ADDI S ABAB ABABA A UNI NIVER VERS SI T Y ADDIS AB AB AB A INS I NSTI TI T UT E OF T EC HNOLOGY DEPARTE DEPA RTEM M ENT OF OF CI VI L ENGI ENGI NEER NEERII NG Con Co n tra rac c t, Sp ec ecific ific ation a n d Qua n tity Su r ve vey y (CE (C E NG 5101) 5101) CHAP CHA P TE TERR- 3 Qua n tity Sur ve veyin ying g Novem ber 2012 2012 (NASIR (NAS IR B.)
CONTENTS Introduction
Purpose of Quantity Surveying
Measurement of Civil Works Works
Principles of Measur Mea surement ement
Units of Measurement
Degree Degr ee of accuracy in Measurement The Process of Quantity Surveying Basic Principles of Taking Taking Off
Quantity Surveying for Building Project Quantity Surveying for Road Projects
3.1. I nt ntroducti roduction on
Once a construction project is completed or depending on the form of contract upon completion of certain parts of the work, the contractor must be paid for appropriately completed works.
This would then require that the actual works done be somehow estimated or measured for payment purposes.
On the other hand to estimate how much a civil engineering project may cost, the actual quantities of materials, labor, equipment etc. that is needed for the construction work must be calculated at the beginning of the work.
Such work of calculating the amount of materials and other incidentals necessary for the realization of the work is called quantity surveying.. surveying
3
3.1. Int I ntrodu roduc ction Co C ont nt..
Quantity surveying is a term or processes used in the construction industry to take measurements measurements of civil works, prepare specifications specificati ons,, and estimate the cost of works either for each trade of work or for the whole project.
The term “ surveyin surveying g” means to inspect inspect,, study study,, review review,, investigate investigate,, “quantity asses,, and hence “ to measure asses measure”” therefore the term “quantity “quantity measuring” surveying”” means “quantity surveying measuring” as applied to civil engineering projects.
Quantity surveying is the application of standard methods of measurement to quantify quantify the amount of various items in a construction project, for the undertaking of valuation and certifying valuation,, and certifyi ng payments.. payments
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3.1. Int I ntrodu roduc ction Co C ont nt..
The following tasks are covered in quantity surveying. 1. Preparation of Specification 2. Taking measurements Taking measurements of of civil works (Taking off quantities and preparing BOQ) 3. Preparation of approximate (preliminary (preliminary)) cost estimate estimate at the very early stage of the project 4. Preparation of detail of detail cost estimate at estimate at different stages (taking as built measurements and preparing payment certificates or approval of payment certificates prepared by taking measurements) of property 5. Valuation Valuation of
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3.2. Purpo Purpose se of of Quant Quantiity Sur urve veyi ying ng
The purpose of quantity surveying hence the preparation of Bill of quantities is: i. Assist the client to have an accurate estimate of the volume of work as well as the required budget. ii. To assist in the accurate preparation of tenders , by providing uniform measurement of quantities. chec klist of work accomplished iii. To give an accurate checklist iv. To assist in the certification of payments v. To give insight into the required variation work amounts .
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3.3. Mea M easureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works
Measurement of civil works includes the billing of each trade of work either from drawings or the building itself for defining the work extent of works under each trade.
In order to avoid ambiguity ambiguity in measuring quantities, there is now a in construction activities. recommended principle of measurement measurement in Many professional organizations publish recommendations on units of measurement, degree of accuracy etc. this assists in setting a common parameters so parameters so that dispute is avoided. The standard book, book, which is used in Ethiopia, is Standard Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for Construction of Buildings by BaTCoDA by BaTCoDA,, March 1991. Ethiopian Road Author Authority ity Standard Specificati Specification on,, 2002 is used for Road Construction.
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3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. Principles of Measurement
The following are list of the basic principles of quantity surveying, applicable to all items of work. Each work section of a bill shall contain a brief description of the nature and location of work . Work shall be measured net as fixed in position . Measure the full work area and adjust deductions later . Items which are to be measured by area shall state the thickness or such other information as may be appropriate. Items which are to be measured by length or depth shall state the cross-sectional size and shape, girth or ranges of girths or such other information as may be appropriate. Items which are to be measured by weight shall state the material thickness and unit weight if appropriate ( Ex. Duct work) 8
3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. Principles of Measurement Piece of work shall be taken in numbers. For items of pipe work it shall be stated whether the diameter is internal or external . Mass voluminous and thick works shall be measured in volume (cubic meter) Thin, shallow and surface work shall be measured in area (meter thic kness. square) specifying the thickness Long and thin work shall be measured in length (linear measure, running meter) Bills are deemed to include labor, materials, goods and plant and all associated costs for fixing, assembling, etc.
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3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. Units of Measurement
Depending on the prevailing the prevailing system of measurement in any locality, measurement in quantities may be measured in the FPS the FPS system the metric system system or the metric system..
