh`xgnfi i gnmnf}jf gnmnf}jfi i `hihwh `hihwhuu jf}hif jf}hif k}fdnwfun `hbfbxn ihhgbh tfbth ghikfi bfox ~fik uxgfl gnwhiwxjfi uhmhbxì~f

7) Q}huux} Q}huux}hh U~uwh` U~uwh` Un}jxbfu Un}jxbfunn cbn nin `h}xqf `h}xqfjfi jfi unuwh`

wh}wxwxq

`hikkxifjfi

~fik qc`qf"

}huh}tcn} gfi dnbwh}

8) Uqbful Uqbful Bxm}ne Bxm}nefwnc fwnci i Cbn Cbn mh}f mh}fgf gf qfgf qfgf }huh }huh}t }tcn cn}} ~fik hvxnq`hiw

wh}uhgnf"

gfi

~fik

fjfi

gnbxm}njfun wh}ehbxq gngfbf` cbn

6=

=161


4) ]nik Bxm}ne Bxm}nefwnc fwnci i Bxm}njfun gnbfjxjfi ghikfi ef}f `h`mnf}jfi }nik mh}qxwf} qfgf ulfdw

;) @nuw Bxm}nef Bxm}nefwnci wnci Bxm}njf Bxm}njfun un nin `hikkx `hikkxifjf ifjfi i gnue ~fik ~fik wh}qfufi wh}qfufik k qfgf qfgf ulfdw" ulfdw" qhbx`fu qhbx`fu `hikfbn `hikfbn}} jf}hif qh}qxwf}fi gnue gfbf` mhiwxj `nuw

65

=161


Gfbf` qhbx`fufi mfiwfbfi" gnjhifb mh}`fef`-`fef` ef}f" fiwf}f bfni ? Fqbnjfun Qhbx`fufi xiwxj Mfiwfbfi Bxiex} ? 

Qhbx`fufi wfikfi Ef}f nin uhuxfn xiwxj mhmfi }nikfi" jhehqfwfi }higfl" fwfx jh}of ~fik wngfj wh}xu `hih}xu) Qhbx`fufi whwhu Gf}n uhmxfl {fgfl" `ni~fj gnwhwhujfi gfbf` ox`bfl ~fik whwfq gfi wh}fwx} `hbfbxn uhmxfl jfwxq of}x`) Ef}f nin fgfbfl xiwxj mhmfi }nikfi gfi uhgfik)



Qhbx`fufi ux`mx Ef}f Ef}f nin `hikk `hikkxif xifjf jfi i uhmxf uhmxfl l ux`mx ux`mx ~fik ~fik gnehbx gnehbxqj qjfi fi gfbf` gfbf` `fikj `fikjcj cj `ni~fj uhlnikkf `ni~fj wh}nufq cbhl ux`mx wh}uhmxw)



Qhbx`fufi qh}enj Ef}f nin gnqh}kxifjfi xiwxj `hbx`fun wc}fj gfi unbnigh} `cwc} mfjf} wc}fj ~fik mh}qxwf}fi wnikkn)



Qhbx`fufi Qhbx`fufi enieni Qhbx`fufi nin `hikkxifjfi enieni ~fik gnkfiwxikjfi qfgf qc}cu uhlnikkf fjfi mh}qxwf} mh}uf`f qc}cu uf`mnb `hikfikjfw `ni~fj gf}n mf{fl) Ef}f nin gnqfjfn xiwxj mhmfi uhgfik)



Qhbx`fufi qc`qf Ef}f nin gnqfjfn xiwxj `hbx`fun mfiwfbfi ~fik uxbnw bhwfji~f uhqh}wn mfiwfbfi xwf`f xwf`f `cwc} `cwc} ~fik ~fik `h`qxi~ `h`qxi~fn fn qxwf}fi qxwf}fi wnikkn) wnikkn) Qhbx`fu Qhbx`fufi fi qc`qf qc`qf nin fgfbfl fgfbfl uhuxfn xiwxj jhfgffi jh}of ghikfi jhehqfwfi wnikkn gfi mhmfi mhuf})



Qhbx`fufi k}ftnwfun Ef}f nin gnqfjfn xiwxj jhehqfwfi uhgfik gfi wnikkn qfgf jhehqfwfi jhbnbnik uhmhuf} 61-68 ,`#u.)



Qhbx`fufi ehbxq Uhmfk Uhmfknfi nfi gf}n gf}n mfiwf mfiwfbfi bfi gnehbx gnehbxqj qjfi fi gfbf` gfbf` `ni~f `ni~fj) j) Ef}f Ef}f nin ececj ececj xiwxj xiwxj mfiwfbfi ghikfi qc}cu whkfj)

67

=161


Fqbnjfun Qhbx`fufi qfgf Mfiwfbfi Khbnignik 

Qhbx`fufi kh`xj Ef}f ~fik x`x` xiwxj qhikkh`xjfi fgfbfl ghikfi `hiknun mfknfi gfbf` mfiwfbfi ghikfi kh`xj uhmfi~fj `xikjni



Qhbx`fufi `ni~fj#efn} Qhbx`fufi `ni~fj `h}xqfjfi ef}f ~fik mh}kxif xiwxj jhehqfwfi wnikkn fwfx wh`qh}fwx} wh`qh}fwx} wnikkn

68

ELEMEN MESIN (BANTALAN)

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