Educational Research Mcqs Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.) 1. Mrs. Smith is writing her daily observations of a student and writes, without interpretation, that the student is not completing the class work and is constantly speaking out of turn. Which of the following objectives does she appear to be using? a. prediction b. description c. eplanation d. eploration !. Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by teachers, counselors, and other professionals to answer "uestions they have and to specifically specifically help them solve local problems? a. action research b. basic research c. predictive research d. orientational research research #. $ow much confidence should you place in a single research research study? a. you should completely trust a single research study. b. you should trust research findings after different researchers have found the same findings c. neither a nor b d. both a and b %. &he development of a solid foundation of reliable knowledge typically typically is built from which type of research? a. basic research b. action research c. evaluation research d. orientational research research '. Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises? a. rationalism b. deductive reasoning c. inductive reasoning d. probabilistic probabilistic (. &he idea that when selecting between two different theories with e"ual eplanatory value, one should select the theory that is the most simple, concise, and succinct is known as )))))))))))). a. criterion of falsifiability falsifiability b. critical theory c. guide of simplicity d. rule of parsimony
*. +esearch that is done to eamine the findings of someone else using the same variables but different people is which of the following? a. eploration b. hypothesis c. replication d. empiricism -. )))))))))))))))) is the idea that that knowledge comes from eperience. eperience. a. rationalism b. deductive reasoning c. logic d. empiricism . /ccording to your tet, what are the five key objectives of science? a. prediction, summary, conclusion, eplanation, eplanation, description b. influence, prediction, "uestions, eploration, answers c. eploration, description, eplanation, eplanation, prediction, influence d. "uestions, answers, prediction, eplanation, summary 10. / researcher researcher designs an eperiment to test how variables interact to influence how well children learn spelling words. words. n this case, the main purpose of the study was2 a. 3planation b. 4escription c. nfluence d. 5rediction 11. &here is a set of churches in the 6.S. where part of the service involves snake handling. &he researcher wants to find out why the people attending these churches do this and how they feel and think about it. n this case, the primary purpose of the study is2 a. 3ploration b. 4escription c. nfluence d. 5rediction 1!. Which of the following following is not a characteristic characteristic of a good theory or eplanation? eplanation? a. t is parsimonious b. t is is testable c. t is general enough to apply apply to more than one place, place, situation, or person person d. /ll of the above above are characteristics characteristics of good theories 1#. Which of the following following is not a basic assumption assumption of science? a. Science cannot cannot provide answers answers to all all "uestions b. t is possible to distinguish distinguish between more more and less plausible plausible claims c. +esearchers should follow certain agreed upon norms and practices d. Science is best at at solving value conflicts, conflicts, such as whether whether abortion is immoral 1%. What general type of research research is focused on collecting information to help a researcher researcher advance an ideological or political position? a. 3valuation research b. 7asic research c. /ction research d. 8rientational research research 1'. Which 9scientific method: follows these steps2 1; observation
a. nductive b. 4eductive c. mductive d. &op down 1(. +ene 4escartes is associated with which of the following approached to knowledge generation? a. 3mpiricism b. +ationalism c. 3pert opinion d. =one of the above 1*. Which scientific method is a top>down or confirmatory approach? approach? a. 4eductive method b. nductive method c. $ypothesis method d. 5attern method 1-. Which scientific method is a bottom>up or generative approach to research? research? a. 4eductive method b. nductive method c. $ypothesis method d. 5attern method 1. Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theories? a. 4eductive method b. nductive method c. $ypothesis method d. 5attern method !0. Which scientific method often focuses on generating new hypotheses and theories? a. 4eductive method b. nductive method c. $ypothesis method d. 5attern method !1. Which of the following statements is true of a theory? a. it most simply means 9eplanation: b. it answers the 9how: and 9why: "uestions c. it can be a well developed eplanatory eplanatory system d. all of the above are correct /nswers2 1. b !. a #. b %. a '. b (. d *. c -. d . c 10. a
11. 1!. 1#. 1%. 1'. 1(. 1*. 1-. 1. !0. !1.
a d d d a b a b a b d
Chapter 2 Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.) 1. Which research paradigm is based on the pragmatic view of reality? a. "uantitative research b. "ualitative research c. mied research d. none of the above !. Which research paradigm is least concerned about generaliing its findings? a. "uantitative research b. "ualitative research c. mied research d. none of the above #. Which of the following best describes "uantitative research? research? a. the collection of nonnumerical data b. an attempt to confirm the researcher@s researcher@s hypotheses c. research that is eploratory d. research that attempts to generate a new theory %. / condition or characteristic characteristic that can take on different values or categories is called ))). a. a constant b. a variable c. a cause>and>effect cause>and>effect relationship d. a descriptive relationship relationship '. / variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called aAn;2 a. categorical variable b. dependent variable c. independent variable d. intervening variable (. /ll of the following are common characteristics of eperimental research ecept2 a. it relies primarily on the collection of numerical data b. it can produce important knowledge about cause and effect c. it uses the deductive scientific method
d. it rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or environment *. Bualitative research is often eploratory and has all of the following characteristics ecept2 a. it is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest b. it relies on the collection of nonnumerical data such as words and pictures c. it is used to generate hypotheses and develop develop theory about phenomena in the world d. it uses the inductive scientific method -. Which type of research provides the strongest evidence about the eistence of cause>and>effect cause>and>effect relationships? relationships? a. noneperimental +esearch b. eperimental +esearch . What is the key defining characteristic of eperimental research? research? a. etraneous variables are never present b. a positive correlation usually eists c. a negative correlation usually eists d. manipulation of the independent variable 10. n ))))), random assignment to groups is never possible and the researcher cannot manipulate the independent variable. a. basic research b. "uantitative research c. eperimental research d. causal>comparative and correlational research 11. What is the defining characteristic of eperimental research? research? a. resistance to manipulation b. manipulation of the independent variable c. the use of open>ended "uestions d. focuses only on local problems 1!.. / positive correlation is present when ))))))). a. two variables move in opposite directions. b. two variables move in the same direction. c. one variable goes up and one goes down d. several variables never change. 1#. +esearch in which the researcher uses the "ualitative paradigm for one phase and the "uantitative paradigm for another phase is known as )))))). a. action research b. basic research c. "uantitative research d. mied method research e. mied model research 1%. +esearch in which the researcher uses both "ualitative and "uantitative research within a stage or across two of the stages in the research process is known as )))))). a. action research b. basic research c. "uantitative research d. mied method research e. mied model research 1'.. +esearch +esearch that is done to understand an event from the past is known as )))))? a. eperimental research b. historical research c. replication d. archival research 1(. )))))) research research occurs when the researcher researcher manipulates the independent
variable. a. causal>comparative research b. eperimental research c. ethnography d. correlational research 1*.. Which of the following includes eamples of "uantitative variables? a. age, temperature, income, height b. grade point average, aniety level, reading reading performance c. gender, religion, ethnic group d. both a and b 1-.. What is the opposite of a variable? a. a constant b. an etraneous variable variable c. a dependent variable d. a data set 1. Which of the following is the type of noneperimental research research in which the primary independent variable of interest is categorical? a. causal>comparative research b. eperimental research c. "ualitative research d. mied research !0. Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable? a. age b. annual income c. grade point average d. religion !1. n research, something that does not vary is called a ))))))))))). a. variable b. method c. constant d. control group !!. When interpreting a correlation coefficient epressing the relationship between two variables, it is very important to avoid ))))))). a. checking the strength of relationship relationship b. jumping to the conclusion of causality c. checking the direction of the relationship d. epressing a relationship with a correlation coefficient !#. / researcher researcher studies achievement by children in poorly funded elementary schools. She develops a model that posits parent involvement as an important variable. She believes that parent involvement has an impact on children by increasing their motivation to do school work. &hus, in her model, greater parent involvement leads to higher student motivation, which in turn creates higher student achievement. Student motivation is what kind of variable in this study? a. Manipulated variable b. 3traneous variable c. Confounding variable d. Mediating or intervening variable !%. &he strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research methods? a. 3perimental b. Causal>comparative Causal>comparative c. Correlational d. 3thnography
!'. Which correlation is the strongest? a. D.10 b. >.' c. D.0 d. >1.00 !(. &he correlation between intelligence test scores and grades is2 a. 5ositive b. =egative c. 5erfect d. &hey are not correlated /nswers2 1. c !. b #. b %. b '. c (. d *. a -. b . d 10. d 11. b 1!. b 1#. d 1%. e 1'. b 1(. b 1*. d 1-. a 1. a !0. d !1. c !!. b !#. d !%. a !'. d !(. a
Chapter 3 Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.) 1. / good "ualitative problem statement2 a. 4efines the independent and dependent variables b. Conveys a sense of emerging design
c. Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested d. Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher epects to find !. &he 9tool: function of theory is to2 a. Summarie eisting knowledge b. Summarie eisting hypotheses c. Suggest new relationships relationships and make new predictions d. Suggest new theories #. &he statement of purpose in a research study should2 a. dentify the design of the study b. dentify the intent or objective of the study c. Specify the type of people to be used in the study d. 4escribe the study %. Why is the statement 9What are the effects of etracurricular etracurricular activities on cognitive development of school age children: children: not a good statement of a "uantitative research "uestion? a. 7ecause there is no connection between etracurricular etracurricular activities and cognitive development b. 7ecause there are not enough school age children engaged in etracurricular activities to conduct the study c. 7ecause the study would be too difficult to do given all the different etracurricular activities d. 7ecause the statement was not specific enough to provide an understanding of the variables being investigated investigated '. / "ualitative research research "uestion2 a. /sks a "uestion about some process, or phenomenon to be eplored b. s generally an open>ended "uestion c. both a and b are correct d. =one of the above (. /ccording to the tet, which of the following orders is the recommended in the flowchart of the development of a research idea? a. +esearch topic, research problem, research purpose, research "uestion, hypothesis b. +esearch topic, research purpose, research problem, research "uestion, hypothesis c. +esearch topic, research problem, research purpose, research "uestion, hypothesis d. +esearch topic, hypothesis, research problem, research "uestion, research purpose *. t is essential that you evaluate the "uality of internet resources because information obtained via the internet ranges from very poor to very good. a. &rue b. Ealse -. a. b. c. d. e.
