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CONTENIDO Fundador
Profr. Francisco Orozco González Dirección editorial
Lic. Felipe Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected]) Dirección técnica
Profr. J. Luis Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected])
Ciencia y novedades tecnológicas
.................
7
Perfil tecnológico Del ábaco a las computadoras personales (primera de dos partes)...............................12 Leopoldo Parra Reynada
Administr ación
Lic. Javier Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected]) Relaciones internacionales
Atsuo Kitaura Kato (
[email protected]) Staff de asesorí a editor ial
Ing. Leopoldo Parra Reynada (
[email protected]) Profr. Francisco Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected]) Profr. J. Luis Orozco Cuautle Editores asociados
Lic. Eduardo Mondragón Muñoz Juana Vega Parra Apoyo foto gráfico
Rafael Morales Orozco Colaboradores en este número
Profr. Armando Mata Domínguez Ing. Leopoldo Parra Reynada Ing. Oscar Montoya Figueroa Profr. Alvaro Vázquez Almazán Ing. Calos García Quiroz Profr. Jorge Pérez Hernández (
[email protected]) Diseño gráfico y pre-prensa digital
D.C.G. Norma C. Sandoval Rivero (
[email protected]) Gabriel Rivero Montes de Oca Publicidad y ventas
Leyes, dispositivos y circuitos Relevadores, transformadores y motores............................................... motores..................................................... ...... 21 Oscar Montoya Figueroa
Qué es y cómo funciona Lavadoras con electrónica "fuzzy logic"... logic"... 32 Leopoldo Parra Reynada
Servicio técnico Los microcontroladores en televisores de nueva generación................................... 39 Armando Mata Dom ínguez
El microcontrolador en equipos de audio Panasonic.....................................................49 Alvaro Vázquez Almazán
Circuitos de barrido vertical en los televisores General Electric y RCA............ 58 Jorge Pérez Hernández
Suscrip ciones
El proceso de croma en videograbadoras Sony (modo de grabación)..........................62
Ma. de los Angeles Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected])
Carlos García Quiroz
Cristina Godefroy T. T. y Rafael Morales M.
Isabel Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected]) Electrónica y Servicio, Julio de 1999, Revista Mensual. Editor Responsable: Felipe Orozco Cuautle. Número Certificado de Reserva de Derechos al Uso Exclusivo de Derechos de Autor 04-1999-041417392100-102. 04-1999-041417392100-102. Número de Certificado de Licitud de Título: En trámite. Número de Certificado de Licitud en Contenido: En trámite. Domicilio de la Publicación: Norte 2 #4, Col. Hogares Mexicanos, 55040, Ecatepec, Estado de México. Impresión: Impresos Publicitarios Mogue/José Luis Guerra Solís, Vía Morelos 337, Col. Santa Clara, 55080, Ecatepec, Estado de México. Distribución: Distribuidora Intermex, S.A. de C.V. Lucio Blanco 435, Col. San Juan Ixhuaca, 02400, México D.F. y Centro Japonés de Información Electrónica, S.A. de
Electrónica y computación Administraci ón por computadora del taller electrónico. El programa programa Servitec................. Servitec................. 68 J. Luis Orozco Cuautle
Proyectos y laboratorio
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CIENCIA Y NOVEDADES TECNOLOGICAS
¿El nuevo rey de la colina? Para el público relacionado con el mundo de la informática, es bien conocido el predominio de Intel en el terreno terreno de los microprocesad mi croprocesadores ores que constituyen constituyen el núcleo núcl eo de la plataforma PC. Y no es gratuita gratuita su hegemonía, pues esta corporació n diseñó el primer micropro mic roprocesador cesador (el 4004); 4004); luego produjo el primer circuito que tuvo éxito comercial (el 8080); después lanzó al mercado el primer microprocesador de 16 bits (el 8086), el de 32 bits (el 80386), etc. El caso es que por donde se vea el mundo de las computadoras PC, es indiscutible la extraordinaria capacidad innovadora de In tel; sin exagerar, su liderazgo tecnológico ha marcado ya
sadores clones por lo general general se han concentraco ncentrado en el sector de máquinas máquin as de bajo precio, precio , donde sí han conquistado una posición nada despreciable; mas no han logrado despojar al campeón de su corona como líder del del máximo desempeño. Pero, al menos men os por ahora, ah ora, parece que esta esta situación ha dado un vuelco dramático, con la aparición del primer microprocesador de séptima séptima generación por parte de Advanced Advanced M icro-Devices icro-Devices (mejor conocida por sus siglas: AMD). Este microprocesador croprocesador ha sido bautizado con el no mbre “Athlon”, y posee un encapsulado similar al de un Pentium II (figura 1); 1); sin embargo, su n úcleo es mucho más sofisticado, cuenta cuenta con un protopro tocolo de comunicaciones con sus perif éricos muy
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Figura 2
cesadores de AMD, abandonando por consecuencia a Intel. No son buenas noticias para el gigante de la microelectr ó nica, que basa gran parte de sus ingresos en el sobreprecio so breprecio que maneja por sus microprocesadores de gama alta, donde no ten tení a competidores hasta la aparici ón del Athlon. Este chip se vende inicialmente en se velocidades veloci dades de 600 600 y 650 MHz , y se espera espera que a finales de este a ño se alcancen velocidades velocidades todaví a mayores.
