Edexcel A2 Biology Revision Guide Edexcel a Level Sciences 2

Publihed by Peron Educion Liied,  omny icorored i Egld d  hig i regiered ofce t di; rg rgGte Gte Hrlow ex CM20 CM20 2J Wa  2J. eg i is tere  ere  d ompny nuber: 8828 Reg ofee Limed Edexcel s a egsered   de mr ofee Tet© Peaso uao med  29 Al pas eam qesos© qesos© Edexcel

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e rgs of ry n o  n ne  ner Roin Hao (ssex o  yy oncl) nd Ed ee o be  den  tiied ccordne wth en tii ed as  the hor o h wor ave bee assete  by hem n ccordne wth  the C opyr ght , , Degn nd Pen Penc  tof yrght c t of 988 Firt ubed 2009 12 11 1  10  1 0 9 87 8765 65   British Library Catalogung in Puication Da  ataloge ecor or  h oo avaable avaable rom te Bti ibry

ISBN  98    849 99  opyrih nie  blcaon ll rgts eseve No pr o  h   blcaon may be reoed  n   n ny orm o by  nymeas  ny ong t  ay mem y eeroi meas meas (inludig hoocoyig o ongt  nd wheheror wheheror  no rnenly or iientlly to ome oer ue of hi uicion) hou he wren eriion of h e coyrght owner, exe in ccord ccordce ce wih  he roiion of o f the oyrigh, Deign nd Pen Penc c  1988 or under he term of  iee ne  iued by he Coyrigh Lienggecy, Lienggecy, fron oue 1 0 Kirby treet a  i ondon 1N 8T S www wwwcl clco co k Atio tio or te oyig oyigh h owner' wrien oe bser. emsso  houd be ddreed oe

bye Keasey tera oject   mngeen bye ted by z one 3Desg Tyeset y 3 Desg Ld sate   Oxfod eigner& Ilsaos ove hoo© Juper Unlm e m ed ne  Maaysa (CVV Aknowedgements ne-S -S mi Y YSS G reie reiew w byAnne byAnne co dexcel evew y rn ne likeo  hnkDin Rde, ne cott nd libeh libehwib wib for their We  would likeo

b

Dsaimer h mteril h bee pblihed o behlf of dexcel nd ofer highliy uor  he deliery o dexce ulc ulcon on or he or

 f c  caa o n al s essetal to aceve ay Edexce qull f o n , T s does o mea   he   e ral  itmea he ony sae matea avalae o  upor any ee mea ha   i heony o does  it  ng ay dexel se  tt t n qafcato. dexe maeal wll ot e sed veatm  se t hlin clude  cludets ts examnato o assessme. y esoe lsts oce by  exce hlin  p   ite reoue. a oe a  a ro ro p foral dexel qacato may  e foudo foud o e Coes of   ofii eficion foral dece  we bi e   wwwedexcecom

Revision echniques

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The heart. eegy a exese

How o se s Revision Gude

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Homestasis

Qestion ypes in CE 

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op  heklst

   

Un : Te Naural Envionmen an Spees

ResulsPls: Bid ete Aswes

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Surviva

ate questons



esulslus ul etter Answes

         

rate ess

24

estss l ete Aswers

     

Pate questos

op  On the wild side

oosythess  1 hotsynthess  Eegy tase abuae an dstuto Ivesgatg ube a dsuto Speao ad eouto Geehouse gases ad the a cyle ma  glal wag  Topc  helst

op : Infecon, mmnty and oenss

Deay ad deost N  f lg  DNA ad pote s ythess eos dseases ad te e espose e peveto d oto op  helst ResltP l eter Aswe ate esis t  speme pape

36

  

Topi : Run o you lie

Musles d oemet egy ad the e = A i esat Kes yle ad the eetr tast ai

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Neuoes ad ee mpulses

  

Vs

65

T se f he ha a

  9       

opic  rey maer 

esdg to te envoe

an deelpme Leang a hatat ets  ibalaces  rai heals Uses o geet modatn T  els

n 5 sece ae t   

ni :   an Invesigaive S lls 

Answes o pratce quesos

     9 9 9

Answes o speen pape esons

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eg sated wh you vestgao lang  lanng- tal nestgatons Oseg an eg  Deag wt ata tepetng ad ealuatg  Answes o n-text quesons

Un  Exerse and Codnaon

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ealth, execse and sp

44

44

 

Index



ig e can b t aret art o o b ont ee t oo e R ttle  ofen I on'  too o o ay o section ut t i ral ims n f ther i omehing you on' nrand k yor eacher fo e J g trog yor no  ot og. e n ae o ing so of te vsio tecns gg ow te

woks bs wen

s yorlf

M ur yo ont e  ju coying ot yo nots n ful Ue om of h hniue o prou onn ots abe a lst to res norto oiey Ind cr o reco  mo mor poi for ach cion Fow c to ntiy ste   ro D1 a o re in orto iuly Ser iagram mi map ad conet ma to ow e lk bewee ea no o h y er lis Gloari to mak r you know clar finions o key erm Icle ag frene to yor noe or etboo  coor nd i lgtin to  ot ky t.

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Ck  pec. If you s rurs m lwhr, ak r t vr  ig ontt t  g 

g  ety o aprohes will reen your riio ecoig borng  will mak or o te a tck Her  som to to ry. E    n eas to  a tr  k ech ot eson. ake a o  lay i back o yorslf s owPont o  tae otes  tets Se te nen fo nions st an tuoral a you can  Wo in a grop o rte n s gmes n iz.

 • 

Onc yo e  a oc yo  e to cec tt yo an meber n ly wat you e larn U h uesions rom yor etbook a  eion  G oo o t yo on ey os. Ty so a e uion

 •

Wlm  yur Edexce A2 gy Revn Gue, prft hhr y study Salts Nufld Advncd ly (h an bk),  h 'ccpld' ppa t Edxc By  gee ) hs nqu e prvds yo wh ild supprt, wittn by sn o  ee. Thy dw  al 'RsultPiu' e d r pst A-v xs nd v sd s  dtfy cm pll  v u u h stds  e on whh t fs yr vsi As yu  wok yo wy hh h oc loo u f h  fars tuh h x. RePu xm' T

Ths sis lp yu p erm  yu bs in h xam by hihin y rms and nfrman lysin h qsins yu may b skd ad shin h  pach asrin hm All f his is asd n d frm  lif All sudns!

R Wah Ou Th xmins hv d b  dt frm prius xams  find h mmn pals and mists me by de- ad id yu n hw  vd p tm   x Qk Qe

s s stis s  i p  ts yr knwledg s yu oge hk k

hs stns pvid furh sc r aysis ass t dvlp yu undrsandin and p y vs. We xame

Th xamis uid yu uh cmplx qas ad cps pridn sp ysp uid  h  ckl xm qusis. ach pi s ds ih:  e

This summaiss h yu shld knw r hs p whh spc pin ah hkp vs d w i h ud y  rvis  U t o crd yr prss s y vis ReP  Bee   y w nd le e qeo i xpla nsws xn ip d  mmnty cog   sic ad an excn po;  o c

s w   h hhst s. :�actie

Quen

Examsy quss, ludin ulip-h f plny  pcc hd  h xam. Bh i  and i 5 lud wih  Seme Pe  s yr lrnin Ths ar n intndd as imd fullnh pprs, u pid a ran o xam-styl prai qusis cin h r  nt likly   cnd wthn  xm.  fial un nsss o ce an suppt  rsah skils gg idn n Pa Assssm  p o wri  indivda invsitns. Asws t ll th i-xt qeto  wel s dtad k-y- we o  spcim paprs,   fud  e bck f h b. W hp yu fd  ide invu st f k I

Multiple



A  good multile choieqestion gves yo te correc answer and other ossibe  answers which seem ausible. riglyceries ae opose o 3  gycero oeles a 3 ay aci olele D   gyero oecle a 3 ay aci oee D   gyceroolecue and  atty acid moeue  3 glyceol moleues ad   atty acid molecule 

 

  Te bes way o awe a e coce qeo  o ea he eo and ry  o awe  eore oo g he possle awers. I te awe yo og o   amog e posse awe jo oe! s ave a ook at te oer possitie o  ove yose at yo were g  he answer you togt o isnt tere look at the ossible aswers ad try to  elminae wrong aswers untl yo are let wit he orect oe o o ose ay ak yaving a gues ( yo an wok ot he aswe)  reee yo wo ore ayhg by eaving te aswe a I yo arrow own  te nme o poile aswes e chae o avng a c y ge a te gt  answe w cease.   To idicate the correct answer, t a cos i the box ollowig te orret statemet.  yo age your mind, t a lie hrogh the coss adll i yor ew answer wih  a o.

Hw  Wk e dea beHow S ee Wors s to give yo isig no te way  wic  sientists work how an exeriment is desiged how theores ad model are put  together how data are anaysed, how scientists resod to ator sch as ethics, and  o o and te way soiety is involved i making decsons abo sciece ay o he S W tea a pacica and wi e ested as pa o yo practica  wor. oweve ere wi e esons o e wie n paper a ove soe S W ieia S oe o hese esons wil invove daa or graph ineeaon S W   ee te et seon. he oer commo tye o W questio will be based on the ore aica. Quetions  w concenrate ot so h on wha you did b why various ses n e core  paia wee oa I impora ereoe a yo  now wat the vaios steps   ea coe praa were sge to o an tat yo revse e coe practicas o exaple in ao the estios a oud e asked in a Uit2   aper o the  oe practica i Topic  Describe e sages o mitosis ad ow o reae and sain  a root ti squash in order to bserve tem racticaly ere suitabe questons could  include  - wy do we se ony the p o e oot w san o we se? wy  o we pae te    acd eoe staing wa aety ecaos wd e eevat ere and wy o'll also commoly get asked questions involvng designin an ivestigatio thee  are liey to ivove iees o amiliar ratial work TeCORMS  romt may be  eul here

-Ae you vestigating smly wt  witot a partc fo? Wht ge o ves are yo ookg  Ognsm Ae you usig ogaisms o e se sex  ge  sze  seies -Te redigs more  oce d verage Reeat Mease Wat ae yo measig? How wl yo easure s Wht is -Whih vbe(s) re yo eeg onsa? Se

Control

the W questios y oente o ei isses srondig tos suc s gene tery or GM oods.

 f s e gh beow sows e reslts o  srvey  Aeic, on e cdee o eart dsese i adults ged 8 nd older. Usig te inomtio  e grh, desribe ow te 1nidee o ear disese s aeted by ge nd geder. 3 s

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You almost awys get oe  o satig te geera trnd this cse tt e ndene o eat rae nreases, wit nesing ge or oh gedes. ou an te oetre on indvdul sets o te daa In ths case wat stds o ost is tht emaes have  lower ndece o ear dsease n les exept in te 18-4 ge gop o ay aso omet tht the dfferee betwee te idee i ales ad emes is lgest n te 6574 ge gro Faly thee is wys one mak for iultio of dt Note tat ts st be  -you don't ge s o reding o  gr d sting the bers, yo hve to do somethg wt the!

 quss I the A2 its oic  4 ad o 5) you wil ome ross estios w ager nbers of rks erhs u to  or 7 mrs i e estion Questios i these nts are desiged to be syoti-in oter words ey ae desiged or yo to sow kowledge gied n eier is Bea is i id we yo swe te estio: y o de eev nowede o yo A ose wen nsweig ese estios emeber, too, t  te estion s wor 6 mrs yo need o me sx rediwoty os.  bout te pons tt yo will make ad t em together  a ogil seee we you wre yo answer.  oge estos, e exiers wi be loog  yor QW Qulity o Wtte oion) s well as e nswe yo gve

U 4 The Natul Environme d

S ee vival

Phh ioe he .c of aon oi�

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If  agie e aove   en  t tes  v ad     ga see T  11)

C6 wic s gse

, te eall eq i

e lig of ae  lgh i calle ph T he ene o h e s f  st ae  a igmen moleule calle hloohll The oeall oe i ahiee n o linke sage cale e gh-p a a e ghp ac

duc -eene es

In Topic , Ru f yu lfe, you wl mt a vy sml substac t O called . t t cts ltrs t ty t x u th two.

ee  



g-npe a

Sma o phooynhi howng th lnkd l  gh -d  pndn  ratn (n whh   t  and ATP nd redud  NADP  md) nd the ghtndeendent eaon (n whh h nrgy fom AP and edung owr rom dd  ADP a d to mk ugr)

Og Bk 

Tc 5: On he wld sd

The light=dpnd� rac\obS  ti ro  r o ltro o y  boot to  r ry ll by  it y it  tr.  y  c b  tro ccto    o  � o crrir. Ey l i  o co ADP   oi pot i io A i ro   y t litiv itio o ot  lctro t tr otr clooyll ocl  to vly  o NAD wt  yro o wtr to or rc ADP  A  r ADP r t  i  lit it rcto to  rboyrt o bo io

�

-

RP  . Eminer  tip You will not be excd  eal eas f phosysms but y my  xc to ers he roes  ey ae ar f an xa quson

Key flow of eectons i non-cyclic poophospoylao -  flow of eecons  cyclic phoophosphorylto -"�



cins of elecon cies

·

" .

 ,.

�-

Eminer 

.

Nv ry o nswer a ueson wt js a ga, always ce s exlann o wa s gn n

NADP + H+ Q1 Te arm sows he esus o an exere in wh a g sotopes 802 n war ong H26 ws

educe

NADP icesig

 evel

bble thou  ssensn o lge.

g

dark

Diagrm showin light-depeden ec. Pyses PSI n /  h w spe hph mole

whc n eee ei  lr whn suk by lgh

Q1  t bc wic roi rc ow  to)  t o wic  ry o t lit ctio o ooyti

 oxitio 7

r

tn

 ofCc xy sp he w

Q2 Wt  a u

tigh

", 10 2 3 40 5 Tm/n

Say ow ths ata spo e e hat th oxygen g ff by ps i oosthess es from we

Gree Bok   ag  .

Ui      e S

T htpnnt rat k ATP n redd NADP hh are t d n  lt-nepenen eatn  Caln yl  eue NDP rv    redng powr   c rn  yren an  A rd  nry  e r f akn b  e i  caby  y s  e C  r w n  e i

 C x  h a 5 pu c l  bo bspae (RB h t  ty   ze bo bopa caboyae RBISO), t t  y   wor

 e o o evy 2

  vv n e caon of  e n G oe a o o x 5arbon u;    py  A  RuBP

RB 

  T 6- pu   tabe an

ty   o  t carbon c, ya opa ( 3 Tis -carbon p  rdc to form a 3abon sua hophae a yeeye a .  yo fo  cn coe fo e ece ND fo     epenen ean  fo  penen aon os  nrg rqe fo he racon 12P + 2;

12GALP  (10GALP)  3C

DP  6TP 

"

" L

v

glcoe 6 (hexoe

Outline of the Calvn cycl.

    e  y 2 GALP or

a�     � 6 a exos hic can  ee o oe oac copou    aci o i

ATP Aenne trphphate (TP) pr v nry r hema reatn n  cl hen enery  eee pphate  rev from th TP t e P an  a e eery  eleae en  p a m n h aer n he ynh ltepenen e n AP    n nrgy fr l g. AP  A  P   nrg

Ru  Vatch ut

B rf wn dscssng NP wh t s nd w  dos NP hs crons/hydn dd d o   h hdndn  rcos of hoosyhss.  bos rd cd AOP A n AP  no rtd n hoosyhss nd o dffrn  thns n dos no  or to h o

 

Dgrm shwng sm  h fts f the g d  phtsthss

n yss e T a     c  gy i e l   nn   eacins. A  s s wy in i   wy  ta  ern nr. I i   bw ey-r  i a te  nee y    e mae   l  y  e by e pan i pi  n. T  i e t ynee a e lele n whi e lant rs, r x t  a plyaae, ain ci l   a ule a i Cs IDN d

R

pi

5 O   

!

 ·. 

Wh  h h In a karytc cls thr ar mran-n strutus call orgn hs a th sts f spcals prsss thn th cll  phtsynthss pant ls ha a structur ca th horopt h agra ss t functns hc ach at carrs t

A lp- hp an gns  m s� Pr o il udng p h  s yt t c   he  p es. Thyla koid mebranes-   _ S.o f itercone  ed fl at t en d f ui-fil e

g �

pi me t s

ca

ie

ar

  bdd i the mmb ans  e lvd in  e igh pdt tons.

Som-  th  nd

h yl me ranes n s   he ezmes reeed t cy u te tndeendet   ci  ns  otsnthess



Thlkoid  p e    fl wthn

 h ylkd me> can enzyes f  hyss

L

:�§-]

Sh grn oe e podu of phoonthe

Gnum-  sc of hykods jond     one nohe Gr (pl ur l) rb scs of con.

A sh ne ebne wh i y prt  mee T r  en wh r g l a t   th passa  ubs an n ad ou of he crpas. T h s  ue ugs d   eis synssd   ypls f   cll b  sed wi i n th cop.

A sot h t mbe - w i fy pe m e  e t us sch    H

01

Tr a t stps h AP s us n h Cal cycl h ar ty

0

hats  th Cal cycl s ISC s an at s t 

03

py a cmpl h tal  chplast unctns  y sggstng fr ac structu tn t rplast th aurs that ar aapt r ts untns

•iJ !

thylakoid mebrane tylaod space

Mh of wha is dc i ts t n  d   f of iag  wt Bu just un s  iaga   i ill rly   f s. Uls  aam is s y sm      dm   a g f   f  hav a god ry  v rm  aml h alvi cy grm y us ths s a  f yo nw not you w!

jl

;"

 ';

l h eeet et i f  te

-



pi  i f l  deede reai

t oa

l h  i ep e   os

ue ebae e eae

fly  p  y baes  ee  ete r  ee e  pl a



(.

":'

_

ntil

 

 ok a  m   v  y    W  k  V a y ar ms  ivlv  ah  (RBP,  GP ALP lco).

n 4: The ata Envronmet a  Suvial

Pat a guo  pototh h a  tur o ohr ou ug tarh o rot a at  bioa i foo for ot hua a vr otr ivig i g o Earh i u  th pat tv  a a wi rg i orporat io orai ou   a  poto  a o p m  podutt (GPP at u o o t oai o  atio  oi 7 I w f out t igr o GPP a ta awa t aot o g  i piraio R wa   i  ra a wi  i ta o w pa boa a a  a  rbvor or oo Th i a n t p m  pod tt (NPP A o  vaab a a i r ui iojo p qar t r ar (kJ 2 a1 fx  poto o  i praio. Th aiohp tw P PP a   PP



GP P R

(gy transfe! bvor a pat Th g  h foo  trafrr fo th iar prou pat o t vor. T  u o t   rpiao fo ovt i h bo. o g i ot a at to  viot T r  avaa fo or aia or oor Th a a b ari i a g fow aa

 : .1  06  ab  plat:  10 pped i glcoe= poe



foo



o



m

0 �

 z Q

,<

consumer



6

fo

700

day co

 .!



4090

 



1

;

1000

m

Q

 ow thrugh the tophic lvls f a st eye.  Jm-2 ye  J j



ro t ag ra w a auat th ff  of rg ow fro o troph v to t xt for xap fro prour to prar our  rt w hav o f ou ow h r g   avaa to par or: g trapp rg pat u (GPP  iato R lways dbe hc a yu ave copid ubs own cy  an awas do a g caio wt ronded es t get a ouh  o h lkl swe. H -wht is 3/? Wl / is abot 3 w is /8 whic s ao %

4 090

t pra prouiv (PP 4 090 k  a

20 000

 ar f fo rou to ria ou i h aou a to  prar  o 290   a1 vi b t aou otia avaiab o  (2 090 k   a1  So  aw : fi o taf 



 100



.1%

Er trar i w oph v va ra i ft o A uo hub 0%  oft u o  ou wi f vau that  iffr w fro th



Topic 5: On the wild

+* :n

side

rbun d bd  any aiat  species occupes a pec  nce deermied y eviometal ondtio botc and bot< fcor and e wy tht te speies se he abtat (food, selter, s1tes, feedng times et. e disruo (where they e) d bndane (ow ay re determied y thee coditos. Cages i hese condio an erefore led to ages i distributio nd abundance

my  ucceo ppens we  are wih is devoid o ie i frst  ooed by spees usaly lchn n algae o bre rock) that ca cope  the has odios These are lled poeer pee Tey er te eniromet i a wy   makes  an usuitble home for them, bu iabe for new peies o eslsh he ew species oe rele te existig species A silr ocess occrs time and ai though tges nown s ee, uil  sable commty is reahed. I table woodad or exmle trees die bu ew ones of e ame pees gow to i te ga is i  mx cmmt  the sccession a wih l1ng tis aready  peset, for exle i grzn stopped in a edow, wic te ecame woodnd is is clled seodary sess1o ise e aea ad ti llow te

PviP,t of all ree. The graze wch igh he tee eedlng are diou ged by e oe pin  h Wln i te li mx ot In h e  th wodld  sll oak, a ad pine.

builig de

ebo es

t ehid he oneer ome   wch n bil  b pg n I  log n-ng oot  ter whe b.

fe s

Mm g nex aea hi pla a es wae o b hig aa  he ine fe o t ee wh a ll  n  weter. t l faer wen be.

A wide vit of eie ow  oo oeo te nitoge ie whi ipoe te level o hi ipoa tiet  the il. All  o ogni mtte, prog ae o li g apay oo.

Succession n a and ne ytm.

