Contracts 1 Project

-DR. RAM MAHOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY-LAW OF CONTRACTS FINAL DRAFT-

DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY UNIVERSI TY LUCKNOW ACADEMIC SESSION 2015-16

ROUGH DRAFT ON: “Legality Of Agreemet! T" D" Im#"!!i$le A%t!&

SU'MITTED 'Y(

UNDER THE )UIDANCE O*(

PARIMA PARIMAL L BHATT

Dr. Visalakshi Visalak shi Vegesna

Roll No.:99

Assoia!e Pro"essor

#La$%&'(TION #La$%& '(TION )B*

DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHI+A

B.A. LLB #Hons.%, #Hons.% , &'M'&T'R II

NATIONAL NATIONAL LA- UNIV'R&IT+ UNIV'R&I T+

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This draf !"#$d %" ha&e 'ee% ("ssi'$e !ih"# he )i%d s#(("r a%d he$( "f *a%+ i%di&id#a$s. I !"#$d $i)e " e,e%d *+ si%ere ha%)s " a$$ "f he*.I a* high$+ i%de'ed " Dr. Visalakshi Vegesna f"r her g#ida%e a%d "%sa% s#(er&isi"%. I a*

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C"%e%s INTRODU(TION................................................................................................ &e!ion /0............................................................................................................. / Loss o" O12e! or Fr3s!ra!ion................................................................................0 &4ei"i gro3n5s o" "r3s!ra!ion............................................................................. 6 Des!r3!ion o" &312e!7Ma!!er...........................................................................6 (hange o" (ir38s!anes.................................................................................. Non7o3rrene o" (on!e84la!e5 'en!...........................................................9 Dea!h or Ina4ai!; o" Par!;..............................................................................9 Goern8en! or Legisla!ie In!eren!ion..........................................................<= In!eren!ion o" -ar..........................................................................................<> '""e!s o" "r3s!ra!ion...........................................................................................
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INTRODUCTION( &e!ion /0 o" !he In5ian (on!ra! <6> 5eals $i!h agree8en!s !o 5o i84ossi1le a!s. I! la;s 5o$n !ha! agree8en!s !o 5o i84ossi1le a!s in i!sel" is a oi5 agree8en! an5 !ha! !he la$ 5oes no! o84el an;one !o 5o i84ossi1le a!s. I" a on!ra! is s3h !ha! 53e !o 3n"oreseen ir38s!anes, i!*s 4er"or8ane 1eo8es i84ossi1le, !hen s3h a on!ra! 1eo8es oi5. I" in s3h a on!ra!, !he 4ro8isor kne$ or $i!h reasona1le 5iligene 8igh! hae kno$n an5 $hih !he 4ro8isee 5i5 no! kno$, !hen !he 4ro8isee 8a; ge! o84ensa!ion "or an; loss 53e !o non 4er"or8ane o" !he a!. &4ei"i gro3n5s on $hih !he a! 8a; 1eo8e i84ossi1le inl35e Des!r3!ion o" s312e! 8a!!er, (hange o" (ir38s!anes, Non7o3rrene o" (on!e84la!e5 'en!, Dea!h or Ina4ai!; o" Par!;, Goern8en! or Legisla!ie In!eren!ion, In!eren!ion o" -ar. In !he "ollo$ing 4ages $e $ill 1e 5is3ssing !his se!ion in 5e!ail $hile s!35;ing so8e e@a84les an5 also look a! relean! ases $here !his se!ion $as a44lie5.

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Sei"% 01 &e!ion /0 "irs! la;s 5o$n !he si84le 4rini4le !ha! an agree8en! !o 5o an a! i84ossi1le in i!sel" is oi5. For e@a84le, an agree8en! !o 5isoer a !reas3re 1; 8agi, 1eing i84ossi1le o" 4er"or8ane, is oi5. The seon5 4aragra4h o" &e!ion /0 la;s 5o$n !he e""e! o" s31se3en! i84ossi1ili!; o" 4er"or8ane. &o8e!i8es !he 4er"or8ane o" a on!ra! is 3i!e 4ossi1le $hen i! is 8a5e, 13! so8e een! s31se3en!l; ha44ens $hih ren5ers i!s 4er"or8ane i84ossi1le or 3nla$"3l. In ei!her ase !he on!ra! 1eo8es oi5. -here, "or e@a84le, a"!er 8aking a on!ra! o" 8arriage, one o" !he 4ar!ies goes 8a5, or $here a on!ra! is 8a5e "or !he i84or! o" goo5s an5 !he i84or! is !herea"!er "or1i55en 1; a Goern8en! Or5er, or $here a singer on!ra!s !o sing an5 1eo8es !oo ill !o 5o so, !he on!ra! in eah ase 1eo8es oi5. In5ian (on!ra! A! <96> 4roi5es Legal Proisions as "ollo$s :7 56. Agreement to do impossible act.—An agreement to do an act impossible in itself is void. Contract to do act afterwards becoming impossible or unlawful. — A contract to do an act which, after the contract is made, becomes impossible, or, by reason of some event which the promisor could not prevent, unlawful, becomes void when the act becomes impossible or unlawful. Compensation for loss through non-performance of act known to be impossible or unlawful.—here one person has promised to do something which he knew, or, with reasonable diligence, might have known, and which the promisee did not know, to be impossible or unlawful, such promisor must make compensation to such promisee for any loss which such promisee sustains through the non- performance of the promise.

Illustrations (a) A agrees with B to discover treasure by magic. The agreement is void. (b) A and B contract to marry each other. Before the time fied for the marriage! A goes mad. The contract becomes void. (c) A contracts to marry B! being already married to " and being forbidden by the law to which he is sub#ect to $ractice $olygamy. A must make com$ensation to B for the loss caused to her by the non%$erformance of the $romise. (d) A contracts to take in cargo for B at a foreign $ort. A&s 'overnment afterwards declares war against the country in which the $ort is situated. The contract becomes void when war is declared. (e) A contracts to act at the theatre for si months in consideration of a sum $aid in advance by B. n several occasions A is too ill to act. The contract to act on those occasions becomes void. In the first well%known nglish case of *aradine v +ane , it was $ointed out 2 32 L4R 567