El encapsulado del Athlon es similar al del Pentium
Un nuevo formato de videograbaci ón: el Digital8 Es bien sabido que la aparici ón del formato 8mm implic ó una revoluci ó n en el mundo de las filmacio film aciones nes caseras, pues reemplaz reemplaz ó a las pesadas y estorbosas c ámaras Beta o VHS tradicionales. Sin embargo, debido a que desde su lanzamiento a principios de la d écada 1980, este formato ha tenido muy pocas variaciones (si exceptuamos la aparici ón del Hi8, que nunca tuvo gran aceptaci ón) las muestras mu estras de caducidad caducidad han sido cada vez m ás evidentes, pues los avances en la tecnolo tecnolog gí a electrónica ni ca de enton entonces ces a la fe-
Arquitectura Athlon
cha han sido impresionantes. impresionantes. Ante ese panorama, los ingenieros de Sony enfrentaron el reto de mejorar considerablemente la calidad de imagen susceptible de obtenerse con el sistema de casete de 8mm; y fue as í que que
cios que hagamos respecto al desempe ño del
desarrollaron desarrollaron el nuevo formato Digital8, el cual,
A thlon en comparaci comparaci ón con el Pentium III; II I; a pepe-
como su nombre lo indica, almacena la infor-
sar de ello, tampoco podemos ignorar las prue-
maci ón de audio y video en la cinta magn ética
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Figura 3
Figura 4 Modo de grabación Digital8 Dirección de la cinta
Orientación de la cabeza
2
4
6
10
8
Sector de sub-código Sector de video
Videocá Videocámaras Sony de formato digital 8
1
3
5
7
9
Sector de audio Sector de ITI Un cuadro: 5 tracks (NTSC) 6 tracks (PAL)
El formato DV graba 10 tracks de información por cuadro. Con Digital8, la misma información que en el DV ocupa dos tracks ahora se graba en uno solo; por tanto, un cuadro se graba en la mitad del número de tracks.
cada revoluci ón), se necesita que pase cinco veces la cabeza para almacenar la misma informaci ón; es decir, hay una relaci ón de cinco revoluciones volucio nes para cada cada cuadro.
Patrones de grabaci ón de video en DV y 8mm Dirección de la cinta
Aunque parece excesiva, esta relaci ó n se compara muy favorablemente, por ejemplo, con
Sector de sub-código
el nuevo formato f ormato DV, que necesita necesita de 10 revol revoluuciones completas para grabar un cuadro (figura 4). Sin embargo, ello implica que las cintas no duren tanto en el nuevo formato como en los anteriores (de hecho, s ó lo duran la mitad del tiempo, por lo l o que si usted compra un casete de 120 minutos, tan sólo podrá grabar 60 minutos en el nuevo formato); no obstante, la calidad de
Orientación de la cabeza
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Sector de video
Sector de audio Sector de ITI
Un cuadro: 10 tracks (NTSC) 12 tracks (PAL)
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mercadotecnia mercadotecnia para posicionar posicio nar r ápidamente este
observar en tres dimensiones y en tiempo real
nuevo estándar. Y cuando Sony habla, el mun-
lo que aparece en la pantalla; nos referimos a
do de la electr ó nica se estremece. estremece.
los nuevos lentes de visi ó n estereosc ó pica Stereo3D de StereoGraphics , los cuales añaden un módulo de representaci ón tridimensional a
Modelado 3D virtual
los programas ya mencionados (figura 5). Para lograr lo grar este efecto, en la pantalla del mo-
Quienes se dedican al dise ño por computadora
nitor aparecen aparecen de forma alternada im ágenes que
(en general, desde un paisaje hasta una complicom pli-
corresponden a la visi ón del ojo izquierdo y el
cada pieza de maquinaria), saben del problema
derecho, y para que el ojo respectivo efectiva-
que implica tratar de imaginarse el aspecto
mente reciba reciba la informaci i nformaci ó n enviada sin interfeinterfe-
tridimensional de una pieza pi eza o escenario, escenario, pues el
rencia del otro, se acopla con un par de gafas
modelo se observa en en un dispositivo de dos di-
con pantallas de cristal l í quido quido que se cierran y
mensiones, como es el monitor. El problema
abren en sincron í a con el despliegue en en pantalla.
aminora amino ra considerablemente cuando el dise ño de de
Con esto el cerebro del espectador tiene la
alambre se “renderiza” y se obtiene una vista vi sta en
sensaci ón de que está observando un objet o bjeto o en
perspectiva, con tonalidades tonal idades y todos lo s detalles detalles
tres dimensiones y no una pantalla plana, con
planteados desde el modelado; pero finalmente
lo que las labo res de modelado y diseño se vuel-
el creativo no puede observar observar su trabajo en tiem-
ven mucho más sencillas sencill as y rápidas (e insistimos, insi stimos,
po real. ¿Cómo hacer para que el creativo ob-
el usuario no tiene que esperar a que se lleve a
serve en en tres dimensiones los objetos conforme
cabo un render para poder apreciar el objeto
los vaya diseñando? Imagine la productividad y
creado, con el inconveniente de que si éste no
las posibilidades en creatividad que pueden de-
se asemeja al dise ño esperado hay que conti-
rivarse.
nuar modelando y volver a “renderizar”).
Pues bien, al parecer ya hay una soluci ó n a
Gracias a este recurso, el dise ño de objetos
este problema; consiste consi ste en un paquete de hard-
tridimensionales alcanza una nueva altura en
ware y software que se adiciona a los m ás co-
cuanto a facilidad de manejo, ventajas en tiem-
nocidos nocido s programas de diseño (como AutoCAD-
po y en creatividad, lo cual seguramente cam-
2000, 2000, Mechanical M echanical Desktop 4.0 y, y, próximamente,
biará el ambiente de trabajo en 3D en lo s pr óxi-
3D Studio MAX), mediante el cual es posible
mos años.