Q1

Rewre the eqatio NP = G- R n erms o R, e R  =

Q2

Wt i  nice/

 Hee s noe expe o p o   lw daam eg x  posess   104kJ m -2e 

spt

 X 

eneg  ew ss o pm oses 1 x 04J me

Enrgy   fo poce o conses n  ssln Cculate e ee  se om podes  osmes

Bvs eses s sess pogesses bt t t e  m g ow g, s js a ew sees e e m

n 4  l

E  Species urvival

   ill nst  i l (dbuon n h mn thr  bundn?  sr pn n ht k    r i  h  nt t n ut  c prctcl s t c ut such n nttn I thr pprs t   hn css t   rn  s th prrr mt I  s pp nt n  nt  pr th  cl tk rm m t   In t cs   us  pc  t cl  qu t tt aa

dd

dd 

 

Le:   sc t qdts d  nstigte dsbu d bude o    a odld edg Rgh Qad d t es b d bu  pa speces  gzd ad ed e

Cndide oten conu the id   h t d     Mk re y  n mi  hm up

n y awr y to k re y tlk bu l m y ave tl    a prprie mo r te im en dc. Yur  ethd ld im t prdue i n reibe dt.

n r cs  l ts t tit bc wl b • Either cun  nuls n  rt�  i nt   t ny lts uch s rss, u ut pssl rnsms such s l  p. •   t prcnt r  ch sp� ths  s th t mmn t t pnts h tms  t  un  qurt tt   up nt sllr sur n unn h n  sqrs  pr q ccp   ps i t_ I  i usul  r 00  squ i  rt th  u  sq  p s r  k u p  p cr   ln  A rnt  ns  us   pn qrt, n hh p r lr tmtc n t th ttn n t' n th pns n rr Ths ht r  tthr t  pcnt r un t qun:  Ycr= x00  hs  

Topic 5  h  i

In rder  swe uetis bu e itribin nd bundnce pn yu v und n he hbit yu e s d yi n y ll  eed t sr  uber  cr: 

ene.gy iput

·

,

t·

- .·

i % ;f_ E NCM"  •;

Ue a ligh  mete

Ifoaio abou aial ad eperae ca be obaied o pblised oce

mate

opog< apy

Toogapical vey eae e ape of he a Sveyo' leveling eqpe ca be ed -e iple ehod beg o e angg pole a cioete

oxyge avaiabity

e a oyge obe

epic fo

pH

e a p pobe o soil pH k

eal

Gadee e 1 ca e e leve o ipoa e c a iae oae and poa (NPK).

wae 

oil aple ca be ege, died oy i a ove ad eeighed o give e a o ae

I

ogaic ae  Te y soil sample a be eged bu i a ccbe ad eeighed Ay ogac ate i bu o c acco o ay deece  a. oi ee

oil ee cha ca be ed o ae f e oi i aily lay il o a

1

xpin w n edpc cr   d gve  exples

2

xpin e en f ee wds ne trset drt 

3

Cse  bitt  re ilir wi d lit hr btic d h bitic crs whic t l dsribuin nd bndne   nis n i

1 Te  shws  a d  a y  a e yem.   

8  

4 3   8 5 5 5 4 28 .4 9  8 



P  daa  s a i a itale rm  e ee      y y ptter   mmet  em

ni 4: T Nal Envrome a c viv

\void writng phses lk ' 1f te fittt ad le r :xence. Tey wi t   s wt  expti.

The they f evu  abt hw a wh orn have chae ve tie. Wt ata ca i ae qncy (te eatve eqenc  a pacula alele i  ppulatin. NeUise  ad can i he DN w c h kes p ene g mtto n  ad ceate vaiati wt the ppulati Once a ene utan ha apQeardjt i t p b theJecti p_es s  t

    .

Spec9Bt If he idea put  rwr ab we all a wa nvvd species wul cae b ere wud be  ew peci In rder  f a ew pecie t frm par  an exi ppulatin mut bece rrodctvy o td  +t hs all appe whe a ba  e es bewee w   pa f  etin ppati Ove t ntr cto a caue he difeet prt  f  ppuan t ne t uch a ent tht  a   inb t pdce fele oprin ad t ae hem tw r  e dffee pecie.



I

htt iolt ion teol olt on echni cl 1olton

ehou ISolto get isolto



 elt

hrid nbly

re Boo 

Oang Boo



 

 ::; 

e;

Popu occupy ff so do no met to beed.

bta

c 1 the sa�; j

Spees exit   te ae re b e v for eprodto t deet t.

J

Te epoducive ogs o loge fit toer  Populios do o repo to eac ote' eprodtie d ipl a



  

e gamee fo wo opul tions  d mply cp    le



.

·

. 

Helt nivdl pode ro th m atig of to iee t pec ies ot hemele epouce (eg. th mule) Idiuls poded  fo t atig o two fferet species e ot  ety  do no sie 



opic 5  h  

4 

New evidenc an thoy a y ontoa   day and tll  fo om popl h a no  typ of d uppotg th thoy aalal to  • h D moll  th am n all ogam. T uppo a' da of dn fom a omon ato  N and potin oa a od o gnt ang ta a od by andom taon ov m inatig gada ang wn and bw i y dying  gnom) ad ot o tee ag an b idtiid. oaig t  o amno aid qn  ifn ece  a ow ow  oy ele ecie   i votionay tm T mo la t n  o loy elte  i  g    mation  N a own ap he vovd ov va iod of tim  awn ogt.

I �daung  ny  d mut  aully dd fo t an  apd h t po ha th y apt whh ty o n alty and adty  ddatd tf ounal  p  tf of



 a toand o nti ona pbl h wodwd y a a ot mt  bi i at le one of  o tat  an  ad by o n. owv befe  een gt t ti ag  a to ngo a oce lle p viw. Th dio f th jol n a ota ap o two o  t ote  in in t am aa o wo. y gnaly a: I   a d?   onon be o good o and a  ata al  I   pa gfc  pa mt ma a u addon o t g dy  if   I t pap g   a omo l alady don t  am o?)



nly f h oth ntt ag that t pap  all th thng a t  puld. ofn a ll o tt to t ot t da   fot of oth popl ho o  h am fld Th uggton a  ad t th  o nd to go tog t p  po

Q1

Wa m o o sectio o a pa ?

Q2

Wy i v  t ftet  o eoh fo voion to e?

1 Wllia Wlro a   cric o Crle Dan H ed e rguen  no ne peie hd er en en to rise e in do where os� redn had ee preente or ny geration th dfee re  tll l o epduce ith h ot,  he ee th se ses W  do h   sw a r' thor  or?

Unit

4:

 Nr r   vv

Thr r  umr f ky ut t e ask d : • Ar 02 lvls  ii  d  the e ga wr g ? • Does   e u h h7  Hw d w t  an c we o a yh  g t oba ?  wr th qestio we ee t ok  eee fo ay dee o e

Yla js the vidnc for gb w.m? Q

temerau Lon-e dt st low chaes i mpeure o be nlysed . eg. the e r s Cenl Enln Tepare ie   fm 19  e en e n Syn he size of ee ns  all dnrochronoloy If the lt    t he  in a wde. We  ok   n w h 1v  y ino h a n ca el a l  o he le o he le a Pln   eev n ea bo By san t n els i e t w  slin at eet ae Aal o t ln a el  ic a ee r wing an  wat e cte wa k en te at wa f e o Ai  r ed i e w t s e as of  ao a  aa hi es  oat at tates a  l i te t 40

It  t we r   w peo o e Earh' h  or   thi ud b r  g 2 leve?

007 leve�

380 3

 ixi  h oee i kow   u . I alow

340

rdt t rh th Et r h un S  t eegy  pped by C02 d th ah wam p. Th  t   grhous efct. Ohe r  l h t  eet o  example ehe 

320

E  g 280 > . 60 E a

, 0

s 220

5

5 -5.   (e  e)

-7.5

-00 160

 20 0 Ag/ 000 ys befo peent 



Changes in tempratur d C2 coctto ove t t  6

Rbe at j  bcau there is  reo  de o en h one  hig cases e oe  happen. Ty ma b  be fli n s e p f me ther on.

Sm id t  h E' uc sca   w  

Sm d  se  hs s,  e e.

M a       sr,  ws u.

     

It a oututs of e t  E' e.

Gr B 5.

Or B 3 4, 

To  O the  

h t suor th tory o lob wr b r- Js by hu du lrly to C2 d t sso. o th xt sto s how bd wl  t

rnmpu mdllg Ay t o rd lt h  th utr st ry o y olx o odls to xo o w w kow to w h . s ods  btr ll th t b y  iitd by  o o ow st  a_knovldg o how t l tios So o   bo iox iio or  i i or  ry  o it.

�ha can be d? i s  us bo  ob r robl bu   o  o ol   s bs w lry   ti o th  o bo  . O wy of n C02 vs wo b o ow n o e  f hy wo oy a h C0 hy  j  n n o wo b cabo na. Howv hopn ow anfos o gow pm fo o eeses mo  n   n a sng con o m hno o bof ps pop of foo

Plns ak  C0 n phoosynhess,  te o  o of  C0  s hy gai z. Dforon s houh o b an mpoa cae of   ee n   Th ag- pn of nw s od ede h amon o C0 n  amophe



opos  pn

cabo 

feed ng

on

-·� compon

n anmas

b

cabn ompons  compose

!

 c cc  

ded  m

·o0 os\'

t s lr h r   br o i  ots to  o h tori rro o C2 Ui rtly,  wo  l ry b  b b o i i  r t r s x C2 bi  d o h oh by  ity oo  t yl   b s  hr     b  o wys w ould i to o ts orstto wl cr t ol o  bo doxd o t tohr d to  rs  hotosytss

I is wll wo lrnn he crb ccle becse u c work ou  such a lo ro i

T rs  th u o bous  oos to ossl uls o lo hl bus th C 2 rl  bu   th u l wll oly h  b rly x  hotosysis; tr us i tho rbo t

 Sec  rn c d s 1

is  sou o    b s o ii l i  .

2

Wh is   i y t   ts o h o  o  bios St o 

r  

  exl o   s csd  d-p of  ioxe i he opher Ident i y  he p ocesses  hat  m hods to r euc a tosp-: .e-: car bon diox de w ould

Or B   

Ui  Th  Eviomt and ees r

ol wrmn wll mt on t clme n mn ws n tn  rse n mture mt me wrmr wtt wntr nll tens e so lel to b f Ts mh men  nr n  rs o oon n some s n ote r t s mt b ot. Fn,  ol cces m c o h sos re deret n le  i t All o i wll ffect ns n ni ms  t i ws Gloa wmng 

ising emerae changing rainall aer, anges o eona yle

Cges to speies sibuti

es to developen

Changes o lf ccs

A he  veae empar is, ee  he  o h UK my widw hwar a  he eied  acs fhr nt my extend souwad . ee wh cao lv  tee e nw ay mov  (en ee) ad o-cop ave ees endg h ex in he aea.

In ma rele th teee e e se of   a h fom ggs so warm ld a se a hag n ex a  ese sees

Oniss wee temee s an   n rigger f devo ma wel ave eir f cyls dis e . Ine my  h o e ie ye moe qicky ad  ed y o eed oe he las tey ee n ar au Rsarch has show plas lowing ari  by  ans always; in a sape of  an alysd so flowred lar

Pbl  f go wrmig n mate ha  living i.

mertre fecs enzes nd herefor wo ornisms ns, nmls nd moorsms rsms  ow fse if tmrts    fw eees Howr     rses oo i e em wi n   ectons w sto.

Green Book 5.3

Oran ook .6, 8

Toic  On h wd sd

I+     

i zm tpraur c i n mmrical; th c  h tprar ar a dd n ad cp dnarai  th nzy cai h cr  fal ry ply

u

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; T fc f mperar   r   zym- ris e mum m,    a ve  v  d  t r

- ac· cal  v�·gation of 1!e et'

e

t. e

of

c,eome

We c nvege he ee o  pr te on hchig e  l veee cle bie . n  pacticl we wn to vy mr  varie) n ee ow it c th br o hr p a  ble. h  e ohe vribl whic iht act t  e u  l     l g h t  lv  i or   o p th  o  d  n g  xprt oh o e he d vai, a to cr or t xp a. It i lo o uy  he c o r o ee li g gow h e I bo s exee  ogi c b d to  oit or  e eee   b rlt  

ay cnr  et apc  x y d, pcaly h iln nl Thr a  q bt i

hee  lle dou h glol wg  he nng  ee e ll g queon ove wh  ng   d wh we houl d do ou .  s que ol o en o dgee u s c s lo  r o uc dee Non-cen y o ned e uncey  uy wn  cle nwe. e eoe who wll gve e h e oen o e eni bu olci econo d o oc s Qcl  b bcos olicsd d hen  uul one t oology of sc  e  c o  li   .  oo ecoes cle t t  i  i re wi vio hide da d t i o t w t th he cece e o ciit r ccse o be  g ed y ol oe  hey ge g  t  tblid pol i  viw or p oltic   i  rg fo . Wh concuon p eo l e   o oord y who fude he eeh  e dong nd eue o cooc  p o  cs.

Q

Wh do we en y n enye ou eeue

Q2

henology s  udy o eol ts G one even h y e ece y iing eeue o  nd ne fo ln ,

Q3

Why wll ii cbo dioxd lv l o s  be blne y need  o osytei  

1 Li  f th hica cndatin hn primnn n hachn a i bn .

   Nt Eviom nd Ss viv

Photosyhesis 1

oosyntss 2

Eergy ansr aunace an eosysts

Invsgatng nmbrs and dstrbuion ecation an voo

nous gases an the caro cyc

 Th ffcts of goba armng

Descrbe cloroast structur ad ow ths s ratd to tr jo n photosyntess_ Descrb otosynss as t sttng o ate, storng of ydrogen n gcose and rese of oxygn Descrb t gtdnd acons ta tra g engy by cng eectrons n cloroy ch a  nvoved n making AT and ucng NAD Dsc AP mafacur fro AD sng eneg AT povis nergy for boogca pocsss. scb te ghtnendnt racios  ch cao dox s rduced using A ad rdu AD an t anfacture of olysaccads and ohr ocs

L02 L03 L04

      

LOS





L06





Caca n ary rodcvty o e quaton:  G-  Cacae efficicy o nergy trasr n roic ves

L07





L08





Explan o otc and aotc facors cono distrbuto and adanc of organss Expan o t concet of nc ains dstbuton and audanc of organss Dscrb succsso o a cmax comy.

0

 



scrb an ecoogca sy of a abtat to cat vald reab data on abundance a srbon of ogansms an masr a range of ac acos Dsr  ro f ge uaon a ara scton in evoon; a cange n ae fquncy Dsc t valdaton of n venc suog t tory of evoluon.

L0

 

 

L02





L023





Expan o odcv oaton can ead to spcaton

L022





utne possb causes of goba ang

L04

Diss o udestandg of t caron cyc coul  rduc atmorc 0 ves

L09

 

Aalys daa ro arous socs o gv vdn for goba aing.

L0



  

Dscrib  odlng of treds  gba arng an th mations of ts aoach Dscrib  fcts of goa ang on ants an anias (dsrton devopment a le cyes) ain the ffcs of casng aure on enzys n vg tings. Descrbe an invsgaon of  eec of rature on dvont of oganss sdn got o hatcing n brn srms Dscuss o a erson's ont of vie g affct te cocusos y rach abot acios to take on gobal ang.

0





15





1

D



7





02





=

0 0

  O  id d

1

A ansct  be usd o sdy rds i he aa ad strito of gisms Desbe  m y cl se  sm  abce  a gasm a nals alg a ansec le.



Tis is a lsic exa f     a y w i  t qso  vey culy A tas  qdt) s sd a yu n t dsc m o disributio  audac  a sm.

m ,·  

  wod  lai  a a d ad alg . Te mbe  pces  c a w t b cou  e dw  uda wo t b aomy ow ad t m  seces e w g tl t is





- 

:�

  '

 

hs i e  tyca aw i wic    th ut eaiy o ou  ga ll m s e se  a aat wl g  ma  l     y  at o e sd  g  t lie F exmp  ests  gr   w ig ad a it-   wod  rp. h ia th  a wuld b lacd amly by hwi  cmmly   e h way  us . I ths case om  is  pa h a sl b    m   i s a ate  a qr) - i   sct  y s  ( e b sct. ia ly th ig o e esimd is o  pcs u b    a  sm s  ppop ec sld e dsd for o1g ts o fr dit orisms lik pes  pcag c  p wi c  sang  as answ wl m e  t  ce s  w  pace   i o a s se n xlln answr wl scb layg  a l placg aats ang  eie y  te  y   v fl das of w  a ccae ous wii e at  a tmat  pcet covr wit 



Expai ow sm tas  bacta ae bce ab t s tetwt aics.

       _ '·,_ �

Emri

      -

.-



.,

. : Nte auy te wd 'om'  this qsti  n  May swes disss  i ity f e btia to k w th aitic,  it o

 te cl  a y a a way a  e  y    si st cls  S  asw ans  di t at al 

Sude wr

.

. ,   ': !

 bacea gnecal y mae  a essace  te ai is   bs y ow a a p w p e atioti t o  cells. me a  zyme wc beas w e b. me ha  esisa c wa

T aswe s ne m  a ale sament abo genetc mtt  bcea w gs em ssac  abcs  s   asw s  ela to th si a  s nswr wl mn enec m as  gn  ssce  t ta atbis e a sc pss we sse  xll aswr wd etio tese pi   o t iscss hw t slc ess leas  a nbcssan baca ng abl  pce pss o t esstce a a ive s to a pto i wic e fcy  s a s .

 4  tr E ad  Suial

1 he ara lw uare th teen et reactn  htynthe Li g 

Product A

ectr

Clol

electrons

Elen ie

-

P B �    

 ie he rc ci withi  loolt wr  qc  o occ. (2) b ie the a  o A    •

•

(2)

 v th  na  th re hat re eletr t lac th l by chlryl

1

d A checal calle atrazne rven the lw  eectrn t th lctrn

arre. crb a xln the lely t  aaz n th ructn  arbhyrat  a cla 4) T  mr (Bolgy (Sa/rs-Nufed) Advnced, Ju  2 gsts    a tt w   co   oth Wale e i uualy ey txc o la  o gsts     a ce i  e

i a rw n wa ti   o  . )  et a eh o i  e ene i a al  Agrost

plants.

(

b) Sae  trant an nnleran t wr rwn  th tray 

l that cntan  er ray  tae ly tlrant lant ray  ntan nly n-tlrat lan an  ray 2 ha a xtur  qual nuber  bth ty Th ttal y a  the lat  eac tray wa aur The arraet  th lat an the re ult ar  ar blw y  Al orn pln

Tray  Al non-tolea pas

X

X

X

X

X

0



0

0

0

0

0

X

X



X

0



0

X

0

0

0

0

X

X

X

X

X

0

X

0

0

0

0

0

X

X

X

X

0

X

0

X

0

0

0

0

oa dy ma of oran a oa d ma o o-ole n

r 2 Mixd l  o-o n

46 g

1 

 g

3 g

et a xlanati  e eul ob  tray 2 

4)

 e a xa hw h  c o ean Aro lt w b iy  chan i he er we e   l n e  i w ti . a ,

T 8 mr Qto 6

6

Topi  O   se

3 S' v e s we d d e d er c cit  20  das h s rm ducvt (GPP  h  r a v  NP)

wer eaurd ea ch a  rsu  are w  the   blw.

:

· -      - - 

35

t:



g  

 G

 2 ? · .  u " �   5 E

 NP P

r

; 







25

T si /ys

a)

 mre  c 

G d P ur   ed w 

th rah  es  l  t r th c  hv esced  )(). ) Epl  re  w 

P NPP a .

  ( )

Total 6 marks (Biology (Salters-Nufild) Advnc, Jn 2007)

  tr  ls  er s   l s d c c.  rec   lel, w c  pl   r r  cr was masued  tw d fere ss  a d  h tale blw shw s the erctae requeces  the lrac d  terace llls  la  s   w ses a x w  e  e e   l i  lt.

B

 8

()

 

) Descr w turl c culd hve bru  o  dre allele ci  t w i 

 Sge w acer  da   cdi c r c tha l.

(2)

oa 8 mas B (aer Nud) Add, Jue 200

Deay and deoposton no ate ow dstateful  mght soete ee to us,  al for the contuaton of lfe on Ear. Plant nee utrents suh a ntrogen, potau phosphorus and caon to ake oa hese nutet are locked to the tue of the plants and any a n a th  gt eat tem Once the lan o aima de e nuent ca e eleae ony trog decay The poes of eompoto a  ows e nets to e eye . Moogaiss ae  cia  o e decopoo pocess e abo ye  a good exle o ow triets are ecycle  ow icoogaiss hep Baea  g i roe a ge o ezye at ae eeed o to e ea oga ate. e odt of eera geio ae bobed by e icro-orgas ad boe ow  oa espiratio eeasig o doide ba io e atoee wee t c e se aga i pooye

carbn mpuds in plat

eed ng

 p in ma

"

<:

rbnate

o op n eo

T pa f e b  i el on mc-gnm are sown b e oan  on  aram.

d oganc mat

CSI B�obogy I i eriny pose to fd ot how log go a ama ied. ee ae fve i wy at eiss go aot ths. " �-·e

10 hur

�\:,.