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that subse-uent ha$$enings should not affect a contract already made. There the defendant had taken an estate on lease from the $laintiffs. The defendant was dis$ossessed of it by alien enemies for some time and! therefore! refused to $ay the rent for the $eriod of dis$ossession. It was held that when the $arty by his own contract creates a duty! he is bound to make it good! if he may! notwithstanding any accident by inevitable necessity! because he might have $rovided against it by his contract/ though the land be surrounded or gained by the sea! or made barren by wildfire! yet the lessor will have his whole rent. In the subse-uent case of Taylor v "aldwell 0 ! B1A"2B345 + laid down that the above rule is only a$$licable when the contract is $ositive and absolute! and not sub#ect to any condition either e$ress or im$lied. In !his ase !he 5e"en5an!s ha5 agree5 !o le! !he 4lain!i""s !he 3se o" !heir 83si hall 1e!$een er!ain 5a!es "or !he 43r4ose o" hol5ing a oner! !here. B3! 1e"ore !he "irs! 5a; on $hih a oner! $as !o 1e gien, !he hall $as 5es!ro;e5 1; "ire $i!ho3! !he "a3l! o" ei!her 4ar!;. The 4lain!i""s s3e5 !he 5e"en5an!s "or !heir loss. I! $as, hel5 !ha! !he on!ra! $as no! a1sol3!e, as i!s 4er"or8ane 5e4en5e5 34on !he on!in3e5 e@is!ene o" !he hall. I! $as, !here"ore, s312e! !o an i84lie5 on5i!ion !ha! !he 4ar!ies shall 1e e@3se5 in ase, 1e"ore 1reah, 4er"or8ane 1eo8es i84ossi1le 1; !he 4erishing o" !hing $i!ho3! 5e"a3l! o" !he on!ra!or
L"ss "f O'8e "r Fr#srai"% In !his ase !he 4er"or8ane o" !he on!ra! ha5 1eo8e 4h;siall; i84ossi1le 1ea3se o" !he 5isa44earane o" !he s312e!78a!!er. B3! !he 4rini4le is no! on"ine5 !o 4h;sial i84ossi1ili!ies. I! e@!en5s also !o ases $here !he 4er"or8ane o" !he on!ra! is 4h;siall; 4ossi1le, 13! !he o12e! !he 4ar!ies ha5 in 8in5 has "aile5 !o 8a!erialie. The $ell7kno$n orona!ion ases o" $hih Erell  Henr; is one, ill3s!ra!es !his. The 5e"en5an! agree5 !o hire "ro8 !he 4lain!i"" a "la! "or 3ne >0 an5 >6, on $hih 5a;s i! ha5 1een anno3ne5 !ha! !he orona!ion 4roession $o3l5 4ass along !ha! 4lae. A 4ar! o" !he ren! $as 4ai5 in a5ane. B3! !he 4roession haing 1een anelle5 o$ing !o !he EingCs illness, !he 5e"en5an! re"3se5

5 92:1;< ; /.= S. :51 ; h(>??!!!.!e's"r."* 6 @23;B ./. 76sa

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!o 4a; !he 1alane. I! $as hel5 !ha! !he real o12e! o" !he on!ra!, as reognise5 1; 1o!h on!ra!ing 4ar!ies, $as !o hae a ie$ o" !he orona!ion 4roession. The !aking 4lae o" !he 4roession $as, !here"ore, !he "o3n5a!ion o" !he on!ra!. The o12e! o" !he on!ra! $as "r3s!ra!e5 1; non7ha44ening o" !he orona!ion an5 !he 4lain!i"" $as no! en!i!le5 !o reoer !he 1alane o" !he ren!. Th3s !he 5o!rine o" "r3s!ra!ion o8es in!o 4la; in !$o !;4es o" si!3a!ion, "irs!, $here !he 4er"or8ane is 4h;siall; 3! o"", an5, seon5, $here !he o12e! has "aile5. The &34re8e (o3r! has hel5 !ha! &e!ion /0 $ill a44l; !o 1o!h kin5s o" "r3s!ra!ion. Re"erring !o !he se!ion, B E MUEH'R'A  o1sere5 in &a!;a1ra!a Ghose  M3g7neeran Bang3r  (o / : This 83h is lear !ha! !he $or5 Ci84ossi1le* has no! 1een 3se5 here in !he sense o" 4h;sial or li!eral i84ossi1ili!;. The 4er"or8ane o" an a! 8a; no! 1e li!erall; i84ossi1le 13! i! 8a; 1e i84ra!ia1le an5 3seless "ro8 !he 4oin! o" ie$ o" !he o12e! an5 43r4ose $hih !he 4ar!ies ha5 in ie$  an5 i" an 3n!o$ar5 een! or hange o" ir38s!anes !o!all; 34se!s !he er; "o3n5a!ion 34on $hih !he 4ar!ies res!e5 !heir 1argain, i! an er; $ell 1e sai5 !ha! !he 4ro8isor "in5s i! i84ossi1le !o 5o !he a! $hih he 4ro8ise5 !o 5o. '@4laining !he one4! "r3s!ra!ion o" !he on!ra! in (rikle$oo5 Pro4er!;  Ines!8en! Tr3s! L!5  Leigh!onCs Ines!8en! Tr3s! L!5, VI&(OUNT &IMON L( sai5 !ha! i! 8eans !he o3rrene o" an in!erening een! or hange o" ir38s!anes so "3n5a8en!al as !o 1e regar5e5 1; !he la$ 1o!h as s!riking a! !he roo! o" !he agree8en!, an5 as en!irel; 1e;on5 $ha! $as on!e84la!e5 1; !he 4ar!ies $hen !he; en!ere5 in!o !he on!ra!. &i8ilarl;, Lor5 -RIGHT o1sere5 !ha! "r3s!ra!ion 8eans !ha! a on!ra! has ease5 !o 1in5 !he 4ar!ies 1ea3se !he o88on 1asis on $hih 1; 83!3al 3n5ers!an5ing i! $as 1ase5 has "aile5  !here has 1een a "ail3re o" $ha! in !he on!e84la!ion o" 1o!h 4ar!ies $o3l5 1e !he essen!ial on5i!ion or 43r4ose o" !he 4er"or8ane. This 4rini4le $as a44lie5 in Parsho!a8 Das  Ba!ala M3nii4al (o88i!!ee: A M3nii4al (o88i!!ee lease5 o3! er!ain !onga s!an5s !o !he 4lain!i"" "or Rs /,===. B3! no !onga 5rier a8e "or$ar5 !o 3se !he s!an5 !hro3gho3! !he ;ear an5 !he 4lain!i"" o3l5 no! realie an;!hing. He s3e5 "or !he re"3n5 o" his 8one;. I! $as hel5 !ha! !he 4lain!i"" o1!aine5 !he lease an5 !he o88i!!ee gran!e5 !he sa8e !o hi8 on !he ass384!ion !ha! !he !onga s!an5s $o3l5 1e 3se5 1; !he 5riers an5 !he 4lain!i"" $o3l5 reoer "ees "ro8 !he8, 13! "or reasons $hih 1o!h si5es o3l5 no! hel4, !he 5riers 5i5 no! 3se !he s!an5s, !he 5o!rine o" "r3s!ra!ion a44lie5 $i!h "3ll "ore. A on!ra! "or sale o" lan5 "or non7agri3l!3ral 3se $as hel5 !o hae "r3s!ra!e5 $hen !he a44lia!ion "or s3h 3se $as re2e!e5 1; !he a3!hori!ies.

