Drilling Rig Selection - Guidelines

DRILLING RIG SELECTION GUIDELINES

DRILLING RIGS- General Selection of Land drilling rig should be based on planed depth and well construction in the long term drilling activities. More important is to decide area of activity. Nort Africa, Middle east and partlly Caspian region: Majority of drilling contracts (activities) are related with drilling wells depth range 3000 to 4500m (dominantlly deeper then 3900m). Caspian region: Still have great activities at depth range up to 3600m. This fact determine drilling rig type selection. If rig is planed to work depth range up to 3600m then is prefferable to select mobile, telescopic drilling rig rated up to 1000 HP.

Drilling rig name is dictated bu name of Drawworks. Rig depth rating is determined by: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Draworks capacity Mast capacity Crown block and travelling block capacity Drilling line size and pulling force

Some drawworks producer with number part of draworks name denotes year of constructing, other most of them gives rated capacity of draworks.

DRILLING RIGS- General If compare stationaru and mobile drilling rig we can notice following advantage- disadvantages: STATIONARY DRILLING RIGS

Advantage: Stands in the tripple – faster tripping  Porefull equipment – drawwork over 1000 HP, mud pumps over 1000 HP Uses 5” DP – at greater depth less pressure losses. Havy casing string run deeper –Hook loads over 200 t Diesel electric drive. Flexible range of RPM and SPM Substructure higher and drilling floor greater area. DP length upper limit for range Better Contractor’s References. Disadvantage:  Greater investmens at start More days for moving More truck loads Longer rigging up Large surface of well site More personnel –more experienced and specialist Havy drilling and handling equipment More investment for spare part stock

MOBILE DRILLING RIGS

Advantage:  Smaller investment at start  Faster moving Less truck loads Less area for well site Smaller waste pit Less number of drilling crew Less sparet parts stock

Disadvantage:  Stands in the double- slow triping  When drill deeper with 4 ½” DP or less, greater pressure drops.  Restricted running depth of intermediate casing if well construction is complex due overpressure and lost circulation zones.  Mostly mechanical rigs – high noise level.  Mud pump SPM restricted due drive diesel engine. Required 3 liner size Restricted height bellow rotary table for BOP stack Less surface of drilling floor – safety DP length restricted on bottom length limit.

DRILLING RIGS- General

DRAWORKS RATED POWER HP (kW)

HOOK LOAD CAPACITY (tons) CONVENTIONAL RIGS

MOBILE RIGS

150 (110)

60

200 (147)

75

250 (184)

80

300 (220)

90-100

500 (368)

125

700 (515)

180

180

1000 (735)

220

220

1500 (1100)

360

2000 (1470)

500

3000 (2200)

750

4000 (2940)

1000

5000 (3728)

1500

MOBILE DRILLING RIG

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DRAWWORKS

DRAWWORKS

Basic configuration of Drawworks is: MAIN DRUM: Main drum of drawworks (Fig. 1) is intended to create enough force in the single line by wounding or re-wounding drilling line while RIH , POOH or during drilling to slowlly release weight on bit. Single line pull force depends on drawworks input power and drilling line size. Diameter and length of drum are in the direct relation with mast height drilling line size and number of lines (determines hook load capacity). Usually drum is grooved for selected drilling line size for beter wounding – extending usable life of drilling line. Brake rims are designed for band brake or for disc brake. Brake rims surface depends of drawworks rated capacity. Other components design depends on the type of rih (conventional or mobile) and drive (diesel mechanic or diesel electiric).

DRAWWORKS

Cat head: Cat head is mechanical device for Making-up or Breaking-out thread connection during connecting or triping. Pulling force created by cat head in the combination of length of roetary tongs lever, should be enought for creating necessary torque when connecting. Whenactivate at driler’s panel cathead control switch, friction plates at cat head matches and transfer force to pulling line. Make-up cat head is located at LH side of drawworks, break-out cat head on RH side. Most popular are cat heads:  FOSTER ,  KelCo Model 12 (for DP 4 ½” shallow wells) and Model 16 for deep drilling.  American Model 55

DRAWWORKS

Make-up & Break-out hydraulic cylinders: With mobile drilling rig catheads are problem when moving and during operating. Mobile rig is too wide for transport and to avoid disassembling and during rigging up again instaling cat head today in yse are hydraulic cylinder with pulling force 10t. They are installed on the mast verticallyat height 3-6m over drill floor, and pulling line is run down at height appr. 1m over floor, pasing between 2 set of rolles changing direction of line for 900 and connecting to rotary tongs. HYDRAULIC BRAKE Each diesel mechanic drilling and workover rig is equiped with hydrailic brake. Most popular Model are produced by company PARMAC. At drilling rigs when triping heavy drilling strings weightening over 20 t it is very dificult that driller using band brake safely hold that load. Another reason is to avoid overheating brake pads. They are producting in the sizes to meet every need for drilling to depths well up to 10000m and for allsize of workover rigs. In the next table is given range of sizes and maximum recommended operating speeds.