2 

r

h e ake o t t o th b e cyce at  7  T sge  av   dd oy cn b sed o  ime  de

Gree Book 6. 1

3 u

a o k 6 .1

opic : Infcio muny ad orsi

opic : Infcio muny ad orsi

By emratue is aly   b th boy b ns to oo saigh ae ah Dig the fir  ho ater ea t tmpeatr  t boy wn it  fun ca  ed t wrk ot hw o ag he pes e. gre of l contat At ah, mce sly ttay elax a he ten Th i  tig  ale rr ot Th a w a  os (peig  empate). he f cs bae m otraion rls  A whih at  ad o rprat a t S th ms bm fxe e stiess wa of aga ate abot  h in ol onition as the m ise tats  bra  o s sa fw a staad atter  ecay E zyes e  epst i h g ta o a own h wal  he g a he th rig ara  ell d hey ae eymes wh p t rk dw tes T gs f d uh as iscoloain o he si a ga fomion mine wh ma abt vrmta cots alw m o at t be etmatd. Diin he ag o ay is maggots  h boy ori enomoogy allws e m e eggs wer lai to  tem h es a tat  me  dath ag a gg  lai oo a ah  a boy ay th ati f s od   ag  c age he  a es  sei he cmty  pies psn wh the oy i fo al lws h ag e o uessn t be  a te  ea mae dy emperatre

I

gj

u all h nran ehr a  he onc sc a ry good sa  e  e.

ll h thos s to at  t o th o a body a r s b t t r Rbs n xtns r  yu a askd to do luaton. Rlstly, tE  s r l on  n h o    r ng  o ossb ts rt han a rs gur

 s r b   was  w  Q1

Ls  idto t can e ed  rk  i o ea

Q2

h o   mran ly n e ar yc?

s sso o  bod i smla1 to s sso   s dn  th  atl ss  on way n w h  ar dr

Uni

4 T aa v a  vva

 DNA i  nn cq wa ivn  985  inc n rnc cnc a n  T qu aw   iny ca maa w a    cnc n an   nw a a cnqu ca  ymra ca ra (PR) wc aw ny amn  DA   am n qais a   s  DNA n. Tr y rm    m wr niq   av r mia  vsia i a a ran  r iuain w a aiy au  iy  a  am  i i  vy DNA  u. i  a   variy n in  n  DA w ar n   c  rn.  nn ns ar ca non. Scn k r r ra qnc n  nn  qun  ra a ar a shot tdem epeats (SRs) r an  u  svra nr cs   STR a a n u.  (an a r anm) vary n rar    mbr   ra y carry a a c c cni   a   an a a ay i  bi  a   a r a iva.

=

 oube-trnded NA + rton ezye

Frgnt of ole-sre A  d  te wels o  se e   

3 8

NA  u o rgt e egty rgd D  wd t oii trod.  rgt art nto ini 

6



If e NA prob  adioatie, X-ray fi s d to dtt te frgent If t DN A prob  uoee i  iwd g UV igt  ow boe .

Do no  u  rb  aga li h na    nrn ha a n n y a ah . O y  g i i  rn qu an  no ai !

 

Mee ple n bg wt DNA probe getrned DNA pob ind to fes w h  ompeey q

DNA  trere to  l  elloe mee b suo w  tough  g. DN oe tr  ad k  h man

  n  n  a DA r r inr.  aa a as  rn as a ra  r a a r  nmrca va DA ramns cnnn  ra sqn ar ra n rrcn nzym r  ymras can acn DNA a DNA rmn carry a nav car  a a rn i a as a m  ran i a ab , y wi mv war    iiv cr T ams mv a i ra ari   i si a  a. Sa an w wr ra av as a   sr   c ar a    i ra k ara y,  r  aai  i   nc n  an ar rar an suy n

Topi c 6: Ifecton , i m mu n ty and frents

W ve  \A ilig i te  sic vt      dny a i  u   re us an tt. n g te ig e  estc anl  (c as rses) lkng at te ry   sae su as aat rc) an trng te ate   l r all ay tat t tcnue an  e i i  g e  evets  si n tcgy lwg   answr ts wc w w vy t v ben b   ess

 y  ean CR llw  sm  A   le   ey   be u in  i  r rs  DNA es, t seq  A ey   NA aj  te   cyce  ttu cne5 esuts n e nub   A rgens bing re

acas   l 

PR 

Sp  7 °( f  l  i DN ys  u py ss f DNA

e



S  9-95    s  A r as

I

 c=

i D y

,-

gl N

) 

ps 

:

Sp  5- °(  20 s     DN s

The procdu usd fo t olyma h io, PCR. Q1

T mly  r   f  v  y  r a ce osP in th UK

Q1

c rt  t  DA  us r rlg

Q2

Wy i t nssa  resc s t  a    r t  eas w ag  D re?

r.n



tr ed back to just thr  ml

r ln wh i i i  y mas usg DN1 pr olin thn  s t dentfy  r acehos .

U    nnn  s 

h  t  rt synt   foo mRNA ytesi (trrpio)

DNA

s ul n  is th; tis fms  d I  becmes  e   d n n se cse, it hs jin h he pds   molecues. Tranltio

aino d ch uftr li

RNA

 d h pyppd

odg

 p

Transcit

Relusout W

n DNA srtr and n it is bin ld A pais it T b h mRNA is a n th DNA t stand A pis it 

npon ns o    op .  NA op i not i   photocop  opln A   in  nus  polppi  bl in h ypl so h A u o out o t ulus tuh po in th n mm.

Trai n in th ytm  R th to  ioo tR ryig si ino  n to th olnty oons on h A A pt on is fo tn niguin no is to po  polppt  o po i o  1 TRANSCRIPTON DNA omon oied  R

D a   l joe

_-.

r 1 /1T CC  GC C G A

G  ' 

CA

;- -:/ ' ,;

C  C A

b-

A U

 lA A  G a l   J    I

-double

NA a be asee



emplate (ani-sese)   of NA

uea  eae



A

 sense sd o DA

nuclear p ore

ree mRA nueides NA sands separate t e ene mRNA srnd cop rom em lae rd of  r o e  y y RA plerse e z ym

ACCCCGCCCCC

DNA

'



Arr t informan  he iboom e  opleed mRNA srand leves e uleus n moves      op sm

ues coa

3 mi acid actiain  tR rrie aino

r

dffee RA m lele

[

o

Me

m



GGG

i

UA

owig plypepde hi



8-Met to�:   I & a gene r sul ts i n a squnc e of

mino acid s.

G

Book

5 Copleed opeie ie to prduce tiona prtein, e.g ezme   a  ef e

6. O k 6

GUG

 -GG U f  U C  A A UCC 

j -  mRN '  o

    fma m

ATP

c o r�=:  O

)

d7

Protein yi 

m



ee eeded  ch amno a o RNA

UA

Me

ferent

·

 oo o    ! 

4

RANLON

aico o )

mRA infrin tnl it  pecifi eqence  n d

op  tin   r�s

The gentic ode Th gnti c h l imnt rrtis <>:.



"K



O•

te de

Th ribosm as two  te on

sufac, on f   tRNA alrezdy bound to a gr owi polyet  ide and t oher fo t RNA car' n

Wt  ao c ad a ad o  t oe o n  ou as to d , oe a er a ac will  o an neier wi two Ung ree  e 64 oo whih  oe a eoh.

o-orappig

the nx amio acid to be atac to  the an. Amno acids ar e

added oe  t a tme in a re peag

Ea e o ree a f ne tiplt Te tiets do ot erlap  n ae r oe trp i pt  ter e a io a wi ao ad   o 

eat

Se mi is ae r t n odon. Fr xae hee ae  d  o t a aci proi A og  he coon art t  te ai i prole wil e put t t oypei he od  ad o   h oe e rotcton aa io.

p

I

s·-rans r iptional a   gl h h c g c  n r W  k hs i  rt Ms gns c  mny rtins n his is hi  st-trncil gs in h NA. s chngs r    R   is u in sl W n t  h NA  in  nul s p  A

L

DNA

pe-mRNA (stim cad nur R)

mRNA

 " E 

t    

@�/ �



.  �

l

'";p,o

xon 2

l 

     3   

stt hag n    n  1

 

 3    r

    n   

x 

D ps c b md wh  sos of RNA  l g  tat.

� Q1 Whch t  th DN s us t  r rtns intrn r n? Q2 Th N  s g pli  is ns n  it  signiicnt.

Q3 L c citi i lst A h t crr  n  . ,



·-

"'

.

oll wi atoon at n e an o cd t te template ran   omplenry py  telte ad

R

D aie t RN

NA

Q1

Draw a flowchar t   expa : procss of rtein yr-es ·

U 4  aa v  ei vva

Ineti diseses i humns re used maiy by bteri siglr berim nd ruse. Y eed t e wre  the deenes beween them er he a rkryt ellulr srue wih rele  iruses d nt Nir r r vi uss  ss, ut t mi  us sss.

I

f

 ·:

·'-"

 mem  an tplam cel wall o asmids ad  mimes meso es, lagl  nd pili.

No el all, cel uc membrae, ytoplasm o ol . Nceic acd e i p otei a

Cr s of DNA   e etic marial

 o RA    gnec mae rial

C v independenty

Ms ave a living oga n   m a h t .

A dimee 05-51

20400nm, wde age of iz and ap.

Oft av mucuba u capsle

a av  ba o h cl ura m ut cotig glycopon fo e v

Diferncs  tu bwn ac d v.

   be my ee e die  n ns d, due  e  ife  use symps wh , n  ses ed  det f t t . We  sre this y lkig  tbeui, used y te be Mcbatem uecu d I (cu by h imundeey s, HI. In TB  f inein my v n ys bu ubees   e lungs due t the ammary esse  e ess imue yem. e er my uie nide te tuberes due t their thik wxy t ey lie drmnt b i te immne sysem i nt wrig rey they  beme te gi In ie  lung tsse is slwy destryed by the bteri using breting rlems he tient dee  e gh es weight nd etite nd my ser rm eer  beri ls trget ell  he immne syste s te tien n ight ther inetins well In me e the c inde glds  he C er eus system   this  be al.

nitl ymps   HIV fen e fv edhes tredess     ee y e n symtms. Tee  1 week te net HIV    he ld   ptient is sd t e IV ve. l sypms n en e r  yes ut eeualy  sfe rm we ss, igue drre, i   es    Fil r e seere  s  deeni, ers (eg Kss s    netins sh as   numn1.

The

N�sef   netn In rder t igt  isese the bdy  ret i  nmber  wys. e llwing rense re n-seii: ila mm a io

yoym acon

mag wh es A y fun n a iaines a ta sweat ad the se aeoles o diae e detoy bacte ia n capilaies o ecome y braing   o  bl. Boo  cel wll fo o te aea ireases n pasa wie bloo cels ad ti bodies eak out ino  u

Gree  6 rg  6. 6 

tfon

pgoco

Wi ood c u, des A emia e fo ls sops poe n nd dtoy  and oe synt esi i  m at ia  T phoc s in le neu rophils a moocyes (i bm m acop es) .

Topi 6: Ifecio , mmunty d frensic

 Te seii mne reson le on th ymphocytes (anothe y f wte ll), o whh thee are tw m kd ech wih a nmer o s-tye Bt yes esond to oreig nnsef) nigens s as poti on th sre f bteri nd vses Marophge r o ivov nglng aea and dpyn  noe gens hey et e u sye  e presee f he fogn tn Wn y e n e iu y dys ten i th wy, t s le n anig preetg el.

Never r y to answe  an exam question wth jus a dagram '� : i speccaly ak r one. Use  ra o hl y o uad ad hen yu ca p i ito wor�   e exam

 eash bw    yp n wt y  i w n  ir

T

Bell & cyk tk

 r 

ae� 

l ds a ai h mae i reeto T 

 It wai ut it i ava b� T h   

J�   '\

0�'"

mem el Te  e  e vds o prue  ama a mmy e _

aibe

0

T helper

dndri tic cel

)'. (_

1. pagocy gu fs ad

 a bam.

: actived

". Pa f  th batri (ang) ge t  rfc of e phagyt.

2

3

 ue ype  inad.

S Marhag idfy 

irer a wth adis, a egf  a t r  he 

T ler



h T he e is ativatd.

rn h atig a   el

T killr  



virine' e el --nti

·:

acteri

Pa el  b that a ach 



Te pagc y

B m el

4

l

-�

'

. 

;0

Ang presetaio \

me cels

6 I he a inrde iad aan e el hel he mu syse  aciv mu ae.

T kllr c

\

\



cer cll

aerinect cl

I



•

(

_Ift  b   d   rl  T 1 

wih ca   i  t

e mmune epn. Q1 Draw a abl t distinu

Q1 Q2

Gve  fen n

two

ss btw viu n .

y g  fve   o n  y ave  feo 7

beween e s f B cls (iuig B  an B efeco cs) ad T l (T hee, T e  d T y el s).

 4:  Ntural Evinm   

Phoges (og  c de)   body oh  o co y k: oe, o, g ex'=2 fes,  ys, gsosl   e  T y of o-orgs hog wod  o  jo cse of fcos. Eyes tars oa the ezyme ysozye  wih hs to  robes

R

a  muus whh traps ateia he mcs s then swaowed ad assed to the dgestive syste Gastrointestinal tact- aid in the stoah heps to proet agast any miobes which are eaten I additio te gut has ts ow ateraThese omete with athogens fo oo ad sp e which heps to protet s Te haress bateria aso exete ati acid whih deters patoges

1Skin the s is a tough arie ad

suay ony aows pathogens to ete  it is ut As an addtioa ine of defene te skin as its own irobes. These ive natray o the sin ad otcopete pathogens Sebum is a oiy fd whih s made by the sk and a aso i robes

Major outes of eny ophogs and  l o bie n oecting he o om nfecton.

u y?

Ho

 Yve dee9p We c cq    wys

to a1ge by ein he eae The by rue memy e wih me  mne  dses i e fe

weaene

ieae ognsms, xin   aie famen men a e body is exposed  he anien nd podu emy e

Injeed wih abie  he aniie  en n e  n e f in e mk. meie Thee anbe a p e on e gs y aain e ai hen vdin  he mer a ae hy re specfc f enounere.

W c so  ioc o f1gh bc o e ae wo ds of boc  boc  k bc  bateidal, d o  l o low e gow of b  acteostat. Wh bc  o lo fcd by  boc y  d o  resisan o 

G B  

Ora B  5 

Top 6  ii a 

Evouony  s qck a w ole mca o cmba paes,  eolv w tos to oc o mm m. e bacei wc caes B a te v espb o DS V) av both vv ea wic l  o ae the imm ssem The TB bacem pdcs a ick wax cat whch oec it fm he z of he macohag h oe cat f  is sal chagig which mas ha e ime ssm ca't aget ad dto i

Hos§ qr io ai al  som bacia o becom essta  abocs wc s  pob wi aiboc-stat bacteial ifct  osas. pia t  combat ti i a mb of wa.

:F«\o lt H<

ly  is wh dd    f m  mpd

mi

.

_,:"]

! d  r    rs l   fi

lai g pai w ria dia

 t ii of a ria bw pan t 

good hyge ecurgd, inud hnd wahng nd a

rv   a  f nfect nd ut        tha my habo  hges

 wig  jwl   l ld r ri f pi mg o p al

I

  y  if wiht wig yp;  an    y   iolad d 

Ivting bi d !bioti  sipl oce ca b cad ot  ivstia batia a abitics  e co pacica  s imta o ollw a aspc chs whe g s d o w ad  o ca t a  assesset   sl et aga plae  eeed wh stab baceia e.g sg a  seile seade.

!

I

Bacteria do no hav a a pid ae 1 mation, bu hy do hae a hh rat of reprodcion This means ta new mutaions occr qite egay and ac w  ion my hel h org ans o svv Cnsqnly hy l prd y min i  ime i wou

ae a drug coay o develp  new antibiotic

pl aibotc to a  i pape disc e la o e bacea aw i  sile oces  :



abtic so t a wl i aga 1g a  pp.

 Pet dis bt d t te  d t

Wen escribig paccal

�

cba elw 0  f abt 4 s. Lo o ca aas aod th atiboc sc o wll gge aeas ca a bete aibioic agaist his bactm cis

T o  o you investga h fe   s  o   Ah  s rl o pc prcedue.

rocedues you nd to be ey detailed. For exampl f you say 'te bateria a lacd on a Pet dis yo wl ot g ay mks. This s s bacea wll o grw  n mp pas dish Yo ed o sy 'u agar {n a e dis) Lack of deals lie  his fn lose canddes maks in eams

Q at heo wo  op o ts wth t pcica abve7 t a ctic esi t aw

Q2 Exlai wh he baceia a icbaed blw °( ad wh th dis i  cmltl sealed

g devloprs o pro_:e teatments a a- ue -

te lon 

Unit 4: h r Er  S r

By     i y    : .

•

•·

�m

:

".



02

0

 o mooganm  iovd i otn

L09



D

  a   DA g ( igpig) an  u o ok o g at  g hs.

LOS



D

 o  ma  ao    t g o N o 

06





 o NA fagm     to

L0

0

D

Exn  o o o  d t o o A  a RA  i

L03





Ex tht the gt  i tt o ovang n gna

L0

0

D

El  hages tat n t aon an g   o mo  o on o o g

L04

0

0

Io

g t t tu o  

0

dJ d

v



D

te  on

Ex t to o at a  a o  o oTB n o  HIV

0



0

 o  : mmon, i o sozym o n agto

02

0

D

Ex atg a   o ma , aog  AP a     

L01



D

ngu  l fT        a etor) 

L01

D

D

Exa o o o  iii iv a  

L015

D

D

  o o  o ogn no  o a  a   g/ o a

L01

D

D

  o   oon a  atog  t a   o t o  omg fom I  TB

L016



D

tg  t  ata ato

7



D

 ga  t f  aot o t

01



D

  a   ou ung o t aq  ta a   t   ou oug o o a

L01

D

D

Decay a omoon

DNA profilng

DNA  oi t

Iftion vt a 

D o to tat t  deh  a mama g nomao om  oao u t  o tt

D

p 6: If   

 Suggs why a patient f  TB is r liy o vp mpto of  disas 1 ey r aso i9d by HI

(2)

I o der to ga ul ark yo r expced to wt nswrs wh cotan detaile b iol og ical knowdge a ele ee aeas  ea oer

HV wns e imm  ad thrfor  s lkely ta pprn>ic infections sc as  wold ake dnge f a weakee e syse a eeoe bo mr civ. yptos wil vp as e e sysm rspns s pesse a canno cnly sry h bacer , r es l ing n sypos

Ti s qe a ypia swe wc s o wrong bu sily oes no ae enoh deal o a  n ee o the  wo ks A 'we aene me syst' ds no ddrss e specc aspec of e i t  HIV aecs. I s ot TB wc doe any  t1o o e ne syste, bt e ace a cases i  c nwe d t at  bacea ae no esoyed by the imu y. A eceen nw  wold link  dsrcin ofT hl per cels by HIV o he act ha te T bacera ae  desroyed.

 Giv  syms  wh are lely o cr  a perso wth TB



On te ace of t s s a vey sp esion t ag ain o a mrs a adace level answes s show sm rvat dail.

denfa swr Fvr  ou mg

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 i an nwr in wic   h hrwn wy  rk     il k of ecs  o ad cael o. los vr yoe cog s a o poi ur ng o das s t e a dsease syo  it oul b obvios that ti ut b qalifid  a a wold sgs a ig eperare r  as bin a at   T     wol sggs qid cog ( e coh ig p bd or  excesse oig) as well as t appearae of brcle   aor weig oss and eelpet of eve

U 4: Te N au a v  Sps al

1  gaph lw sows h an i uin iz  t cultur grw i th   t ibi i A. E Jnd . n h s t antb w ddd at 7 hs.

,

6000 Atiboc

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a dded Tme/hur 

a)

U xmpl  h gaph t i th dfns w bidl and btriosati tibi   (3) .

{b)

 ps ivesigatin  h s teim un g tb A ad  r dud  a u smi  a f totc B Suggt  an fr the ang i  s   A.

4

(c) Jn  nq h o monr h i f ni n aa.

4

Total 11 marks Bigy Se-Nufid Avncd, Jue 208 2 h pai

C is (HCV)  mitd in bdy d d ints t e ver V is y mm n p wh al  HV inn. On tmn f HCV ifin i jis  inn. Ein wy HCV i i m n IV i t v pole. (2)

)

(b) Nm h t   ild i th l imu rsns t i-td 1  s.

indig   t id s ss  ym d PKR t bc tivat d and this pevt pin synsis fm g. T digm blw sw hw nfrn mgh  nld n h dy' ns t CV n ,

erer bns  proe n el r

HCV e e

 I

ave

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nf

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ce!l ra re

roei yh  ee

 L (c W th fn   dagam , xln  liky ffs f inn

indig   nd li ll

(3

 6 c mmuy  c Wj

Unortuna�ely, •b·; treatment is ony effctive  20% o cae becase ay stras of HCV are essant to the efect of nereron. It has been fon tat tese resstat 'Jru: have a protein on te coats wch ihis te ezye PKR d) Sgges a reao wy thee virs strais are resistant to nteferon

2

Tal 8 mars (Biology Saters-Nufied) Advanced, Jne 006

3  ca amage te ma ie syste a) Desc ibe two acve ine responses at are affecte by  infecion

(4

) Non-pecc iue reposes are no afece y  a can coie o prevet infectio Copy a ompete e tae beow whc sows some non specfic ne resposes a ecripios of thei fctions. i-

�

,

inflammton egul ad digest bacteia lyye cn prvt iss fm ltiping

 oal 8 ma (Biolog SalesNufied dvanced, Jne 200

4 On 6th epteer, a forensic sciets was cae o a oo wee a an was

fo ea e wa ake o eterie e ie of  ea he ecore the eperate n the room a se coecte te arvae a pupae o severa species o iect fo te oy. he too e pupae a avae o e  aboaory were thy were pace n a cona emperare of 23  O the 4t October, a fro fou species of nsec appeare, an aother pecie appeare o he t Ocober Oe of the firt pecie o be een wa te owfy which ca ay eggs o a corpse witin ites o ea, bt wc s aey acve at igt Recor o weaer coniton for e aea were conste an the time of eat wa eterme to e 1h o 5t epteber.

(a) Expan te iprace of the teperatre aa i th invetgatio.

(

(b) uggest one easo wy coecng aa abo severa pec of isec wo mae e etiae of tie of ea ore reiabe

( uggest a reaso wy te scietit co ot be more pecise as to he tme of eat.

(1 (2

Toal 5 mak  SlteNfeld Adanced Jne 200

   Natual Evonmn and  rl



h drm w sws wh ppn  lr din pr  h l pd  s  ps ny d ns     p b lr rs llw pwy A  ls   l gh   prss ll lrn.  id lrns  r k p by l rn rr lw pwy B

  -----

rg alteive ec pay eletron pathways

I O I AIII II 

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  

X

X d  swn    b pl h imprn  rdd Y  h prs  phn.    w       sw . h h lw hw h n  n  l h     l  y    a) N h 

 i)

3

s g d /c

S n plin    i l r (i)     h l i sn

)

 

(2

 

pl wh  h  rb dd i wd ld   i   l.