Figura 5
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XIII CONGRESO NACIONAL ORDINARIO DE LA CONFEDERACION NACIONAL DE TECNICOS EN ELECTRONICA, A.C. Con una nutrida asistencia y el respaldo de compañías e instituciones del ramo, durante los días 13 y 14 de agosto del año en curso, se llevó a cabo el XIII Congreso Nacional Ordinario de la Confederación Nacional de Técnicos en Electrónica, A.C. (CONATE), en la ciudad de Tepic, Nayarit, evento cuya organización estuvo a cargo de la Asociación la Asociación de Técnicos en Electrónica del Estado de Nayarit, Nayarit , la cual es presidida por el Téc. Miguel Angel Casillas Barajas. El evento dio inicio con un emotivo acto de inauguración, en el que estuvieron presentes como invitados de honor autoridades municipales y personalidades de instituciones educativas y de la iniciativa privada, para posteriormente dar inicio a la asamblea, donde se debatieron los asuntos relacionados con el g remio.
Presidium, tercero de izquierda a derecha, Ing. Alberto T éllez Rojo, presidente de la CONATE
Dentro de las actividades del congreso, se llevo a cabo una ronda de conferencias en la que participaron empresas del ramo, abordándose temas de interés para los técnicos en electrónica. Entre Entre las firmas participantes estuvieron: Master Refacciones, Refacciones, Samsung Electronics de México, Centro Japonés de Información Electrónica, HR Diemen y el Instituto de Seminarios en Electrónica.
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DEL ABACO A LAS COMPUTADORAS PERSONALES (Primera de dos partes) L e o p o l d o P a r r a R e yn yn a d a
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Mas la dificultad que implica realizar opera-
dos en el segundo). El n úmero de “hilos” deter-
cion es de cálculo, ha desafiado desafiado por mucho tiem-
mina la cantidad de cifras o d í gitos gitos con que se
po el ingenio del hombre, raz ón por la que ha
podrá hacer una operaci ón (en este caso, se
desarrollado desarrollado desde desde hace milenios m últiples dis-
cuenta con ocho hilos, hilo s, por lo que se puede pueden n ha-
positivos para simplificar el trabajo con cantida-
cer operaciones de hasta ocho cifras).
des numéricas; entre ellos se cuentan desde el
El uso del ábaco realmente es sencillo; úni-
rudimentario ábaco hasta las modernas calcu-
camente se requiere comprender una serie de
ladoras y las primeras computadoras, como ex-
reglas elementales y un poco de pr áctica para
plicaremos en este art í culo. culo.
poder hacer sumas, restas, restas, multiplicacio nes y divisiones. Incluso, en muchos paí ses ses asi áticos se
El ába co
sigue enseñando su manejo como materia obli-
El ábaco de diez cuentas en cada hilo, con el
gatoria de la instrucci in strucción primaria, aunque en Oc-
que aprendimos los fundamentos del sistema
cidente hemos relegado al ábaco a una simple
decimal y las ubicaciones ubicacio nes de unidades, decenas, decenas,
referencia hist órica.
etc., no se parece a los que desde hace siglos se emplean en el lejano oriente (y que hasta la fecha –cuando las calculadoras electr ónicas han invadido prácticamente todos los rincones del planeta– se sigue utiliz utiliz ando).
á La m qui na de Pas Pascal cal y des desar rol l os subsecuentes Tuvieron que pasar pasar milenios antes antes que se desadesarrollara un sistema que potencialmente supera-
En figura 1A tenemos el dibujo de un ábaco
ra al ábaco en cuanto a capacidad de realizar
profesional de los que se emplean para hacer
operaciones; nos referimos a las primeras su-
operaciones matemáticas complejas. Observe
madoras mecánicas construidas e en n el siglo XV II
que posee tan s ólo cinco cuentas cuentas en cada “hilo ”,
por el fil ósofo y matemático Blaise Pascal.
y que una de ellas est á separada de las otras
Pascal naci ó en Francia Fran cia en 1623, y desde tem-
cuatro por una barra de madera (hay versiones
prana edad demostr ó una gran habilidad para
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Figura 2
máquina se desarroll ó en 1672, y fue precursora de las calculadoras mec ánicas que se utiliz aron en todo el mundo hasta hace algunas d écadas (figura 4). Figura 4
Tambi Tambi én teniendo como base la m áquina de Pascal, en en el siglo XIX XI X el matem matem ático e inventor ingl és Charles Babbage dise ñó la llamada ll amada “mámoso astrónomo Johannes Kepler); sin embar-
quina anal í tica tica”, con la l a que habr habr í a podido reali-
go todos sus cálculos y proyectos se perdieron
zar complejas operaciones matem matem áticas de ha-
durante la llamada “guerra de los 30 a ños”, así
ber podido construirla, pues la tecnolog í a de
que no hay forma de compro bar la veracidad de
fabricaci ó n de engranes de la época no tení a la
esta aseveraci ón. No obstante, es factible pen-
precisi ón necesaria, n ecesaria, y hubo que esperar hasta el
sar en esa posibilidad, pues la historia ha de-
siglo XX para que los cient í ficos ficos corroboraran
mostrado que cuando las l as necesidades humanas
que la máquina anal í tica tica efectivamente funcio-
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Figura 5 Escalas fijas
Regla de cálculo
Cm
0
Fija
1
2
3 2
1
5
4
2
6
3
5
4
2
1 1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
3
8 6
7
3
Corredera 1
7
1.5
10
9 8 4
4
9
10
12
11
5
6
5
6
a r u t c e l
7
20
7
14
13
8
9
30 10
8
9
10
15 40
50
e d
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
a e n
í
L
10
1.1
1.2
-1 1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6 -2
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0 -3
-4
-5
Cursor o lupa Escala de la corredera
Basándose en esta propiedad de los logarit-
se identifica entonces la cifra a la que corres-
mos, el matem ático ingl és William Willi am Oughtred Oughtred di-
ponde en la regla inferior y se obtiene de esta
señó dos reglas de c álculo: una u na recta y otra cir-
forma el resultado final.