DRAWWORKS Size

Max.press. psi

Max.speed RPM

Capacity HP

111-300

25

2300

300

112-500

25

2300

500

15DR

25

2300

1600

121

25

2300

800

122

25

2300

1600

201

25

1550

1500

22SR

25

1550

2500

202

25

1550

3000

22DR

25

1550

4000

V-80

15

1550

5000

SSR28

15

900

5500

262

15

850

6000

341

15

600

6000

341A

15

600

6000

342

15

600

7500

342A

15

600

7500

46SR

15

500

7000

60SR

15

375

8000

451

15

500

8500

481

15

450

9000

V200

15

480

10000

V295

15

350

12000

Breaking torque

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DRAWWORKS

Bigger mobile drilling rigs and most convential drilling rigs produced today ate Diesel electric rig. Drawworks for this rigs have electric drive ba AC or DC motore, usualy two. And instead hydraulic brake have Electromagnetic brake (Eddy current brake). ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKE Model 7838

Max Breaking Torque: 117.000 lb-ft Nominal drilling depth: 10000 ft No. Og magnet 2 No. Of coil: 4

Volrage: Input power: Cooling water:

250V DC 23 kW 150 Gall/min.

DRAWWORKS

Crownblock protecting device Is air operating device which have to prevent collision of the traveling block with the crown block. When traveling block is within a preset distance from zthe crown block, it disengaged the clutch and simultaneously applies the brakes to the drawworks.

SAND DRUM

Sand drum on the drilling rigs is not obligatoru part od equipment. Sand drum at drilling rig is in the use when aftter finish drilling there is necessary to complete well for production ( perforate casing, swabbing, runn tubing, etc.). Wire line is ussually 3/8” anr xdrum capacity is greater than deilling line capacita at main drum.

MOBILE DRILLING RIG

Mobile rigs  Smaler drum size and older construction have brake flanges designed to accomodate band brake. High capacity mobile righ today are designed and to accomodate disc brake.  Mobile drilling rigs, due small dimension, usually are diesel mechanic. Only higher rated capacity rigs can be diesel electric.  Racking board to have three position.  Raising mast upper section can be by wire rope (simple maintenance and low cost) or by hydraulic cylinder.  Upper section locking device by “dogs” (4 pcs) or by two pins.  Usually have one stand pipe.  Substructure to be telescopic.  To have provision for rat and mouse hole.  Racking boadr equiped with air operated winch 1 ton to assist derricman.  Casing stabing board with air winch

DRILLING RIG – MAST TELESCOPIC - Telescopic mast installed on the mobile rigs are critical with mast height. Declared mast height assume height from ground lavel to water table (Bottom of crown block). Usable height is total mast height minus substructure height. Example: Standard

Mobile rig

144ft (43,89m)

118 ft (35.96m)

Substructure height, m

20 ft (6m)

20 ft (6m)

Usable mast height, m

124ft (37,89m)

98ft (29,87m)

2m

2m

13 ft (3,90m)

10,5ft (3,27m)

12 1/2ft (3,81m)

12 1/2ft (3,81m)

Upper kelly cock length

2,6ft (0,8m)

2,6ft (0,8m)

Kelly length

41ft (12,5m)

9,5m

Kelly saver sub

4ft (1.20m)

2,6ft (0,8m)

Drill pipe length

31,5ft (9,6m)

28,2ft (8,6m)

3 ft (0,9m)

3 ft (0,9m)

113.8ft (34,71m)

93 ft (28,38m)

Mast height, m

Length required for CBS reaction Hook block length Swivel length with X-over and kelly spinner

Length of DP over rotary table when connecting

DRILLING RIG – MAST

For rig capacity up to 200 ton crown block and traveling block have 5 sheaves each so operates with 10 lines. If drilling shallow wells, for fater tripping it is posible to operate using 4 or 3 sheaves in the system. In the such case running drilling line over sheaves must be performed according API RP 9B Application, care and use of wire rope for Oilfield Service.

DRILLING RIG – MAST – Crown block

DRILLING RIG – MAST – Traveling block

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DRILLING RIG SELECTION – ROTARY TABLE

Rotary table should be at same lavel as drillig floor , both covered with anti sliding material.