S(ei gr"#%ds "f fr#srai"% The 4rini4le o" "r3s!ra!ion o" on!ra! or o" i84ossi1ili!; o" 4er"or8ane is a44lia1le !o a grea! arie!; o" on!ra!s. I! is no! 4ossi1le !o la; 5o$n an e@ha3s!ie lis! o" si!3a!ions in $hih !he 5o!rine is going !o 1e a44lie5 so as !o e@3se 4er"or8ane. The la$ 34on !he 0 AIR 2306 SC 66> 2306 SCR ;2

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8a!!er is 3n5o31!e5l; in 4roess o" eol3!ion. +e! !he "ollo$ing gro3n5s o" "r3s!ra!ion hae 1eo8e $ell es!a1lishe5.

Desr#i"% "f S#'8e-Maer The 5o!rine o" i84ossi1ili!; a44lies $i!h "3ll "ore $here !he a!3al an5 s4ei"i s312e!7 8a!!er o" !he on!ra! has ease5 !o e@is!. CTa;lor  (al5$el is !he 1es! e@a84le o" !his lass. There, a 4ro8ise !o le! o3! a 83si hall $as hel5 !o hae "r3s!ra!e5 on !he 5es!r3!ion o" !he hall. &i8ilarl;, $here !he 5e"en5an! on!ra!e5 !o sell a s4ei"ie5 3an!i!; o" 4o!a!oes !o 1e gro$n on his "ar8s, 13! "aile5 !o s344l; !he8 as !he ro4 $as 5es!ro;e5 1; a 5isease, i! $as hel5 !ha! 4er"or8ane ha5 1eo8e i84ossi1le. &i8ilarl;, a on!ra! !o e@hi1i! a "il8 in a ine8a hall $as hel5 !o hae 1eo8e i84ossi1le o" 4er"or8ane $hen on ao3n! o" hea; rains !he rear $all o" !he hall olla4se5 killing !hree 4ersons, an5 i!s liene $as anelle5 3n!il !he 13il5ing $as reons!r3!e5 !o !he sa!is"a!ion o" !he hie" engineer. The o$ner $as 3n5er no lia1ili!; !o reons!r3! !he hall an5 een i" he 5i5 reons!r3! an5 i! !ook hi8 a1o3! so8e !i8e, 1; !ha! !i8e !he "il8 $o3l5 hae los! i!s a44eal. The sa8e res3l! "ollo$e5 $here a shi4 ran agro3n5. The res3l! $o3l5 also 1e !he sa8e $here !he s312e!78a!!er o" !he on!ra! !ho3gh in!a! has ease5 !o 1e aaila1le !o !he 4ar!ies. Th3s, $here a shi4 $as har!ere5 "or !$ele 8on!hs !o r3n "ro8 A4ril !o A4ril an5 1e"ore i! o3l5 1e 5eliere5, i! $as re3isi!ione5 an5 $as release5 onl; in &e4!e81er, !he Ho3se o" Lor5s hel5 !ha! !he har!ei4ar!; ha5 "r3s!ra!e5, "or a &e4!e81er !o &e4!e81er !er8 $as no! on!e84la!e5 1; !he 4ar!ies. -here !he 4ar!ies an s!ill 4er"or8 !heir 8ain o1liga!ion 5es4i!e !he "a! !ha! !he s312e!7 8a!!er has gone o3! o" !heir han5, "r3s!ra!ion 8a; no! "ollo$. Th3s, $here a shi4 $as har!ere5 "or "ie ;ears an5 !hree ;ears a"!er !ha!, i! $as re3isi!ione5 1; !he Goern8en!, !he la!!er 4a;ing 8ore 8one; !han !he "reigh! agree5 1e!$een !he 4ar!ies, i! $as hel5 !ha! !he on!ra! $as no! "r3s!ra!e5. The har!erer $as 1o3n5 !o 4a; !he "reigh! an5 !ha! he o3l5 s!ill 4a; an5, !here"ore, he $as en!i!le5 !o olle! !he 8one; "ro8 !he Goern8en!. &i8ilarl;, an agen; "or 5ealing $i!h !he goo5s 8an3"a!3re5 or sol5 1; !he 4rini4al $as no! "r3s!ra!e5 $hen !he 4rini4alCs "a!or; $as 5es!ro;e5, "or !he agen! o3l5 s!ill 5eal $i!h !he goo5s sol5 1; !he 4rini4al. In a on!ra! "or arriage o" goo5s 1; sea, !he essel sank $i!h argo. There $as ei5ene !o sho$ !ha! !he essel s!ar!e5 !aking in $a!er. -hen !he essel $as 5isoere5 !o 1e !il!ing, !he $a!er in !he 1ilge $as 4384e5 o3! 13! no a!ion $as !aken !o go !o !he neares! 4or! !o hae !he essel 1er!he5 an5 !he on5i!ion o" !he essel heke5. Ins!ea5 o" !ha!, a"!er 4384ing o3! $a!er, !he essel a!!e84!e5 !o on!in3e on i!s o3rse. The o3r! sai5 !ha! !he sinking o" !he essel o3l5 no! 1e 5esri1e5 as an inei!a1le ai5en!. Reasona1le are ha5 no! 1een !aken !o 4reen! !he sinking o" !he essel. The 5e"ene o" "r3s!ra!ion "aile5.

