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Problemas de Persecución
1
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Reaction Intermediate
Physics_12_By International_Coppers
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Electromeric efect: efect: The phenomenon of movement of electrons from one ato
another in multibonded atoms at the demand of attacking reagent is called electrom eec eect. t. It is deno denote ted d as E-ee E-eect ct and and repr repres esen ente ted d by a curv curved ed arr arrow ( shifting of electron pair.
A
E
B
A
) showi showi
B
Reagent polar
Important eatures o electromeric efect 1-it 1-it is a temporary eect. 2-it is brought into play instantaneously at the demand of the attacking reagent. reagent. oweve soon as the attacking reagent is removed! original electronic condition is restored.
C
O
Attacking reaagent
Attacking C
O
reaagent removed
C
O
3- The electromeri electromeric c eect eect is of common common occurr occurrence ence during addition addition of polar polar reagent reagent "#"! "#$ and "#% bonds etc. 4- The eect involves the complete transfer of & electrons. electrons. 5- There is a complete charge formation and ions are formed. Type o electromeric o electromeric efect- The electromeric efect is o two types '- E eect - *E eect
Master your semester withofScribd '- E Eect+hen the transfer electrons take place towards the attacking reagent! th Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title eect is called E eect. The addition of acids to alkenes. & The New York Times Useful Not useful Cancel anytime.
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C
C
+
H
C
C
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Problemas de Persecución
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C
1
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O
+
Reaction Intermediate
Physics_12_By International_Coppers
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CN
C
O
CN
The attacking reagent is not attached to that atom on which electrons have transferred.
Mesomeric efect- it is a special type o resonating eect in which a functional g
is bonded with unsaturated carbon atom / can visuali0ed by various canonical for known as mesmeric eect or resonance eect . It is represented by the 1 or 2.
H2C
C H
H2C
H2C
NH2
NH2
H2C
C H
NH2
NH2
In the above eample the lone pair of electron moves towards unsaturated group or ato The mesomeric eect is of two types.
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'M efect- 3toms or functional groups which are con4ugated to the unsatu carbon atoms and donate of its lone pair Unlock fullelectron access withtowards a free trial.carbon atom are called 1 e These are as fallows
Download With Free Trial NH2
<
NHR
<
NR 2
<
OH
<
OR
<
O
NHCR
O
<
5ecreasing order of 1 eect
OCR
< <
F
Master your semester with Scribd Read Free 30this Days Sign up to vote on title In phenol! the -$ group shows 1 eect due to delocali0ation ofFor lone pair on oygen at towards the ring. Thus the electron density on ben0enering is increased particularly on & The New York Times Useful Not useful andOnly para positions. Special offer forortho students: $4.99/month.
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Problemas de Persecución
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Reaction Intermediate
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- -1 eect - 3toms or functional groups which are con4ugated to the unsatu carbon atoms and pi bond electrons of moves towards atoms or functional groups are c -1 eect. These are as fallows
NO2
<
SO3H
<
CN
<
CHO
<
C
O
<
COOH
<
COOR
<
O
C
NH
5ecreasing order of -1 eect
The nitro group! -%$! in nitroben0ene shows -1 eect due to delocali0ation of con4ugate electrons as shown below. %ote that the electron density on ben0ene ring is decreased particularly on ortho and positions
You're deactivates Reading a Preview This is the reason for why nitro group the ben0ene ring towards electr substitution reaction Unlock full access with a free trial.
!esonance-
Download Free Trial There are so many structure of organic and With inorganic compound which structure canno represent by any single structure but written by 1ore than one structure. 6ut none of t eplains all the observed properties of the molecule. The solution is to write an averag all the valid structures! which eplains all the properties. This condition is usually referr as resonance or mesomerism or "elocali#ation. The representation of structure of a molecule as a average of two or more hypothe Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title structures! which only dier by the arrangement of electrons but with same position Useful Not useful atoms is referred to as resonance. Cancel anytime. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.
Master your semester with Scribd & The New York Times $alient eatures o resonance:
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Problemas de Persecución
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(or e)ample $tructure o urea*
Sheet Music O
N H2N
NH2
I
') It should be a diacidic base! ) The bond length of "-% bond is e8ual to the normal "-% bond length and ) %o dipole moment since it is symmetrical. owever it is observed that9 ') :rea is a monoacidic base! ) It has shorter than epected bond length for "-% bond and ) It shows dipole moment. ence! to account for above observations! the actual structure of urea is represented resonance hybrid of following resonance structure
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I
II
III Download With Free Trial O
Master your semester with Scribd N Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title & The New York Times Useful Not useful The contributing structures are always shown to be linked by using double headed arr HN
NH
RESONSNCE HYBRID
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Problemas de Persecución
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;ekule
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5ewar
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2esonance hybrid
The actual structure of ben0ene is thus shown to be the hybrid of these contribu structures. The bond order of every "-" bond is '.= and hence the every "-" bond leng reported to be same and e8uals to '.> 3 o! which is in between the bond length values " single bond ('.=7 3 o) and "#" double bond ('.? 3 o ). 5ue to resonance! ben0ene gets etra stability and does not undergo electrophilic add reactions. owever it shows electrophilic substitution reactions. This phenomenon is kn as aromaticity. 3 resonance hybrid structure is more stable than of its resonating structure. The diere between in the energy between the hybrid and most stable structure is no resonance ener&y. This energy dierence is e8ual to @ ;calA mole.
E2
You're Reading a Preview Re$onating $tr%ct%re E)
Unlock full access with a free trial. E ! 3" Free cal#mole Download With Trial
Re$onance &'(rid
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Energy - structures diagram of 6en0ene Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.
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H2C
C H
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Reaction Intermediate
Physics_12_By International_Coppers
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Cl
H2C
C H
Cl
Binyl chloride 3 The higher reactivity of halogen atom in alkyl halide is due to the fact that the ally lith ion gets stabili0ed by resonance.
H2C
C H
H2 C
Cl
H2C
H2C
C H
CH2
C H
+
CH2
Cl
+
Cl
7 The colour of dyes can be eplain on the basis of resonance.
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