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – ROTARY TABLE Rotary table opening depens on casing design. Example: If drilling rig 200 tons hook capacity should drill up to 3900m that assume that it will need to drill 26” and to run casing 20” at depth 30 or 100m. To perform that task it is neccesary to have rotary table opening 27 ½”. For running casing 20” with elevator and casing slips it is good to have and Casing bowl inserts 20”. Rotary torque usually not specified, but it is allways greater than critical torque gor drill pipes. DRILL PIPE TORQUE STRENGTH IS WEEAKEST POINT IN THE SYSTEM. For well dipeer than 3000m (or drill string havier than 115 ton), it should be allweys used Pin drive kelly bushing, pin drive master bushing and SDU rotary slips.

PIN DRIVE BOWL INSERTS

API Insert bowl No. 1 2 3/8”-8 5/8” No.2 9 5/8”-10 ¾” No.3 11 ¾”-13 3/8”

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – ROTARY TABLE .

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – POWER EQUIPMENT



 -

Each rig must be equiped with 2 generator set appropirately rated so that one work 12 hours and second to be in the standba. Basicaly rig rated 200 tons have following power consumption: 60-110 Pcs. AC motors rated from 0,25 to 15 Kw that simultaniously works at average 4 Pcs AC motors rated 75 Kw each (2 Mud hopper, one desilter and one desander 4 Pcs AC motors rated 35 kW each (two mud pumps, 2 compressor) 35 kW Heating / Cooling 7 Pcs air conditioner at 3 kW each Rig lightening

90 kW 150 kW

21 kW 10 kW TOTAL:

   

306 kW

That means that best selection is 2 generators rated 320 kW Each as minimum and one auhiliary generator for moving rated 120 kW. Switch gear box (MCC) to be equiped with air conditioner. Plug in connection out door one to one. Mud agitators and shale shaker start-stop switch close to consumer. All electrical instalation EXd protected.

COMPRESSOR One active and one standby compresor electricaly driven by 35kW motor AC. One air drayer One air reservoir 6m3

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – MUD PUMPS

MUD PUMP  Two mud pumps 1000 HP 6 ¾” x 10”each independently driven with torque converter C300-65  Two pre-charging centrifugal pumps 5x6 driven with AC motor 35-45 kW  Pulsation dampener PD-55 5000 psi WP  Suction dampener horizontal  Pressure relief valve 1500-5000 psi , reset, flanged  Vibration discharge hose 3 ½” 5000 psi  Discharge manifold 4” 5000 psi welded connections  Liner selection 2, max 3 sizes

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – BOP’s

BOP’s for drilling rig 200 ton should be 13 5/8” 10000 psi rated as follows:  Annular blowout preventer 13 5/8” 5000 psi bottom flanged  Double ram blowout preventer 13 5/8” 10000 psi WP, flanged, with two side outlets 4” 10000psi flanged. Top cavity equiped with 4 ½” DP rams, bottom cavity CSO- blind rams.  Auxilliary rams 9 5 /8” one pair and 6 5/8” or 7” casing rams.  Drilling spool 13 5/8” 10000 psi with two side outlets 4” 10000psi flanged.  Addapter spool 13 5/8” 5000 psi x 13 5/8” 10000 psi, studded.  Addapter spool 13 5/8” 3000 psi x 13 5/8” 10000 psi, studded.  Addapter spool 11” 5000 psi x 13 5/8” 10000 psi, studded.  Choke line 4 1/16” 10K welded connection with one HRC 4 1/18” 10K and one gate valve 4 1/16” 10K flanged. Instead steel pipe 4 1/16”10K it can be flexibile hose 4 1/16”10K.  Kill line 2 1/16” 10K welded connection with two gate valve 2 1/16”10K flanged and one check valve 2 1/16” 10K.  Kill manifold (for Caspian region) with 3 gate valve 2 1/16” 10K flanged.  Accumulator unit 160 gal minimum with appropirate triplex plunger pump driven by AC motor 15 kW, two air operated pumps , manifold with valves for closing anular, pipe rams, CSO rams, HRC valve; three pressure transducer for Annu8lar pressure, low oil level and manifold pressure, remote control panel with grafical illustration gauges for annular pressure, and air system pressure, air control hose, hypraulic pipe racks 1” connecting accumulator unit with BOP’s.  Cup tester for casing 9 5/8” 36-42# and 43,5-53,5#; 7” 29-38#, 13 3/8” 72#.  BOP testing unit air operated 15000 psi with recorder  BOP Test stand

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – Cup tester

CUP TESTER TYPE “F” Connection

2 3/8”IF

3 ½”IF

4 ½”IF

Load capacity, lb

270.000

500.000

800.000

Casing

Cup area Sq.inch

Size

Weight, lb/ft

4 ½”

All

9.5

5”

All

12.4

5 ½”

All

16.0

6 5/8”

All

14,8

7”

17-26

23,5

7”

29-38

20,4

9 5/8”

32,2-40

44,1

9 5/8”

43,5-53,5

42,4

13 3/9”