8ne step that is not included included in planning a research research study study is2 dentifying a researchable problem / review of current research Statement of the research "uestion Conducting a meta>analysi meta>analysis s of the research research 4eveloping a research plan
. Sources of researchable problems can include2
a. b. c. d.
+esearchers@ own eperiences eperiences as educators educator s 5ractical issues that re"uire solutions &heory and past research /ll of the above
10. / key key characteristic of past research that guides researchers researchers in new research "uestions is that2 a. 3tensive research conclusively conclusivel y and definitively answers research "uestions "uestion s b. Studies typically generate generate more research research "uestions than they answer answer 11. Which of the following is a function of theory? a. ntegrating and summariing current current knowledge knowledge b. Making predictions c. 3plaining phenomena d. /ll of the above are important functions of theory 1!. / review of the literature literature prior to formulating research research "uestions allows the researcher researcher to do which of the following? a. &o become familiar with prior research on the phenomenon of interest b. &o identify potential methodological problems in the research area c. &o develop a list of pertinent problems relative to the phenomenon of interest d. /ll of the above 1#. Sometimes a comprehensive comprehensive review of the literature literature prior to data collection is not recommended by grounded theorists. a. &rue b. Ealse 1%. What kind of ideas can@t be empirically researched? a. 3ffectiveness 3ffectiveness of different different methods of instruction instruction b. 4escription of educational educational practices practices c. ssues of values and morality such as the correctness correctness of having prayer in schools d. Eactors helpful in predicting future drug use 1'. Which of the following following is not a database containing containing information information to be used during the literature review? a. 3+C b. 5sych=E8 c. SocioEF3 d. all of the above are potentially potentiall y useful data bases 1(. Computer database database searches searches can be be done2 a. With a computer with C4>+8M drive drive b. /t the library c. 8nline d. /ll of the above 1*. &he feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of2 a. Cost and time re"uired to conduct the study study b. Skills re"uired re"uired of the researcher researcher c. 5otential ethical concerns d. /ll of the above
1-. / formal statement statement of the research research "uestion or 9purpose of research research study: study: generally )))))). a. s made prior to to the literature literature review b. s made after the literature review c. Will help guide the research process d. /ll of the above e. b and c 1. s the following "ualitative "ualitative research research purpose statement 9well 9well stated: or 9poorly stated:? 9&he focus of the present study was to eplore distressing distressing and nurturing encounters of patients with caregivers caregivers and to ascertain the meanings that are engendered by such encounters. &he study was conducted on one of the surgical units and the obstetrical
bed community hospital.: a. t is a well stated b. t is poorly stated !0. Which of the following following "uantitative research research "uestions "uestions is superior? a. 9What is the effect of participation participation in various various etracurricular etracurricular activities on academic performance?: b. 9What effect does playing playing high school football have have on students@ overall overall grade point average during the football season?: !1. / statement of the "uantitative "uantitative research research "uestion should2 should2 a. 3tend the statement of purpose by specifying eactly the "uestionAs; "uestionAs; the researcher will address b. $elp the research research in selecting selecting appropriate participants, research research methods, measures, and materials c. Specify the variables of interest d. /ll of the above !!. &he research participants are described in detail in which section of the research plan? a. ntroduction b. Method c. 4ata analysis d. 4iscussion !#. +esearch hypotheses hypothe ses are )))))). a. Eormulated Eormulated prior to a review of the literature b. Statements of predicted predicted relationships relationships between variables variables c. Stated such that that they can be confirmed or refuted d. b and c !%. $ypotheses in "ualitative "ualitative research research studies studies usually ))))). ))))). a. /re very specific specific and stated prior to beginning beginning the study b. /re often generated as the data data are collected, interpreted, interpreted, and analyed analyed c. /re never used d. /re always stated after the research study has been completed !'. / research plan ))))). a. Should be detailed detailed b. Should be given to others for review review and comments comments
c. Sets out the rationale rationale for a research study d. /ll of the above !(. &he Method section of the the research research plan typically specifies specifies a. &he research participants participant s b. &he results of prior studies studies that address address the phenomena of interest interest c. &he apparatus, instruments, instruments, and materials materials for the research research study d. &he planned research research procedures e. a, c and d !*. &he ntroduction ntroduction section of the the research research plan a. Gives an overview of prior relevant studies studies b. Contains a statement statement of the purpose of the study study c. Concludes with a statement statement of the research "uestions and, and, for "uantitative research, it includes the research hypothesis d. /ll of the above !-. /ccording to your tet, which of the following is not a source of research ideas? a. 3veryday life b. 5ractical issues c. 5ast research d. &heory e. /ll of the above /+3 sources of research ideas ideas /nswers2 1. b !. c #. b %. d '. c (. a *. a -. d . d 10. b 11. d 1!. d 1#. a 1%. c 1'. d 1(. d 1*. d 1-. e 1. a !0. b !1. d !!. b !#. d !%. b !'. d !(. e !*. d !-. e
Chapter Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.) 1. Which of the following is not an assumption underlying testing and measurement? a. Harious approaches to measuring aspects of the same thing can be useful b. 3rror is rarely present in the measurement measurement process process c. 5resent>day behavior predicts future behavior d. &esting and assessment benefit society !. Systematic error is associated with2 a. +eliability b. Halidity #. Which of the following is a type of criterionIrelated validity evidence? a. Concurrent evidence b. 5redictive evidence c. nternal consistency d. 7oth a and b are correct correct answers %. f a test measures a single construct then2 a. &he items should correlate correlate with the total total score b. &he items should not correlate correlate with the total score c. &he test should not correlate correlate with other other measures of the same same construct d. &here must be a reliable alternative form. '. 5rofessor J develops a test of emotional intelligence. Which of the following represent represent convergent and discriminant evidence? a. &he test correlates correlates highly with another test of emotional intelligence intelligence and is uncorrelated with self>efficacy b. &he test correlates with with highly with another test of emotional intelligence intelligence and is highly correlated with self>efficacy c. &he test does not correlate correlate with another another test of emotional intelligence, intelligence, but does correlate with self>efficacy d. &he test does not correlate with other tests of emotional emotional intelligence nor with self> self> efficacy (. /n ordinal scale is used to rank order people, objects, or characteristics. characteristics. a. &rue b. Ealse *. Which scale is the simplest form of measurement? measurement? a. =ominal b. 8rdinal c. nterval d. +atio
-. )))))) tests focus on information ac"uired ac"uired through the informal learning learning that goes on in life. a. 5ersonality b. /chievement c. /ptitude d. ntelligence . Fet@s say that a test accurately indicates participants@ scores on a future criterion Ae.g., the 5S/& is used to indicate high>school G5/ scores;. &his test would clearly have which of the following? a. Eace validity b. Concurrent validity c. 5redictive validity d. Content validity 10. f a baseball coach calculates batting averages, what scale would be used? a. nterval scale b. +atio scale c. =ominal scale d. 8rdinal scale 11. /ccording to the tet, most of the outcome7inet c. Minnesota Multiphasic Multiphasic 5ersonality 5ersonality nventoryAMM5; nventoryAMM5; d. Slosson 1%. +eliability +eliability is most simply known as which of the following? a. Consistency or stability stability b. /ppropriateness /ppropriateness of interpretations interpretations on the basis of test scores scores c. Ways in which people are the same d. / rank order of participants on some characteristic characteristic 1'. /n ordinal scale is2 a. &he simplest form of measurement b. / rank>order scale of measurement c. / scale with e"ual intervals between adjacent numbers d. / scale with an absolute ero point e. / categorical scale 1(. Which of the following is not a type of reliability? reliability?