Cha%ge "f Cir#*sa%es

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A on!ra! $ill "r3s!ra!e $here ir38s!anes arise $hih 8ake !he 4er"or8ane o" !he on!ra! i84ossi1le in !he 8anner an5 a! !he !i8e on!e84la!e5. This ha44ens $hen !he hange o" ir38s!anes has a""e!e5 !he 4er"or8ane o" !he on!ra! !o s3h an e@!en! as !o 8ake i! ir!3all; i84ossi1le or een e@!re8el; 5i""i3l! or haar5o3s. A on!ra!e5 !o s344l; !o B er!ain lasses an5 3an!i!ies o" A8erian 4iee7goo5s. The on!ra! $as .i.". Earahi. The goo5s arrie5 !here a"!er so8e 5ela;. B re"3se5 !o ae4! on !he gro3n5 !ha! 1o!h !he 3ali!ies an5 3an!i!ies o""ere5 "or 5elier; $ere no! aor5ing !o !he 4ar!i3lar on!ra!. A alle5 34on B !o re"er !he 5is43!e !o !he no8ina!e5 ar1i!ra!or $ho $as resi5ing a! Earahi. Then a8e 4ar!i!ion $hih 8a5e i! i84ossi1le "or non7M3sli8s !o go !o Earahi. I! $as hel5 !ha! !he on!ra! $as "r3s!ra!e5, 1ea3se !he ar1i!ra!or o3l5 4roee5 $i!ho3! !he 4ar!iesC 4resene. As agains! i!, $here a shi4 $as har!ere5 !o loa5 a argo 13! on !he 5a; 1e"ore she o3l5 hae 4roee5e5 !o her 1er!h, an e@4losion o3rre5 in !he a3@iliar; 1oiler, $hih 8a5e i! i84ossi1le "or her !o 3n5er!ake !he o;age a! !he she53le5 !i8e, !he Ho3se o" Lor5s hel5 !ha! "r3s!ra!ion ha5, in "a!, o3rre5 in !he ir38s!anes. B3! !here is no general li1er!; resere5 !o !he o3r!s !o a1sole a 4ar!; "ro8 lia1ili!; !o 4er"or8 his 4ar! o" !he on!ra!, 8erel; 1ea3se on a o3n! o" 3non!e84la!e5 !3rn o" een!s, !he 4er"or8ane o" !he on!ra! 8a; 1eo8e onero3s. The 4ar!ies !o an e@e3!or; on!ra! are o"!en "ae5, in !he o3rse o" arr;ing i! o3! $i!h a !3rn o" een!s $hih !he; 5i5 no! an!ii4a!ea $holl; a1nor8al rise or "all in 4rie, a s355en 5e4reia!ion o" 3rren;, an 3ne@4e!e5 o1s!ale !o e@e3!ion, or !he like. +e! !his 5oes no! in i!sel" a""e! !he 1argain !he; hae 8a5e. The &34re8e (o3r! lai5 5o$n !his 4rini4le in Alo4i Prasha5  Union o" In5ia. The 4lain!i""s $ere a!ing as !he agen! !o !he Goern8en! o" In5ia "or 43rhasing ghee "or !he 3se o" ar8; 4ersonnel. The; $ere !o 1e 4ai5 on os! 1asis "or 5i""eren! i!e8s o" $ork inole5. The 4er"or8ane $as in 4rogress $hen !he &eon5 -orl5 -ar in!erene5 an5 !he ra!es "i@e5 in 4eae !i8e $ere en!irel; s34erse5e5 1; !he !o!all; al!ere5 on5i!ions o1!aining in $ar !i8e. The agen!s 5e8an5e5 reision o" ra!es 13! reeie5 no re4lies. The; ke4! 34 !he s344lies. The Goern8en! !er8ina!e5 !he on!ra! in <9/ an5 !he agen!s lai8e5 4a;8en! on enhane5 ra!es. The; o3l5 no! s3ee5. Ghee haing 1een s344lie5 1; !he agen!s 3n5er !he !er8s o" !he on!ra!, !he righ! o" !he agen!s $as !o reeie re83nera!ion 3n5er !he !er8s o" !ha! on!ra!.

N"%-"#rre%e "f C"%e*($aed E&e% &o8e!i8es !he 4er"or8ane o" a on!ra! re8ains en!irel; 4ossi1le, 13! o$ing !o !he non7 o3rrene o" an een! on!e84la!e5 1; 1o!h 4ar!ies as !he reason "or !he on!ra!, !he al3e o" !he 4er"or8ane is 5es!ro;e5. Erell  Henr; inole5 a si!3a!ion o" !his kin5. There, a on!ra! !o hire a roo8 !o ie$ a 4ro4ose5 orona!ion 4roession $as hel5 !o hae "r3s!ra!e5 $hen !he 4roession $as 4os!4one5. For !his res3l! !o "ollo$ i! is neessar; !ha! !he ha44ening o" !he een! sho3l5 1e !he "o3n5a!ion o" !he on!ra!.

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This is sho$n 1; Berne Ba; &!ea8 Boa! (o  H3!!on $hih also arose "ro8 !he 4os!4one8en! o" !he orona!ion. The Ro;al Naal Reie$ $as 4ro4ose5 !o 1e hel5 on !he oasion. The 5e"en5an! har!ere5 a s!ea81oa! "or !$o 5a;s !o !ake o3! a 4ar!; o" 4a;ing 4assengers "or !he 43r4ose o" ie$ing !he naal reie$ an5 "or a 5a;Cs r3ise ro3n5 !he "lee!. B3! !he reie$ $as anelle5 an5 !he 5e"en5an! ha5 no 3se o" !he shi4. +e! he $as hel5 lia1le !o 4a; !he 3n4ai5 1alane o" !he hire less !he 4ro"i! $hih !he 4lain!i"" ha5 8a5e 1; !he 3se o" !he shi4 in !he or5inar; o3rse. The o3r! sai5 !ha! !he on!ra! 5oes no! 5i""er "ro8 a ase $here, "or ins!ane, a 4erson has engage5 a 1rake !o !ake hi8sel" an5 a 4ar!; !o '4so8 !o see !he raes !here, 13! "or so8e reason or o!her, s3h as !he s4rea5 o" an in"e!io3s 5isease, !he raes are 4os!4one5.