cular, siendo m ás conocida la primera, cuya
Este método resultó mucho más rápido y sen-
fabricaci ón data de 1654. 1654. El fun damento de ope-
cillo de utilizar que la m áquina sumadora de
raci ón de las reglas r eglas de c álculo lcul o es el siguiente: s se e
Pascal, al grado que hasta hace relativamente
tienen tres regletas regletas con m últiples ltipl es escalas, escalas, todas
pocos años se segu í a utilizando cotidianament co tidianamente e
ellas en notaci ón logarí tmica; tmica; las reglas de los
en labores de ingenier í a (hace poco más de 20
extremos son fijas mientras que la intermedia
años todaví a existí a una materia especial de
puede desplazarse de un lado a otro (figura 5).
manejo de la l a regla de cálculo en las escuelas escuelas de
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reglas y en el espaciamiento entre escalas; y aun
sona se vaciaban en una un a tarjeta perforada, en la
las reglas m ás precisas ten í an an un factor de error error
cual una perforaci ón indicaba in dicaba si la persona era
de aproximadamente 1% (y eso empleando una
hombre o mujer, otras perforaciones perforaciones indicaban in dicaban
regla muy grande, de m ás de 50 centí metros metros de
su edad, etc.
largo), aunque usuarios usuario s expertos expertos pod í an an reducir
Al introducir las tarjetas perforadas en la
este factor de error a un m í nimo nimo de 0.1%, sufi-
máquina de Hollerith, una serie de contactos
ciente para la mayor í a de aplicaciones en inge-
eléctricos se cerraban si encontraban una per-
nierí a. a.
foraci ón, y no se establec í a el contacto en caso de no haber un ori ficio; entonces, si por ejemplo
El telar de Jacquard y las tarjetas perforadas
la persona era de sexo sexo masculino , al accion arse dicho contacto se incrementaba el valor de un contador mecánico. Y así , repitiendo este pro-
El siguiente paso en el desarrollo de lo que se-
cedimiento con los lo s dem demás datos, fue posible pro-
rí an an las computadoras electr ónicas, provino de
cesar toda la informaci ón del censo autom áti-
una fuente insospechada: insospechada: a principio s del siglo
camente; empezaban los primeros pri meros balbuceos de
XIX, el investigador franc és Joseph Marie
la informática, área de la tecnolog tecnol og í a que se ocu-
Jacquard diseñó un telar en el que el tejido de la
pa de la automatizaci ón del procesamiento de
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Figura 8
célebre escritor escritor Lord L ord Byron), quien desarroll desarroll ó el el
Máquina diferencial diseñada por Charles Babbage.
primer lenguaje de programaci ón que servir í a precisamente para alimentar los datos a esta máquina. En honor ho nor a ella se ha bautizado bautizado como A DA a un lenguaje de programaci ón que fue muy utiliz ado en en los años ochenta de nuestro siglo, y que incluso incl uso hasta la fecha se emplea emplea en algunas aplicaciones muy espec í ficas. ficas.
Primeras computadoras electromecánicas Durante la primera mitad mitad del siglo XX X X se comenzaron a construir las primeras computadoras basadas en mecanismos y relevadores el éctricos; por ejemplo, en 1930 un cient í fico fico estadoestadotrónicas; por ejemplo, la m áquina se alimenta ali menta--
í
a serie de tarjetas tarjetas perforadas como en-
unidense llamado Vannevar Bush, y un equipo de cientí ficos ficos del Instituto Tecnol ógico de Massa-
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Figura 11
Figura 12 Computadora ABC. Su fabricación quedó inconclusa Rodillo para dar lectura al papel perforado donde se codificaba la informaci ón
John V. Atanasoff
nocieron mundialmente a mediados mediados de los a ñ
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Figura 14
Figura 16
"Colossus", computadora dise ñada por los ingleses para descifrar los mensajes secretos de los alemanes durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
Un t écnico reemplazando una v álvula dañada de la ENIAC
tivo estaba estaba relacionado de alguna forma con fines bélicos). La m áquina quin a pionera en este
Mucho más cono cido (y de hecho considerada durante mucho tiempo la primera computa-
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RELEVADORES,
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Figura 1
entonces permite el paso de la corri ente el éctri-
La primera computadora utilizada en 1947; la ENIAC.
ca hacia el motor; y por el contrario, cuando se suspende la alimentaci ón de 9V, el interruptor mecánico del relevador se abre y entonces impide la circulaci ón de corriente por el circuito (con lo cual el motor deja de funcionar). A hora bien, bi en, tal vez se pregunte usted usted ¿por qué el motor no se controla simplemente simplemente con un inin -
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Figura 3 Elemento b á sico que integran un relevador Armadura móvil
Contactos
Bobina
Núcleo
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Figura 5 Sí mbolos mbolos empleados para representar a los relevadores
ón de fal l as D et ecci cc ó i n y sol sol uci Para detectar este tipo de problemas, se debe proceder de la siguiente manera:
A De una bobina y un contacto interruptor
Bobina
1) Examine el embobinado, embobi nado, para asegurarse que está operando correctamente; para el efecto, hay que alimentar a la bobina con el voltaje nominal nomi nal del relevador. Ante la carencia de una
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Figura 7
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Figura 3
Nota importante: Cualquier falla en el circuito
de esta etapa etapa que se publicaron publicaro n en el n úmero 17
de distorsi ón de cojí n puede originar constantes constantes
óni ca y Servicio Servicio . de Electr
averí as as en U450 U 4501. 1. Para prevenir tales problemas,
Por último, ltimo , en la figura 3 se muestran muestran los oscio sci-
se recomienda consultar los casos de servicio
logramas fundamentales en la deflexi ón vertical.