a. &est>retest b. Split>half c. Content d. nternal consistency 1*. Which of the following statements accurately describes test>retest reliability? reliability? a. Measure of consistency of test scores scores over time b. Measure of consistency consistency of scores obtained from two e"uivalent e"uivalent halves of the same test c. Measure of consistency consistency with which a test measures measures a single construct or concept d. Measure of degree degree of agreement between two or more scorers, scorers, judges, or raters 1-. Which of the following types of reliability refers refers to the consistency of test scores over time? a. 3"uivalent forms reliability b. Split>half reliability reliability c. &est>retest reliability d. nter>scorer reliability 1. dentify the following term that most closely refers to a judgement of the etent to which scores from a test can be used to infer, or predict, the eamineesK eamineesK performance in some activity2 a. Content reliability reliability b. Eace validity c. Criterion>related Criterion>related validity d. nference validity !0. Which of the following is the correct order of Stevens@ four levels of measurement? a. 8rdinal, nominal, ratio, interval b. =ominal, ordinal, interval, ratio c. nterval, nominal, ordinal, ratio d. +atio, interval, nominal, ordinal !1. Which is the process of gathering evidence supporting inferences based test scores? a. Halidation b. Halidity c. +eliability d. 5rediction !!. When evaluating tests and assessments, 9reliability: refers to asking ourselves which of the following "uestions? a. 4oes it measure measure what it is supposed supposed to measure? b. /re there ways to avoid subjective subjective judgments when measuring measuring something? c. 4oes it give give consistent consistent results? results? d. 4oes it measure measure multiple constructs? constructs? !#. Halidity of a test designed to measure a construct such as self>esteem is best described by which of the following? a. Scores from the test correlate highly with most intelligence tests b. Scores from the test test correlate highly highly with most tests of different different constructs c. Scores from the test test are not correlated correlated with anything anything d. Scores from the test have a relatively strong and positive correlation with other tests of the
same construct Ai.e., with other measures of self>esteem; self>esteem; but much lower correlations correlations with tests of different constructs !%. Which type of reliability refers to the consistency of a group of individualsK scores on two e"uivalent forms of a test designed to measure measure the same characteristic? characteristic? a. Split>half b. &est>retest c. Split>forms d. 3"uivalent forms !'. /chievement tests are designed to measure the degree of learning that has taken place after a person has been eposed to a specific learning eperience. a. &rue b. Ealse !(. ))))))))) refers to how well the particular sample of behaviors used to measure a characteristic reflec reflects ts the entire domain of behaviors that constitutes that characteristic. a. Construct validity evidence b. Criterion>related validity evidence c. Content validity evidence d. Eace validity evidence /nswers2 1. b !. b #. d %. a '. a (. a *. a -. c . c 10. b 11. b 1!. a 1#. c 1%. a 1'. b 1(. c 1*. a 1-. c 1. c !0. b !1. a !!. c !#. d !%. d !'. a !(. c
Chapter !
Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.) 1. /ccording to your tet, how many points should a rating scale have? a. Eive b. Eour c. &en d. Somewhere from % to 11 points !. What is the problemAs; with this set of response categories to the "uestion 9What is your current age?: 1>' '>10 10>!0 !0>#0 #0>%0 a. &he categories are not mutually eclusive b. &he categories are not ehaustive c. 7oth a and b are problems d. &here is no problem with the above set of response categories #. Lou should mi methods in a way that provides complementary strengths and nonoverlapping weaknesses. weaknesses. &his is known as the fundamental principle of mied research. a. &rue b. Ealse %. /ccording to the tet, "uestionnaires "uestionnaires can address events and characteristics characteristics taking place when? a. n the past Aretrospective Aretrospective "uestions; b. n the present Acurrent time "uestions; c. n the t he future Aprospective "uestions; d. /ll of the above '. Which of the following are principles of "uestionnaire construction? a. Consider using multiple methods when measuring abstract constructs b. 6se multiple items to measure abstract constructs c. /void double>barreled "uestions d. /ll of the above e. 8nly b and and c (. Which of these is not a method of data collection. a. Buestionnaires Buestionnaires b. nterviews c. 3periments d. 8bservations *. Secondary
-. /n item that directs participants to different follow>up "uestions depending on their response is called a )))))))))))). a. +esponse set b. 5robe c. Semantic differential d. Contingency "uestion . Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally collected collected at an earlier time by a different person for a different purpose? a. 5rimary data b. Secondary data c. 3perimental data d. Eield notes 10. +esearchers +esearchers use both open>ended and closed>ended "uestions to collect data. Which of the following statements is true? a. 8pen>ended "uestions directly provide "uantitative data based on the researcher@s researcher@s predetermined predetermined response categories b. Closed>ended "uestions provide "uantitative data in the participant@s own words c. 8pen>ended "uestions provide "ualitative data in the participant@s own words d. Closed>ended "uestions directly provide "ualitative data in the participants@ own words 11. 8pen>ended "uestions provide primarily )))))) data. a. Confirmatory data b. Bualitative data c. 5redictive data d. =one of the above 1!. Which of the following is true concerning observation? a. t takes less time than self>report approaches b. t costs less money than self>report self>report approaches c. t is often not possible to determine eactly why the people behave as they do d. /ll of the above 1#. Bualitative observation is usually done for eploratory purposes it is also called ))))))))))) observation. a. Structured b. =aturalistic c. Complete d. 5robed 1%. /s discussed in chapter (, when constructing a "uestionnaire it is important to do each of the the following ecept )))))). a. 6se leading or loaded "uestions b. 6se natural language c. 6nderstand your research research participants d. 5ilot your test "uestionnaire 1'. /nother name for a Fikert Scale is aAn;2 a. nterview protocol b. 3vent sampling c. Summated rating scale d. +anking
1(. Which of the following is not one of the si major methods of data collection that are used by educational researchers? a. 8bservation b. nterviews c. Buestionnaires d. Checklists 1*. &he type of interview in which the specific topics are decided in advance but the se"uence and wording can be modified during the interview is called2 a. &he interview guide approach b. &he informal conversational interview c. / closed "uantitative interview d. &he standardied standardied open>ended interview 1-. Which one of the following in not a major method of data collection2 a. Buestionnaires Buestionnaires b. nterviews c. Secondary data d. Eocus groups e. /ll of the above are methods of data collection 1. / "uestion during an interview such as 9Why do you feel that way?: is known as a2 a. 5robe b. Eilter "uestion c. +esponse d. 5ilot !0. / census taker often collects data through which of the following? a. Standardied tests b. nterviews c. Secondary data d. 8bservations !1. &he researcher has secretly secretly placed him or herself Aas a member; in the group that is being studied. &his researcher researcher may be which of the following? a. / complete participant b. /n observer>as>participant c. / participant>as>observer participant>as>observer d. =one of the above !!. Which of the following is not a major method of data collection? a. Buestionnaires Buestionnaires b. Eocus groups c. Correlational method d. Secondary data !#. Which type of interview allows the "uestions to emerge from the immediate contet or course of things? a. nterview guide approach b. nformal conversational interview c. Closed "uantitative interview d. Standardied open>ended interview !%. When conducting an interview, asking /nything else?, What do you mean?, Why
do you feel that way?, etc, are all forms of2 a. Contingency "uestions b. 5robes c. 5rotocols d. +esponse categories !'. When constructing a "uestionnaire, "uestionnaire, there are 1' principles to which you should adhere. Which of the following is not one of those principles? a. 4o not use leading or loaded "uestions b. /void double>barreled "uestions c. /void double negatives d. /void using multiple items to measure a single construct /nswers2 1. d !. c #. a %. d '. d (. c *. d -. d . b 10. c 11. b 1!. c 1#. b 1%. a 1'. c 1(. d 1*. a 1-. e 1. a !0. b !1. a !!. c !#. b !%. b !'. d
Chapter 7 Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.) 1. When each member of a population has an e"ually likely chance chance of being selected, this is called2 a. / nonrandom sampling method b. / "uota sample c. / snowball sample
d. /n 3"ual probability selection method !. Which of the following techni"ues yields a simple random sample? a. Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate b. Fisting the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within each ethnic group at random. c. =umbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number table to pick cases from the table. d. +andomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school. #. Which of the following is not true about stratified random sampling? a. t involves a random selection process from identified subgroups b. 5roportions of groups in the sample must always match their population proportions c. 4isproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done d. 5roportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample %. Which of the following statements are true? a. &he larger the sample sie, the greater the sampling error b. &he more categories or breakdowns you want to m ake in your data analysis, the larger the sample needed c. &he fewer categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger the sample needed d. /s sample sie decreases, so does the sie of the confidence interval '. Which of the following formulae is used to determine how many people to include in the original sampling? a. 4esired sample sie<4esired sample sie D 1 b. 5roportion likely to respond