Deah "r I%a(ai+ "f Par+ A 4ar!; !o a on!ra! is e@3se5 "ro8 4er"or8ane i" i! 5e4en5s 34on !he e@is!ene o" a gien 4erson, i" !ha! 4erson 4erishes or 1eo8es !oo ill !o 4er"or8. -here !he na!3re or !er8s o" a on!ra! re3ire 4ersonal 4er"or8ane 1; !he 4ro8isor, his 5ea!h or ina4ai!; 43!s an en5 !o !he on!ra!. Ro1inson  Daison 0 is !he $ell7 kno$n ill3s!ra!ion : There $as a on!ra! 1e!$een !he 4lain!i"" an5 !he 5e"en5an!Cs $i"e, $ho $as an e8inen! 4ianis!, !ha! she sho3l5 4la; !he 4iano a! a oner! !o 1e gien 1; !he 4lain!i"" on a s4ei"ie5 5a;. On !he 8orning o" !he 5a; in 3es!ion she in"or8e5 !he 4lain!i"" !ha! she $as !oo ill !o a!!en5 !he oner!. The oner! ha5 !o 1e 4os!4one5 an5 !he 4lain!i"" los! a s38 o" 8one;. The 4lain!i""s a!ion "or 1reah o" on!ra! "aile5. The o3r! sai5 !ha! 3n5er !he ir38s!anes she $as no! 8erel; e@3se5 "ro8 4la;ing, 13! she $as also no! a! li1er!; !o 4la;, i" she $as 3n"i! !o 5o so. The on!ra! $as learl; s312e! !o !he on5i!ion o" her 1eing $ell eno3gh !o 4er"or8. &i8ilarl;, $here a <0 ;ears ol5 1o; $as engage5 "or "ie ;ears !o 4er"or8 as a 5r388er "or all !he seen nigh!s in a $eek $heneer !he 1an5 ha5 13siness an5, on ao3n! o" illness, he $as er!i"ie5 !o 1e a1le !o 4er"or8 onl;  nigh!s, !he on!ra! $as hel5 !o hae 1een "r3s!ra!e5. In ano!her ase : A 4erson en!ere5 in!o serie as 8anager "or !en ;ears, an5 3n5er!ook no! !o 3n5er!ake an; 4ro"essional engage8en! $i!ho3! !he onsen! o" !he e84lo;er. Be"ore !he e@4ir; o" !en ;ears he $as alle5 34 "or 8ili!ar; serie. A"!er !he $ar he 3n5er!ook 4ro"essional engage8en!s an5 $as s3e5 1; !he e84lo;er "or 1reah o" on!ra!. I! $as hel5 !ha! !he on!ra! o" serie ha5 "r3s!ra!e5 $hen his series $ere re3isi!ione5 "or 8ili!ar; 43r4oses an5 !herea"!er he $as "ree "ro8 !he oenan!s o" !he on!ra!.

1 2:72 LR 1.

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"&er%*e% "r Legis$ai&e I%er&e%i"%

A on!ra! $ill 1e 5issole5 $hen legisla!ie or a58inis!ra!ie in!eren!ion has so 5ire!l; o4era!e5 34on !he "3l"il8en! o" !he on!ra! "or a s4ei"i $ork as !o !rans"or8 !he on!e84la!e5 on5i!ions o" 4er"or8ane. -here a en5or o" lan5 o3l5 no! e@e3!e !he sale 5ee5 1ea3se he ease5 !o 1e !he o$ner 1; o4era!ion o" la$, i! $as hel5 !ha! !he on!ra! ha5 1eo8e i84ossi1le o" 4er"or8ane. A on!ra! 1; !he &!a!e !o gie a 8ono4ol; $as hel5 !o hae 1eo8e oi5 on !he en"ore8en! o" !he (ons!i!3!ion. A on!ra! 1e!$een er!ain 4ar!ies "or !he sale o" !he !rees o" a "ores! $as 5isharge5 $hen !he &!a!e o" Ra2as!han "or1a5e !he 3!!ing o" !rees in !he area. A $ell7kno$n 'nglish a3!hori!; is Me!ro4oli!an -a!er Boar5  Dik Een  (o L!5. B; a on!ra! 8a5e in 3l; <9<, a "ir8 o" on!ra!ors on!ra!e5 $i!h a -a!er Boar5 !o ons!r3! a reserior !o 1e o84le!e5 $i!hin si@ 8on!hs. B3! 1; a no!ie iss3e5 3n5er !he De"ene o" !he Real8 A!, !he on!ra!ors $ere re3ire5 !o ease $ork on !heir on!ra! an5 !he; s!o44e5 !he $ork aor5ingl;. The; lai8e5 !ha! !he e""e! o" !he no!ie $as !o 43! an en5 !o !he on!ra!. The Ho3se o" Lor5s hel5 !ha! !he in!err34!ion rea!e5 1; !he 4rohi1i!ion $as o" s3h a hara!er an5 53ra!ion as !o 8ake !he on!ra! $hen res38e5 a 5i""eren! on!ra! "ro8 !he on!ra! $hen 1roken o"", an5 !ha! !he on!ra! ha5 ease5 !o 1e o4era!ie. In ano!her ase o" !he sa8e kin5, !he on!ra! $as "or !he sale o" a s4ei"i 4arel o" $hea! l;ing in !he sellerCs $areho3se. The 4ro4er!; in !he goo5s ha5 no! ;e! 4asse5 !o !he 13;ers !ha! !he Goern8en! seie5 !he s!ok 3n5er i!s 4o$er o" s34erision. The 13;ers s3e5 "or non5elier;. B3! !he; o3l5 no! s3ee5. The sellers $ere e@3se5 "ro8 5eliering !he goo5s 1ea3se o" !he Goern8en! !akeoer o" !heir s!ok. The &!a!e Tra5ing Organisa!ion, !ho3gh a Goern8en! 8ono4ol;, $as so8e$ha! in5e4en5en! o" !he &!a!e. I!s e@4or! on!ra!s $ere hel5 !o hae "r3s!ra!e5 1; Goern8en! in!eren!ion i84osing a 1an on e@4or!s. B3! an in!eren!ion o" a !e84orar; na!3re $hih 5oes no! 34roo! !he "o3n5a!ion o" !he on!ra! $ill no! hae !he 5issoling e""e!. This is sho$n 1; !he 5eision o" !he &34re8e (o3r! in &a!;a1ra!a Ghose  M3gneeran Bang3r . (o. The 5e"en5an! o84an; s!ar!e5 a she8e "or !he 5eelo48en! o" a !ra! o" lan5 in!o a ho3sing olon;. The 4lain!i"" $as gran!e5 a 4lo! on 4a;8en! o" earnes! 8one;. The o84an; 3n5er!ook !o ons!r3! !he roa5s an5 5rains neessar; "or 8aking !he lan5s s3i!a1le "or 13il5ing an5 resi5en!ial 43r4oses an5 as soon as !he; $ere o84le!e5, !he 43rhaser $as !o 1e alle5 34on !o o84le!e !he one;ane 1; 4a;8en! o" !he 1alane o" !he 43rhase 8one;. B3! 1e"ore an;!hing o3l5 1e 5one, a onsi5era1le 4or!ion o" !he lan5 $as re3isi!ione5 1; !he &!a!e 53ring !he &eon5 -orl5 -ar "or 8ili!ar; 43r4oses. MUEH'R'A  hel5 !ha! !he on!ra! $as no! "r3s!ra!e5. He sai5 : Un5o31!e5l; !he o88ene8en! o" !he $ork $as 5ela;e5 13! $as !he 5ela; going !o 1e so grea! an5 o" s3h a hara!er !ha! i! $o3l5 !o!all; 34se! !he 1asis o" !he 1argain an5 o88erial o12e!s $hih !he 4ar!ies ha5 in ie$ J The re3isi!ion or5ers, i! 83s! 1e re8e81ere5, $ere, 1; !heir er; na!3re, o" a !e84orar; hara!er.... The o3r! relie5 34on !he "a! !ha! !here $as no !i8e7li8i! agree5 !o 1; !he 4ar!ies $i!hin $hih !he ons!r3!ion $ork $as !o 1e "inishe5.The e""e! o" an a58inis!ra!ie in!eren!ion