48-61

109,5

13 3/8”

61-72

103,3

20”

78,5-122,3

300,0

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – BOP accessories

DRILLING SPOOL

BOP TEST UNIT

Adapter spool- studded

KILL LINE MANIFOLD

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – MUD SYSTEM

MUD SYSTEM For 200 ton rig, based on well construction 13 3/8”-200m; 9 5/8”-1500m and 8 ½” 3900m appropirate mud system total volume is 150m3 consisting of: Mud tank suction 40m3 equiped with 2 mud agitators 15HP each, mud guns Mud mixing tank 40m3 equiped with 2 mud agitators 15 HP each, mud guns Mud tank –reserve mud 40m3 equiped with with 2 mud agitators 15 HP each, mud guns Mud threatment tank 40m3 with two chembers- suction and discharge compartment, 2 mud agitators 15 HP each, mud guns. On top of tank installed desander, degaser and mud cleaner (optionaly – centrifuge for unweighted mud for use in Caspian region). Shaker tank 20 + 12m3 with sand trap and two linear motion shakers. Separator mud/gas for 20 Bar WP 600 dm3.


ELLIPTICAL MOTION SHAKER SWACO

MUD CLEANER

DE-SANDER – 2 cone

HORIZONTAL VACUUM DR-GASR


CENTRIFUGE

MUD HOPPER

SEPARATOR MUD-GAS

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – HANDLING EQUIPMENT ROTARY TONGS Reliable rotary tongs produce BJ, Folley, Blohm & Vos, Web Wilson and all parts are interchangable. For drilling rigs there is thre basic models: SXD-200; SDD, DB and B. TONGS TYPE

Torque ft- lb

SDX-200

200.000

8” - 16”

SDD

60.000

16” - 17”

75.000

12” – 15”

100.000

4” – 12”

40.000

11 ¾” – 17”

65.000

3 ½” – 11 ¼”

30.000

13 3/8”

40.000

9” – 11 ¼”

55.000

3 ½” – 9”

DB

B

Size range

Rotary tongs Type B (HT-55)

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – HANDLING EQUIPMENT


ELEVATOR LINKS Nominal size of liks is measured on the body. They should be weldless. Usualy rig is equiped with two pairs of links. One pair is shorter and is intendent for normal drilling operations. Another pair is is longer (and can be and larher size) for use in the special situations (when cementing casing string it is neccesary more space between hook and elevator to accomodate cementing head or during DST to accomodate testing head).

Rated 250 tons

Rated 350 tons

Rated 500 tons

2 ¼” x 60”

2 ¼” x 72”

3 ½” x 132”

2 ¼” x 72”

2 ¼” x 84”

3 ½” x 144”

2 ¼” x 84”

2 ¼” x 96”

2 ¼” x 108”

2 ¼” x 108” 2 ¼” x 132”


ELEVATORS (Drill pipe, Drill collar and casing) Drill pipe elevator are side door elevators designed for shouler 900 or 180.  Type G elevator center latch with taper 180 uses for Drill pipe ranging from 100 – 500 ton capacity and sizes 2 3/8” to 6 5/8”OD.  Type X collar type side door elevators for handling Drill collar, Casing and Tubing ranging from 65 to 500 ton capacity and size range 1,66” to 30”OD.  Type A collar type side door elevators for handling Drill collar, Casing and Tubing in two basic design:  TA ranging from 35-150 ton capacity covering sizes 1,05” to 11 ¼”  RA ranging from 125- 175 ton capacity covering sizes 2 3/8” to 7”.




DRILLING RIG SELECTION – HANDLING EQUIPMENT As stated previously for drill string loads up to 115 tons can be used drill pipe slips Type DU having length of gripping with insets of 12”. For heavier strings it must be used SDU (or RD) type slips gripping 16” length in the combination with pin drive system only.

ROTARY SLIPS SDU DRILL COLLAR SLIPS Can be with standard inserts or with circular buttons. Bircular button inserts have better gripping with less possibility of slipping DC.

DRILL COLLAR SLIPS WITH CIRCULAR BUTTONS


Casing multysegment slips with circular buttons Covers casing sizes from 6 5/8” to 30” by changing numper of casing segments and button size according manufacturers table.