a. / large sample based on the convenience sampling techni"ue b. / small sample based on simple random sampling c. / large sample based on simple random sampling d. / small cluster sample . Sampling in "ualitative research research is similar to which type of sampling in "uantitative research? a. Simple random sampling b. Systematic sampling c. Buota sampling d. 5urposive sampling 10. Which of the following would generally re"uire the largest sample sie? a. Cluster sampling b. Simple random sampling c. Systematic sampling d. 5roportional stratified sampling 11. $ow often does the Census 7ureau take a complete population count? a. 3very year b. 3very five years c. 3very ten years d. &wice a year 1!. 5eople who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the sampling method called )))))). a. Simple random sampling b. Cluster sampling c. Systematic sampling d. Convenience sampling 1#. Which of the following types of sampling involves the researcher researcher determining the appropriate sample sies for the groups identified as important, and then taking convenience samples from those groups? a. 5roportional stratified sampling b. Buota sampling c. 8ne>stage cluster sampling d. &wo>stage cluster sampling 1%. / type of sampling used in "ualitative research that involves selecting cases that disconfirm the researcherKs epectations and generaliations is referred to as ))))))))))))))). a. 3treme case sampling b. &ypical>case sampling c. Critical>case Critical>cas e sampling d. =egative>case =egative>case sampling 1'. 6sing Eigure (.( Apg. 1*-;, how many participants will you need for a research study with a population of 1!0,000? a. !%! b. ##1 c. #** d. #-% 1(. n which of the following nonrandom sampling techni"ues does the researcher
ask the research research participants to identify other potential research participants? a. Snowball b. Convenience c. 5urposive d. Buota 1*. Which of the following is the most efficient random sampling techni"ue discussed in your chapter? a. Simple random sampling b. 5roportional stratified sampling c. Cluster random sampling d. Systematic sampling 1-. f we took the '00 people attending a school in =ew Lork City, divided them by gender, and then took a random sample of the males and a random sampling of the females, the variable on which we would divide the population is called the ))))). a. ndependent variable b. 4ependent variable c. Stratification variable d. Sampling variable 1. / number calculated with complete population data and "uantifies a characteristic of the population is called which of the following? a. / datum b. / statistic c. / parameter d. / population !0. &he type of sampling in which each member of the population selected for the sample is returned to the population before the net member is selected is called ))))))))). a. Sampling without replacement b. Sampling with replacement replacement c. Simple random sampling d. Systematic sampling !1. Which of the following is not a type of nonrandom sampling? a. Cluster sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Buota sampling d. 5urposive sampling e. &hey are all type of nonrandom nonrandom sampling !!. Which of the following would usually re"uire the smallest sample sie because of its efficiency? a. 8ne stage cluster sampling b. Simple random sampling c. &wo stage cluster sampling d. Buota sampling !#. / techni"ue used when selecting clusters of different sies is called ))))). a. Cluster sampling b. 8ne>stage sampling c. &wo>stage sampling d. 5robability proportional proportional to sie or 55S !%. &he process of drawing a sample from a population is known as ))))))))).
a. Sampling b. Census c. Survey research d. =one of the above !'. t is recommended to use the whole population rather than a sample when the population sie is of what sie? a. '00 or less b. 100 or less c. 1000 or less d. you should always use a sample !(. Which of the following is not an eample of a nonrandom sampling techni"ue? a. 5urposive b. Buota c. Convenience d. Cluster !*. Which of the following sampling methods is the best way to select a group of people for a study if you are interested in making statements about the larger population? a. Convenience sampling b. Buota sampling c. 5urposive sampling d. +andom sampling !-. ))))))))))) is a set of elements taken from a larger population according to certain rules. a. Sample b. 5opulation c. Statistic d. 3lement !. 4etermining the sample interval Arepresented by k;, randomly selecting a number between 1 and k, and including each kth element in your sample are the steps for which form of sampling? a. Simple +andom Sampling b. Stratified +andom Sampling c. Systematic Sampling d. Cluster sampling #0. &he nonrandom sampling type that involves selecting a convenience sample from a population with a specific set of characteristics for your research research study is called ))))). a. Convenience sampling b. Buota sampling c. 5urposive sampling d. Snowball sampling /nswers2 1. d !. c #. b %. b
'. d (. e *. e -. c . d 10. a 11. c 1!. d 1#. b 1%. d 1'. d 1(. a 1*. b 1-. c 1. c !0. b !1. a !!. b !#. d !%. a !'. b !(. d !*. d !-. a !. c #0. c
Chapter " Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.) 1. When a etraneous variable systematically systematically varies with the independent variable and influences the dependent variable, it is called2 a. /nother dependent variable b. / confounding variable c. / moderating variable d. /n unreliable unreliable variable !. Which of the following statements is true? a. / statistical relationship relationship is sufficient sufficient evidence to infer causality causality b. &emporal order of the cause and effect is not important in inferring causality c. / statistical relation relation of J and L is insufficient evidence for inferring causality causality d. &emporal order of cause and effect variables and statistical statist ical relation are all that are are needed to infer causality #. / school district eamines a program that uses mentors to help very poor readers improve their reading performance. performance. &he children in the program are are at the %thpercentile at at pretest. /t posttest they are around around the !0th percentile. While it is
possible that the program made the difference, another reason for the change in scores could be2 a. $istory b. +egression artifact c. Multiple>treatment interference d. 4ifferential selection %. / group of researchers do a study where children from particular classrooms are assigned to treatment or control conditions. conditions. /fter the study, the researcher researcher finds out that the students in the control group are higher achievers than those in the eperimental eperimental group. $e found no treatment treatment effect. effect. &he failure failure to find an effect effect may be due to2 a. / treatment effect b. / testing effect c. / differential selection effect d. / maturation effect '. / researcher eamines eamines a program looking at the effects of mentoring on poor readersK reading reading achievement. $e looks at two different different schools. 8ne serves as the control and the other the eperimental group. 7oth schools had reading achievement achievement that was around the '0th percentile. 4uring the time that the mentoring program is in place in the eperimental group, a statewide reading initiative is started in randomly selected schools. schools. &he eperimental, eperimental, but not the control school is involved in the initiative. /t the end of the year, the eperimental group does better than the control. Erom the information presented above, a likely threat to the internal validity of the study is2 a. Selection by mortality interaction b. Mortality c. Selection>history effect d. Selection>maturation effect (. Which type of validity refers to the degree to which you can infer that the relationship between two variables is causal? a. nternal validity b. 5opulation validity c. 3cological validity d. Statistical conclusion validity *. Which type of validity refers to the ability to infer that the independent and dependent variables are related ant that the measured strength of the relationship is accurate? a. nternal validity b. 5opulation validity c. 3cological validity d. Statistical conclusion validity -. /n etraneous variable variable that systematically varies with the independent variable and also influences the dependent variable is known as a ))))))))))))))). a Confounding variable b. &hird variable c. Second variable d. 7oth a and b are correct . &he use of multiple observers to allow cross>checking cross>checking of observations to make sure that the investigators agree with what took place is known as ))))))). a. nterpretive validity