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EL PROCESO DE CROMA EN VIDEOGRABADORAS SONY (Modo de grabación) C a r l o s G a r c í a Q u i r o z í C o m o s a b em e m o s , l a s eñ a l d e l u m i n a n c i a t i en e n e q u e p a sa sa r p o r u n p r o c es eso q u e l i m i t a su su f r e c u e n c i a y l e
ñ de p e r m i t e co co m b i n a r s e c o n l a s señ ales a u d i o y c r o m a ; a su su v e z , p a r a q u e l a
Generalidades
g r a b a c ó i n e n c i n t a se r e a l i c e c o n l a m a y o r c a l i d a d p o s i b l e, e , l a se señ a l d e c r o m a d e b e co c o n v e r t i r se se e n u n a
El procesamiento de la se ñal de color es diferente al de la se ñal de luminancia. La raz ó n es que las señales de color col or están representadas por
f r e cu cu e n c i a m á s baja para redu cir los
su relaci ón de fase con el b u r s t ; como resultado
e f ec ec t o s p o r v a r i a c i o n e s e n l a v e l o c i d a d
de esto, las variaciones en la velocidad de giro
í d e l t a m b o r y e v i t ar a r a s í d i s t o r si o n e s e n
del tambor (d r u m ) y de la cinta, cin ta, además del esti-
l a i m a g en e n . D e m a n e r a g e n er e r a l , en en e l
ramiento y la contracci co ntracción de ésta, afectan siem-
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Figura 1
7.7MHz 4.2MHz 3.58MHz 629KHz
BPF Entrada de señal de video compuesta
Convertidor principal de frecuencia
ACC
629KHz
LPF
Burst
3.58MHz
APC LOOP Al proceso de luminancia
4.2MHz BPF
3.58MHz vxo
Preénfasis 4.2MHz 3.58MHz 2.9MHz 629KHz
629MHz Interruptor de pulso
Fase de rotación de 90˚
REC AMP
Convertidor de sub-frecuencia
V&H
Sync sep
H
AFC LOOP IC
CH1
CH2
Cabezas de video
1. El control autom ático de color (A CC) mantiemantiene a la señal de color en un nivel ni vel constante. constante. 2. El convert con vertidor idor de la frecuencia principal recibe las señales de colo colorr de 3.58 3.58 MHz, MH z, as í como como
Durante la reproducció n, las señales débiles de burst crear crear án problemas de inestabilidad en el
color de las im ágenes mostradas por el televisor.
una señal de 4.2 MHz que, proveniente proveniente del del con-
Después de estos procesos, la se ñal de color
vertidor de sub–frecuencia, es desplazada en
que se redujo a 629 KHz es combinada con las
fase 90 grados en el perio do de una l í nea nea hori-
señales de FM de luminancia; y luego luego son envia-
zontal zo ntal (H LINE). LIN E). El desplazamiento en fase es
das a los amplifi cadores de grabaci grabaci ón para exci-
para reducir la modulaci ón cruzada de bajas
tar a las cabezas de grabaci ón/ reproducc reproduccii ón.
frecuencias en el modo de reproducci ón. 3. La señal de salida es la suma o la diferencia
Convertidor de sub– frecuencia
de las dos señales de entrada. Sin embargo, la señal de diferencia de 629 KHz que contiene
El circuito que genera la se ñal de entrada (de 4.2
la informaci ón de color colo r de las señales de en-
M Hz) al circuito convertidor convertidor principal de frecuenfrecuen-
trada, es separada de las otras se ñales por un
cia, se llama “convertidor de sub–frecuencia”.
filtro pasa–bajas y luego enviada al circuito circu ito de
Para crear el desplazamiento desplazami ento de 90 grados en
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Figura 3 Diagrama de la se ñ al de color en grabaci ó n (REC)
3 1 r y al
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sa o distorsionada; incluso, a veces ni siquiera
de color de 3.58 MHz en una señal de baja fre-
se efectúa la grabaci ó n. Mas cuando se repro-
cuencia de 629 629 KHz. KHz .
duce una cinta grabada grabada en otro equipo, la imagen se observa o bserva perfectamente. La mayor parte de los circuitos que intervienen en el proceso pro ceso de grabaci ón son circuitos circuitos in-
En la figura 3 mostramos el proceso b ásico de la señal de color en el modo de grabaci ó n, correspondiente al modelo de m áquina objeto de nuestro estudio.
tegrados; por eso es que la mayor í a de las veces
Recuerde que la señal de video que proviene
basta basta con reemplazar reemplazar el procesador procesador Y/ C para que
del sintoniz ador TU701 TU 701 entra por la terminal terminal 32
el problema quede resuelto (figura 2).
al IC201; a su vez, a éste entra entra por la l a terminal 28
Pero las fallas tambi én pueden ocurrir en cir-
la señal que proviene del conector video IN.
cuitos externos tales como amplificadores, fil-
Cuando ambas señales ingresan al IC201, son
tros o cristales. En este caso, siguiendo el reco-
procesadas conjuntamente hasta la salida del
rrido de la se ñal e identificando d ónde se altera
FBC –de manera similar a lo que sucede en el
o desaparece, podemos determinar cu ál es el
proceso de la señal de luminancia –, donde son
dispositivo dañado y proceder a repararlo repararlo o sus-
separadas en señal de croma y de luminancia y
tituirlo.
cada una inicia su propio proceso. La señal de video entra a un filtro pasa –ban-
La señal de crominancia en la videograbadora SLV-L40MX
da de 3.58 MHz; aquí se se extrae cualquier componente de frecuencia que no pertenezca a la señal de color.