DEN-CON


DRILL PIPE AND DRILL COLLAR POWER TONGS Hydraulically powered tongs (TW-60 Varco)male up and break out drill pipe tool joints and drill collars from 4” to 8” OD. Torque can be pre-set to the required value. Required hydraulic fluid flow 114-133 lpm at 135 Bar. Size range 4 – 8” (102-203mm) Make up torque 63.000 ft-lbs (85.000 N-m) Break out torque 75.000 ft-lbs (101.000 N-m)


Hydraulic spinning wrebch

Spinn drill pipe and drill collars from 2 7/8” to 9 ½” OD with no adjustments necessary. Size range Required hydraulic fluid flow Speed (5” DP) Torque (5”DP)

2 7/8” to 9 ½” OD 110-170 lpm at 135 Bar 100 rpm 900-1000 ft-lbs ( 1215-1350 N m)


KELLY SPINNER Model 6600 (air operated ) and Model 6800 (hydraulically operated) can be used for rotating drill pipe slowly for limited rat hole and mousehole drilling and for fast making kelly connection. Unit can spin in and spin out.  Difference between air and hydraulically operater kelly spiner is in the drive motor and auxxiliary equipment (valves, hose, manifold and discharge lines)

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION

RIG INSTRUMENTATION Rig instrumentation can operate peumatically-hydraulically or electrically. Pneumatic- hydrasulic systems are cheap, long life, simple for installing, adjusting, maintenance and needs small amount of spares. Electrical systems are expensive, installing, adjusting and maintenace must be performed by specialist, needs large quantities of expesive spares. Basic instrumentation systems conssit of:  Weight indicator with weight sensor  Pump pressure, two or three  SPM, Pump stroke per minute  RPM, rotary table rotational spped  Rotary torque  Tongs pull line force or torque  Pit level indikator  Flow meter  T-Km, Drilling line work  Recorder, drilling parameters

Instrument console Instrument BOX

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION-WEIGHT INDICATOR

WEIGHT INDICATOR Most popular weight indicator systems is Martin Decker- Totco. Atlas instrument is copy of Martin Decker. Composition of one weight indicator system depends on:  dead line anchor type,  drilling line size,  sensor type,  indicator type Some Weight indicator systema are as follows: System AW6:

SYSTEM AWE6:

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM AWE6; AWE9 &AWE11

Martin Decker produces following Types of weight indicator:  Weight indicator Type Slim hole  Weight indicator Type Toolpusher  Weight indicator Type Clipper  Weight indicator Type Sealtite  Weight indicator type “FS” – uses with anchor type F  Weight indicator Type “D”  Weight indicator Type “E”  Weight indicator Type “EB” Mobile drilling rigs , small and medium deepth rating, ussualy uses weight indicator Type D (for drilling line size 1”; 1 1/8” and 1 ¼”). Each weight indicator is equiped with appropirate dials – from one side 6 lines , reverse side 8 lines and bellow another dial with 8 lines and reverse side 12 lines, or bigger rigs have 8 and 10 lines – another dial for 12 and 14 lines.


Next figure shows one weight indicator Type “D” adjusted for 8 lines and second figure shows changing dials.


Dead line anchor can be installed on the mast leg, drilling floor (drawworks level) or bellow drilling floor on the substructure. Basic types are: National anchor: Type D, E and EB Hercules anchor: 119; 120, 121; 129; 130T; 150T At mobile drilling rigs anchor is allways positioned in the front of drawworks. For safer and easy slipping drilling line optionaly is available and drilling line tensioner at top of Anchor. By design anchor can be constructed for:  Tension load cell (sensor E80)- drilling line in and out from sensor side, left figure  Compression load cell (E-543, E551 or 3 ) drilling linein from side oposite to cell and out from sensor side, middle figure,  Diaphragm load cell (sensor E21) located on the drilling line1 to 3m over drilling floor, right figure


ANCHOR TYPE “D” Anchor Type “D” is structurally rated for 60000 lb single line pull to accomodate drilling line 1 1/8” and 1 ¼” buc can accomodate and 1” line. Line clamp is bronze inserts different for each line size using 6 bolts 1 ½” SAE 1020 steel for fastening. Drumm diameter is 24”.  Anchor should be mounted so that dead line has a clear, unobstructed path to the crown block  Senzor Type E80 is installed on the in-out line side of anchor. Senzor has an F-53 check valve for loading the system with W-15 fluid. Factor affecting accuracy Accuracy of anchor Type D is ±0,5%, but this can be affected by:  Type D is calibrated with 1 1/8” line  With 1” line will read 0,5% low  With 1 ¼” line will read 0,5% high. Accuracy of anchor type E is calibrated with line 1 ½”.  With 1 ¼” line will read 1% low. Often it is necessary to mount the anchor several feet below the gauhe. In this case all readings will be slightly low. One feet difference between the gauge and the senzor will cause the following weight indicator error: No. Of lines

6

8

10

12

Type “D”

120

160

200

240

Type “E”

180

240

300

360

EXAMPLE: A Type “D” weight indicator with 8 lines, with senzor and anchor 10 ft below the gauge, the indicator will read 1600 lb low at all readings.