b. +esearcher bias c. Multiple operationalism d. nvestigator triangulation 10. ))))))))))))) is the lowest inference descriptor of all because it uses the participant@s own words. a. 5articipant feedback b. / verbatim c. 4ata triangulation d. nvestigator triangulation 11. ))))))))))) refers to physical or mental changes that may occur within individuals over time, such as aging, learning, boredom, hunger, and fatigue. a. nstrumentation b. $istory c. Maturation d. &esting 1!. What type of validity refers to the etent to which the results of a study can be generalied across time? a. 3cological validity b. 3ternal validity c. nternal validity d. &emporal validity 1#. Which of the following best describes interpretive validity? a. Eactual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher b. /ccurately portraying portraying the meanings given given by the participants participants to what is being studied c. 4egree to which which a theoretical theoretical eplanation eplanation fits the data d. /bility to generalie generalie the study results results across settings settings 1%. Which of the following terms is a strategy where the researcher actively engages in critical self>reflection about his or her potential biases and predispositions. a. 3perimenter effect b. +eactivity c. nvestigator triangulation d. +efleivity 1'. Which of the following is not considered one of the criteria for inferring causality? causality? a. 3vidence that the independent and dependent variables are related b. 3vidence that the relationship relationship between the variables being investigated is not due to a confounding etraneous variable c. 3vidence that changes in variable / occur before changes in variable 7 d. &he temporal ordering of the variables being investigated investigated does not matter because a relationship is all that is really needed 1(. &he use of multiple data sources to help understand a phenomenon is one strategy that is used to promote "ualitative research validity. Which of the following terms describes this strategy? a. 4ata matching b. 5attern matching
c. 4ata triangulation d. 4ata feedback 1*. What may happen when different comparison groups eperience a different history event? a. $istory effect b. Selection>history effect c. Selection effect d. Group effect 1-. What is another term that refers to a confounding etraneous variable? a. Fast variable b. Eirst variable c. &hird variable d. Eourth variable 1. Which of the following refers to any systematic change that occurs over time in the way in which the dependent variable is assessed? a. nstrumentation b. Maturation c. &esting d. Selection !0. Which of the following terms describes the ability to generalie from the sample of individuals on which a study was conducted to the larger target population of individuals and across different subpopulations within the larger target population? a. 3ternal validity b. 5opulation validity c. 3cological validity d. &emporal validity !1. Which of the following is not a strategy used to promote "ualitative research research validity? a. 5eer review b. &heory triangulation c. 3tended fieldwork d. +andom assignment !!. &he use of several measures measures of a construct is called2 a. Multiple operationalism b. Multiple construct measurement measurement c. 8perationalism 8perationalism d. Methods triangulation !#. / physical or mental change that occurs in participants over time that affects their performance on the dependent variable is called )))))))). a. nstrumentation b. Maturation c. +egression d. =one of above !%. /ttrition generally occurs in research research where )))). a. Lou do demographic research b. &he study fails
c. Some participants do not complete the study d. &he study is very brief !'. 4ifferential attrition occurs when the people dropping out from one group are different from the others in their group or from the people in the comparison group. a. &rue b. Ealse !(. nternal validity refers to which of the following? a. &he ability to infer that a casual relationship eists between ! variables b. &he etent to which study results can be generalied to and across populations of persons, settings, and times c. &he use of effective measurement measurement instruments in the study d. &he ability to generalie the study results to individuals not included in the study !*. Which strategy used to promote "ualitative research validity uses multiple research research methods to study a phenomenon? a. 4ata triangulation b. Methods triangulation c. &heory triangulation d. Member checking !-. Which type of validity refers to the factual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher? a. 3cological validity b. &emporal validity c. 4escriptive validity d. =one of the above !. Which of the following in not one of the key threats to internal validity? validity? a. Maturation b. nstrumentation c. &emporal &emporal change d. $istory #0. &his type of validity refers to the ability to generalie the results of a study across settings. a. &emporal validity b. nternal validity c. 3cological validity d. 3ternal validity #1. Which is not a direct threat to the internal validity of a research design? design? a. $istory b. &esting c. Sampling error d. 4ifferential selection #!. /lteration in performance due to being aware that one is participating in a study is known as )))))). a. 8perationalis 8 perationalism m b. +eactivity c. &emporal validity d. Mortality
##. &he idea that the more times a research finding is shown with different sets of people, the more confidence we can place in the finding and in generaliing generaliing beyond the original participants is known as ))))))))))). a. =aturalistic generaliation generaliation b. Methods generaliation generaliation c. 4ata triangulation d. +eplication logic /nswers2 1. b !. c #. b %. c '. c (. a *. d -. d . d 10. b 11. c 1!. d 1#. b 1%. d 1'. d 1(. c 1*. b 1-. c 1. a !0. b !1. d !!. a !#. b !%. c !'. a !(. a !*. b !-. c !. c #0. c #1. c #!. b ##. d
Chapter # Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.) 1. /nalysis of covariance is2 a. / statistical statistical techni"ue that can can be used to help e"uate groups on specific
variables b. / statistical techni"ue techni"ue that can be be used to control se"uencing se"uencing effects c. / statistical statistical techni"ue that substitutes substitutes for random assignment assignment to groups d. /djusts scores scores on the independent variable to control for etraneous etraneous variables !. &o determine whether noise affects the ability to solve math problems, a researcher researcher has one group solve math problems in a "uiet room and another group solve math problems in a noisy room. &he group solving problems in the noisy room completes 1' problems in one hour and the group solving problems in the "uiet room completes !! problems in one hour. n this eperiment, the independent variable is )))))))))))) and the dependent variable variable is ))))))))))))). ))))))))))))). a. &he number of problems solves the difficulty difficulty of the problems b. &he number of problems solved solved the noise level level in the room c. &he noise level in in the room the number of problems problems solved d. &he noise level in the the room the difficulty difficulty of the problems #. &he posttest>only design with none"uivalent groups is likely to control for which of the following threats to internal validity2 validity2 a. $istory b. 4ifferential 4ifferential selection c. /dditive and interactive interactive effects d. 4ifferential 4ifferential attrition %. When all participants receive receive all treatment conditions, the study is susceptible to2 a. 8rder effects b. Carryover effects c. /nalysis of covariance covariance d. a and b '. / researcher is interested in the effects of a preschool program on later school performance. 7ecause she is concerned that socio>economic>status AS3S; is a potential etraneous variable in her study, she picks children to study who are only from low S3S homes. &he control techni"ue she used in this study was2 a. Matching b. +andom assignment c. $olding the etraneous etraneous variable variable constant d. Statistically controlling the the etraneous etraneous variable (. Which of the following terms best describes an interaction effect? a. &he effect of one independent independent variable Aon a 4H; depends on the level level of another independent variable b. 3liminating any differential differential influence of etraneous etraneous variables c. Se"uencing effect effect that occurs from the order order in which the treatment treatment conditions are administered d. &he effect of one independent independent variable on the dependent dependent variable variable *. Which of the following terms refers to a statistical method that can be used to statistically e"uate groups on a pretest or some other variable? a. 3perimental control b. 4ifferential 4ifferential influence c. Matching d. /nalysis of covariance covariance
-. Which of the following is not a way to manipulate an independent independent variable? a. 5resence techni"ue b. /mount techni"ue c. &ype techni"ue d. +andom techni"ue . Which of the following designs permits a comparison of pretest scores to determine the initial e"uivalence of groups on the pretest before the treatment variable is introduced into the research research setting. a. 8ne>group pretest>posttest pretest>posttest design b. 5retest>posttest control group design c. 5osttest>only design with none"uivalent none"uivalent groups d. 7oth b and c 10. Counterbalancing is ))))))))). a. 6sually based on random selection of participants b. 8nly used when one pretest variable needs to be controlled c. Chosen to control for such things as order and carryover effectsN d. /ll of the above 11. &he group that receives the eperimental treatment condition is the ))))). a. 3perimental group b. Control group c. 5articipant group d. ndependent group 1!. Which of the following control techni"ues available to the researcher controls for both known and unknown variables? a. 7uilding the etraneous variable into the design b. Matching c. +andom assignment d. /nalysis of covariance 1#. &he group that does not receive the eperimental treatment treatment condition is the )))))))). a. 3perimental group b. Control group c. &reatment group d. ndependent group 1%. &here are a number of ways in which confounding etraneous etraneous variables can be controlled. Which control techni"ue is considered to be the best? a. +andom assignment b. Matching c. Counterbalancing Counterbalancing d. =one of the above 1'. Which of the following could be used for randomly assigning participants to groups in an eperimental study? a. Split>half Ae.g., Ae.g., first half versus second half of a school directory; directory; b. 3ven versus versus odd numbers c. 6se a list of random numbers or a computer randomiation program program d. Fet the researcher decide which group will be the best