Ya explicamos que el proceso de grabaci grabaci ón de
La informaci ón de color colo r sale por las termina-
la señal de color se basa principalmente en un
les 48 y 50 (figura 4A y 4B), y entra al IC202 por
convertidor, cuya funci ón es convertir la se ñal
las terminales 3 y 1 respectivamente. Cabe re-
Figura 4
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cordar que IC202 es un filtro tipo peine, en el que la señal que entra por la terminal 3, se retrasa trasa 1H/ 2H y se combina posteriormente posteriormente con la señal de la terminal 1. Desde aqu aqu í la la señal sale por la terminal 13 y, atravesando el transistor buffer Q210, regresa al IC201 por la terminal 52 Q210,
(figura 4C). Antes de llegar al control autom ático de ganancia de color (A CC), la señal de color es nuevamente filtrada para continuar entonces hacia el bloque del convertidor principal; princi pal; éste convierte la señal de color en se ñales de diferentes frecuencias (suma, diferencia), una de las cuales es la componente de baja frecuencia (629 KHz). Se mencionó antes, que el convertidor principal es alimentado por un subconvertidor de frecuencia que produce una se ñal de 4.2 MHz que atraviesa atraviesa un filtro fil tro pasa –banda para llegar al convertidor principal. De éste sale la se ñal de 629 KHz para entrar a un filtro pasa –bajas para el color (C-LPF), donde se extrae únicamente la señal de color en baja frecuencia, la cual pasa enseguida a la etapa de eliminador de color o killer (KIL); (KIL); la señal de crominancia sale entonenton-
ces por la terminal termin al 14 del IC201 (figura 4E), para combinarse con la señal de luminancia y generar así la la señal REC RF; esta última va al IC260 por la termin al 28, y luego a las cabezas cabez as de grabación correspondientes. correspondientes. El A CC se encuentra encuentra conectado conectado al amplificaamplifi cador de b u r s t (REC (REC BGA ). De aquí la la señal pasa al detector de killer y al detector de control automático de fase. Tambi én dentro del IC201, el ACC AMP se
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ADMINISTRACION POR COMPUTADORA DEL TALLER ELECTRONICO El programa Servitec J. L u i s O r o z c o C u a u t l e
En este art el a u t o r h a c e u n í íc u l o , el
La percepción de la computadora
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en los términos rmino s de la computaci ón. Por lo tan-
Nosotros estamos estamos acostumbrados a pensar en
to, ya desde nuestra formaci ón aprendemos
fallas asociadas solamente a una de estas dos
a abordar los lo s problemas del servicio desde el
caras: la del hardware, pues cuando reparamos
punto de vista de los circuitos mismos, de tal
un equipo de audio o video, ¿qué hacemos sino
manera que ante una falla, lo primero que
corregir fallas en los circuitos? Y al igual que
pensamos es localizar el componente da ña-
cualquier aparato, los circuitos de una compu-
do o la sección desajustada, desajustada, para para lo cual nos no s
tadora tambi én se dañan, pero la diferencia es
auxiliamos con el diagrama y con diversas
que además hay otra fuente de fallas que no ti e-
herramientas e instrumentos. Es decir, inme-
nen que ver con el buen o mal funcionamiento
í sica diatamente pensamos en la l a parte f í sica de los
de los dispositivos; nos no s referimos referimos a las fallas l ó -
equipos.
gicas. ¿Cómo entender una falla l ó gica?
2) Para continuar, se produce en nosotros una
Imagine usted que va viajando en auto por
inercia laboral. Si n no o necesitamos necesitamos la compu-
una ciudad que no conoce, y que se gu í a única-
tadora para dar dar servicio a un televisor, televisor, a una
mente por el conjunto de se ñalizaciones. ¿Qu é
videograbadora o a un reproductor de CDs,
pasa si algún irresponsable modifica modifi ca la direcci ón
¿cuál es la raz ón para adquirir un equipo que, además de costoso, en poco podr í a ayudarnos a resolver directamente nuestros problemas de detecci ón y correcci ó n de aver í as? as? En suma, no le vemos la aplicaci ón a estas m áquinas. 3) Y para terminar, terminar, el mundo de las computadoras cambia tan r ápidamente que f ácilmente descontrola descontrola a quienes no han estado familiarizados desde pequeños con esta esta tecnolo tecnolog gí a. a. En otras palabras, son sistemas que en alguna forma fo rma tienen un estigma estigma generacional. generacional.
de las flechas, elimina algunas se ñales, indica un sol o sentido donde don de en realidad realidad es doble sentido, etc.? etc.? En el mejor de los casos, lo m ás probable es que usted se pierda, porque incluso puede tener un accidente. Pero si usted ha manejado a baja velocidad, no ha tomado una sola gota de licor, tiene buebuena vista y buenos buenos reflejos, no es irrespetuoso irrespetuoso con co n los peatones o con o tros automovilistas, no rebasa de manera imprudente, obedece las se ñales de tr ánsito, ¿entonces donde está la falla? Justamente Justamente en en las instrucciones; como usted es obediente y disciplinado va por d ónde éstas le
¿Significa, entonces, que la computadora no tiene futuro en el taller electr ónico? Todo lo contrario, como explicaremos explicaremos en los siguientes siguientes apartados.
indican y corre a la velocidad que le permiten. Podemos decir entonces, en términos informáticos, que no ha fallado el hardware sino el softw are. Y de hecho, la mayorí a de fallas de un equipo no obedece a daños en los circuitos, sino a
La computadora computadora tiene tiene dos caras, caras,
problemas de configuraci ó n, de virus, de actua-
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que intervienen en la arquitectura modular modu lar de la
de intercambiar experiencias experiencias con otros otro s usuarios;
PC), la diferencia entre hardware y software y
etc.