Tl 2 k A 6134 gy altrffed Jy 

2 A d  r  a  a  b  Fad wa r  T b  l ra  f difrnt r p w rcore a f dp     aa r  f   a    a   al tr l al n  b bw.  a f  a    p a a dp w a ad

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I



 da ra bw w  prnd drbn   r r p fnd n  n la n   nrr pr Clm z

Drb  s

A

Borel

n

larch

Ter

re e

ee

Sub-topia

a

S w pn rn a pd dn  b w p f r wr rwn fl l   nlnd   pa b w frn 2

b  W p  r d blw d  pd  a  a  a  Fad dn  la 1     

 a  pr

 p D b

i)

an r aw  b .

2

(c) W rfr   rd  drb   r r  a     pll a  d   w wa  a   F   a drn  la 1   r. G n fr r nwr 5

)

Drb w ddrnl an b d  prd d fr l a (2

Tal 2 ak  6804 dex/  e



  h tl  d i rl

Mcbe  s. 3 bls (TB i sd  t tri Mcbe

(a)  ae  lw lit ve t feae tt   o  btr a rs  a t th b b tin  r in h b i th trt t  e Baeria

ctal· fea feae e 

Vre

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 

'   �I



id

  _ D [



l a 



ooe

5

b) h abe lw w t b  w   dd in 199 nd  2004 r  dnt rhil eo. h dt d  wh  V ov

f®

994 4

4 1

9 

98

9

i) Db th  how b h ata. 2 ii V tv p w      ey hd  ildd t hw h dt wd di Gi n nti r r w. ( 3)

ii i o oe w hv hv wl   d d hea ev. (c TB i ii  t  rn   thi

2 Toa 2 mark

 610 61044 dee Seimn Pe)

MSA is  tn  th bi MSA n i  eat wi vl bo  o with MRSA   t ea phcc 

I i  pa o  n  iot  at is tiv aa  aa i   n bo   Dib i  tl Dib tl h hw w  ld e th i e ae   aboa    th o a e ae wokg. 55 Total

 mak

 67 B s-N n  009

a cari   o fn fn th it f la   c  a  .vega  ae w   exted  l r r a ea  adra wr

ud  ni oio lo h rnc Th rc or f l ci a cor n c r a wll  h br f la ci  ch qadr   a of ol w a a fr t aa i a qaa a  dd o a  a  ra aa r.

e e a how  t  wo bl bl blow blow

F·





1 7







1







0.3

.

0. 9

i

B  

8





8

Sa oc

 

 

Distnce fom tp o ech/ t  Nube o spi fod Ma o orgi  tl 

M g  R Fece



 



6

8

8

7







8

.

21



8









5

 8



 ucko  

Csi pe



a) xn    ncy o   r o  rcn cor

2

b) xn  a ran i r or hn o ln n hi study.

(2)

(c) U h frati   bl o co   coc ro  1 n r  

 irc  e vy ad nbr nbr   ff ln l n c on in  difere aa a  xad  ccio.  h fra i  a o et h he  l o  y o b li by cc  



tal (A2 (A 2

  N

2 mak

J 008

B a m in la   t  ath a join Dft tp  ji allw dif  f vnt Lgmen a a f ai tiv tiu h hl b tgt an it t ant  v pbl at a i. endon a   lati us iss   ss  s n ndn j musl  



aig ass svial



• 



as as sk asr 

lgan ns   n sg a l

 

a  cala is anal in



sn an srs snvial i i



 al nlss ins



snal lu a a ura





1  j



 an    m aag in kelel me a th atah  ngonc ngo nc p  T i a n tat t a a a f mu    whi whih h p  ll i p i s  Fleo tat  fl,  b a t .g b  t m; exenor ta t t,  taigtn a t .g. t in th  b tht tht mul    tt ch  ch hml. It  he u cree by e t tt t f he g mu tt th  u cl  e  s   eaxe se se

ah kltal l i  bl  mli  mul l all is.  s ll a  s ntit lg a ai va li t ta an myofbl whi a ma  f  fibu i n hi filas   d t) t) Th Th l sf sf m  f   l   w w a t t myon tk  la  rcoemm Th copmc eclm i  iali lai tul wh an t a a alum i Th tpa in a m  l   i  all t rcopm  sialis ap ( ag p 8 w s a u  i a th neomcl ncon



Te p e  my my  f fee s to scle an saco t les les e. sc e s specas m ta g w my  wl ee t ct ct wh wh  s es



T tinal tinal un t  a  u     all  a W th l at t hi atin ft v v btw  h ms   la  s sti ti g  lg    a  htg t gth f h l.

    a a   l  a a  x (A)  ad 

(B)

A

ne sarmee

mysi



 : RJ  ou 

M fit h lxi ad tht  a  thi t    c d hd  ( ATPae ct iat a ad  t hr ti oponin  ropomyoin a   di     t  ati fat   rv i a ri t a lr ji clci i r rld fr th rlic rtil  d th fl li t t l tt ld t t ctrt f t rc

.

oo





2' atta to t tr  i ( the ct) asg  t _ to ve togeher  with t t o trooo.



.

Ca'• nng se t ropo •

M bg t blok b



 -

= 



: '"  P  ;   f -

si idg  sites o he aci are exosed so osi or

�

og t   lt.

A and Pi ad hage

h i  ea  

tmyi. Msi head cat bd

eads

fP

E= 



p "

)

 {;

a   rl 

t-t  c 'Btch c  o

peiai e for wer, ustaned onta ad n cope wi lg er  exece

 

spesed to ro     ese ri  r 

ny  - ATP e  ec  e n- ATP oe  en (elec n cn) nec en lycly)





 

ATP bi

to t yo head aig    dh o t at.

t o o

 

t to g o

AP auss AP  dols s



  A       

i head

  yglin rk  e pigme)  re ad ot o  l  e  to l   e   oo

le l  ew  apile  The me a a ig  

ie i 

e qu 

ow gycoe c e 

ig gycgen en 

l level  cene e

g evel  cee p p e



Q1

v a  fatc   a r lil    d ft ta tch e.

Q2

rib th rl f  i cl ct.

Q3

xli  l  rrd  tti ir



l iing rgai e to epie  e e o irt w in which th o thi aeobc epiaio ing oe  aaeobi epaio withot xg )   ee poee k e g to i gl c aailabl   h o  ATP, o poe metaboli eaion



lmb a  nrg c a  ot >    s o d  a :hne m o  fom ino  -so v  o   gy   o used.

r

Aeob repiraion

glucose + oxygen� arbon dioxd+wte enegy 0 + H0 +- ATP 606 + 0



Aaeobi epiratio

gl� lt cd+energy 6H06 � 3H60  AP



AT (eoe pope  e ll eeg  Ee i re q ie d  o    i  pt o o DP o e AT W   on  boe b lss e eeg rlasd an e e i ee geq g oe t ak g pl a e   Rm a  ma   s a exaple o a ondnsaon reo, he vese of    yoysis



t +

AT H20- AP P 

 ey

c.

f gose 8n lyci

The brea�< �o

aing  oe gcoe mu, gl  i pe o oee  o pvae  o oue of ee ND a  e ga o o oc  o T Gllss taks pla witin t tla o 

ATP AT-

glucos (hxs) 6

hxos hte (6C)

G a a g G =a, g ry s a g  a Ha

hos bispspha 6C

!

2 ms o s sha 3

 



2ATP

2H cNAD 

redce NAD

nrmes

  u

TP

The mai gycyss.

2   s f yv 3C



of

A5eb: pHw·  n



llss o o ee lc oge (OJ Hwvr, o lcol t  a o p     ree   a p a  n e A i oe   lo ao h. Te ece NA    oe o ND Dg eo reaon, A   oe o eeee.  m,  e fo go  ece o giv lacta D i r  a keep glo  gig.



oi     l



Ae rspti l :1a< mae  mal ao of AT I i n  e f i proce bu i  ra pi d d cn upply usce wi ATP w oxye i   i  q e o uh  o ce ll 

 

glos

n

2A +i

2H- reducd NAD

L f cic ci  luti   er he  h

   b ee ad f lled  uld u    ue le am. ce erbc   ati reme ms ltte  veted  t yruvate .   xded i  e Krebs cyc int arbo d ox d d  he era oxy rquir o r h o i   ye debt.

NA

y

2ATP

2

pyrJvat

lcate



Anaerobic spt  ml.

Bvestigan he ra · ( �spirato"- us�-g a pom 1 3 yig xrmnta  rw l

Do't foret h  mportan  

 S 

nludg smh  bsrb h or he respimee eding wi  e g e e  ryt bcau  the sa lue   i r   e y  orga     g oe ole rpr

I ma ais



KO n bb a i mam tube

c colourd

  

Reee tht i the  lo exa" y my  sk :  ring  geh cf knoled d ueradi rom dee; rs  ppy kled ad unera   mr t e    piu itut r t  ue knwl ge  st g  p nipl s a cps  la experena an iveigive w d i h n ls  d vlao o d:a  epira ic  s a o e r uh  tc qs1n ee iks  · � e uh  htyt sis 'ood    us c orati

fuid

he rate o aerobi rsaio a  rd ig a rpirte by euri  rae o oxyg orbe b a os ny C p  d uc e i aborbe by  poum h rxide   o l tion  ha    d  he oraim euts   id  te ameer t mv trd he a ee ar o dm e be   r  hd sde meae fr a n  rere r e erare h t aratu .



-

    

Q1 Dr ai sts of  gs a    de h !c stage of the

 t   l  o boi proc a r qu r   of P  mae he re f  i le.  esrie e rle f AD i er re ra  .

in ep

c ·

phtosyne  Us the igram to d- r ea c t ins of

the milarit es and d= -

  n t h rG b we

·o

'

In arbic rspat, h yuat rm glylyss) is mply xis int ca ix a watr sg xygn. Aric rspratin taks plac  tw stags Man of he reacion inole  raion are eo reacto wee one urae i o an aohe i d ced Wh a oece i oxe it ither lo h droge o oe or oe ecron ae o olcle ha gan e lcton or hdroge i eed. One wa o reeerin g h i to tink o (oaio i o, ecton  ga) We a oece gan hdogn it i ecd, ad te olece h oe e hdoen i oid. Fo ae: rate_  acetl+ i oxidatio NAD 2H    rece NAD i dcton.

 RG



H

o

F1rst pyrat IS xs it carbn ixi a hyg acct y t czyms NA a FAD. Tis taks lac i t mtrix   mtocondr an ils t Kreb cyce



I t s ag m  t AP gna n aric spirain i ysis y oxdtie pophoylation assa wt t eleton tnport cin. hs inls hemiomoi a t ym ATPae.  aks lac n  citae inn mas)  h mchria

P·': §  { C;_  .  w; aco)

In arc s1ra ac yruat mcu cmng rm glyysis n  c's ypasm trs t mari  th mitchi I s crt rm pyrat C t an acty C gr 1s nls h ss  C caxya a hyrg (hyrgnan gratg rc NAD  ayl gr is carr y cny A as ay cym



h Kbs cycl ccus i  matx  th mtria. h mai rps   cycl s  supy a ins w f yrgn (a thrr lrs)   l n tnpt   r  i h yn  ATP  xa pptn



acety!coezyme A (ZC)

o do ot ee o kow th n a of he inter ediate ood  of he Kre cl for he exa, t o  are exced to arecate ha ae roc reirao  a a e ed oe wt ea c t otroled ad catae  a ecc taeluar enz.

 n ee NAD " Kebscyce NA  edced FA edd AO A : co�n , 

Noe pts educe  he rnl ydgn yen nteo esi   y C  ATP. mo



C

A de NA .

 ti d   bad  f uvt  b 



Green Bok 7.1

Oage   2

oi : Run f r lfe

 olele f  ro l oe  fr te k reto s se to er:  tree oleles of rdd NA oe olele reded D to oele of  oe olele o P  brae-level pprylain (sts dtl o te eer relesd  reos e od oe olele o a 4-aro oo,   eeere to a a y o d tr te l aai. oe t o e   oe ole ete ol to y ou  o o  Kre le   t ..  ou   to  a i d ND 



  



Mot o e P te  o rsro  tesed  e letro trort 

 W

Rdud onzy ai and on o tn tao hain on inn  mtona an.

  

Elcron pas fom oe on ai  t  nx in a of do aio;  s cd wh i iv  on a xidis e i pa  o.

3 Poos (W) ov acos he nn mochoda embae  g W oco n th nmn a



4      6  

u ck to e a ati dw  oa gadi

ta p

A Pa  t AT

i oonda an TPa  akd p

mtoonda  mai

W   p chi d hes s 



TP

on Es oin t o ydo om wh ch n omin i on o a a . h py of oyn o, h eeco no ain and TP i ao o.



syhss by xv h

e o of  e  ero resrto oe o t aviy o t eero trot  i  e ee of te toor a) e ovel eo o o rsrto  e srse s t  l  t  a oidai o  piaoy ua   loe to elese a    a a a pod, folloe   i of o  oy o a   aou o eer   fo o 





_____

Q ere  pes to te ro d droe os ro  l ose olee  ro rsrt

Q2 l t od oorlo es Q3 El  te ltro sot  d te es y o stop f tere s o oy

 (_   \

Q

 

Sk a  aa

a:

ad miohdria ad ou ·�

      respirn tk place.

U  x  



h u  at og wi h   t ha islf  h  o l d -  hr  sid   myoen

f     s e ilses as he



  veies  het 



le ca SAN p d

t e i   cug contracion. T i  le il    le

y 

 Impuls p

AV after

a s el t low 



 the ata t h i  Ime pass  he kye fibes t th hat px.

 thTh i

se  sread  thg veie ws  an tat  the a upa. B s s qeezd t he ies. Ths s v    oe

y 



  k  elctria    t  u  dic 

y e

Aftr trati ytole th ada ul t la   id ad daoe wh th bd r   h v   f h t 

easng eea hnge n h het tra urt aud  h d  t ltral i av  d   o   du   ra l   dt ith a lrardira G. I  dias disuts h hart r duti  atha has il  ur i h atr hh  b u o d   ardioaar dieae.

ECG

 

P   

r

 

 h P v i th i  aa st   h  l is h ti 

.

vriular l

T av i aud  hrlariti f

t v di d a   .

A  ECG r in   h.

G

Y a aae e ea ae s a y eas   inter val

one P  w a  ad

he next o ( mplt crdiac ycl) ad then w o rkig ou o w  may ocur in 1 minute.

 :

Bd  upd aro u  th d to y  a  v  fr rsiri iss.  h  d i a i (adia oup) dd  wo co h ql h har  bt eart rate d th vu   lavi  lf

vtri i h  toke vome

d outut (dmm- toe oume (dm x ert rte (m

Topic  Run for r life

 r rt n b td b hrn  drnn d nrv t•<  arivaar r ere  th meula  h bri  th  il d v v h ymatei eve d  h   i  t   H i  d    C  t vl ii ir in trr nd nl tiit n jin.   d b  vag erve (tt   h  r h h d r   vl   d

Ro o  \HioQ

rc

 t  ih  th i  h veilai rate. hi i t xrd  t  vl  ir bthd pr  t th int ntti h vl  r h   t   n r bh  l  tal vume h  vl  ir ht  b l l d   l ik   i ll h vital caaty.

ventato e= t voume

x mbe of beh p mnute

e vetla ere in th meulla trl th t d ph  in n r t i r rtr n th dll d tri whih dtt th  d t  C i th bd Il r t  h vnl tr t t t  ivvd   A  i  C ti    ir  nt I l i i  t il r th tr rtx d r trth rtr i tndn d l ivv  v   v vr r v hi.

A  i  rmeter bh     t    t hbr i  t t v     lv  r   vv  r

·&£;�/ t1

SAFEY!

A   d  n  d t rv th .  r t hd r    vl    brb b th rn t xri bt it i rt  b t     i with dil d  br trtin i ti    td

idal·

voum

6

vtl cpaty

5  Time (6 m

=



nut)



Y can aluate h vl  absorbd  a v t  esri e dires  vu b  r abed A  Bi  diagam an iv by   twee A ad .

A i c sw qt bg w   be   u

0

I  tk  1 t   t  v d v       thr vilt rt

02 kh wht  wld xt n EG tr t lk lk i  tint

rd  tri biln h i i d ntld t i t vi t d   h  dd ti i h vl i   )

0 t wht iht  t t rt  t i th nt  w  iil d  h v n ht   

 x

Q Srise a  pl a i  effs f e r cs  n h h< a vt r.

Ui  eie and Coordiato

Homeoa  th minc o  ble inl iomt wihi  ow lim f th ptimm codion ndd  cel  th  ftn ppe  meotti em hee eq: reepor o dtc th hn w om th nom  mulu   ool meanim tt c pn to te inmi h t mem    nervou yem  omoe to witch efeo o  of efo o b bo  ep o (ll o o  h  of he n he) c    fe.

 



inp epo - 

.o mehim_ ecto --

_ opu

bk

--

Neave feedback hep t kep th  vmt n.  ch   h innl iomnt will ti  poe ht cote th h     ie n tepeae e  p h w w b mpt F  fedbk to occ he m t b  orm vale o e po .. ° fo oe bd tmpee.

   

A

N    o rsi hmosi oss. Js -  o  hi  h sos o br i bk w r ic  r. o o hs    cos  o u  oro r (o  h  k  hou)  so cor o bri o  ros



Conditos cnrlled by hmeosa lut aroud t  rm vlu

�p; - <== B    c

i

i s l





o vale fal bw

r

�g fedck.

 �-   e f  d

fer      d t to the t p



Te

-

_L

A y    f v fd  iin   wi w 

e he ld n t h bod pod to th dmnd of xee b ncin cdi tpt n nii  nd  oo  t i  me  p 1 h he ee  eee ot l d the  ceed piio e din excie podc  lot of  d/o lcte bt th n n o ele    h eg.   b h      i b tmp ee -10 mite if w t dip h h w fom h bod e o f coe  mpee hh etie db i d  hemolio hmopo in h kin c hne in te mpet I d thmepo i h htlm in he b  ee   t e o lo empet If  ie in mpte i  detetd b th om le h ht o cn in te hpom wll iml effc   ce e  om te  -  g he k.

een Book 7.3 e ook 74

oi   f  r if

1 l

 

d

centre i hypotalamus

n

impulse'-

p r aue ri s

rtur fa

tmrr 

tprur s h ga

eer

 

'sen

t i

ea

you

i  e



:

H lss ete tiul as  sw ls t r sw. nbi:



aco

 

k (a

rils i  r 

sn)

   tr  ues (eax  l fl)  li e  du blc e   sll  usls ea - 



hve

   

H  ee Siut:  aerie i th s   o

Ihbis:

  

cnsri air rr  u l   s nr ir  rai mtlc r skeeta ce o nt n hve.



sweat d

Negativ fdback in hrmo  ula i.

A  bow cei tps hoeosss s . ec  ypotus y be dmgd). nsted poitve  y ocu stn n  high temptue ontinuing to se o  low empt fllig sti futh hs n eult n hyphemi hypothmi d my ld to dth



d te�hnology  b  os  Nnjuries and iabile o parcpae  o  pn of yhole rgey usng be opts h e  possl o ugos o pi dmgd joits icldng to cut ligments in th kn) wih pecision nd miiml dmge his i bece only  sm iciion cut s d o the  lss bding nd dmg o the joit nd covey  mc h ck  pohei s  ti by pt esiged t egi soe ege of n no  ppnce Th sin o pothss hs pove signntly n y sld thte e ow b t ope t  vy hgh lvl eg wth dnc espons  h  llly povd em wih  spig  hei tep Dd jonts s s ke jots) n lso now be epied wth sml posthti ipnts to plc the dmged ed of bon feeng h ptin fom  life of p nd toin l l obty

 pn w s  y  e 'egt b' 2 Sugget wh h consence might b f yo we unble t o los ht fo te bo ding xis

 scbe te oys lkly spoe to  o peu dopping w C

 U   r re  

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  pg 4  pl  w me i m  p  h  f  wfl exee whi e   pe  l     nu eer

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hee ae m ee o el oeae exee. Hee e  ew poe efec o  lk of eee oe  poloe peo of me: ee phcl eae, l apac, oe olme a  hea e eae e he oo peue a  oae of f  he o eae  o nary hea dieae  pe I ee, oe cae, weh a a beiy m pe mue epoe ue o k o a k lle cell eae lee o L ( hoeeo a ee ee o D L oo choeeo ee oe e heefoe  ee  o oeopoo.