1(. Which term is not a related to counterbalancing? counterbalancing? a. Carryover effect b. 8rder effect c. Se"uencing effects d. Matching 1*. / cell is a combination combination of two or more )))) in a factorial design. design. a. +esearch designs b. +esearch measurements c. 4ependent variables d. ndependent variables 1-. Which of the following designs does an ecellent ecellent job of controlling for rival hypotheses that threaten the internal validity of an eperiment? eperiment? a. 5osttest>only design with none"uivalent none"uivalent groups groups b. 5osttest>only 5osttest>only control>group design c. 5retest>posttest 5retest>posttest control>group design d. 7oth b and c are ecellent ecellent designs designs 1. Manipulating the independent variable by varying the type on the independent variable that is presented to the different comparison groups is known as ))))). a. /mount techni"ue b. /bsence techni"ue c. &ype techni"ue d. 5resence 5resence techni"ue !0. Which of the following terms is a se"uencing effect that occurs from the order in which the treatment conditions are administered? a. Carry>over effect b. 8rder effect c. Se"uencing effects d. =one of the above !1. When manipulating the independent variable in an educational eperiment, eperiment, which of the following describes this method? a. /n independent variable is manipulated using the presence or absence techni"ue b. &he researchers varies the amount of the independent variable that is administered c. &he researcher varies the type of the independent variable d. /ll of the above are possible !!. Which method of controlling confounding etraneous variables takes precedence precedence over all other methods? a. Matching individual participants b. $olding etraneous variables c. 7uilding the etraneous variable into the research design d. Counterbalancing Counterbalancing e. +andomly assign research participants to the groups !#. n an eperimental research research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect produced by the )))). a. 4ependent variable b. 3traneous variable c. ndependent variable d. Confounding variable
!%. &his type of design is one where all participants participate in all eperimental treatment conditions. a. Eactorial design b. +epeated measures design c. +eplicated design d. 5retest>posttest control>group design !'. / factorial design is one in which )))). a. 8nly one independent variable is studied to determine its effect on the dependent variable b. 8nly two independent variables variables are simultaneously studied to determine their independent and interactive effects on the dependent variable c. &wo or more independent variables are simultaneously studied to determine their independent and interactive effects on the dependent variable d. &wo dependent variables are studied to determine their interactive effects !(. &he design in which one group of research participants is administered a treatment and is then compared, on the dependent variable, with another group of research participants who did not receive the eperimental treatment is )))). a. 8ne>group posttest>only design b. 8ne>group pretest>posttest design c. 5osttest>only design with none"uivalent none"uivalent groups d. time series design !*. ))))) refers to the influence of a single independent variable. a. nteraction effect b. +eactive effect c. Main effect d. 5roactive effect !-. / se"uencing effect that occurs when performance in one treatment condition is influenced by participation in a prior treatment condition is known as )))). a. Counterbalancing effect b. Carryover effect c. &reatment effect d. 8rder effect !. Which of the following is possible in a factorial design with two independent variables? a. &here is only one main effect present b. &here are two main effects present c. &here are two main effects and an interaction effect present d. /ll of the above are possible #0. Which of the following is a factorial design where different participants participants are randomly assigned to the levels of one independent variable but participants take take all levels on another independent variable? a. 8ne>group pretest>posttest pretest>posttest b. 5retest>posttest control>group design c. Eactorial design d. Eactorial design based on a mied model /nswers2
1. a !. c #. a %. d '. c (. a *. d -. d . b 10. c 11. a 1!. c 1#. b 1%. a 1'. c 1(. d 1*. d 1-. d 1. c !0. b !1. d !!. e !#. c !%. b !'. c !(. c !*. c !-. b !. d #0. d
Chapter 1$ Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.) 1. / researcher does a study eamining the effects of a preschool program. $e uses a none"uivalent comparison group design. $e finds that the cognitive growth of his eperimental eperimental group is greater than that of his control. 6nfortunately, he later finds that in general children who live in the area where he drew his eperimental group tend to grow faster cognitively than children who were from the area where he drew his control group. When he discovered this problem, he discovered what threat threat to the internal validity of his study? a. Selection>maturation Selection>maturation effect b. $istory effect c. Selection>instrumentation Selection>instrumentation effect d. &esting effect !. Eor a treatment to be deemed effective when used in the contet of an />7>/ single case design, what has to occur?
a. 7ehavior should change as the treatment is implemented b. 7ehavior should return to baseline levels when the treatment is removed c. When the treatment is removed, behavior should stay at the level that was created by the treatment rather than revert back to the baseline d. 7oth a and b #. n a changing>criterion design, changes in criterion are best done2 a. /s soon as the prior criterion is met b. When the previous criterion is met and the behavior has stabilied c. +egardless of the previous criteria d. /fter a fied number of trials %. &he non>e"uivalent comparison group design is a "uasi>eperimental "uasi>eperimental design in which, for reasons of practicality, practicality, we cannot insure that the control and eperimental eperimental groups are e"uivalent to each other when the eperiment begins. &he major interpretational interpretational difficulty imposed by this design is2 a. Measuring whether whether the two groups are are different from from each other on the posttest b. 4eciding how much much each group group has gained gained c. 4etermining when when enough data points are are collected collected d. 7eing sure that any differences between groups at the end of the eperiment are due to the independent variable@s influence and not due to preeisting group differences '. a. b. c. d.
/ treatment effect is demonstrated in the regression discontinuity design by2 / discontinuity discontinu ity in the regression regression line / significant difference difference in the pretest pretest and posttest scores scores /nalysis of covariance covariance &he demonstration demonstration of an interaction interaction
(. Which of the following is a primary threat to the interrupted time>series design? a. $istory effect b. Selection>history c. Selection>maturation d. /ll of the above above *. / design consisting of an eperimental eperimental and a control group but participants are not randomly assigned to the groups is which of the following? a. nterrupted time>series design b. =one"uivalent =one"uivalent comparison>group comparison>group design design c. Single case design d. />7>/>7 />7>/>7 design -. / form of the none"uivalent comparison>group comparison>group design is recommended when )))). a. t is not possible possible to control control for a basic history effect b. t is not possible to randomly randomly assign participants participants to groups c. t is not possible possible to identify identify two groups d. /ll of the above . / threat to internal validity in the none"uivalent comparison>group comparison>group design is the ))))) effect. a. Selection>maturation Selection>maturation effect b. Selection>history Selection>history effect
c. Selection>regression d. /ll of the above are are threats 10. / threat to internal validity in the none"uivalent none"uivalent comparison>group design is the ))))) effect. a. Maturation effect b. Selection>history Selection>history effect c. Eailure to revert to baseline d. /ll of the above 11. $ow many variables should be changed at a time when conducting a single>case design? /. % 7. # C. ! 4. 1 1!. n "uasi>eperimental research designs, causal interpretations can be made ))))))). a. 8nly when rival eplanations have been shown to be plausible b. 8nly when rival eplanations eplanations have have been shown to be implausible implausible c. 8nly when the participants participants have been randomly randomly selected d. 8nly when there is is a single participant participant in the eperiment eperiment 1#. n single>case single>case research, 9baseline: 9baseline: refers to )))))))). a. &he beginning point of the treatment treatment condition condition b. &he end point point of the treatment condition c. &he rate of response response established prior to the eperimental eperimental intervention intervention d. &he time during which a treatment treatment condition condition is administered administered 1%. Which type of design can be used when the goal is to create a step>by>step step>by>step increase Aor decrease; in the amount, accuracy, or fre"uency of some behavior over a period of time? a. =one"uivalent =one"uivalent comparison>group comparison>group design design b. />7>/>7 c. Changing>criterion Changing>criterion design d. />7 design 1'. Which of the following occurs in a comparison group design when one of the two groups of participants grows or naturally develops faster than the other group? a. Main effect b. Se"uencing effect c. 8rder effect d. Selection>maturation Selection>maturation effect 1(. /n observation of a dependent variable response response prior to any attempt to change this response is known as the ))))))))))). a. Elat line b. 7aseline c. Hariance d. +everse 1*. &he most fre"uently used "uasi>eperimental "uasi>eperimental design is the ))))))))) design. a. =one"uivalent comparison>group