Greatest error may occur as a result of the friction of the tackle system and friction of the hole. Hydraulic system is calibrated if gap between plates on the E80 or compession cells is 0,62” (16mm). When, with hanged traveling block and kelly gap meassurement is 13mm it must be re-charged.


CHARGING SYSTEM WITH FLUID PROCEDURE: To check peoblems with accuracy, shake hose violently or work anchor with pinch bar between stops. If pointers are sluggish (lazy) problem is in the indicator and may be solved by A through D below. If pointers react normally, the problem is in the anchor, senzor ot dead line and may be solved by E through J below. A) Damper should be open to allow fluid pasage. B) Pointers could possibly be touching each other, dial or glass. C) Remove glass and dials, clean the movement with kerosene or equivalent. D) Purge system of air by pumping W-15 fluid through check valve F-53 on the senzor. Bleed air and excess fluid at the fitting at the base of the bourdon tube. Reassemble dials, glass and case ring. E) The dead line must have a clear unobstructed path to the crown and must not bind on the anchor flange. Any obstruction will createcpoor response in the indicator. F) The dead sheave in the crown block must be lubricated frequently as in normal drilling this sheave must move freely to providesensitive readings. G) The anchor is, in effect, a lever that must be allowed to move freely on its bearing. Therefore, it should be lubricated frequently and kept free of dirt and ice. H) The sensor must also be free of dirt and ice so that its movement is not restricted. The pins connecting the sensor to the anchor must occasionally be removed and cleaned of dirt and corrosion as they too must have some slight movement in order to have a sensitive instrument. I) The kelly, kelly bushing, misalignment of the rotary table and other mechanical conditions of the rig equipment may cause poor accuracy in the weight indicating system.

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION CHARGING SYSTEM WITH INSTRUMENT FLUID -

-

-

Check fluid load frequently and always before taking a heavy pull. The gap “A” in the sensor should be 5/8” ( 16mm) with block empty. If gap is greater then this, it is possible that the system is overloaded to an extent that the pointer will reading a preload figure. As soon as you apply enought weight to overcome this preload the instrument will then read accuratelly. When gap ”A” is LESS than 5/8” (16mm) as it is possible to apply enought weight to the hook that stroke of the sensor is used up and it bottoms out, metal to metal. In this case the instrument will read correctly until it bottoms out and the pointer can then go no further. Besides having the proper gap “A”, the system should be free of air, as air will compress under load causing the gap to reduce prematurely and the possibility of bottoming out may occur. The gauge calibration should be checked periodically. This calibration is 816 psi for 3600 – FOR INSTRUMENTS “D “ and “E”.

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION SPM & RPM ELECTRIC TACHOMETER Rotary table electric and pump SPM tachometer consists of generator producing DC current 4-20 mA. Generator is mounted close torotating part of unit and trough V-Belt, depending on rotating speed produce DC current from 4 to maximum 20 mA. Calibration can be performed by plastic screw positioned on the right bottom side of dial. Device is nor expensive, duranle and low cost of maintenance.

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION PUMP STROKE INDICATOR- ELECTRONIC -

Pump stroke indicator gives SPM 1 , SPM 2 or for both pump together. Also it gives and cumulative SPM from begining of pumping. Sensor (contact closure) works so that when actuing rod deflect after each passing of piston rod intersect magnetic flux thet send weak electricity singnals ranging 4-20 mA to totalizer. For adjustment there are available folloving controls: Test button, Reset button, Pump select, Alarm set and Main power switch. Input is AC Power 230V 50Hz 20W and at sensor input id +15 VDC Display 0 to 200 SPM Total strokes o-9999 Opšerating temperature -20 to +500C

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION PUMP STROKE INDICATOR-NON CONTACTING PROXIMITY SENSOR This SPM or RPM system consists of following components:  Interface box - Purged, non-purged or explosion proof. - Two or three sensor capability - Analog voltage output (o to 10VDC) - Analog current output (0-16 mA, 4-20 mA, 0-4 mA or 1-5 mA) field programmable. - Digital or” cotact closure” output.  Sensor - There are thre types of proximity sensor   

- First and third sensor at left figure require Barrier amplifier. Barrier box – purged enclosure with barrier amplifiers. Puls signal conditioner board- proces output signals from sensor Discriminator board develops an analog voltage received from pulse signal conditioner and send this voltage to an analog display and E/P board.

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION HYDRAULICALLY OPERATED ROTARY TORQUE METER “HYDRO-MECH” Model FA-9 

  

Simple hydraulically operated rotary torque meter- dimensionlles readout. Mounting close , as possible, to the rotary table to avoid aditional torque in the transmition. Main parts are Frame, measuring wheel (Idler), hydraulic cylinder Hydraulic hose and Dial. External surfaces od rubber Idler should have appropirate profil to accomodate size of chain, single or double. Calibration of meter, with idler suporting low side of chain in the middle, is correct when while loading system with instrument fluid W-15 give read our of 350-400.