   



e ob! e efes o o -uch d ea   a e o po h  e ppeo a  ee wea a e o o. I  alo eu  ho e  poo ahlec peome

Reembe hat exam questions n is un ay refer ack o ay other opi cs fom te eel boogy c use so now wol be a go te to cec k yor otes aot te cells ioled in the specifi c and nsecific iue syste age n 4

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

ust ecas e two igs a e observed  appen  doesn mea  they are coneted a icuar  oes mean at o e ca se  he ohe A coreation does no necessaily mean a onecin I ee a pears o e a strog corelaton bewee wo actors, a casal lnk s moe  ike y if yu ca povde a ilogca explanato n for why on e factor  wil affece ote especialy  tere aent y oer ley factos or explanatios aalabl e Fo exame tere is a pstve corelao etwee te e  of shak aacks and the number o ice c eas sol a a beac. ee s no b olo cal explanaton or tis correlato, so tere is no direct causa i  cas  is og tat tere is a caa link between the numer of c gaees smoed ad e n er o eats due to ng cancer becase here is a sog coeao an a blgcal epaat a ot wy smkig could ca use ug canc er



oo h exee eel a ao  cee he o o wea a e o o. ae o ala  ol joi  le o lmmao   om of h. Lme  a e ae. Be (le ac ha ho p o he J  eoe  ae   ee. hee  ao oe eece o  relain ewe ee eee a  he  o eo  h  ol   oe ho. h col e aed  a eae epoe o pahoe o ren f e imme yem. Thee  oe eece a he  e  a  o oe cel o he e e a e eeae whle e o oe e oo eee.   al he ca a me o e   ece a  e eeae o ooe h a aee a ae a   o epoe whh o ao p pe he mue em





Some e·a Qso eang o e o pr,acenhg ne ome alee w o a he ,  he p o ecellee T h  clue he ue o lle l peomeeha ce he m eel he ee o olow  ecae e o' w o e a a aae  T h ee a e o eae  he po wol fo ma ea hee ecl faewo c e e we coe oh e o he ae: h  e mx e amou o oo  he wol a eo o oel e a o le o expe op  po co e oee   cepe eue a ee he a   o a copeo u oul eua e oee aepe ee hlee he e h o exee aoom, o example o chooe o chee he e peoae, a  a o ae  o a poo he a hae. Reeme   oe o a ha oeh  ecl cepe o o, o  poe  eoale epaao a o wh ha  e e hcl abli ee h�  e le cu The woul ke oe of wo poo 1 I  ee epae o he e o e peoa ee  c  ce (ee   e ae e al  2   lw epe o ahlee o e  ce a ale o he o compee oe efee, ee  ee ae aocae  o e eal hl eaiv wou l e e h peope   cuce ma e ee, e    wo o ahee o e peoacee ce,  hee  e oe e  ae whee   epae

 •





ee  4 a  75,  6

oi     

Sm 0gs s   ses e ely eae  at  e ey a pss  ety g el ebes a e e  e s  t  e me e Tese  e/eet  e. ·s at  tanipton to. ey bnd t e promote e f  ee lw RA poymere t t tanpo   r e slt me prote ynte tke ple n t el   xml tettee nee ten ne   ml e el l eas  te ze  se  e  e sse ede mes d n ete els  ely  b t ey   eeps   e e memae. s sts a pess t ess  e ctv  a asp   the e. F eale eye ) mes e pt f   es  s ea s  e l  ay e ye  s n vage fo r n tete. Genes ar switchd o by uccessful formaio  ttac o t tansrpo iiito colex to t rooer go.

RNA olymer rooer regio o A olyes ta

si

ge

Ge  ai tced f by ailre o t trito itiato com to orm ad ta o  poote egio Tis s  to  as o po rasi or s or te ato o essor olecls

0

 

I D



tracitio faor







tacitio nitatio cml

tc

RA sysi

   

 ese y    eee my ed   eased k  ay e see.

2 xln w  lk    ll m ne e k  n tlt se fm  se 

Q3   e e e  as fats  e t  ee eess



Ev  a rrn nn tn  ra  nn,   v1  a v i  r t?

 Book 74  Bok 7 5, 76

U  Execise and Cooito

By  h en d  hs i y l be al to:

Mcles ad ment

e h ttre  a e fibr  d xli t dfeces btween ast ad sow twich mscle bes Expa ow kal cle cotrac ing e slidg flan thoy Rcal te way n whic usces, tendons, the s and gae s ntea t aow moe

ny ad e ol  ATP

escie aebc rpian a splittng f glucose to lae cab doxde wat a nrgy. ece a practca to invstigat rat o repiatin. Rall wa  i ad w i ppli ergy  cll

cibe h s  glyoyss i boh aerob ad anaeroic respiration Yu do n ned t know all the age ut y d o d t w ha: g ce i  phphylaed ad AT redcd NA ad pyuvat a poducd. Explan wha happs t lactat ater you stop excisig  Kreb cycle ad he to tnspot a

Dcribe how th rebs cycle produ aron dixde A redd N and edd FA You ld l dt ta spa has lots o ezye-controlld ep. Dscribe ow AP is mad y oxidatv phophoryaon n he lctron tanspot ca d ng e o   cemsoss ad a.

he ear eergy Udrstad ha cadac musc  myi ad a d ci debe hw etcal activy  he hea aws it to eat. u hould al know ow ECG n b used xplam that isse need rapd dvey o oxy and

remval of car dioxde durn g exrcise ad t a chaes  vtilai  cada utt alow th o happ. Yo shoud und rstand how a rate and tlat1 ae ae tl Dcrie how to use data fro romte ras to ieigae he t o ci Homeostasis

Explan th pinciple of negaive eedack Dscuss the oncpt of hoeoasis and how it mant an he dy du rng exee icuig contolli ng ody tmpratre

at xecse and po

Elai w gee a  wtd n a  y

DNA trasiptin factr inclding horms



Aas a t daa n t pbe dne  exeriig l and too  ou shuld also b ab o tal ab clat ad a.

Explan ow edical technoogy helps pepl with jes  dabl  tak pat n t. Outline t eth of sing peormanceehancing sbanc

L0

D

D

L0 L0 OS 0 0 L

D D D D D 

D D D D D D

O 9

 D

 

0

D



L01

D

D

L0

D

D



 D D

D D D

L01 L018

D D

D D

9 

D D

D D

 L01 5

Topic  Ru fo y lif

mals tat ar peatos ftn shw st s f vry fast v  hei  y en   a e to cary ot su aid movem ove e peiods of im  Cse eama ion shows tat te muss f redao an prey sow a diffren mosio n  as an sow ch fies    Oin te dffens bwe fast- ad slow-tw mLs ires   Sat wer edao o e wld show a hge ppJi  l-wh fibres. (1 )  Dsss why  show dfet ooris  as- and slwwc ms l bres fom tei  prey 

If yu are ase fo e diffec ake s yo rfr o ot o us a aatv wod .. 'more

(a  S  fes e  ha and mre calar es sy oye ta ast wch bes ii) Pey  eaors ae  hae e asc ha slw wc fbes in compariso to h pry is s beause edaors ed to e as a nd owr ove shrt sans  ath an kl l hir e an therfe se aaeb respiraton  a se A qicy.

hs s a go esse bease n only es  e a key opao, t also prvde a cea and asbe expaao

lkl



n ast mvem, atat uilds p  he scles f a preator sh as a eetah Expa wat apps o tis acae aft te as as ede.

   m  ml       e e

     l  �    l

ut n y x nat  I x a ns how t actate s ovd away fo t mse ut ot ow it is eed  he b.



away fo h scle to prvent cram

 

atat is oxdisd a int pyruvate si NA ta as been se  h le ans ha sg oygen e ea oxy ned  te y de





is rese w  gain ax m aks bease it ovdes fate f he laae leay a hea explnain deonrai a derstad o o aroic ad aar oic sao as w as ecog o t need fo exta xygen.

ml.

ur t ase t coe body tprate  t preat an pry rises sribe how caes  bood iuato elp  retr the  by eaes  

 ogr queios i tis try o  clear o win ase ad efect. Wh pos s y erms ad coces o yo cos as at f yo esiptn a s y wl n eeive e  h. Hv h es d  be in he e cnex - yu w n g aks  ss  andm terms hat   ensae yo netanng f wha ty mean



S 







-



1 k.

l

A crase in core eperature causs vasodilaton  h me ea s st o e sk .

Ts epse woud oy score ma o t cgnion tat or The eferene  vas a n s hea wd be l  he not eoh as  os t dece what hang occur to he bo atio

hs is a eampl f hoostasi uing a ative fdbac eas hange  o t e eae ae eee by hermoecetos  te hyotaau whc se nve impss o aeriols  t in. T cases vasatn esting n crased bl w  he sk

Ts esponse is ttr eause t icudes y trms ad sttures in he e e  hw he ha ng  ase eosass ngav dba ypoaamus) I s ceary desris te fect of vasodian n he  irclaio

(Edexcel

E



Biolgy Saltrs-Nufed) Advnd Unt Jn 

1

(a) Na t g   a i ed  ct   ate.



(b H t is dig xcie xpi t mecism ied i ct hs cs i t t. (4) ota maks

5

dexe GCE og Nffed Adved Ut 5 Ju 2007

2  g t t t ci  e t  p   c c    mful ic  t d ptil g f exci  ma ota de E ig Nffid Adved Uit

 maks (6)

5 J 2007

3  t w f t ee a t f c pti ad e pt   stge. p  mpl t l  s g t pt   cl i

wic t t ccu  tw pdc i e  pcs



glycoysi

K le

  ii ATP

ecrn tanp cha

  Tota

  marks

e   Add  4  pp  J 007

dig w  scm  it full lxd e  w i i   patil ctt n myosn

Ful elaxed oee

Paall ae se

(a) Clc lt t pcg c i wih    z we  ce i ptil cctd w  wig  (b ig t t f  sac,   f iae p te t  amt wad      rr xpi w hs s gt t (4) ota maks

gam ws 5  e w   w e

e  og Advd U

pit m d fet p  e   tc w  t t gt eig 

    e





pp  J 007

 7:

a) Braig ca be otoled voltay ad invontay Nae  pa o e br a a cotol involuntary bang

Run

(1 )

b Sut one occon when t depth of beatin is incased volunaiy   ) Ug e noo in e dagra xp th les of muse pndes (3 ) an d nerves i he onto of bahin duing ise d ) e vnilation o he n gs dug bang i ea   a ta ig

 conetrao aden o th epay a es. i  e ta t a echane i s fficent Eplain why  hemoreeptors ae paticulaly  poa dr g rcs e

(2)

Tota 7 ma (Edexcl GE Bilogy Advaned Unit 4 - pper 3 June 2007 6

The dagra ow  of e es in a ha lg. a) in h ltts A, B C o D dnfy t cle

o e diaga abov wh (i) cona  bnd h l bawad at th knee AN ii) i antaoitic to h musle idiid in i. 1 (b) Jot n o oten t ar o aes

pai th advatas of yhol sue o daaged jot, c h as h kn, coped w (2) radinal ugey c Two wk afte takin pat n a 56 k a 3 % o t ru deepd eay tact

inio. Thoe w o opl ted th a w the ti mo lky to dvlop an ifectio af e rac copaed w a ro p whih did no n Elai on e faco wich cold ontbte o this hge ncton at.  Toa 6 mark (dxcel C Biolog (Sltes-Nield dvnd Unt 5 une 005 

The diaa show he pathway fo t  condtion of ctica ipulss duin the adia yl.

pthwy fr  the onduc  ctica mplse

a) a e stre abeed

X.

b Dcibe how e stues hown i n t dia a onol he complete

1)

(4  Toa 5 marks dxcl E Bolgy (lNufild) Advanced Uni  nuary 00

arda y

f  i

nil e yem e fcing n sys cninig e ll nuns w cy nmi  n h m   v mle ee pe 6 n mls y nuns y is  s   cn v y CN nssing  e b n  .  N cng ey s pe f m mny  n  end   i  n  eec g ny m n lns.

T upl eflex he iis nn pi f ngisi sle d nd cicl ce h cl he sie  h ii nde he flene  he ic ev e invlny.   rcd



a 

 ded

     cc c 

m  

rua mss x

H    of   act  cnrol   f h g h 

I h g nnie peces sh s d n e n c neve    lng e ti nv   g  nv lls in h  n. hee n sn ipss ng aasmati  ne  e ua muss   is h l nc edcing he diee  h pi  h les igh cn ee he eye h eveing dge  he n  w l igh cdiin fewe iple h he dini cene i h n � iplss  sn dwn symatti  enes  e dil  cle f h i sed Ti ce he ada muss   n d e pil eces de lwn e l  ec he n.

!  i " htim:  w d sds gn n pne  cn  y orecepto nv    ent ce hyoome.  h e nc m sr nl  e t py s swy s k  ece        ve ltivey e   cn chne  d_jR  exped  f   ). I t h he cive P y igge  n_e_ di[eidi rsnses httism Tim e wth reses i ts whe he diecin  e wth rene i deeine  e il I  pl w wd  iml i i id     p ep e









Lit

ig

:. Z    e  ais v w o te a fo  v oot t twa  e s sie  te t Oy e sse o gt o  · l  te ed s s des egtee d tef z  g  i r e igt c e h h   Tpr r  w h i r    b bwh ip Wit iati a ie, a "   :tti shot tip, and

l

'

l"

.

Ligt

Take ca   mu dd   tropic

nd h. T ns

i r     i y      

ae h s  .

i

h  c l i v n g g eed  d t   s0  f   F   h s i  n  l     h y u   i  wn fd   uy  e n

a

r e t fr It is not   cddte     boflvn. cel lonao T   en j c  e   l grwt



p m   ho, but a god g  t ee f te ho ad  (te st x doeed)

d a.

Meha  hi i h

Electochemical canges givig a elecical implse ea eoasrs use a os syases.

Ceial omoes fom d glas ae 1  oo asa ao e  u l a y yem .

ei cal gowh ubans (e.g. axis) ig o ell o el - s y o  e l a  tot te - e poe.

   a

w ai

lwer a

Uu assoa wi te cage, e   e oao

C  e

Conto on-m gow  e l o   o 

Respone is e local a speciic uc a a mcle ell  gla.

i  r

s e gow a a eeoe. Some a e  omeoas ro of l s o a b elael fas eg efes of aeale  . espose o ses



i



Remembe, auxn like AA s ll e l n    d  

i i

d v i   .

ll



Respose ma  e wiepea Repose ma e wispa o e speific age u omal ese o es el. wiin a s 1sae  e ow ssa i elease

b t  a un   i hd i p nd  i

Q xp wt   y  m otoeeto Q2 Epin wy i  ng h oo e oitive p ooom d

 oot e ngi pototopm

Q t efet dos AA h o ?

� , !  ·.   

Q y

 g

  an  d  



anmals  have a neo

m and a ndne m?

eures e l ha a ce l l bdy (taing the  d t  h el' ane wi e yla ddtes (h  ile w te ell d and  ax hat  dut ile w f th ll y)  ai dfene tween th tt  eny  a   a   th  ate i f t e  

eune e le t  we f eletial atiity led aci ptetials (ee iue  a ng ane eae he an a e ey g an  mbns e parised (difet hag n t ide an utide f t  eane)

=�

Sensory nun cl bdy

hwa l

'\,�

axon

it Rly 

l y

r� ns1ss f a v mul x

e ites

T stru  nur   m

   nv l w    vl xn d ld     v  d    l y, d nd l w y   l y



t ea nee a a ty ag ay aed t meli seat wae a  e a a    This ea e eed  nt   e  ile hh  pe ad altat ducti Swa cells w aud the ee  nuh ad e  ad de e yei heah wee  e a a e e a   ds f Ravi   a   ne nd  aie  te ne ineain the ed  ndu



n a etig en tee e e sdium i te the  ee a inide and e tassum is id tha utide e ni  e n nen a  ae ha  ain  e de d  e  e  i    y h pte Th dibu f in ete a pteta d ierece a diffeen in e f au -7 ale e rest pteial d   eae  ai  e plarsed h sdiumptaium pump ae ta gadie a th a   u and tiu e i  the an) asum  ca els llw acilitated diusi f tiu i a ut  t eae dw  ei a gaet at h  en in  ae acro h a +40



2 laepen a• hannls co Vaee K e oe  lav e ax, oan h an

Vape Na• chan on 0 a• fl n an eolang h memban

>E "u �

: c

,_

-70

++

e a

oue

  - - - - -   nd

3 T emae  hea olagenden K chann l K de a  n e an  rae e eg oeaL

y

 

Mvm  in n   



 n 

C lagpenn Na• hanl  U laeenn  hannl  II  han e

Topic 8: Grey

  eoe ell re �e i ae lgedependen d m   che  oe an oi io iffe . T1 eae the poive hae ine the ell o he hare o e rebrne i evee e ebrane now rre  poteni iferee of ao + V i  the c pe a the ebae i  o e deped. A te ae revee te oi o hel ht aJ vltge depende pu io hael ope o tha ore p ota io l eve te o epolariin te ebrne

Na·   K' + +    +  hg

gh

axo

n

 eig oeal ee  poive age e ote o te ebrne d negatve rge o the ne, wth gh sod ion oentraon oide d hi g otam ion onentrion ne

+++++

2

frt cto poteia

+

stmulaion

+

3

We iate oltagedeendt so ion hanne ope n o im o o nto te ao deorng te ebrne. Loaied eler crre re geneed n e eae Sod ion ove to te djent pore (rsng) egon ang a ange n te eletril crge poentl dffene) aros ti pat o te erne

eond to poteial

+



++ d ion oenta

4

++

K a

Na' = +

+

an

Te chge n oenta eene i the ene ajcent to e irs eial nitte  econd aton otentia. At e se of te rt aton oental e olge-depede oim on annel ose otgedependent om on cnels ope Potaim o leae te on reorg te merane. e eane eome eroied.

an

an a

 td oent  ntte y te econ I th oal eletr rret ce the nee se to move along e aon.  e it e of e frt con potntia oa ion ffe back o e xon retong he etng oetl

+

eaoy erod

oge o te mlse

Popgn f nv mus n n xn

ton otetial have  l-nthng ate the vale of te eti a aio oetil re lw e ae   eii e oe) A be  ti l  inree he reqen of the tio oential ot he trenth A thehld tmulu t be pe to poe an o potenial Sai t fte  ato poteia ere i  a hort ect ped we a ew aton oea a' e  ee rte beae the o io hane a eoen. Thi enre t atio oetl  ao a epaae ial a ae dectl oy ale to pa  one etio

mat er 

5



Uit  E  i se and Coornati

Syp 

e - bee; pt er  - e mmi - d.



h ont  on on  noh  lld  snpse A i o h xon n s on lium i hnnls hn r  s h rs of  il unsm (o x elh fo yni sil T nonsmi  diffu os h   h nuron (h yn f d ind o o on h· oyn n. f  nuronst om fro n xory on i my on od1u on hnls on h ossy mr ririn  a  ion onil in h otyni o o o notns r noy nd hy my on ord io nl o h oyni mn sn t o o hyrolrd d hrfor hd o   o-hhold rn ndd o   r th n tion ott . A nzy s of rsn   h yn i  f o hydol y h on o h rson do no k nin. Th orsi y o  n k  no h yn mrn dy o  d  B h to r oly on on sid  of h syns h oynti n h il n o l y  in o dirion untinl. Syns lo  s on nd l lo r im us o or o  di us on uron n  ny ohs   sl yn.



an

An ati ptenta aie

1

2

napti vesle

Te erane deplaises. l i ane pen Ca in eter te nene.

f o o mo xoy i l rr t  yn  h   hir f il  omind nd you  or likly o doli h ossyn m rn (his is il smion) I yo h  on u l s on on non ny o o nil i i on r h o  d o h  funy nd his il hav h s   hs is tol uio.

netrasie

3

3

Cal i ae ynpti eses naini neoanse o fuse h he peyp ene



pe pt1 meane

  f  0

4

Nertasmitter is relase t the yapi ef

ynp eft

pynapti

 7

Netasmitte nds wit eep n te psypt ene. i nnel pe Sdi n lw thh he hne

6

membrane

The eae deplaie an iitae an a ptentiL

Whe eleae he nertrantte wil e take p ars the peynapti memrane we  afe eig en wn   t an dse away ad e rken dwn

01 Lk b k t  S Bl e  te te  ebe d r a  memra ec  d    em b e  hw w dim d im i me     v mp. Te d  r ram  ter w t e   me ar membe



 q  v u   a l a a  

 Q Q2

Exln h diffrn n doon d hyolrion.

Q

i h n o odum ion hn  no m  sld

Ho do  su of th sys nd xon m  ns h r l r only  o r n on do/

_

pto a spcals s ab t dt tmli. Rcpts a n pd tgh in ss oga

n s h tw tps  potrcpto clls nd i n th ia  th bck  t . Cns w c   b ht lgh ad  sd i      i. ods l  pi b a d w isi bu   m ss h ns nd an w k in di light ntis. dark

ght

_

,-

 +  ff n Na �  g pn

'=

oue emt

-

s

co es

v

a +   w nnn gn 

n gn

·

((� OO

rhodps

n p

 d o si

n

t eina

Opsi nd  h e bne a a ei f eco wc re in h     s ben l

•

h n

 y



\_

li b 

N + activl  

Na  v   

meran gy depord -40V

ma

Nn  a a  o plr ll, p e enng i depong.



v

rr

o unmi  reee Cao   o ce n a d

o s ,g

mb 

bpla u

ep a   nean n  p   h n  

pic v.

         

Lit n s bsb b hdsn wch sls it ti an psn.  pi ins t th b  th t sgn  th cll an this css sdi  hns t s. h i st ctis     s  n   t  a  ma bs  p  as (  his s t gtaat i  s acss  snaps.  tat s al  inibts t ns whic cnct t d clls t h ns in th ti  Wh  s lss i ib   t ptal s an s t sd i  s d   bai    ba  atn f t  isal 

Q pn w s as  tanst n t  b nt in  gt. Q2 Dscb w t hppns t hps wh it s psd t ght Q3 p p  t  p s  ls nd as.





G f h d l ne   ie l l  j   l ne   il l l U i  ii  elin wh n'    el  di  h in

y



We e   cae bee i my  it  t f myele x Gey mtte  whee he yape  u d heee wee ll he cei  te ple d  eie e ed.

T eeum (ba l c) is   ar a   a  i v int w ere eseres cnc  a a o w   at ca t u al  Th rrum  aa w adand mtal actii k aguag  aua , rsi i oman  h  ad a m a   a ll   vua as o  d Fo ob (as d o s  high cs  t br) - crd wth th higr bra fus sc as dcso maig rasg, ig d osusss f tios I is ls cr wi foig asscats b cmbg fomai fro h s f  or d w ids.  iluds h y tr corx which s uos h c l  h ia or  br st ad rm hr o h usls. I ss iomato o th bo va h to ros  car u movts T  co als ss fomato ou hw  ry t difr movts Pi o -  wi ra v ssao cacula sm s o cog a mr Op o (vsu ctx) - cocr wt rcssig fomto fm h s, ildi vsio colur sa rogto  rscti



 g    ip d  u

prl  b  - o wh rssig audto foao, i.. ha sd rii � h ivolvd 



(\f m�l \) m.