b. nterrupted time>series c. Changing>criterion Changing>criterion d. +egression discontinuity 1-. / baseline ))))))))))))). a. s used as the standard against against which change induced by the treatment is assessed b. s the occurrence of a response in its freely occurring or natural state c. s first obtained prior to the administration of a treatment d. /ll of the above are true 1. / single>case single>case eperimental design in which the response to a treatment is compared to baseline occurring before and after the treatment is called what? a. />7>/ design b. Single>case design c. Multiple>baseline Multiple>baseline d. Changing>criterion Changing>criterion !0. n a single>case design, you hope that the behavior of the participants prior to the administration of a treatment condition is )))))))). a. =ot highly variable b. $ighly variable c. Moving at a steep rate of change d. =one of the above !1. &he )))))))))))))))) design rules out history by demonstrating that the dependent variable response reverts back to the baseline when the treatment is withdrawn. a. Changing>criterion design b. />7 c. />7>/ design d. nterrupted time>series design !!. Which design would use analysis of covariance during data analysis? a. =one"uivalent comparison>group design b. nterrupted time>series design c. Changing criterion design d. />7>/>7 design !#. &he interrupted time>series time>series design can also be viewed as aAn;2 a. />7 design b. />7>/ design c. />7>/>7 />7>/>7 design d. Control>group design !%. Why is it important to change one variable at a time in single case designs? a. Changing one variable allows isolation of the cause of the change b. Changing more than one variable at a time confounds those independent variables variables c. 7oth a and b are true d. =one of the above !'. What is the difference between />7>/ design and />7>/>7 design? a. 7oth designs end on the treatment condition b. =either design ends on a treatment condition c. 7aseline conditions are only established in the />7>/>7 design
d. />7>/>7 allows the reintroduction of the treatment condition during the last phase !(. Which of the following is not a phase in the />7>/ design? a. 7aseline measurement b. ntroduction of treatment c. ntroduction of a second treatment d. +emoval of treatment !*. +esearchers can attempt to eliminate the threat of bias from the selection> maturation effect in the none"uivalent comparison>group comparison>group design by matching eperimental eperimental and control participants on important variables. a. &rue b. Ealse !-. Group comparison designs are always superior to single>case single>case designs. a. &rue b. Ealse /nswers2 1. a !. d #. b %. d '. a (. a *. b -. b . d 10. b 11. d 1!. b 1#. c 1%. c 1'. d 1(. b 1*. a 1-. d 1. a !0. a !1. c !!. a !#. a !%. c !'. d !(. c !*. a !-. b
Chapter 11 Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.)
1. &he number of police officers officers and the number of crimes are are positively related. related. &his relationship is2 a. / causal relationship b. / direct relationship c. / probabilistic probabilist ic causal relation d. / spurious relationship relationship !. / research studies the relation between early reading and later school achievement. She decides that a potentially etraneous variable in the relationship is B. n developing her groups for her study, she pairs each child who was an early reader with a child of the same B level who was not an early reader. &he control techni"ue she used was2 a. $olding the etraneous variable constant b. Statistical control c. Matching d. +andom assignment #. 5artial correlation analysis involves2 a. 3amining the relationship relationship between between two or more variables variables controlling controlling for additional variables statistically statistical ly b. ncluding only one group group in a correlational correlational analysis analysis c. Matching participants participants on potential potential confounding variables d. Fimiting the sample sample to individuals individuals at a constant level level of an etraneous etraneous variable variable %. &he directors of a graduate program in educational research research wish to see what types of jobs their graduates take after they finish their program. &hey randomly sample students from the program and have them fill out "uestionnaires with items asking about the types of jobs they have had. &hey also are asked to describe the roles they play in their current positions. &his project is best described as having what kind of objective2 a. 4escriptive b. 5redictive c. 3planatory '. When research is done to test hypotheses and theories about how and why phenomena operate as they do, then the primary purpose of such research is2 a. 4escriptive b. 5redictive c. 3planatory (. &he variable the researcher researcher matches to eliminate it as an alternative eplanation is called aAn; ))))))))) variable. a. Matching b. ndependent c. 4ependent d. 5artial *. Which of the following is not a longitudinal design? a. 5anel b. Cross>sectional Cross>sectional c. &rend d. 7oth a and c are longitudinal designs
-. &he positive correlation correlation between teachers@ salaries and the price of li"uor is ))))))))). a. Spurious b. 4ue to a third>variable c. =onspurious d. 7oth a and b . Which of the following is considered a special case of the general linear model? a. / variable b. 5artial correlation c. /nalysis of covariance d. 7oth b and c 10. When a researcher starts with the dependent variable and moves backwards, backwards, it is called )))))))). a. 5redictive research b. +etrospective research c. 3ploratory research research d. 4escriptive research research 11. &he method of working multiple hypotheses refers refers to a techni"ue for identifying rival eplanations. a. &rue b. Ealse 1!. GFM refers to which of the following? a. General Fogit Model b. General Fimited Model c. General Fab Model d. General Finear Model 1#. &he post hoc fallacy is )))). a. Making the argument that because / preceded 7, / must have caused 7 b. Making the argument that because / preceded 7, / and 7 must be correlated c. Making the argument that because / preceded 7, they cannot be correlated d. =one of the above 1%. Which one of the following is not a step in noneperimental noneperimental research? a. 4etermine research research problem and hypotheses b. /nalye data c. nterpret results d. /ll are steps 1'. f a research finding is statistically significant, significant, then )))). a. &he observed result is probably not due to chance b. &he observed result cannot possibly be due to chance c. &he observed result is probably a chance result d. &he null hypothesis of 9no relationship: is probably true 1(. Which of the following is
c. &he lack of alternative eplanation eplanation condition d. /ll of the above 1*. Which of the following independent variables variables cannot be manipulated in a research study? a. Gender b. 3thnicity c. ntelligence and other other traits d. =one of ht above can be manipulated manipulated in a research research study study 1-. )))))))))) is a form of eplanatory research research in which the researcher researcher develops a theoretical model and empirically tests the model to determine how well the model fits the data. a. Causal modeling b. 5redictive research c. 4escriptive 4escriptiv e research d. 3ploratory research research 1. =oneperimental research in which the primary independent variable of interest is categorical is sometimes called))))))))))))). called))))))))))))). a. Causal>comparative research b. Correlational research !0. Which approach is the strongest for establishing that a relationship is causal? a. Causal>comparative Causal>comparative b. Correlational Correlational c. 3perimental d. $istorical !1. Which approach is the strongest for establishing that a relationship is causal? a. Causal>comparative Causal>comparative b. Correlational Correlational c. 8ne C/==8& say without additional information Ai.e., it could be either depending on how well the researcher established established the three necessary conditions for cause and effect;
!!. ))))))) is the most commonly used techni"ue for controlling for etraneous variables in noneperimental research. a. Matching b. $olding etraneous variables constant c. Statistical control d. Static control !#. t is best to use the method of working multiple hypotheses when ))))). a. Lou are finished with your research b. Lou are planning your research study c. Lou are hoping to publish your already obtained research results d. =one of the above !%. Matching can be done when your independent variable is categorical categorical or "uantitative. a. &rue