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has !o 1e ie$e5 in !he ligh! o" !he !er8s o" !he on!ra!, an5, i" !he !er8s sho$ !ha! !he 4ar!ies hae 3n5er!aken an a1sol3!e o1liga!ion regar5less o" a58inis!ra!ie hanges, !he; anno! lai8 !o 1e 5isharge5. This has 1een so hel5 1; !he &34re8e (o3r! in Naiha!i 3!e Mills L!5  Eh;alira8 aganna!h6. There $as an agree8en! !o 43rhase ra$ 23!e !o 1e i84or!e5 "ro8 'as! Pakis!an #no$ Bangla5esh%. The 13;er $as !o s344l; !he i84or! liene $i!hin Noe81er, "ailing $hih i! $as !o 1e s344lie5 $i!hin Dee81er a! !he 4ain o" a li!!le 8ore 4rie an5 i" he "aile5 in Dee81er he $as !o 4a; !he 5i""erene 1e!$een !he on!ra! an5 8arke! 4ries. The 13;er a44lie5 "or a liene $hih $as re"3se5 1ea3se he ha5 s!ok in his 8ill s3""iien! "or !$o 8on!hs. He a44lie5 again. He $as a5ise5 !his !i8e !ha! !he r3les hae 1een hange5 an5 !o o1!ain a liense he 83s! sho$ !ha! he has 3se5 an e3al 3an!i!; o" In5ian 23!e. Th3s !he 13;er "aile5 !o s344l; !he liense an5 $as s3e5 "or 1reah. He 4lea5e5 "r3s!ra!ion a3se5 1; !he hange in Goern8en! 4oli;. B3! he $as hel5 lia1le. &H'LAT  4oin!e5 o3! !ha! i" !he Goern8en! ha5 o84le!el; "or1i55en i84or!s, &e!ion /0 $o3l5 hae a44lie5. B3! !he Goern8en! 4oli; onl; $as !ha! !he liensing a3!hori!; $o3l5 sr3!inise !he ase o" eah a44lian! on i!s o$n 8eri!. -here !he in!eren!ion 8akes !he 4er"or8ane 3nla$"3l, !he o3r!s $ill hae no hoie 13! !o 43! an en5 !o !he on!ra!, This kin5 o" si!3a!ion $as 1e"ore !he &34re8e (o3r! in Boo!halinga Agenies  V T ( Porias$a8i Na 5ar. The 5e"en5an! ha5 a liense !o i84or! hior; "or 8an3"a!3ring o""ee 4o$5er. The liene $as s312e! !o !he on5i!ion !ha! he $o3l5 3se i! onl; in his "a!or;. He agree5 !o sell !he $hole shi4loa5. Be"ore !he arrial o" !he shi4, !he sale o" s3h i84or!e5 goo5s $as 1anne5. The on!ra! $as aor5ingl; hel5 !o hae 1eo8e oi5.

I%er&e%i"% "f War In!eren!ion o" $ar or $arlike on5i!ions in !he 4er"or8ane o" a on!ra! has o"!en rea!e5 5i""i3l! 3es!ions. The los3re o" !he &3e (anal "ollo$ing !he AngloFrenh $ar $i!h 'g;4!, "or ins!ane, in!err34!e5 !he 4er"or8ane o" 8an; on!ra!s. One s3h ase is Tsakiroglo3  (o L!5  No1lee Thorl G 8 1 H. The a44ellan!s agree5 !o sell !o !he res4on5en!s !hree h3n5re5 !ons o" &35an gro3n5n3!s .i.". Ha813rg. The 3s3al an5 nor8al ro3!e a! !he 5a!e o" !he on!ra! $as ia &3e (anal. &hi48en! $as !o 1e in Noe81erKDee81er <9/0, 13! on Noe81er >, <9/0, !he anal $as lose5 !o !ra""i an5 i! $as no! reo4ene5 3n!il !he "ollo$ing A4ril. I! is s!a!e5 !ha! !he a44ellan!s o3l5 hae !rans4or!e5 !he goo5s ia !he (a4e o" Goo5 Ho4e. The a44ellan!s re"3se5 !o shi4 goo5s ia !he (a4e. The 3es!ion no$ is $he!her 1; reason o" !he losing o" !he &3e ro3!e, !he on!ra! ha5 1een en5e5 1; "r3s!ra!ion. The a44ellan!sC arg38en! $as !ha! 7 AIR 231: SC 055.