C

 u

    l 

rr

os llos

 ylus ool gu a l

 ll is or f   or s ovs

i

   os  o osss su s r a i  lo ssr T i g    

0 D ig w t cbum a  cblm 02 Whic g f h a   assiat wi h  a  a

Unit 5:

xece a Cra

�h 1ole of natie and nurture n b , •

;n

Natue: May of our caacteristics deveop soely de r the fle nce of ou

gees wi lite iflence fom o r environme or eai ng, e g bood goup •

!thh  s not geely ossi be o expeen n p eople,  s pssle o select a sa le efly s as t es e tat non �xpemental vales sc  s 3 e an se, e tced so  s e like a tatia ctled �xpemen n e  b oroy.

Nute Many ca racestics ae lea n o ae heavy in u ece by the

evionmen e.g ow ong yo hai s Most of or caacteistics ae act ally etemined y aue a  n rur e or ature via n rte We ae e eslt of a mite of genetc an d e nviromenta actos. H uma  ehavous, aitdes ad ss ma y ave a n underyig geneic bas 1s bt ae mod1ied y expeece or the envionmen i n a way which IS very compe o eamle, the chace of developing some diseases, s ch as some caces, has a genetic asis whee a g ene o  sevea gees ie act to cofer ssceptib liy o te disease w evometal factors cotribing to the s of evelop ng e dsease Evidence fo the eaive oles of ate and  urure i  ba deveopment come fom a varey of soces:  e abtes of newbon babies  Newon aies have some inate capacies. ese sgges at gees hep to fom the rai a soe eavous beoe the ay is on 

Stdes of  vuas with damaged bai areas Some patets who ave

sfeed fom bai n d amage show the ab  ity to ecove some of the rai n funct1o  hs emonstates at some eones have t e ai liy to chan ge •

Ama expeimets: eg uel a Weise's epermets o ctical wnows fo

sigt, suggest that extera stimlato is importa  a deveopme 

Twin stude s: Ietica wis sare al he same genes ratea (o-ietcal) 

win he the am n um a any oth il  w Twin t n help o estimate e relaive cotib uto o gees and the evronme Ay ffeences betwee idencal twns mus e e to the efects of the eviome Ientical twns aised apat i  c ompason to those aised togete ae paticuary useful fo stuy Fo example i ee s a geae ffeece between those twns aised apa ha tws ased togeter t sggests some envromea flece. However, twns rai se a pat may ot have competely diffeen evoments a wis raised togethe may deveop difeet persoal tes e to a esie to e dferet. I general i gees ave a strong fl ence o the evelopmet of a caracteistc, en te close e geetic reaoship, the stoger the correato wil l b e etwee i ndivda ls fo that ta 

Coss-cultra stues: Investgaos ito the vsua percepo o goups

om ferent cult ra b acgo ds sppot the de a at visal c es or deph percepton are a eas pai ally eat

01

Wt s yo peso l vew on the se f amal s i mecal esech Fo exmple, ow ny a u fles, b mce, c as,  oneys do yo nk you o  use t est ew us to ep tet i bes ca e ii aa,  i wnkles n he skn? Hw do yu jsy yu pstio?

Q

Descbe wy i may e da geros to leave a p atc ove the damag e eye o a ch l or a prologed peod of time .

Q2

Eplai why kites and monkeys have ee used  experiments loong a huma a deveopmet

Q3

f oe idetcal tw ha s schzophreia thee s 80 % canc e that eir tw will also have symtoms o sciophena. oweve, if oe ateral tw as schopheia tere s o y a 1 5% canc e tat ther twi w aso ae symptoms of schzopen a Wha do these  ges sggest abo u e cotbtion o ature and te on the developmet o schzophrenia?

Oopane a Pc�nJ disae Pais's dsas is assoiate wt te eat of a gou of oaieseretig euroe  the bra a area of the mibai  kow as the sbstatia gra  reut i he eto of oame levels i te rai. oame s a tastt wi s aive i euroe i te fta tx, ba em a al od It i  aoiate wit te otol o movemet a eotio al esoses.

Te smoms of Paisos ae  mue tremos (shake  siffess o  e a sl owe of ovemet  oor balae ad wakig obles  ifiultes wit see a  bea hg  eeo. A variet of treates are availa be or Pak so  isease, mot o wh am to

eae te oeratio of doam1e i  te b a  oame  ao  move to te brai om te booea t te olee wi is use to mae doaie a Tis molele   ale L-dpa levodoa) a a be tred ito doame to he l orol te mtoms. Some othe r teatmets for arkiso  are o l ie ate  tis eio

Sertn an n Sti s a erotramitter ked to eeigs o rewa a easre A lak of eroto s like o cica dssi (ologe eeigs of sadess axet

oelesses los o iteret releess i so ia e Treatme or eresso ote ivolve rg tat a el irease te oetratio of eroo   th e sases. For examle Poa  a eetive seroto retake ihbitor (SSR tat bok the roe whh reove eotoi from the sae ee beow or uso o ow SS igt wok 

The efe(  -$ ! ynape Ma drugs aet the ervous stem b tererg wit the orma utiog o a syaps. he 1agram a foo wig tet sow some o te wa aes a  be aee  rug   oe rgs aet te stesis or storage of e utastt. or eame dpa used i e treaet o aki o' sease is overted to dpam reaig

the oetrao of oamie to redue te smtoms of te ieae.

 oe r gs a afet te reease o te erotrasmtte fro te psyaptc embae

·: 

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   

possynaic

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    yc      y 

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oe rg a aet te erato betwee te eotrasmtter ad e cpts o e pstsyaptc emrae a) ome ma be stmlao b big to te reeto ad oeig he sdu i cas or eae doame agoiss (wih mii oaie eause te ave a si i la r sae a are ued i t he teatmet of aki o' iease) b to doame reetors ad rigge act pttals. b) ome a be i ibit or, b lok ig te eetors o

te osati mebra e a  reveti g the eotramtter iig.

T 8 e  4  e dug ev e h e eu pae f  e nea  ie a  i  p .�·api  eane. F eale  ecstasy (MDMA)    evei n  e e uae f  serotoni. e eec s e aneae   a i cea   f eJ i    e sae h h  ns a e d chage  e e   e d. O e f e an ssil e s ide effe f ecsa ue is de pessi as a eul f e lss f  en f e u  e ease f e lac f  epa e Pac   a  ea e f a seeie se i eae    (R  a  lcs  e eae  se  n in e a en f depen

 e du a  ii e ez es ivlved i  ea i ng d e

Lo b   oe    e   e   e on i ei   u  e  eo e

eae  e sa le eg   e aenae  a  i ea   e ea e n e sae ad eef e eeaed aci  eial  i hiii) f  e ss api ee

The dvelopment of nw rugs A   e have ee i s secin he cal a affe  e ane-   nd eins     i   h e effec  nual i n neuans  i es can have a si gn ifa effec  deecve  a eal paa. e e e  a e ecic en  ad e apes ave  cels e e  e  e ae  i d c le ea  cecal ha ca have h e deied efe  ad a  s edies ae deelped  eis ce a (e eaced f  la )  e i  ai  c i  e u an gene pje (ee e pae f fuhe deas) culd help develp dugs a ae ih pecific s a   e ca  e e ecve i e de   fee si de effes Pa acge ni  ns  paaeuca epee (d deepe ad anface i e ledge f  e  a gee e dg ave   ug h a   ce  eig il d i g ai a l ial and clin ial ial s l n efe  e ca each h e ae

a cBqes r t e bai  evea iag i g ehn iues ae uefl f  edcal diag ss an d inv esigag a i cue ad fnc   ea e he effecs  du ad di eases sc a a s   e a   e a  a   e ee sg a gig ees  ch as fMR. Magnetc onae magng MRI sca s e a  a ec feld a d ad aves 

  ae i aes   isse ie e  a  MR sca ca e ed i    e dasi   e in jue and infes. e a as e used  a  deg eeave diseae le A lzhe i es  cai as ve a ped f i e  Futoal  magec esonance magng fMRI  a diied  RI ec e a

a all u  ee e a in in an d u live a ecae i deec avi in e an  lli n e upae f en in acve ai aea Comptesed axil omogaphy T   CAT sca se  and f a ea

Xas aed aund he pai e i e M RI  e  l a pe n e  en i i e a d s    a c ues a nd daae ahe  a n funin . h e elin is  se  a M R s al se i  he  ai ca e disiied;  e as se pea af as

 Q

Ep a n  ppe ufeig  ainsn a se f depess

Q

Epa   da a edce  e s  f  ai 's d iease.

Q3 ges    e d deved  e a  i a  sae  se    a  elp ea clnal deei .

Ex   n  e  e  u  u  iu  o e g (Ree  e  efc  xe  nc n e   ve e    )

A genome s all of the A (or gees) of a organism. The Huma Geoe Projec was a multinatioal proje hat deemie te base seqence o e man geoe May ew gees have bee etifie, cludg some of those genes esposibe or ieite iseases I aditon new rug tgt (specic moleces hat dgs ieat wit o ave ther effects eg ezyes) ave bee ienified formation abou a patet's geoe may hep doctors to pesribe he coret rug a he corec ose he ma eoe roe may also aow some seases to be prevene  yo destad wat gees you arry yo may udersta what isease yo ae likely to be a rs ro he ua Geome roe aso helps to prove inforation abot evoltio an iceases or kowlege o pysology an cell bology t

lS�Je

   

Who ows te infomatio? Some grops have applie o patens o genec seqeces so ha they ave ownership, o have o be pai or ay teatmets develope sg e knowege o hat seqece Who is etited o know the ormaton abo yo genome i i s sequeced/ o srance compaes have aess o e iormation Wi geeti screeng ea o egeics (te geetic seletio of mans ad desgne babes Who wil pay or e eveopmet of te ew heapies a gs May possible ghy specialised reamets may be vey expesve ad wi oly be suitabe or a ew peope

'•   " 

pro u e



=

 pants may be sel fo prodcig edble rugs sch as vaies hat a be sored a asporte easily i pat pros s as banaas or potatoes Usel genes an be asfered to cop plants sig a vto sch as ra a gee gns (pelles coae wt NA o a vrus Rro zy ae sed to c A at speci seqenes an DNA g s a eye a a be se to sik piees o DNA togee Tese mae  possible o sert speific DNA seqees to he G organs Large numbers o denal G pats can easily be proce  Tg  (amas wit  hma gene aded o hem) a be use o proe usel rgs at a be aveste from eir mlk (or eve seme) posomes an virses ae vctr se o isert gees ito aimal ces Drgs prodced om asgeic amals clde te bood clog fators use to eat haeophiia

Mico-oganisms sch as bactera are the ost omo target o geeic moato as hey are reatvely easy agets fo gee taser ad a be grow rapdy  lage quaites in fereters he dgs proce ca be etrace a prie sig ownsream pocessig slin to reat type  dabees s a eample o a dg prouce fom genecally moife micoorgaisms

 8:     

 plasmd





age he gene o be cad o he plnt s sd n o the  plasmd whch s  he r eur d to he bacteriu.

Sag  Te Ti plasmd s  xraced from

 

a

bacal homoo

Ti pl s m 



age  a s  fece w he de acrm and par of h Ti sd wh h engnerd g  ecms par o e plan cmms.

   plas

,

w

ew g ag    ass a  o vlo o  a es l cs coa e w ge. 

w a coa ig  nw ge fo ga el

w

mour cells a ak a , wo w plas ca  grw frm em c  tan  w geesse are gnrd r ransgen  ants.

la hromosom



 a 

    

rown gall mour) cased

    

.nes e  So ? e\e�o e  ie f geet8Uy _ : (GIOs) 

gene p     trr  t gn o nl w  p      p  

 nib in g r d t id ni M bri w u ld t 

nibi in dlp ing in oh e  irb 



GM rp ud  upwd th up h pn nd  b  rin  hrbicid h uld dg ur l d  h , rli g in dg o h e n irt b th wul d  urg  r o u r l hrbii o il l rh in g t he rop.



  p  n prd ril d.  rn   oll d n rp n  g  t n t   th b g c p  o bu nw d   p i g Ti o e he oo epene f   .

Q

r b wt  nt b th t gni p   uio    ot'.

Q

Drib h  bn of ung bri o p  hun ot ik nn  tr  d.

W r  r  fo o A2 Bo   xm  o  wh tg e t w h     i w ff    cu Th c    ut, mb      v           

-·� :l

Q O   h i   vg  n    tol  og  o  w    f  hi  i

Ge oo   r oo  

B  n  s topc  u  l : �-

'{

Rep   he evime

 i!)

'

Expln w he ev e lw   ep  the wl au us, i e  efle  n epe Dee hw p ee  n e. Cme lnt me, nl n d he e te ll a h f 

Te eus em n eve puses

eie e sucue a fin f J el  m nne nldi e le f cw el  e ia eibe w  eve ipe paes a a ax ee w pe   hw the k u he e  etlhlne

Viin

De hw the d ll  the en w t ee t penil i  e pi   ve

Stte f  h hn i

Rel wee he ifeent e f he h  a ba ae d wht e ne de Ti hld nle he eel emiphee pthm  elu  eula   a 

   e velpme

D t nep f  'iil wiw i e evepe  vii esbe Hbe a Wiel w wit e  ie d w  ele h vp f   Ce he ee es se  su  he evelpe  f e a s w h  tdpt n e ml d ethl sses elai   e se f m  mel h

Lea a hiuai

fe f dg   me tem

Desce w nil nng   ln  hi. Die hw  i ve e u i

pli hw hemil leel i h e n ma h e  eg  lnee h  Pnn n depe1n d hw thi e i  e f ee f ew us pli the w th  fe pe i e a ui   h   ea Pass eie hw d fee   a tehniqe e e  y he in nldig mge ene m i  MRI fu al meti  a fMR n e  ap CT 

Ue f ee di  i

Di w  h H G rJ  epn  evep ew   me  e ie ht e eie hw dg a e pe i ee1l e nm plnt  niml : i c am Dsss h i d ees  eeay e   as

L007 L0083 LL0OS4 LL0069 l LL012 LL006 LL0057 L008 0019 0 

   D

;  • 

   

   

   

      

      

 

 

 

 





 8: y 

�Jpl wit Parknso's sas ha poo cotol over hr st musles. sd by a ak of h oas dom. L2g umbs of neurones scrtg dpi a  n t asa gi rgio o  a



arkss dsas a  iaos  mood usn a ss. Th fMFI ss o  te ih shw h ss of  sdy wr sjs d  sr fgrppig ciiy o sgat t fctss  a ne r tr

ff dug

 dug

 sus a rig ar ro a hay rai,  atn wi ass diss wtu rg at d  a wi arss diss  d 1  sa shws  oo so w  o o h ad a h o T os c s   wite

 Us t fMRI s ov dsuss the ffts of ths  w  d o a av



W pid wi py  rm t rad  iagas  o   ake sr yu suy t roy o p yo uns  t o th qs and wat t air is ay sig you au For xp s son is pari city i ifr rgs o h ra a  h sz  t iffr rs 



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)1

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 

Mk s o m a omav sm Th stu h s mor  ss to ak h ompris  I is aso d ar wt is ig sr y   fMRI t ciy of  ri an aidts st rs or this usin y rri o  icras r cras i   rar a  aty    s sos is u marks y o n  o a ossi xo f h ifs

h s o  t t y  th sa a a lss avy  t or ot for the pso trd w t  th t prso w rkinsns witu  ug  ug my wr y stiutig t ras o mor i rm  s gi

 Exi ow asmts sch s dom s1mul os



D gt trw y  t  th  Y ay  kow uc au xal w i wrks u o so   o r w happs at snapss  ow a rorasm a st   o  h  o



. Sudnt �

e _  r ,:·  .  -· .�  -  ._

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. Eaminer

 ; -: '   · .  "  .









omi  d o ets o th ostsyat mm

hs sos dscrs wh dm o:s u dos x ow  sts ros.

pmi a  sd r is   rsypc ran  rss  aiu ios mi i hu t rn  n a   ars h oam a ffuse cross t syas d d o tos d oe sdm o hals Sum os   h ossy mm d s h mm to eols s  a io a i  ossai nuon

is rsos ps os  spi a aout w  uosit stiats  w i  poti i rsps o  rria   ctio poa  h syps

(Edexcl GC Biolgy Sa/trs-Nufi) Avan U  Jn



1

1 () (i

Desre how t nrvous systm orols the p rflx n a mamma l   rsons to ght lght 

(i) Dsrbe ad expan ow myliato of urones s a adantag n hs  l x at way. 3 () ub  and Ws o on y o kitt o f dfrnt aes o nsta h  t o s ua  delo pn in amas. Kts h ha o y o fom h o   o  h wk su bsqty ha   y poo so  n  a . s wh ha  o   o at a r   lar ms a ora so . Suggest a  expa aton  o (3)  s obs aon.

 o eoe a al obtos o ana l xprns S ugges how a  bologst mg j ustfy th us of anals n  xprments (2) Total

12  marks

(Edexel  GCE Bioogy (  Salt r  s-Nufld  ) Advnced Un 58 Jn 7}

. I!

2 Dtton o f lght oLs  both mammals and fowrng plants 

(a) In humas te era rgon of  ra  has ry w od ells How , n 

a o abo  80-9% o    otoos n  ntra egon o th rtna  a rod ells. st  adaag to a  dg f a o  o  s  s go  o t 

reina

3

 sbe t o o  n  loweing las

3 oa

6 s

 Edexcl GCE Biology Adva nced  Un 4 Jue 200 Q

3 T dagram blow sws a  rtcal ston   o u gh a human a Usg th ltters A, B, ,  or  E stat whh gon o th bran:

 II, I·

Il

(a) coordnats moveent

1)

() ontros hart rate

()

 rs sensoy nut fro th ys.

 oa

3 s

(Edxc GCE ology Slrs-Nuffeld) Advacd Unit 58 Jne 00

Top 8: Gre tter 

4

wn su;es cr e ued o sg  he roe o ges i beavo u  T e requeny o shophrna n dtal (moo z ygotc ) twns was ed Condtns �:h as sh ophrna ar thoug t to  e poygen (a) Dene th trm oygn

( 1)

b) I on e monoygot twn  has shophre then th probably o th sond

twn aving e cion s 6%. rdc wat ou wou xe  erenge pobably  e if hizophni w eniely cue by gees



c) T  obbi liy  w nel ed o both g hipheni i 5%.

Exl wh e e  f h y show ou h le  gen n e nion i  phni (2) ta 4 marks

(Edexcl G Biology S ters-Nuf el) Advance Unt  Jn 00 5

The Hmn  Gnom Poj  a s dod the loon o  30 000 ge. nly a  sm numbe of uma gnes av a kow uncton, so th nxt t s to fd ou t wh t the res of the gns do ) Expln wht s mant by th word 'genome . 1 (b) om scentst want o u  knowldge gned fom th uma nom 

Poj o ee e  e o n ou  tey v  gen edspi  cen ise sch  he ia se or  ln ance Tey   eein  n  pepl to  ed  hel th r ie. Ohe s hin h t  i  h ol no  b ied  beaue t wi ll e exr obem  soiy. ( i) gge how wing  you wee mor  liky h he pe  velo he ee  ung aer  ol e yo o  e  lnge, hi lfe 2 (i Sugges ow mpusy gen screeig o vyon mgh b   bent to  soey 2 (ii Ses why op  mght vote gst ompsory g ne   srenng   redum. (3) Totl 8 ms

(Eexc CE Boog (Saese Av a d Unit 1 Jue 4

 uc plysis is m  ny cs f ps, fn   sul f n  i nsissin f   nuns  h muc  h nmcul nin uds  vnmu n c s h Pus i ungarus fscitus v plyd  p in h ivsiin  his mi nmis.  Ds  nm qunc f vn  ccus wihin  usce fibe  ul f  umscul  i.  b Bunxin n  sld f h vn   Pui k In 

un,   us pysi f h iph nd ic mucls y i efect at synapses  Sgget w bungaratoxin ases these efecs. (3) otl 8 s (Edexel GCE Bioly Sles-Nueld) Advned U   June 00

2 sl ichdi in  lui cninin inni php d n ln dn cn  sd  suy spi An  i u  c chns in y nnn hil mcni sp.  ph sh cn in xyn cncin f  ild mind

·      §

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  · ;_

X V

(

 --ll

 i)

Dsci d pin  ds n n h p v N n cn n usd i n h  l cn np ch in micni  i) S h lc f  lc np chn n michni  v) Dsci h A is synhsi i  lcn nsp cin

3)

( 1)   (4)

b AP is usd  pvi n imdi pply  ny f c pcss Dsc  l f AT n h flin pcss   nv impu nsmsn (2) i hypplsn f   ll s i   i 2 otl 3 rks Edl GE lg leNueld) Adned n  ue 

3

 Expln  is n y h Hum Gn PJc

(2)

(b  h Hun Gnm c s kn i ps  idnify ppl  my

  is  vp cl cnn suc s h d cnc nd  (i) Sus tw sns hy idnyi pp l  is  i h  f nfi   h ppl h  d i Sus  ivs  hicl jcins pd y  umn nm jc (3)

otl 7 s (Edel GE ilg SlesNueld Adned i  June 00

4

() At hh eonment temperr the rte of we n m ncre. xpl n ow wtn  nvold n the reulton of body tmprur (2

 In  n  netton   helthy olunteer meured h body tmpertur After  5 mnu h o nto  bth of te t  tempertur o 18 oc   tyed n the bth for  10 mnut thn ot out d t on   hr. D urn th  etto h ord h boy empert e  re tm   . he e o t  ni e hown   he b e blow.

ti1



0

Stated investigo



G in bh

 5

67  

G u f h Sttg o  ci

25

Sitng o  

(i)



Lyn n h



()

 37.

7

ecb h hn  n body tempertur tht o u d durn t  ntton  Suet xpnon for h hne n body tmprtur th ocurred beween  o llow me terl  to 10 m 1 5 o 25 i 3 otal

Edl GE y vn

8 as

ar  7 7   

 A  iin w d o no e efe o y pe on  ahg r  o  lthy  In   igin n xe e by  w s he bren  o h sdn w meured t rt  n yced   1 m per o o 2 n nd  mdtey fte h behn  w rod    reted for 5 mnt f yln t 1 m pe hour for   m f wh h bretn r w n murd  h  netton w rptd t yln  peed of   nd 25 km pr our  he tudent rtd for 5 mnut btwn eh peod of yln  he eul t re own n th tbl blow. 0 (rst)

12 4 7 20 7

18

 

) t th n r n bthn re   yn p  ncred rm km pr our o  25 km per our Show yo u worn.