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION ELECTRIC TORQUE SYSTEM This system measures voltage drop across a 50 micro ohms shunt placed in the series eith motor. Motor torque is proportional with motor current so voltage can be related to torque. Electric torque system consists of: Isolation amplifier instaled close to shuntin the rotary power lineShunt normally have a rating of 50 mV; 1000 A. Recorder can be separate or standard Recor-O-Graph 7 pen if use E/P transducer between Amplifier and recorder.

Shunt

Power


DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION TRU-TORQUE ROTARY RORQUE SYSTEM Model FA-18 Is another hydraulicaly operated system for measuring rotary table torque. Consists of two compression sensors instaled diagonally on the two rotary sides, hydraulic hose Dial indicator gauge and hoses to recorder.

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION EXAMPLE of calculations when selecting size of senzor.

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION MUD PUMP PRESSURE GAGE Model GM6A  System operates in the temperature range of -45 to + 650C.  Accuracy of the system is ± 1,0%.  System consists of Diaphragm gage protector, hydraulic hose , dampener and Gage (dial).  Diaphragm gage protector shoul always be installed vertivally (Left Figure) to anable purging rubber cup when pumping stops. Hudraulic system loading with hydraulic fluid W-15  Disassembly Diaphragm gage protector and place bottom up.  Connect hand operated hydraulic pump. Do nor tight connecting nut.  Fill-up pump reservoir with instrument fluid W-15. During pumping minimum level should be half of reservoir height.  Slowly operate pump while on the connecting thread leagks clear fluid (without air bubbles).  Tight connection and start pumping while monitor runner cup. When inside sides of cup taches stop pumping. System is loaded with fluid under proper pressure.

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION TONG LINE PULL & TORQUE INDICATOR SYSTEM H6B System uses when making-up Drill pipe, drill collar casing and tubing joints giving “line pull” readings in pound, kilograms or decanewtons that can be easy converted to ft-lb or kg-m by multiplying the line pull reading by the effective tong handle length.       

When ussing model H29A for making-up casing it provides direct torque reading in ft-lb or kg-m. All line pull indicators consists of: Dial indicator and hydraulic cylindervwith connectinh high pressure hose. Dial is equipped with a target pointer which can be set to a predetermined indication. Hydraulic cylinder can be installed on the jarkline or back-up line. For accurate indication the line must be 900 to the tong armat point of taking the reading and parallel to rig floor. The indicator do not need field or operational calibration. If the measured dimension “A” is equal to, or larher then the recharge dimension shown in the figure recharge system as follows:      

Remove all weight from the cylinder and ensure the hose is free of kinks and sharp bends. Remove the cap from the check valve on the indicator dampener on the gage, close the dampener. Attach hand pump YA2 with swivel to the check valve, and fill reservoir with W15 (red) instrument fluid. Loosen the pipe plug or blead screw on the cylinder body, pump fluid and blead at plug/screw until air bubbles stop escaping. Tighten the plug or screw and pump fluid in the system to slightly overcharge and permit that piston be fully drawn into the cylinder. Disengage hand pump from check valve. Replace and tighten the check valve cap, adjust dampener if necessary.


DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION MUD FLOW SYSTEM Mud flow sensor monitor the mud flow level on the return line. Signal is transered to mud flow indicator and/or mud low recorder. Senzor is mounted ond the floe pipe Primary power supply 220V 50 Hz 35W Operating ambient temperature: -200C to +550C Sensor excition + 10,5 V DC Return flow sensing 0 to 100%

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION TRIP TANK AND MUD PIT VOLUME TOTALIZER It is warning device for total mud volume in the mud tanks and tripping monitor. Both systems uses Probe (explosion proof transducer) for measuring mud level in the each tank, indicator, remote warning system (lamp and/or horn) and optionally recorder.

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION .

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION RATE OF PENETRATION METER Rate of penetration meter measures bit penetratin speed. Two basic systems exist: Pneumatic ROP meter activated as the Record-O-Graph clucth is engaged by the driller. Sensitivity (recordoable ROP) is 0,3m. At traveling block is attached wire which , with lowering block, releases from reel located below recorder trasfering feed signal to the pneumatic logic system wich in the turns drive pen mechanism to record primary (o.3m) and secondary (one meter marks) on the chart. Pneumatic wireless system, device which sense the drawworks drum shaft motion by chain or flexibile shaft, and sends pneumatic signals directly to the recorder.