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i! $as an i84lie5 !er8 o" !he on!ra! !ha! shi48en! sho3l5 1e ia &3e. B3! i! $as hel5 !ha! s3h a !er8 o3l5 no! 1e i84lie5. The 3s!o8ar; or 3s3al ro3!e ia !he &3e (anal 1eing lose5, !he a44ellan!s $ere 1o3n5 1; !he &ale o" Goo5s A!, <9?, ?>#>% !o shi4 !he gro3n5n3!s 1; a reasona1le an5 4ra!ial ro3!e an5, !ho3gh !he a44ellan!s 8igh! 1e 43! !o grea!er e@4ense 1; shi44ing !he gro3n5n3!s ia !he (a4e o" Goo5 Ho4e, !ha! 5i5 no! ren5er !he on!ra! "3n5a8en!all; or ra5iall; 5i""eren!, an5 !here $as no!, !here"ore, "r3s!ra!ion o" !he on!ra!. I" !he in!eren!ion o" $ar is 53e !o !he 5ela; a3se5 1; !he negligene o" a 4ar!;, !he 4rini4le o" "r3s!ra!ion anno! 1e relie5 34on. I" !here are 8ore !han one $a;s o" 4er"or8ing a on!ra! an5 !he $ar 3!s o"" onl; one o" !he8, !he 4ar!; is s!ill 1o3n5 !o 4er"or8 1; !he o!her $a;, ho$eer inonenienen! or e@4ensie. This is "3r!her sho$n 1; !he 5eision o" !he Pri; (o3nil in T$en!she Oerseas Tra5ing (o L!5  Ugan5a &3gar Fa!or; L!5. There $as a on!ra! "or s344l;ing Er344ss!eel rails. The res! o" !he "a!s a44ear "ro8 !he "ollo$ing $or5s o" Lor5 -RIGHT: The a44ellan!s lai8e5 !ha! !he rails s4ei"ie5 3n5er !he on!ra! $ere !o 1e rails 8an3"a!3re5 1; a Ger8an "ir8 an5 1; !ha! "ir8 onl;. On !his !he; 1ase5 !heir lai8 !o 1e e@3se5 "ro8 !heir "ail3re !o 5elier !he goo5s 1ea3se !o 5o so $o3l5 hae inole5 a 5ealing $i!h alien ene8ies 53e !o !he o3!1reak o" -orl5 -ar II an5 hene !he 4er"or8ane o" !he on!ra! 1ea8e i84ossi1le an5 illegal. Their Lor5shi4s hel5 !ha! i! $as no! o4en !o !he s344lier !o inoke !he 5o!rine o" "r3s!ra!ion. There $as no!hing in !he on!ra! $hih alle5 "or !he rails !o 1e o1!aine5 "ro8 Ger8an; onl;. The re"erene !o Er344s 5i5 no! in5ia!e a so3re o" s344l;, 13! 8erel; a s4ei"ia!ion o" !he rails. There $ere 8an; o!her so3res o" s344l;, an5 !he on!ra! le"! !he s344lier $i!h a "ree han5 in !he 8a!!er. In a ase 1e"ore !he Pa!na High (o3r!, !he "3r!her 4er"or8ane o" a on!ra! o" li"e ins3rane ha5 1eo8e i84ossi1le 1ea3se !he ins3rer $as a Ger8an o84an; an5 on !he o3!1reak o" $ar i!s 13siness $as lose5 1; !he Goern8en! o" In5ia an5 !he 5is4osal o" 4en5ing 4oliies $as han5e5 oer !o a "ir8 o" har!ere5 ao3n!an!s. The ass3re5 $as allo$e5 !o reoer !he 8one; 4ai5 3n5er !he 4oli;.>= In a (al3!!a ase a on!ra! o" arriage 1; rier $as in!ere4!e5 1; !he ene8; seiing !he 1oa! along $i!h argo 53ring hos!ili!ies 1e!$een In5ia an5 Pakis!an. The o3r! allo$e5 !he arrier !he 4lea o" i84ossi1ili!;.

Ees "f fr#srai"% I! is $ell7se!!le5 !ha! i" an5 $hen !here is "r3s!ra!ion !he 5issol3!ion o" !he on!ra! o3rs a3!o8a!iall;.

Fr#srai"% Sh"#$d %" 'e Se$f-i%d#ed '@4laining !he 4rini4le !ha! "r3s!ra!ion sho3l5 no! 1e sel"7in53e5, Lor5 -RIGHT sai5 in Mari!i8e Na!ional Fish L!5  Oean Tra$lers L!5,  !ha! !he essene o" C"r3s!ra!ionC is !ha! i! sho3l5 no! 1e 53e !o !he a! or ele!ion o" !he 4ar!ies. Fr3s!ra!ion sho3l5 arise $i!ho3! 1la8e or "a3l! on ei!her si5e. Reliane anno! 1e 4lae5 on a sel"7in53e5 "r3s!ra!ion. The "a!s $ere : 23;0 AC 050.

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: The a44ellan!s hire5 !he res4on5en!sC !ra$ler, alle5 C!he &! (3!h1er" !o 1e e84lo;e5 in "ishing in53s!r; onl;. Bo!h 4ar!ies kne$ !ha! !he !ra$ler o3l5 1e 3se5 "or !ha! 43r4ose onl; 3n5er a liense "ro8 !he (ana5ian Goern8en!. The a44ellan!s $ere 3sing "ie !ra$lers an5, !here"ore, a44lie5 "or "ie lienses. Onl; !hree $ere gran!e5 an5 !he Goern8en! aske5 !he a44ellan!s !o na8e !he !hree !ra$lers an5 !he; na8e5 !ra$lers o!her !han !he &! (3!h1er!. The; !hen re435ia!e5 !he har!er an5 4lea5e5 "r3s!ra!ion in res4onse !o !he res4on5en!sC a!ion "or !he hire. The 35iial (o88i!!ee o" !he Pri; (o3nil hel5 !ha! !he "r3s!ra!ion in !his ase $as !he res3l! o" !he a44ellan!sC o$n hoie o" e@l35ing !he res4on5en!sC shi4 "ro8 !he liense an5, !here"ore, !he; $ere no! 5isharge5 "ro8 !he on!ra!. 9 In ano!her si8ilar ase, !he on!ra! $as !o e@4or!
Fr#srai"% O(eraes A#"*aia$$+

3 h(>??!!!.$ega$ser&iei%dia."* 2 Halsbury’s Laws of England, fourth edition, Vol 9, Para 450.