cómo i nteract nteractúan ambas clases de recursos; las
En otras palabras, lo mejor para empezar es
rutinas de arranque y configuraci ón de un siste-
adquirir una cultura b ásica en torno al mundo
ma; las cuestiones técnicas del sistema operati-
de las computadoras, pero en calidad de simple
vo; los lo s aspectos aspectos relativos a los co ntroladores de
usuario; después viene lo otro. otro . Si usted sigue este este
los perif éricos; la erradicaci ó n de virus
consejo, con sejo, estoy seguro seguro que qu e se le abrir á un mundo
informáticos; etc.
insospechado y su mentalidad mentalidad no volverá a ser la misma; por consiguiente, ser ser á un mejor mejo r espe-
¿Cómo empezar empezar? ?
cialista técnico y podrá resolver los problemas del servicio de manera m ás ágil.
Definitivamente Definiti vamente,, todos estos conceptos son nuevos para nosotros, y plantean una l ógica del ser-
¿ Y en el taller ller en qué usar la la computadora?
vicio que casi en nada tiene que ver con la manera en que estamos acostumbrados a trabajar.
Además de la posibilidad de dedicarse al servi-
Incluso, me ha tocado escuchar personas que
cio a computadoras, tambi én hay que pensar en
quieren el diagrama de cierta computadora para
cómo usarla en el taller. Ya en otra ocasi ón me
repararla, siendo que en la mayor í a de casos lo
co m o referí a a estos aspectos (ver art í culo culo I n t e r n e t co
único que necesitamos son discos con utiler í as as y programas de diagn óstico. Y aún si se diera el caso de da ño en hardware, los mismos programas también podrí an an ayudarnos no s a detectar detectar la falla f í sica sica (aunque (aunqu e hay tarjetas especiales), en cuyo caso no hay mucho que hacer para reparar una tarjeta, por ejemplo, pues por costo, por falta de informaci ón, por la carencia de los componente compo nentes s y por la dificultad de trabajar trabajar con dispositivos de min úsculas dimensiones, es mejor sustituir la parte da ñada como lo que es: es: un m ódulo intercambiable. intercambiable. En suma, lo más probable es que la computadora se haga obsoleta (surgen programas que demandan mayor poder de procesamiento) antes de que el hardware se da ñe. ¿Pero significa
opci servicio electr ón de apoyo al servicio ón i c o , en “Elec-
trónica y Servicio ” No. 3), por lo que simplemente simplemente haré un recordatorio. Los principales usos que una computadora puede tener en el taller, son: 1) Como medio de suministro de informaci ón e intercambio de experiencias, fallas e informaci ó n de gran utilidad a trav és de la red Internet. 2) Como medio de con sulta de sustitutos de parpartes, de diagramas en formato electr ónico (es decir, no impresos, pero listos para imprimirse), de registro y consulta con sulta de las fallas fall as derivadas de la experiencia experiencia propia pro pia y de los colegas, etc.
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sas en el mundo de la electr ónica, no nos asom-
formación para técnicos en servicio a equipos
brarí a que as í sucediera. sucediera.
de electr ó nica de consumo. Precisamente, el
Y por si fuera poco, ya desde hace a ños se
contacto con tacto de esta esta empresa con el medio le ha re-
venden tarjetas que se conectan a la PC para
sultado muy valioso para el dise ño de este soft-
utilizarlas como osciloscopio, y tambi én hay
ware, cuyas aplicaciones en el taller son muy
osciloscopio s que se conectan conectan a la PC para ana-
diversas.
lizar las frecuencias, voltajes de pico a pico y
Servitec Servitec es un programa con interfaz gr áfica
tiempo de una forma de onda, on da, e igualmente para para
(figura 1), 1), por lo que su manejo es muy intuitivo,
tener tener un banco de oscilogramas que sirvan como
como lo es ambiente ambiente Window s 95/ 95/ 98, 98, sobre el
referencia en el servicio. servicio . (Precisamente, en en nues-
que se ejecuta. Cuenta con distintos m ódulos,
tro paí s ya están a la venta venta varios osciloscopios osciloscopio s
uno de los cuales permite llevar un control de
de la prestigiada marca alemana Hameg, que
entradas y salidas de los aparatos al taller, aso-
cuentan cuentan con interfaz y software para conexi ón a
ciando todos sus datos como marca, modelo,
la PC, sin necesidad n ecesidad de aditamentos especiales.)
serie, nombre del cliente y datos del éste, nom-
Puede usted advertir advertir que las l as posibilidades posibil idades que
bre del técnico que lo tiene a su cargo para re-
brinda una computadora son amplias, indepenindependientemente de que usted no se dedique al ensamblado samblado y/ o reparaci reparació n de estas m áquinas.
paraci ón, etc. Tambi Tambi én permite llevar un registro de cada aparato en lo que se refiere a la relaci ón con el cliente, consignando datos como presupuesto,
El programa Servitec
fechas de aceptaci ón, fecha de reparaci ón, forma de pago y dí a en que el equipo es entregado.