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION AUTOMATIC DRILLER Satellite Automatic Drilling Control System uses for maintaining the optimum weight on the bit. Operation is based on the relation between the WOB and the dead line tension. As dead line tension increases from the value preset in the controller, the Satellite pays out the drilling line by raising the brake lever to release the drum, and then stops drum rotation by lowering the brake lever when the preset WOB is reached. At Figure below is shown coplete system that cosisting of: Deadline tension sensor Controller assembly Air motor Differential gear assembly Drum rotation sensor

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION RIG FLOOR RECORDER Drilling Rig Floor Recorder systems have in the three basic design.  Hydryulic recorder with circular chart 2 or 3 pen. Available OB-19 and OB-24 recorders. Installed usually on the back side of weight indicator. Chart is for 24 hours recordin Hook Weight, pump pressure and optionaly rotary torque.  Sevn pen recorder RECORD-O-GRAPG RG-7. Records 8, 12 or 24 hours drilling parameters : Hook weight, ROP, RPM, Rotary torque, Pump pressure, SPM 1 , SPM 2. Hydraulically, mechanicaly and pneumatic operated. Simple for use and low maintenance costs.  Rig floor recorder RF8 with air package. Consists of three major components: Air package, ROP sensor and Recorder assembly. Maintenance and repair should be done by trained personnel. Uses “flat view” chart 12 or 24 hours. Pen drive is hydraulic (Weight, Pump pressure and Hydro Mech rotary torque or tong torque), pneumatic (ROP,RPM, SPM1,SPM2

DRILLING RIG SELECTION – INSTRUMENTATION TON MILE (T-Km) INDICATOR Ton Kilometer counting system consists of Integrator unit receiving a distance (Km) input signal ftom the transmitter, and tension input signal ( in tons) from the existing Sensor Load cell in the wire line anchor.

CALCULATING VALUE OF ONE LINE ON THE WEIGHT INDICATOR

A. Rig data: Weight of traveling block: 4600 Kg Weight of links 2 ¼” x 108” 276 Kg Weight of DP elevator GG 4 ½” 350t 324 Kg Weight of kelly 4 ¼” x 10,5m 788 Kg Weight of swivel 2100 Kg TOTAL WEIGHT OVER ROTARY RABLE, air 8088 Kg Drill pipes 4 ½” x 16,6lb/ft E75 NC50 180 long 2000m Drill collar 6 ½ x 2 ½” x 143,2 Kg/m 200m length Mud Density 1,32 Kg/dm3 B. System accuracy- Weight indicator “D” and deadline anchor Type Hercules 129T with 10 lines, located 18 feet below weight indicator. By using data from Catalog Martinn Decker TW570 Page 7 Tables 4-1 and 4-2, Wire size

Calibration Reading Error

1”

(25mm)

0,8% Low

1 1/8” (29mm)

0,3% Low

1 ¼” (32mm)

0,2% High

Lines strung Error per foot

6

8

10

12

61 Kg

81 Kg

101 Kg

121 Kg

Weight indicator will read 101 kg x 10 lines = 1010 Kg low at all readings. To compensate for this low readings, the total load pointer may be reset by the mechanic during initial rig up.

CALCULATING VALUE OF ONE LINE ON THE WEIGHT INDICATOR Factors for Mud Buoyancy Corrections: Lb/gal.

8,34

9,0

10.0

11,0

12,0

13,0

14,0

15,0

16,0

17,0

18,0

19,0

20,0

Lb/Cu.Ft.

62,4

67,3

74,8

82,3

89,8

97,2

104,7

112,2

119,7

127,2

134,6

142,1

149,6

Specif. gravity

1,00

1,08

1,20

1,32

1,44

1,56

1,68

1,80

1,92

2,04

2,16

2,28

2,40

FACTOR

0,873

0,863

0,847

0,832

0,817

0,802

0,786

0,771

0,755

0,741

0,724

0,710

0,694

CALCULATION: Drill pipe weight in the air 2000m x 26,78 kg/m

= 53560 Kg

Drill collars weight in air 200 m x 143,2 Kg/m

= 28640 Kg = 82200 Kg Bouoyancy correction factor for mud density 1,32 Kg/dm3 x 0,832 Bouoyant weight of string = 68390 Kg PLUS – Weight of block, swivel, elevator and kelly = 8088 Kg COMPUTED TOTAL HOOK LOAD OF STRING IN MUD = 76478 Kg If read out on the weight indicator is 76 lines then value of one line is 1000 Kg, but if read out on the weight indicator is 65 lines then one line value is: 76000 : 65 lines = 1170 Kg


APPENDIX: CASING JACKING SYSTEM When drilling dipper and intermediate casing have b to be run too deep only solution to do this with existing, not enought rig is to use casing jacking system. At market have available with capaity 350, 500, 750 and 1000 ton.


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DRILLING RIG SELECTION – HANDLING EQUIPMENT .






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