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Fr3s!ra!ion o4era!es a3!o8a!iall; !o 5isharge !he on!ra! irres4e!ie o" !he in5ii53als onerne5, !heir !e84era8en!s an5 "ailings, !heir in!eres! an5 ir38s!anesC. The legal e""e! o" "r3s!ra!ion 5oes no! 5e4en5 on !heir in!en!ion or !heir o4inions, or een kno$le5ge, as !o !he een!. This is 4ar!i3larl; !r3e o" In5ian la$ as &e!ion /0 o" !he (on!ra! A! la;s 5o$n a r3le o" 4osi!ie la$ an5 5oes no! leae !he 8a!!er !o 1e 5e!er8ine5 aor5ing !o !he in!en!ion o" !he 4ar!ies. A s31se3en! ase, ho$eer, sho$s !ha! in er!ain ir38s!anes "r3s!ra!ion 8a; 1e $aie5 1; one 4ar!; an5 !hen !he o!her $ill 1e 1o3n5 1; !he on!ra!. In H R . & &ains13r; L!5  &!ree! : There $as !he sale o" >6/ !ons #/ 8ore or less% o" "ee5 1arle; !o 1e gro$n on sellerCs lan5. The ro4 a8o3n!e5 !o onl; <= !ons. The seller resol5 i! !o ano!her an5 on!en5e5 !ha! he ha5 !he righ! !o 5o so 1ea3se !he on!ra! ha5 en5e5 1; "r3s!ra!ion. B3! he $as hel5 lia1le "or 1reah o" on!ra!. There $as "r3s!ra!ion onl; !o !he e@!en! o" ro4 "ail3re. The 13;er o3l5 $aie i! an5 lai8 5elier; o" $ha!eer li!!le ro4 !he sellerCs lan5 ha5 4ro53e5. The &34re8e (o3r! has lai5 5o$n !ha! "r3s!ra!ion 43!s an en5 !o !he lia1ili!; !o 4er"or8 !he on!ra!. I! 5oes no! e@!er8ina!e !he on!ra! "or all 43r4oses. For e@a84le, $he!her !he 5o!rine o" "r3s!ra!ion $o3l5 a44l; or no! has !o 1e 5ei5e5 $i!hin !he "ra8e$ork o" !he on!ra! an5, i" !he on!ra! on!ains an ar1i!ra!ion la3se, !he ar1i!ra!or o3l5 5ei5e !he 8a!!er o" "r3s!ra!ion.<<

Ad8#s*e% "f Righs 9Resi#i"%< The righ!s o" !he 4ar!ies are a523s!e5 3n5er &e!ion 0/. 65. !bligation of person who has received advantage under void agreement or contract that becomes void.— hen an agreement is discovered to be void, or when a contract becomes void, any person who has received any advantage under such agreement or contract is bound to restore it, or to make compensation to it, to the person from whom he received it.

Illustrations (a) A $ays B ,!666 ru$ees in consideration of B&s $romising to marry "! A&s daughter. " is dead at the time of the $romise! The agreement is void but B must re$ay A the ,!666 ru$ees. (b) A contracts with B to deliver to him 076 maunds of rice before the first of 8ay. A deliver9 ,:6 maunds only before that day! and none after. B retains the ,:6 maunds after the first of 8ay ;e is bound to $ay A for them. (c) A! a singer! contracts with B! the manager of a theatre! to sing at his theatre for two night in every week during the net two months! and B engages to $ay her hundred ru$ees for each night&s $erformance. n the sith night! A wilfully absents herself from the theatre! and 22 h(>??!!!.ssr%."*

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CONCLUSION The agree8en!s !o 5o i84ossi1le a!s in i!sel" are oi5 an5 s3h a!s are "airl; si84le !o "oresee an5 aser!ain !ha! !he a! $ill 1e i84ossi1le !o 4er"or8 ho$eer in ases o" "r3s!ra!ion, i! is so8e!i8es on"3sing $he!her !he on!ra! $ill 1e oi5 or no! an5 !he ario3s ir38s!ane $here !here is "r3s!ra!ion. The 5o!rine o" "r3s!ra!ion 5esri1es a si!3a!ion $here a"!er !he onl3sion o" a on!ra!, 3n"oreseea1le een!s o3r, ren5ering !he 4er"or8ane o" !ha! on!ra! i84ossi1le. Un5er !ha! 5o!rine, o3r!s hae !he 4o$er !o 5isharge an; on!ra! !ha! "alls $i!hin i!s so4e as "r3s!ra!e5. (o3r!s no$a5a;s see8 !o 1e rel3!an! $hen i! o8es !o 5isharging on!ra!s as "r3s!ra!e5. The 3rren! 4oli; on s3h 8a!!ers is !o 4reen! 4ar!ies "ro8 3sing !he 5o!rine as a 5e"ene 4ro!e!ing !he8 "ro8 a 1a5 1argain. Ano!her 4ara8e!er is an e@4e!e5 "oreseea1ili!; o" een!s o3rring a"!er !he "or8a!ion o" a on!ra!, een!s $hih $o3l5 hae a nega!ie i84a! on i!s ali5i!;. This is $h; $e sho3l5 eli8ina!e s3h 4ossi1ili!ies 1e"ore reahing a er5i!

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'I'LIO)RA+HY( T,e I-ia %"tra%t a%t ( it, a %"mmetary/ %riti%al a- e0#laat"ry $y +"ll"%1/ *re-eri%1/ Sir/ 234562789: I-ia. I-ia C"tra%t A%t: M;lla/ Di!,a, *ar-;";ral "f Re!ear%, i E%""mi%! ? S"%ial S%ie%e! Hal!$;ry@! La! "f Egla-/ f";rt, e-iti"/ V"l 7 Atiya, +.S./ “La "f C"tra%t& Clare-" +re!!6 6 O0f"r-/ E-iti"( II 2775. C,e!ire/ *if""t a- *;rm!t" Mi%,ael/ “La "f C"tra%t&/ O0f"r- +;$li%ati"/ E-iti"( V B=. Sig, Atar/ “La "f C"tra%t&/ Ea!ter '""1 H";!e L;%1"/ E-iti"(  B3.

WE'LIO)RA+HY ,tt#(.e$!ter.%"m

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,tt#(.i1i#e-ia."rg ,tt#(.-"%!t"%.%"m. ,tt#(.!!r.%"m. ,tt#(.legal!eri%ei-ia.%"m ,tt#(.ma;#atra.%"m ,tt#(.le0i!e0i!.%"m. ,tt#(.e$il!".%"m ,tt#(.i-iat"get,er.%"m ,tt#(.eFieart%le.%"m ,tt#(.e$%e$!t"re.%"m ,tt#(.,ei"lie.%"m

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Contracts 1 Project

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