Llegamos al punto que mencionamos en el t í tutu-
Igualmente, Servitec Servitec ofrece un m ódulo para con-
lo de este artí culo: culo: el programa Servitec para la
signar el tipo de aver í a reportada en el aparato,
administración del taller.
resultando resultando de gran utilidad como un archivo de
Este software ha sido desarrollado por una
experiencias experiencias que puede pueden n facilitar la localiz aci ón
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Otra de los m ódulos dulo s que ofrece Servitec, es el el de facturaci ón, mediante el cual la factura se
Memorias EEPROM
expide de manera automatizada, contabilizando y desglosando los diferentes cargos, como
Número
Ch Chasis
Número
Chasis
costo de refaccion es, mano de obra, descuentos descuentos
4
CTC170A
30
CTC177AM2
preferenciales, IVA y hasta fletes y gastos de en-
6
CTC170C
25
CTC177BB
2
CTC170K
26
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CTC170L
3
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3
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ví o en caso de que el cliente se encuentre en
s
una ciudad lejana o prefiera que el aparato sea
cr
a
entregado entregado en su domicilio . Otros de los recursos de Servitec Servitec son: control
a
de almacén, de gastos, reportes de garant í as as y
M
reportes históricos de reparaciones por orden,
s
operario , tipo y marca de aparato. Tambi én per-
ar
mite generar listados de clientes, de proveedores, de las actividades del taller, de compras, com pras, etc.
t O
Este software softw are cuenta también con un conjunto
y
de servicios que facilitan las operaciones
E
informáticas del usuario y sus comunicaciones
G
con los l os clientes; cli entes; entre dichos servicios destacan:
• Control visual de todos los departamentos y procesos del taller. • Control Contro l de operaciones mediante la l ógica Drag and Drop (arrastrar y soltar). (arrastrar • M ensajer ensajerí a electr ónica nic a para enviar enviar presupues-
,
4
CTC175A
4
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15
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6
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9
CT CTC177BH2 CT C TC177BH3
6
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9
2
CTC175K
9
CT CTC177BM2
2
CTC175K2
35
CTC177BP2
2
CTC175L
22
CTC177CC
2
CTC175L2
1
CTC185A
20
CTC176C
1
CTC185AA
14
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1
CTC185AB
16
CTC176F
1
CTC185B
21
CT CTC176F2
1
CTC185M
18
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23
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13
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23
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12
CTC176L2
29
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CTC176N2
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29
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10
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11
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19
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38
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32
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33
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MEDICION DEL ALTO VOLTAJE EN EL SERVICIO ELECTRONICO L e o p o l d o P a r r a R e yn yn a d a
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Figura 1
Yugo de alta deflexió deflexión
Triple cañó cañón n electró electrónico
Pantalla negra y casi plana
Varias rejillas de enfoque y aceleració aceleración
Fósforo en tiras verticales
Máscara de sombras con orificios alargados
nes producidos en los cátodos del tubo de rayos
tení an an que “creerla” debido a la carenci a de me-
catódicos (figura 1); sabemos sabemos tambi én que en los
í sicamente. dios para comprobarla f í sicamente.
televisores blanco y negro este voltaje oscila
A hora bien, bien , es cierto que desde hace muchos
entre 8,000 y 10,000 VDC, y que en aparatos a
años diversos fabricantes de equipos de medi-
color llega l lega f ácilmente arriba de 20,000 VDC. In-
ción han producido accesorios especiales para
cluso, algunos profesores “osados” eran capa-
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Figura 3
Como su nombre lo indica, indi ca, la funci ó n de esta punta de prueba es dividir el alto voltaje hasta obtener obtener un valor que sí pueda pueda ser registrado registrado por po r nuestro instrumento de medici ón. Como ya se mencionó, la mayor í a de los mult í metros metros poseen una escala que permite medir entre 600 y 1000 VDC; decidimos entonces que la punta de prueba en cuesti ó n dividiera dividi era la tensi ón en un factor de 100, de modo que si, por ejemplo, el multí metro metro expide una medici ón de 200 VDC, al multiplicarla por 100 obtendremos el valor correcto de 20,000 VDC. La construcci ón de esta punta resulta enga-
la medici ó n de voltajes; por lo general, se trata de puntas divisoras de voltaje que se adaptan a un multí metro metro tradicional y permiten medir
ñosamente sencilla, sencill a, seg según nos no s indica su diagrama esquemático (figura 4). Se trata en realidad de una serie de resistencias conectadas como un divisor divi sor de voltaje. Note No te que tenemos en serie
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Figura 5
A
nalmente llegar á hasta el aparato de medici ón y lo pondrá en grave riesgo.
B
Vea en la figura 5 el aspecto final fin al de esta punta de prueba tanto en versi ó n “austera” (A) como
Para hacer m ás manipulable manipul able este proyecto, proyecto, es
en versi ó n “de lujo ” (B); esta última f ácilmente
recomendable recomendable introducirlo en un pequeño tubo
puede confundirse con un accesorio accesorio original muy
no conductor; pero no olvide forrarlo primero
costoso. Y vea tambi én en la figura 6 la forma
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Figura 7
Rondana de malla de alambre Anillo fijador
Ensamble del magnetró magnetrón Terminales del filamento (secundario)
Transformador
Terminal central del filamento Terminales de alto voltaje (secundario)
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LISTA PRECIOS DE TARJETAS DE INSTRUMENTOS DE APOYO AL SERVICIO ELECTRONICO (Diseñados por: Ing. Leopoldo Parra y Profr. J. Luis Orozco)
PUNTA DE ALTO VOLTAJE P o r s ó lo l o $ 1 00 0 .. 00 0 Descripción
Precio
Clave
• Punta de alto voltaje
$ 100.00
HV-5
• Medidor de potencia
$ 100.00
WATT-3
• Reductor de frecuencia • Transformador relación 1:1 a 1.5Amp • Variac electrónico • Fuente 1-30V, 2.5A • Bobina demagnetizadora
$ 110.00
HZ-4
$ 500.00 $ 210.00 $ 240.00 $ 190.00
TR-1 DIM-2 PS-6 DG-7
Con la calidad y respaldo de
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Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.