 Set  n plo for tee reult

2

(2 l 4 m

(Edexcl GC oo Advand - paper 62/01

J  2008)

6

a  h rm h w  f h    c pii   c l l 

Gc

,I

Sg  pphryld GC u

Sg 

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Gycolsi

phryl C sugs

g  Suc A

Sg  Lic Acd

(

 N  A (  wic  h  hwn in h rm 1 u A  u ATP

2

(b h r cycl cc uing ic pii  i  xpl f 

.I

 ic phwy.  Expl wy h r cycl i c   lic y  S pciy wh i  l h  Kr cycl cc.

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acetyl coenzm

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4 i

furth

1 x dce NA

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C d

A C

co

1 x rdd NA

  ac

ai

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8

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(1)

rs

1  r 

4C a Oz

�   r



T  hw      c in t Kr ycl Oi u z   i l   m   rcin n  K cycl U< Lhe ler)   F HJ  i iv  h , l  h   h invlv n xd dc enzyme. () Tota

6 as

de E   Add   -ppe  e 

7

 he  bw w       u  ud   

 lu   b  d u d  q of be   d  dfee codos.

 

 A  ws    p  ps      

x . T u  o  he ps b 

At st

D 

t -

L 

  j



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  





5





  





5

he e o lume s the oume of oge t ke o  h ug    ute, d  lul d   ulplg h dl olme  te etg e  (i )  h   oo o h  clcul    u  lu   es Sw yur woking. (2 i ul  h   the mu lu   d   p     eult of he eese ho  ou okg 2  C u  c d eese.

 S w s     uu

 Ex  o ee   lu  d c pu d 

eee ele  p dele of oge to mul

( 



Tot 7  mk  G Biology (S a ters-Nu ld) Advncd U  Jun 

his com hnso i ad n t Unit 6 A2 Bio  gy a  Ju 2006 Yu wi

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

  

Whn prparig or th comprsn sio of t Ut  5 xam:  Rad t ail caruly a c ay ky words yu dn'  rstan, t ay hp to bd p yor w ossary f    Sk p wt any dffilt  as an y wrds n t artl partay if thy a arris t yo rsadng  th ati.  Idnty aspcts  h A-lv spfcatn wic a wn nto t artc ad a s yo now th ra Al ai o matral rom h spiicaton  ha  you wl n to daw n yo ow wlg of th urs as w as t cont f th artcl o asw th stns Fr  ap, s quso (g)  h oprhsi pract  om agron rsac it ajr ts n th artl may  !p yur stag  Yo tah os t ow th ustos an s trr f to   a mntor i hpig yo to  pra r h xa

eed to ask you tah to fid you a oy " ad it caefully bo yo asw t qtos daed om Lfe at he Extremes' by Fraces Asr Publisd by Fla ingo 001 B 006514. aabl om t Edexel w bst www dx cl . om.

Qn T scifi iP yoJ   vP
(a Ex ai how ua ar  able o u in dy ar at tmatu abo 100°

4)

   uits ave od hot stoy od. Sut ow hs cul ha ud 2

c

Eai how ss o cyst c sis can b deced y a wat t

d

Exa  why aatho ru and yis  at a gh isk o ato at t h

end  a ace.

(2) (3)

 Ex  a how t ty o pigs as ld to a geneic s o m  linant ypertemia  humans (2

 gt wy aing asr ay slow a psos ovry fo a i f cn 



D c the le  calciu 1ns in ml otao.

 4

oa 2 arks)

  l Bi   vv s 

i 

Yo  hv o podu  po o n  pimnl invsiion, hi h you hv pnd id ou nd inpd individ ully  h   L mks vill 20% f h ol A2 mks. h mks  dd  follos h & iol  ks;  n nin  1 1 mks oi n  & d  8 s inp  &  9 ks oniin  6 s .

-/ ·  .R  Choosing you own tresng queso an o rsul in g�r  mars. Howvr, dscss s w yo eacr o a sre a  wll b possle o olle sue aa o me a  rra ad a   be arrd o safly

l



es   r abl e oly.

�"'

y t 'p· nythg  ju ty t dem   e a weldcumeed 'fac.

 yur ype  d AS pe  c rcica  a ba ee m  k    l lg a ae  m  l ear 



e a a  al t m 

    r  fr ed  amae

r   ve gae a   e  qti.

   rr 



i cl   rl y aeled  l itti  r  t eerr t r s    ah t teia gp w  wl 

Kee  aeu k on you r r n I is ery om   ros o be o og Ths i on be rsar & raioe  o   al eeat Lar seons ed o  be rse or oo r As a  gud s  a alloaos -so resar   raoal woul be abou  wods

ke u yu a ely mlir wi  mr  g ite a bee y sa

fr    refer   rkn rieria we witig p yr sti

  i  sond pnion fo yo hypi h ooks mi scfi jou ls  d h n u mk  u h yo u oly lu d ml h s  lvn o yo hypohsis. Yo u ms d lly i n you  po ly h  yo u hv usd you  schd infomo s Uni   Advi on ci.

'1·,





m 

n

A o, c r h  i  r  or ce o c i i   i a i al h i ri . G oee: 'ere i   ini  ii rreo beee o l r on nd   itribo f eeing br  Tere   can re beee e e  g f l e r rh  nd olln od or   day Poor yoss 'Seds o a roy o l so zoo  'Px moa l ll or  a ere o .



' 

u/u '



.

Your epor ut  cla eviee o ow  ae tou au ad eeoped a fect ad a mod o et o pei. You ed   a ie ral rme  d .

Ia -n sure yo cllet vaid �n cb d�a Alwa e ou ar a ei o co potei. • Ma a ear a  at cld a ria exerm.  ud epla wa aera o d   ad da  ua ad cca,  Yu a ed o w ac ow o ar   ue ur ra  d  a od  ede w o daa i o e aald fo daa oti  lae Fo exaple o o atitial et ad  of rea ame  dc  le  eaa co o uo f poile val a w ou e t coro tem  ak  io acu.

CGeng

"ariabl�-

  ulikel ta u w  a t corl r  aa  ou m w at u ave drd a te poa aco ta ud ac u et a d a o ed ivatio w ield  etifall aifu a a) In the laboraoy You ol  a  corol o vaia re t ve i aaat  td, ue wa  avaa, o ex, u ma  a a a waer a u u d u a ar  wa  d rar ca. Bwae o a o w judeme    oor a,   dve a med a wl elp o  e coit Ta xpme ae a da wa to o t. b In th  a va ar  fu o co i te eld t  till ee efu oeat lct o pli  caell o ak  ou o ot tce o aae Meaur m ot actr ca p o ue  ar  aec  ru

Yo mt ow a o ietiao ca  caried ot   li  i aeme e iaa elow ow o appoa to  a Li al cdu ad ema d d Pooy e  eto  e t th comto  my ts ts o g i  t y t t t ytss y e etg T  imit m  g a  t & eto

Wa  ae aoiated w ac?

Ca te i  imat

No

ae d md

at etio mu e tae  eue rk  a ae ee

The olowing are good examp es of ow o se a ta eperime n o cha ge your meod: 'e c ear areas o agar were o cca  so I de cided o ace e on a ae ad easure e aea y oning sqaes I is obvious om y ae a ere was ony a very sma deence i y ess wen I ncreas ed he conceaio y % eac ie. I ca ned is o 5% eac h ime so ha e efec was muc moe ovos e srea I was sin had os o aas whih wee saded by arge ees ad he deh of wae was qe deen in soe as I seached e dowsea i I fond an nsaded secon w a even dep  ere was a oo wh sow-owing wae ad a aower secio wh a aser movg seam

Do we a dea ied meod wce Yo ca ac eve hg h maks y wing his oce he isin ay amendens you make, wh easos ae your a

Me ue  yu  epeen   n   y plnnn, n j n eee  usy w yu hve ey e ce. In e   h  y wl nee  w  y hve use he eul   l  e  eve yu eh Sply llw un  cpyn  cn epee    wll nly n  ew s The  es n e  e eense   l pue se eence  sple   yu c e  epln ny cns yu  e I yu e w n e ly yu   y u y e n  hek  see 

u  b he e yu nee  y e  n he e yu   he se n y  y sp echqe

§oe imp@�Bl _;st fo !.p·€rH Y n-s

,

3·

a I the lty  s yu ce e  vlues le  Hw ccely cn yu e eueen? I ee nyn  c e ne



 e y eeen e ccue n ele e ee y v le h y ve n e n n

  the fied

  

s e we  e elee e u le D yu nee  ce  e  v nc e vles/ n y eny e pn pece • es y ppse p e lw y  cec cen 

ke sure o u reor our t    lr tle sng the orrect l un n t   level of  ur tt s s s b l bg n  the ethos ou us

� .� • • Use  er c is  ncl d i u is   u ui i   his ly  wih ddl s  Me sure e s  l sy t l e wig h  vus us  w o grp.

  "

c

• se  consten ub f   n f t f gu es or     i  lu n  iu fus s  ens • R e  e b e   u z   no h m     o ot u ubs f sif ic fi t o be sfe b or   A si w o pp     ul s not o  us   u b   of s g i    gues   sw i y l es

There re  su prsg nu er of s rrors n seleng  rw ng grph of  sle tpe so gve h o crfu thought, strtg wt c prnpls

•  

• • •

•

Norll tere shoul b  onl on  o two gps. or  g   ds  b i id o our hposs   n h yu   onclusons o ur d  hul hv  cc lbls wh  op ie l ts  wh ssb Lnes o  ' e      qui  2 lev e   so  lly b id  Mo  s    l e  r     b sd by ii i ul wih  . t s bee o  v   wh  l  h w  by  swr   A us  g  b'    s . i s ost  w i  w eptng o  n  lse ds  d rns   n esp   l  w rno  splng s een 

A  e  cm n mistake is o red e fom  spwh s  im  s  us Rig 2 n 50s s 5i   283   1 70 s s  very lrge rr.

If ou e loo ng for sgnfcnt frns n or  nv estgto, o u  v two  sets of sp les ro c yu wud lclte two es. Ths ght  o  v  sple twoo  r g, wh wo u gve o  onl   norto n  w to e di s. However, selng ui s clsss   h  se n en i   s m f c  the se  wul llw u  coent  uh  gs s h  f , y l  sw isibui

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0-59 606 7079

 are

 

U  P    l y  tt ill

Imai ne y e tain adm mp fm w e nd y wh t ede wth hey  difn T mke hi  decn cintificlly y nd  flw he ule:

 e  min a e ege   w mple e th am hi i  l hyp.

2 ake al o c a 3  s ey unliely e aeae wl  dnti   yu c calca th chce (pbblty) f ai nn l e yu  een if the tw ap we n y difnt uing a attical t 4 If th cnce pbaility) cculted i hihe than the gfe ee thn yu m ccept tha yu t ampt  cct a d te i  difeenc I t ance f   t i lw a te  g f e ee th yu wud jc e nul l 

�:mpes o'

!1U � ypthes

 hee i n ignificat diffene i th numbe f myly ymph fund in lw

flwing tem an d a-flwing tem. • e i  ignica ceatin ewen  bndnce  ceepin ep a i mi co.

 gnifcae ves In t eigin y  d u e  nfcance leel f  %   mean e a 5 chce in  00 that e eult yu bin culd ccu een i th w n difenc between  tw t f dt hi can be witten a a pability f p=0. 0  id t a  f yu d yu m ally he t cacla a t tic ad th    roiiy in  i l.

Yo a t epc t  kw e  mlae o fin dtil  ac te Y hu d ncette n elecng the cct typ f tet d demntting yu undtding f hw t intpet the ult he thee yp f tt y e mt l y t cnd e e

1 -

 s    i c an  nce e.  tt  Ma W hey U e e tt  ca crrli  aa Rank ea et  t  niant aatn  '  ft  .g  Ch i ad 

Othr scl Y  hi m thn 4/5 mks f y  no xi    s l   iil   s i yor  wn wo Yo    c  gm o lc    t   x its mnin.

rm

Yu a l expced t dtnd t e ll wi tem whe applca  rhm m r  he m  all th euemnt did y e ue  mae  me  t l ae  y a wee a t mpl auet r o thi  an af ae bw  d  the meauement which c th  aet umb f m in yu mple.

I I I

It is vitl th yo g y ibing ty  t n ptn hown y yor t At s stg o no  l y oti pttios h t tg i to ry to intt yo lt ig ioogi pipl. h os not mn simp ly ing  l ot of oogil hory ou mst s yo bologl  now g    it y ly o yur t 

lia It i  p t you will t n obtv t look  t th mtho you h    how t mght  t libility of yor onlion h impotnt stion to sk yolf  o m how fly I y ot th  nvtigtion w ftor ou sl s vions in my rpt ng/'

o r imittins  • ds1o o prctil etee whe debg li  i     uggets f   i:  h d ve bee eted y sesle lang r  ti  l epe m e

God mttns: • 'I se u  ee    o u r tdrd to ke y jdg e et  e ed-po t  ute  sle but th  tll vey i I u l d e e cr  lte y es



and use  corim·  giv  pese esuree.'

hs sto shol follow fom your n  yss o lmittios If yo   nti fors w o s viions thn wh moifions ol b m to yo mtho to mimis ti fft Dont:  simpy suggst tkig mo smps - yo sho h  toght bo thi  p n ni ng  n  t oing mor o th m wil o nomlly impo you mo  mofy you invst;ion so tht  gin to tst  ompltly int ypothsis

Co   Ln  g Higoing pot wy mk it r wh  h of h r s n ss by sg uhings s will pvnt yo omttin g mpon t il o pting yosl Us th vi gn in oth pt of hs stio of Unit  to l yo lt ury  hoo t igt om o grph. Kp your sntn s hot bt urt n  s  splling k pi y or if trms o wll b g  fo slting omtion rom o  'sr & ion' bt o ghr mrs yo ms s t lst on pofssio jourl  li ll yo our   biogrpy nfying wr i yo pot  s b s For th ight mks you w n to l your hosn sos riing i rility to ntis s  wol

 es s s r  r 'sos . Use e ut te u  's   ts the yhei  r gree    ugge     

o a

Uri t

lopRc 5 QQ    G- NP   Th pl wh  n s  th rl t

  ruc N; T  a ai  lc  ss  ln

y   s) hr.

TT  h  rc xy r  wr t s in pynth, but ly in th liht    tis bth typ f xyn, which r chmicly initiuhbl, r bin u in rpiri th l r lli u t ,  in th liht a  . T   1602  th t s st y its r f w.

T  Fir n  w t th y t is ctuy trfr t cnsum. t is th tal ix inu rpirtin l, i..  . 9  4   X    8 X    NP=    u  iry cnrs =      fny=

· x 10   

x

= 5%

QQ

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 rcrtin uB n in th frti f GL I is s  th 'firt tp, cb fxtin. lys rcn  n ix with .

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ylkd pe

holys f we

lys ezye(s)

u

rove  i  ldepe eio

le  

oa

gh-ee eo

eye f a UR ge  so

t bre

ly peb

y ope p he

i ebe

pereabl   e wh  ee  ee  ee he hoast

ed a ive o els gehe wh oe hes

 

cnt wa  xur in cnt Nc   inan f w a ni   t in y  wh  s  whr   it-  'r' n rl f  rm i its c  Trnt is a th n whc ccurnc f ts r  sc  wht pl rw hr wt   i  Qa   x    I  s bu t lwy  t  tit, play  p , i  wr ut  . cy hr bitic iy tmprtur liht tnitylr input bitic- ny  f ctitrs ra rit, rbir S un t- sil c s    ny thr) b- ay tr  ctts a, rsits h. Wla - s fctrs s i  - y );  ny hr  cpt, ptr pts hi.

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    f y tr  H,  t

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6 arbon diie

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12 gt ycer ae

3-phosate

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:�+ZP•

2  NAO

: 

yce al ehyd 3· os

2 NAOP

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1 gs



P

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 r-

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QQ  intron  ch mino c  coe o y mo tn o coon v i th t e of e oon  chng y mu1on  oe mno i w til b o o.  mol w tioo  o   mo    oth RNA commy oy o t n mA A tc o mNA templ 

QQ





T  Anwer oul nlue ef to for o mo of the folowing oi pi oion o t  hr r mny gn mttion or  ln mttio i mor lily in  gin tim thr i  wi vriety of prot thr   gre l of riton in microb· microbe r l; thr  lcton for th reitt phnotyp or gn thi o not t ry log; ut vlopin new rg o t  lon ime.





DNA unwin; mRNA trn mbl om coing trn o DNA mRNA trl out of nuclu into cytoplm (potrnciptionl chg  pl mRNA ote with riboom; tRNA molul big mino ci to boom ntioo on tRA oct wih coon o mNA n polyppti bi togr to  olyi c; olyp chi o o oth chn o othr molcul o mk ote

QQ  Simriti y wo om: boh ero oth

�!

 proti both ec  DNA o NA, nzym orgnic molce. Diffrn- y two from btri h cll wl cp, flgllum iboom, pu moom, plmi cll mmbrn.  B h high tmprtr might low own btril rprouctio  wll  nhnc th mm on n hoyoi.

e  B c e ll er  eer i

   e   lr cvon

v y   y

 B prdu hel mre ioies  rpd i o ue y e f e 'uer' ere   ue

y v  bi  c by lls  l   i ed ll

Wh nibo i mo ftiv  ooli e po1o o  nm crm? Ic eow 30° icog grow o hmn oe. A i ow o  P  to o e gow o ob

QQ  L /le  up  ttwc ib owtwh e hv  oo 02 y o y u o ep1t1on o oc AP wc o no ou lt.  A i hyroy w cu th myon h o chng hp AP ining fr th myoin from th crobri, AP lo u in ctiv trnpot of clium io bc in ropmi rticum  Mucl cn oly cotrt (hort o nothr mc ting in th oppoit irtio i n to xn  contr m oc it x.

el  pi d ca   e   me ' ntru er  ece  e  ure

QQ



Ay  om v trport mu oion lin ilmnt oy), yoy lin cyl roi y phopoyton  ATP  nver o u cn  ly oue o  i  el glycogn i  rg ogm tore of hmicl nrgy. AP  mll qntiti of ful nrgy whn hyroly, glycogn ontin  lot of tor nrgy tht i not mmitly vilbl or th ll to u. AP  olb, lycogn i oubl  NAD  e o oxi  o opt  wh roc A Ruc NA   o re pyv to t o tht yoy n o

Il

QQ



 

stin ae he .  . css e er s gtiv ecse oive oiu ins v  th ) weras it eritin  .d. bo ore nega ve (e . g  i egaive hlor ion v in  ll t n inhibory se)   he rer  eriod ea ha he soium i n ls  t reoe which ven r  tel be ng r ggered  nses l hve rs  the stsnc ebr  Vltggtd sdiJm in chnn n d dium ins difuse int th cell

TT  dium in mve  during ctin ttl, tssiu ins e t urg recve sdm ins umd  d tss in in. ssi ns dif ut  -in g reg tenti/t. Ote ls d inlu paiv uio cd difsi aiv n  edcsis exss e  with uiabl exales

QQ  In th dr d cells em sightl derid b f t En sdium in chl nd ntnull r the inhibtr netrnsmittr  bres dn in in nd retl  eptrs in plnts e chemicl li hthrm in mmml he e seilisd es li ds.

TT    me senive han oe b o t d

d1feeces i oo. paia uaion a the biolar ll ll     d ell overgng o a s in gle b l  ell hav  grar ae o afeing h e bio l r ll in ow ligh evel ha a s ingle ce ell.

QQ  T  rbllum i cncernd ith the cntrl f blne nd ment the cerebrum s ld in th bilit t thin see len nd fel mtin et.   h e frntl b f e cerebrum (cereb shrs )

QQ  he hid m bee in ecause th e wa deived  l gt rig e ia winow  Kiens an moey have a iila vul sste d bain  u  n o hey ae goo dls fr

ling t humn brin dlmnt Yu uld nt be aowe o d the me eermts  humn chlden  Sizohreia i  deed b n, b  tee i obaby a al envi·onmn inuene

T  Thee is no coe e  ur oinio ho e jiie wih reerene t el neis o

I

eveoig he new drugs rEquirn or anima  befre hum tri m elre/ights iu

 QQ



stmulu jet f te rur tr tr  ihn  es neure  mtr nn  gill mucle  reonse - g l w itr ws  e lgs ae i  he se m lrd b hbued ue o water urets d d hg in e se  G eneti prograig na) i likly t  reonibl e o in nt elex es the are no inluee by e env ironm n  urtu).

QQ  Dmine s ctie in the rt f th br th de ith mtins he ther stms f rinsn nd th ldg th there is n ur ud ls lee mn ele eeling derssd 2 d c  in h brn nd b md i de 3   he ew rug ay bnd  ernin  an mi he ee o  rt   sg in oenials o or TT i e f he brai in 1 e ver o gs o he s e i





e orre erti n rla  he rece t m e eede dfic ! Vimsi bl 

QQ



Genes m be trnsferred int id eis.  Cn be rduced che, in bul nd s urifid   he hu in i rded th th usg  ni roei o there sd  fr ide e  fe

TT  Beeis early tretmeeetve e arrie

ca hooe o avoi aving hilrn/ mbryo/eal seening. Diavanages: res o t wih gn co t; soe oule  chooe o o hve drn; uran iue; egeic es.