b. Ealse !'. f a correlation coefficient is .(, we would probably be able to say that the relationship is )))). a. Weak b. Strong c. Statistically Statistically significant d. b is true and c is probably true !(. What happens in a completely spurious relationship once the researcher controls for a confounding third>variable? third>variable? a &he relationship between between the original variables variables will get stronger b. &he relationship between the original variables will remain unchanged c. &he correlation coefficient will get closer to 1.0 d. &he relationship between the original variables will get weaker weaker or, if the original relationship is fully spurious, it will disappear Ai.e., the original relationship will become ero as measured by a correlation correlation coefficient; !*. Which of the three necessary necessary conditions for cause and effect is almost always problematic in noneperimental research? a. Condition Conditio n 12 Hariable / and Hariable Hariable 7 must be related Athe relationship condition;. b. Condition !2 5roper time order order must be established established Athe temporal temporal antecedence antecedence condition;. c. Condition Conditio n #2 &he relationship between variable / and Hariable Hariable 7 must not be due to some confounding etraneous variable d. =oneperimental research is always weak on all three of the conditions !-. Which of the following is =8& a form of longitudinal research? research? a. &rend study b. 5anel study c. Cross>sectional Cross>sectio nal study !. 8bserving a relationship relationship between two variables is =8& sufficient grounds for concluding that the relationship is a causal relationship. relationship. a. &rue b. Ealse #0. &his type of longitudinal research studies the same individuals over an etended period of time. a. &rend &rend study st udy b. 5anel study c. 7oth a and b d. =either a nor b #1. &his type of research research tests hypotheses and theories in order to eplain how and why a phenomenon operates as it does. a. 4escriptive research b. 5redictive research c. 3planatory research d. =one of the above
#!. &he 5earson product moment moment correlation measures measures the degree of ))))))))) relationship present between two variables. a. Curvilinear b. =onlinear c. Finear and "uadratic d. Finear /nswers2 1. d !. c #. a %. a '. c (. a *. d -. d . d 10. b 11. a 1!. d 1#. a 1%. d 1'. a 1(. d 1*. d 1-. a 1. a !0. c !1. c !!. c !#. b !%. a !'. d !(. d !*. c !-. c !. a #0. b #1. c #!. d
Chapter 12 Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.) 1. Which of the following is characteristic of "ualitative research? a. Generaliation Generaliation to the population population b. +andom sampling
c. 6ni"ue case orientation d. Standardied tests and measures !. 5henomenology has its disciplinary origins in2 a. 5hilosophy b. /nthropology c. Sociology d. Many disciplines #. &he primary data analysis approach in ethnography is2 a. 8pen, aial, aial, and selective coding b. $olistic description description and search search for cultural themes c. Cross>case analysis d. dentifying essences of a phenomenon %. &he term used to describe suspending suspending preconceptions and learned feelings feelings about a phenomenon is called2 a. /ial coding b. 4esign fleibility fleibility c. 7racketing d. 3thnography '. / researcher studies how students who flunk out of high school eperienced high school. She found that it was common for such students to report that they felt like they had little control of their destiny. destiny. $er report that this lack of control was an invariant part of the students@ eperiences suggests that lack of control is ))))))) of the 9flunking out: eperience. eperience. a. / narrative b. / grounded theory c. /n essence d. / probabilistic probabilistic cause (. &he specific cultural conventions or statements that people who share a culture hold to be true or false false are called )))))). a. Shared attitudes b. Shared beliefs c. Shared values d. =orms *. &he written and unwritten rules that specify appropriate group behavior are called ))))). a. Shared attitudes b. Shared beliefs c. Shared values d. =orms -. Which of the following is not an advantage of studying multiple cases? a. Multiple cases can be compared for similarities and differences b. Multiple cases can more effectively test a theory than a single case c. Generaliations about population are usually better when based on multiple cases. d. Cost is lower and depth of analysis is easier when you study multiple cases in a single research study . ))))) are the standards of a culture about what is good or bad or desirable or
undesirable. a. Shared attitudes b. Shared beliefs c. Shared values d. =orms 10. ))))))))) is the study of human consciousness and individuals@ eperience eperience of some phenomenon. a. 5henomenology b. 3thnography c. Grounded theory d. Case study research 11. Which of the following is a characteristic of "ualitative research? research? a. 4esign fleibility b. nductive analysis c. Contet sensitivity d. /ll of the above 1!. )))))))) is a general methodology for developing theory that is based on data systematically gathered and analyed. a. &heory confirmation b. Grounded theory c. &heory deduction d. /ll of the above 1#. &he final stage in grounded theory data analysis is called ))))))))))). a. /ial coding b. &heoretical saturation c. Constant comparative method d. Selective coding 1%. Which major characteristic characteristic of "ualitative research research refers to studying real world situations as they unfold naturally? a. $olistic perspective b. =aturalistic in"uiry c. 4ynamic systems d. nductive analysis 1'. n which "ualitative research research approach is the primary goal to gain access to individuals@ inner worlds of eperience? eperience? a. 5henomenology b. 3thnography c. Grounded theory d. Case study 1(. &he type of "ualitative research research that describes the culture of a group of people is called )))). a. 5henomenology b. Grounded theory c. 3thnography d. Case study 1*. &he grounded theorist is finished analying data when theoretical saturation occurs.
a. &rue b. Ealse 1-. n which of the following case study designs does the researcher researcher focus her primary interest on understanding something more general than the particular case? a. ntrinsic case study b. nstrumental case study c. Collective case study d. t could be b or c 1. Which of the following phrases best describes ethnocentrism? a. Special words words or terms used by the people people in a group b. /n eternal, social scientific view of reality c. &he study of the cultural past of of a group of people people d. Oudging people from a different different culture culture according to the s standards tandards of your own culture !0. Which of the following is usually not a characteristic of "ualitative research? research? a. 4esign fleibility b. b. 4ynamic systems c. =aturalistic in"uiry d. d. 4eductive design !1. Which of the following involves the studying of multiple cases in one research study? a. ntrinsic ntrinsi c case study b. Single case study c. nstrumental case study d. Collective case study !!. Which of the following does not apply to "ualitative research? a. 4ata are often words and pictures b. 6ses the inductive scientific method c. 3nds with a statistical report d. nvolves direct and personal contact with participants !#. &he difference difference between ethnographic research and other types of "ualitative research research is that ethnographers specifically specifically use the concept of 9culture: to help understand the results. a. &rue b. Ealse !%. What term refers to the insiderKs perspective? perspective? /. 3thnocentrism 7. 3mic perspective C. 3tic perspective 4. $olism !'. n data analysis of the grounded theory approach, the step which focuses on the main idea, developing the story line, and finaliing the theory is called )))))))). a. 8pen coding b. /ial coding c. Selective coding d. &heoretical saturation
!(. Which of the following is not one of the % major approaches to "ualitative research. a. 3thnography b. 5henomenology c. Case study d. Grounded theory e. =oneperimental =oneperimental !*. n phenomenology, a well written report will be highly descriptive of the participants@ eperiences and will often elicit in the reader a feeling that they feel as though they are eperiencing eperiencing the phenomenon themselves. themselves. &his eperience is called called ))))). a. / phenomenal eperience b. / vicarious eperience eperience c. / significant eperience d. / dream !-. Lou want to study a =ative /merican group in =ew Meico for a si month period to learn all you can about them so you can write a book about that particular tribe. Lou Lou want the book book to be accurate accurate and authentic authentic as well well as informative informative and inspiring. inspiring. What type of research will you likely be conducting when you get to =ew Meico? a. 3thnography b. 5henomenology c. Grounded theory d. Collective case study !. &he emic perspective refers to an eternal, social scientific view of reality. a. &rue b. Ealse #0. ))))))))) is used to describe cultural scenes or the cultural characteristics characteristics of a group of people. a. 5henomenology b. 3thnography c. Grounded theory d. nstrumental case study #1. &erms such as 9geeks,: 9book worms,: 9preps,: are known as ))))) terms. a. 3mic b. 3tic #!. When a researcher researcher identifies so completely with the group being studied that he or she can no longer remain objective you have what is called ))))))))). a. Culture shock b. Going native c. +egression d. Cultural relativism /nswers2 1. c !. a #. b %. c
'. c (. b *. d -. d . c 10. a 11. d 1!. b 1#. d 1%. b 1'. a 1(. c 1*. a 1-. d 1. d !0. d !1. d !!. c !#. a !%. b !'. c !(. e !*. b !-. a !. b #0. b #1. a #!. b
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7rown 7rown Social Social Constru Constructiv ctivism ism 8bservational Fearning &heory Cognitive /pprenticeship.. /pprenticeship.. General &heories of Memory and ntelligence /nderson 1%* > Guilford Gardner Sternberg /C&N Structure of ntellect Multiple ntelligences &riarchic &riarchic &heory nstructional &heories> /pplications of learning theory for classroom and instructional use 5edagogy and theories of /d /dult Fe Fearning 7ransford Cronbach Cros Gagne 11(>!00! Pnowles Fanda Mager Merrill +eigeluth /nchored nstruc ruction /ptitude &reatment nteraction C/F>Char. of /dult Fearners Conditions of Fearning /ndragogy /lgo>$euristic Criterion>+eferenced>nstruction Component 4isplay &heory 3laboration &heory
Cognitive /ffective 5sychomotor knowledge attitude skills 1. +ecall data 1. +eceive Aawareness; 1. mitation Acopy; !. 6nderstand !. +espond Areact; !. Manipulation Afollow instructions; #. /pply Ause; #. Halue Aunderstand and act; #. 4evelop 5recision %. /nalyse Astructure
%. /rticulation Acombine, integrate related skills; '. Synthesie Acreate