:n t: opit 5  a  hyoid/gra

2 mmbane  A P;  rdcd D/eq  hoo hoollys d   caohydte prodtion 2.  rducd AD   rduo of aon doxde  s  (to spply eey)   covro o  to AL

2 2





 a Mr growh/hegmber o av/ma 

dry ma Growth wih coer and wiho coer/conro/ rang o co concenraion Rfc to oto varaes; frc to {reea {re ea  / /m mea eass / /a ac aao o cng gowt 2  lan come/eq For {ion/wte/utents/irtes/tspe/eq   olrat pats less well dapted/overse/eq So on plat saller/ess dry ass/ onv/ Ida:  e de o ometo oy cu tay 1 d 3 grown te same Mnid igu 4 (c) crmor no-ornt No bni Co s we 2 Toal 8 mar

(i) P and N sr to sat wi; o increase (aftr 2 days)  d  dvere/eq gue  sppot 2 i mor ney is sed i metols/eq in od/bier} plns gu  sppot sua planation, e. potein syts/ ow iniaton/dferetio/. o hrbivo; mo hooyhesi tie  grow/q 2  GPPNPP=R; ioma rdcion redcd by iraion/e 2 otal 6 mark

 a 1. C is baceric bacericida ida

2. bcriida is baci   i barioatic; 4. baceriosaic reven rrodco/growh 3 b 1 bceim is o onger cd by anibioic A 2 refeee to mutato/chgd gn gn /NA 3. refeee to ressanc  efeee to seection/e 5 efeee to plasd tno/ozot  ete (c)  law atea/eq  efeee a pe/eq . anto  wel!muld wel!muld/eq /eq  ubaon uaied 5 measuemet o lear a/q  ber are imlie mor civ  7 reerene o saey/tc chniq/ oal  mar  a 1. imiar oe or incon

2/3.eaes o ma o anmion  immnosuppesso i HV/q;  reeee to oporc ifcon/; b T-e)ypocyteTkl   . sa fo suface po;  atvato atvato  of PKR; 3 ef to poe poe sytesis/nslao/q sytesis/nslao/q  no podcion of virus  cell death/e fuon drd d  rapd reprodut reproduto o . many ee) muatio/lvn mtaton more ikey  given me 3. ref. o variey o roin 4 arge variaion  eeion  o reisan heoy/gn  ho tme;  og drg developmn t;







ota 8 mark

 a roorion of total leles

for o g (  poption)/e b dfre lles estref utaton advatag in spefi envonen  slcion pessue; o lly to epode ll pasd o ospi oe ote;

4

ota 8 mark

Tota 9 marks

3 a

re.  disadvantae in ohr nviromn (Aow onvese arguen (c) fase ie ye of acteria/cov/q eater seeion pessre on bcri ( anot ue)  plasid tansfer i bta/q; la aee ues o aea ece  ee pool!e; ef. utto

2

3 a  T epe ells {desoyed/dagd/rded in

 3 4 

ue/ell yss/e} o T lle el {podu {poduion/c ion/cvaon vaon}e; }e; B els atvatio/pa cll oduto/e; ess/no atody odton/q pocyoss/paocyt; 4

 (resulting in eas {at of ventilaon/  reahng at/deph of brag/contactio

of respiratory/intercosta/daphragm

 k es than 4 wk ol ave o evelop (sua cot {oneions ynapes  itten o r 5 wee od ae

2 Total 7 marks

muce}};

 

 (a) (i) B  A usc o ppit e)   Only a a c because damage is ess/ess eeng/ss ain Reovey i ai d / sort stay n opita/eq; Les rsk of inftn/famatio;  f  to p a og e ns / dis eas causing oga ns

trog tae/te portdea of runner meeng fro oter areaseq; weaened/  sup pres imuy wi ha eers) hrog fall in atra k s/pagocyts/  ympoy t heper ces/B and T ces eference to airbrne/droet infetion



 2

Tota 1 ar

 (a) 1 ods contain rhodopsin  re. to convgece/suaio/e;  erfo t dog wi ae ette {vio in

-

3

Tota  as

 ny o f om : 1 ave of eera ipuesdepoariaton .

    6 7. 8

    

7 () sioatia/S noe /AN /pacae

fro SA node; passs ov bo atia relt ing n atia systol sgt lay a AV node I mpuss pas ong unde of H aong Puryne fbres; or t irctin of pls decred/  ventics coact o h ase p; eslting in vua ytole



aready deeoped isua cortex) onneion/  syapss}  e o aial expeint elping o es icies/trean�sgive gr eat ndestandig of  an/anima} ody ef to utiitaria pioopy exeted eneft greae tan expeced arms/q recs ae of a wen testng o n 2 peope;

3 4



dim g/nigt ion/e idea at dog a oo diety at objec in ar)/ ogs a {ore acive at nigoctrnal/q; 3 e o phytocos name wo fors PF a /P730 and P660 re to aborption o igt by pytorome onve rsio o  to FR ND refeece to red ight oern of  o P ND eerene to fa r ed l igt ; 3 Toal 6 ma

4

otal 5 ar

 (a) B ( ere bll u)  C (ella); c A (cerem ota 3 ars

Un�t 5: Topic 8 1 (a)   igt ts) oorcptos on t tina)  ips pass to h bran 3 ref to enry no;  ref to innate/inborn/autooic repoe;  imue aong araypateti n 6 re to o eo

7. irc e onra/ada ue rex  pupi ontacts /ontitsbecoe saller}; 4   fastr / e} impss  o; 2 myin atig a an lctral/ q nsao 3 rf o can clls pog mylin  depoariation ony ours at te nodes o anier 5. ref  to saltatoy conuton; 6  ap respos to protec tna; 3   visal tilaion is ssntia for ua deeoent  ref to rita indow/ritia period/ensitie eriod 3 ref to val corte  gowt of axons / foration of syapss/  inae ynapses eiminaed

4 (a) caacistcs) cooll by ore tan o gee/many gns ) 1 00%/aov 95% stably uaied fn

to utation;  An expanaon o inude to from: 1 mutifactoria  ;  environnt as an efc/genes an envionnt (inteat 3 correct us of fges

2 Tota 4 ma

5 (a) te oa of al the {gene /g 2ni matei/DNA! aees in hans/an ogasm    1 re to exae, .g oid soig/at a  

 1 2.

peia diet/aoid fatty foods ore exercise the n to be parcuary careu wen one nows o is pa-tuary at rs old v reatn in avanc o ose of condition/ col a prepaatio o oping wit probe/ore e upscoser moitoring 2 to nfom ea srvc panning/ge/  prori/de nfy pp a ri eary traten/iagnosis ay rc pro  s ater/ay p deteine  appoprae doe of medation;

 dvig popl wi deiv ens ao

hv  ldre  /d ed g w   afecte tus; 4. th redi ot /burd to octy;  ruc ae prum for peop wi genet dec 6 to trm dc l ac iii 2



An w m

1. udu truo to people' vs by 

ovret/frget  v lby hn hts};  es  cope i yu dn't kow n dv/pf n  nw / e es tes   plc  fo ure prus 4. rsk of rmo  prssu e t hve in/t ao hn hd e; 6 ost to hoo uh axao Ay oe dveopt rk  the cott  n o the pot ov  7. th f ar ot wt te       /t  {he /  fe} n  esve fr to  i/ h ve  dar reut of reeg  e urce    o ofdec  {govermt/  disa to e d nda/   dt in i ssu es

Tot 8 

      

 densityckess/e o rigs cnges wih

 4

cic conditionstr ring idcte   wrmer ye

 a  chlorophyll/eq; (b)

Y- NADP/ AD+e  provides {Helctronse

 a  mars

2

2. referece o rducto



Accept edcg power, redng gent) 3 GP s (reduced)/ e  o poduce GLPe (\ p  hey can b a i  eir correc redued Y  drig light-idependen {sgee!Clv yclee; 3  (i)  eectro tn o choophyll so thee i  luoescence)  crrier c o cceptke upe} elecons 3 becse ectro crrer re reduced;  rries vble gin/eectrons pssed to (ii) ADP/e (Accep crres ve pssed  electrons de)   NAD stys duced ADP ot sed/e 2 becse no GP {oredvbe/e 3 becse RuB cnot ke p O/e  becuse rubsco inctivtede 5. becuse AP ot sed) ll electron rries reduced/p  blocked/e 6 terefore re) electros retur to chloropy/follo pth A/e} 



     







(b) (i)  Increse in ber of e cses in Ac



d Europe 2 Deree in nube of ne cses n Asi nd South Aerc 2 3 Ay reevnt n1pultio o d  Moe indece o TB in he poptione Ad oe  fo ech o he folloing po in contex to  mm o  rks )  e. to oppost ifectio  IV postive people hve wekened imue syste 3 A ger poportion  IV poitve people e infected by TB 3  o fro 1   bcte {te/bece resist to ntbiotics}  igtion fom counries with high cdence o TB 3. eed trvel  cee in V infecon  ower res of iunson gins B; 2

Total  marks

 a  ee types c be deiied om teir polle  pollen oly poduced by {ygowe

e trees; 3 ees need o {grow/e for  og e before mye 2 (b) ) D i) 1 referece o dstribed cro sevl clitic zones  eference to lttle flctution n te polle dt fro ferent ges 2 c 1 clite hs bcoe wrmer/e 2 refeence o  chnge beteen 870 nd 69 y o 3 lrchpuce ere growg b ded oue;  lrch/spe) e ony fond  boel d oern teperure rego (in presen dy);  bore d teperte regions) re cold climtes 6 pine  not grog bu hs becoe estbsed ore recently 7 pine is only ound n otern borel nd tepete reos  preent dy)  southern bore d epere regios) e    wer lies  Ard one mrk fo ech of the olloing points  de tht dendrochronology ses evdenc fom {ree/ul} ngs

X

a  mar 4  2 3.

 5.

6 7  

{nutriete} gr plte ignore Pet dish) {lwed/inouledpred wth bctee ppl1ction of spe o tbioc descbed incubo descrbed ref ceinhibtion oe; Mx  if  sf r1n) fe orking  ref septc technuespet of et dh not copeely led o tepeture o incubton belo 0°

 al  mars

a  ied/ontnt re

 eferece to smpg

3 vlid comprisos posle  esy so c be repeted    splig og chgng conditons/ envronent grdent  sysec spg /do smpling does not sho distribuione 2





2 3. 4 

    4 5   

9

ore ovage by pas  /coves; ore org matr  /onvee; more spcies  /onvrse; dernt spe prsnt edt gue (e.g  m moe plas, g  moe ae, 7 mor spee) 1fe oms at ffee iste few spie ea beh reern to pioner spcie orgai maer (inrs wih dita fom eac; oeqne of rae oga me eg resd we hodg era ont uit to more pis her rom bh; ree to compttion few om pis mgt b ma omy/mau commy;  l  mk

 {aim o/a+ e fom sopam elum . alcium ion binds to troponin  (ropo) ae opomyo to mov; . eposg (yo) bng e o a)  myos a aas to big e/o rdg ormatio  myosi had movs/nods oward/q  rl  P and inrgni pphat;  a slid ove e myos  (TP use yo a o eta;   {TP hydoly/TPse};  1 re to prvntion o rle o  neuotrnsmitter rom prsynapti mmbane;  iml sape (o euormer) 3 {s/bok/ 1o} epo on posypc en; 4 re. to soium ion/NJtion} chnns/  hyprpolraon/prmne depolriston} of possynaptc embre  o rv mpe/aon poetias/  oinuo aton poa/eq 6 ihbits etyholinste/beakdown enzym/bungarotoxin no aete by  eakown enyme



l

8

s

rernc o oxygn coneration) ersing/eq 2 grr ecreae) wh AD i ad 3 oyg ue o onve AP to   espao  oxygn s eee or repato/;  orrt reeene to oxidtive phosphorytion  rern to AD onentrato/}  g;   eu /NAH/A2 (i (i rise/e embre/tae pte (v  hydrogen aoms split ino protons nd lctron/eq

 (a (i 1

. to anfer along eetro ae/  a srs o eo ration/e;  oxygn i e terminl elero eptor/  wtr is ormed; . potos/e mov to intebae pc/eq 5. {proto/e mov (into ar) own a oation/trochemia} grde  through stalke prticle/A synthetase/eq;  ot e. o miosmoic oy;  ()ome by posphoryao of P/  otive poporyo e;    1 cot eeren o A (ppis negy) or ve trnsport/rene to sodm potssim pmp/; 2. oiu o ppd o (o  ao)/  esors membrae o) reg poa 2   or eeenc to A ppis ergy) for tive rnport/reree to soim potssium pump/q 2. pumps oi ons out) o er sge/  maa (oe) ngative ag inse the mmbrane/e; 2 ol  ms

 

b)

 o mp huma) omosome/to fin wer  gee  loce o (man) hromosome  o dtme ae sque  inrntional projet bout uman gnes  (i) 1 to wr pe  rs t e pra/  m fetye g  o pan meial povso (or  invidual)  to trmne NS priortis/eq 4 to wrn people wn tere is a risk that i y ve cildre they my av gec sor 5 w me  eair to eveop {wys of trtig genei cine/gn  thpy} (ii  my ma peopl put e (u) psse o {ave boto/o av ce 2 y a o isrimation over ob/  sne pemums};  my ld to or thially qustionable dvlopment suh s 'eiger babs'/  eug/imgio 4 stess / ey kowg oeg mg app my ae psyhoogica sss ven f it nevr hppens in your lietime/popl may not bv test i reliable/peope my no wat o now;  v rg/peona o who sod de wo o hv genei tss who cide who srve very xpnsive trean on the NHS?  daa poteion ius wo will v ae o gti inormato aout vuas; [ mag point oul b a deveopm o  marng point 2] l  ms

4 '  potio o wtei we

Unit 5: Comprehensn act odel awes

. poro h  cooli ct  q  pproprit rrc to  dscriptio o} ltt ht () (b i  tprt doppd o 0 to  it  hn i th ba  isd fom 15 t 2 m  w stti on th chi};  lows a 5 mins I whn 'h t ot of  4 rit a 2nipulatd chang in mpture 3) b ii 5 to 0 minuts:  tpte f wa ow tha body tpt    t ost by ncio o w  o  i: 3. irsd bolis  hir  q  ts hat  q 

a

.

(Mx. 4

b

a 1. lulto 2. awr= 99%  (b 1 s y sped cra mo cabon

dioxidproe;  ro doxid  ow p stmts t I ;  as   oy   (2)

a  pyvtpyvic aci; ii st 1; i

 st ;

d p w a hir coctio of s hn a a a b tcd i  sw s 

(Mx.  mrk

 Maaon unnrs w n  ot of  in

 rac eca of th hi ra o spon  1 owv at the e of   th w   a flow vr th ody  1  le w my vapora 1  Th ay cae the ce tepur o ise  rti  a a ok



a srisLc/q} ochicl rtios  h stp is cotolld by a yprodt o o rcto i he sbstrte or th x/ ii trx o  tochodrio c sts  C Dd F; (b

Tol  marks

 (a

b

Ii wi o ocy     scv avata 1 becae they v  lowr sfc ra to vome rao 1 nd will thfo los ls hat o thr rodi

c f o ytic fibroi   CFR proti l do o wok  As  rsu lss wtr oe o cll io wa lds  so th swet

Totl 4 marks



maks

(Mx  mar

Total  marks



 prate rcepor i th si d hypothla dtct the  i pere  d s a ira in  vm of wt podd  h swa evapra fm the sur o t si kin at ery way ro  boy 1 ) This ooling n contin    a th p  a o pac the wate a alt o e  e irsd swi 1

i vlus btwen 04 t 055 x  vs 2 tw  a 66 d3 mi -1  vs twn 1 ad  x 6 vs btw 3 9 and 48dm in-1; cd by a  ea of bw 33 and 42.0;  i hrt   stre  u or volum of bood pp ot of t ht in  i 1 i As t t ol ica th tidl  olvolu o oxy brathed i icrss ired diio o oxy ito bloodo sl is i crdiac pt icra ol o oxytd bloo racn c 

Total  marks

(Mx 3 mark



orci re ydo ws otibly silr to li hyprthri  y wr thror b to idey th ha  or aliat hyprtherm ho compa so to th dtfd n fo pori  yro . (Max.  m)

f Aspin oc h synhsis of prostaas () and  ducs v in he oy   s coud   poem aus a is n oy tpre my hp o l baia ) nd rs th ity of macophe (1) i  nonsifi m yte uc th effcv of t boys spon to te co. (Max. 

maks

g C io re rleed ito th saropls  ro t arcopac ricu  i rspos to  rve ipulse rri at  rouslr jutio 

Ca io tach to opoi  si ropomyoi o move expo myo i sits o  at fa (  T aow yoi o joi o actin 1  e cactio of th msl (Max. 4

maks

3,22890 aboic 467 abutt vw 12-,4,88,90 abndce 0   adeosne rphspha (ATP) 93 dre 496,880 rbc ep 323 AIDS 161 22329  16, el freqncy 101,1,,30-1,9 amn acds 46-756,80 aarbc rr agc pa 4-5 3,3-638,423,9 aibois 32436 bde g 33- 4 angn peng cll 33 mosphere 8,18192226,9 raz 2 4 r 0 axo 62-5, 74

acea actda bacrac be bma c bd bn an stem Can cycl cance c llar cp aodates aon aro ccl aon dode

3,6,3-942384,92 3436,38 343638 99 12-13,6 3,290 330-761667 443 6670 011 3234,68,8 3247 42 810,4,4 1,92690 1819,22,26-7,9 8-11,1819,212,26,40,46-9,6,

oeato crx cyplam

1846,688488 165-,0, 13042,444648,6,93

17 D, e 9,4-1719,21,839413,4,6,6 dta

84 9,9

21,54  c 26- 7 2,26-736 dcmpo drt 9 31,36  ce ddr 6  ddrcrly 18 2,4 94 dplar 01, 4 depesso 547 8 dabete 50-1 dte 49,6,94 dfuo deae 3,0468,03,892 db 212022340-436284890 1,16-1,8-3236,-6,3,92 DNA  0, dopamne  678027492

eosstems 12 c 88 ec 91 2224, 40-1 46 489,6-798 90,93

lcrph 36 2 lg 12-13,6,2,60,6-834, mn  yme 10,0,3,68,3-,3894-8, 664 1280

kayc cll evdence  ce permn

1 19,22,36414886 -1223629 4068-9,9,8,86 9,69,86,89

8190-

ar cyce card\·cl dsease llle clm cebra emphr cerem ccm i oss cemrcr chlrpyll clpa chrmgrpy crcla clma mm cee ccl usn cd rce nsmes cpr

0189 01 11 66,494 66 66 48-9 6 ,9 89,2224,100 9 1 4 8

 322 489,8 12,8,89 46 2 -3,90 24

t  ementer br  orenc ol uels

12 2 446- 44 2,301346,39 1991

6 gamete 34 gasontestna rc 6 gen mat gc ,3,3 1,36682-482,94 34 genta tract  gmc 1 18-   2,9 gbl rg 81 0- 13,46- 7,49,56 glc 45 47,93 gcge 45-9,5698093 gyl 3 glcopoens 1 gram

graph grenhoue eft genhu ga gr primar poductiity rowth at habita habiuat helt hea epti  hbv hitrm  HV meai hm hbrd triit hdrgen hdli hprtherma hpalamu hpthi immune tm mmnit  inn inro ir veebraes itigaton

9,81,88 8-9 18 12,2  3162 69794 5871 0--65866778 38

mtr uo 606648 MRI  1 492 3 mNA 301 m 2,44471, 66166,0,578- 9 mati 633135 135 9 muti 62 min th 4  mbi O, 6 mi  mlbn 48-9 m

90- 33 9, 356-6193 -546614 6 8-9102489 - 3,8 -35766493 8458-9 32- 333739,54 2730-13 -6   ,3992

230-94,54597182 72

33638-9

 lei 16 t 68 46247478 v mpl 325606691476 e tm 25  primr proutiYity 4,78 nromuur 44-78 neurmuulr unti 46066681-6 nurne 6,64,691594 urrmitr 1,1 nitrat 13,26 tro 6 o   r 029 nl i 3016 eu 68 ut 1 6 

28 1,69

8-9,38 9369,78- 9 8 ,

87,89

ilti itpe jint ural Krb le labora lcti aid la amen -deet t li-nepend  limpet lipi prin lpome lou lymphte lozme mophage magnet rec mdla moom mtblim mt miroe mrrgaim mihia

1629 9 434,9 84 7956598093 39,4,69856 46 7 639 5  9-14 8-1. 2,47 1,3 10-1 93  28 33 32,34,36 32-3356 774 51 586674 3 46 8-9 3739 03474 4895759,8,93

54 b p v 60667 an 1, 2 nim 0- ,0,2- 36 8,334646- , 7 490 54 tepri 9,48-9 xaion 8- 91,22,46 9 ,8 9,8190 e

90-1 prit 0, -5 Prkinn' iee 346,92 athen 7 e v 30 i 3 36 phi 2 pel 906,8,8090 ph 0969093 hpli 8 11 phtli phtoperiodm 60 922 phophphrlain 60,646 phrept phttei 8-394640,47,90 60- 1.93 phttpim 13 pine pi 32 plmd  pitc 8,40  ,8  9 pl 893655 pm 30-9 lpepi 0 lh 1633843 p 1,6,4629  pium 90- ptr

 omt 3 roes po 11,17,8,33,38-,4- 134

upa  yuv

39

174, 4

quarat

 3   1

64  8877 ruon 1 ft   7 1, rouco -1,7-84,8 8,8 ah a 8, 1-,,-, ,58788



riom na oom go mr k m

47,63 60,6467,4, 6,8 0-32,4292

 35,8

salaoy condcn  omma  4 om om uu 4- 5 zr 68,794 Schwan  62. 74  21,28-9 sciss 17212629 7,8 60 o uro 13  70-1 oo sklal muscle 445 oa rgy 1 1-1' to 1-1,,-14738 pc 1,8 omr 1-1 c 7, mu 11 stroma 13 o 8 Su 1- r ,8,71 mpm 44,,4-7,48 p oloy tm

,3 1187 3-34-

,881

on oto tmpo a mma opogapy tox ta t a  omon



44

  1 1 34

-1 4134  17-8411 4

ni brulo 'ag Y va · 1da tion \e v u es \· Wfo, W wad

45

,4 51

117 57

15 1 3  ,4 4 17 1,1