Here in Ethiopia Ethiopia,, the most common unit of measurement is the the metric system International System System of Units Units,, or the metric system of units in which the various items are measured as follows: Meter (m) For the measurement of length Kilogram (Kg) For the measurement of mass Second (s) For the measurement of time Ampere (A) For the measurement of current Degree Kelvin (K) For the measurement of temperature (Cd) For the measurement of luminous intensity Candles
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3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. Degrees of accuracy in in Measurement All dimensions measure to the nearest Thickness of slab measure to the nearest measur e to the nearest neare st Wood work measure Steel work measure to the nearest Reinforcement measure to the nearest Road work measure to the nearest Areas measure to the nearest Steel work areas measure to the nearest Volume measure to the nearest Wood work volume measure to the nearest neare st Weights measure to the nearest
0.01m 0.005m 0.002m 0.001m 0.005m 0.005m 0.01 meter square 0.001 meter square 0.01 meter cube 0.001 meter cubes 1 kg
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3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. The Process of Quantity Surveying
There are four clearly defined steps in preparation of Bill of Quantities: I.
Taking off
II. Squaring III. Abstracting IV. Writing the final Bill of Quantity I. Taking Taking Off
This is a process of measuring of measuring or scaling dimensions from dimensions from drawings and recording all dimensions in an easily understood format. This is in the drawings and specification. coupled with with the descriptions descriptions in
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3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. The Process of Quantity Surveying I. Taking Taking Off
In this task the quantity surveyor “ take off ” the quantities from the drawings and determines the volume of work to be done for the various components.
These quantities are calculated in a specially prepared format, as to aid accurate preparation and enable checking/rechecking or of amounts and correcting errors if any. any. adjusting of adjusting
These special formats are called “Take “Take off sheets” sheets” or “ Dimension ”. Paper”. Paper
The dimension paper used for taking off is usually double-ruled as shown (A4 size).
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3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. The Process of Quantity Surveying I. Taking Taking Off Title 1
2
3
4
Page
1
2
3
4
Page 14
2.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. The Process of Quantity Surveying I. Taking Taking Off
for stating the number of times an item occurs and Column 1 is used for stating is called the timising the timising column. column.
Column 2 is called dimension column as it is used to enter the dimensions of the items of works.
The dimensions are entered in the order indicated below: below: Length, Width, Height or Thickness. Thickness .
Column 3 3 is called squaring column column.. The stated dimensions in column 2 are multiplied to determine the quantity of the work either in ml, m2, m3 or in Pcs. or No.
Column 4 is 4 is called descripti description on column and description of the work item is briefly stated. 15
16
3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. I. Taking Taking Off
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3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. The Process of Quantity Surveying I. Taking Taking Off
A separate sheet ( Bar Schedule Schedule)) is used to prepare reinforcement quantities as shown below. below.
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3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. I. Taking Taking Off
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3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. The Process of Quantity Surveying II. Squaring
The dimensions entered in Column 2 2 are squared or cubed as the case may be, multiplied by the timising factor, and the result entered in Column 3. This task is called squaring called squaring..
All squared dimensi dimensions ons should be carefully checked by another person before abstracting, and if correct the item should be ticked with red. Use two decimal places. places .
III. Abstracting The squared dimensions are transferred to abstract sheets and all similar dimensions are collected in the same category to obtain the total quantity of each item.
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3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. The Process of Quantity Surveying IV.. Writing IV Writing the final bill
After the abstract sheets have been completed and checked, the final bill of quantity is written.
The dimensions are copied from the abstracts, and as each item is transferred it should be ticked by a vertical line from the abstract sheets.
The description of each item in the final BoQ should be short, precise and descriptive as per the specification.
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22
3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. Basic principles principles of taking Off
The following tasks ta sks are part of the Taking Taking Off:
Describing the item,
Bracketing (relating the description to the quantity),
Timising,
Dotting on (adding to the timising factor),
The Ampersand (ditto),
Waste calculations,
Deduction of items,
Correction of dimensions (nullifying).
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3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. Basic principles principles of taking off 1.
Drawings shall be fully understood and clearly detailed.
2.
Works, which cannot be measured accurately, shall be expressed as provisional quantity (PQ) and will result in provisional sum (PS) and lump sum (LS)
3.
There shall be the understanding that measurements are taken to the nearest cm.
4.
Built items shall generally include all possible entrants like labor, materials (including storing, loading, unloading and handling), fixing, use of plant and equipment, wastage of materials, equipment; which will result in a better process for establishing prices and profit.
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3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. Basic principles principles of taking Off 5.
Prior knowledge of the regulations is necessary (For E.g. roofing is measured in horizontal projection).
6.
Measurements of civil works shall be carried out in such a way that it can be easily checked and audited.
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3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. Types of taking Off
Mensuration – the calculation of geometric quantities such as length, area, and volume, from dimensions and angles that are already known.
Girth (perimeter) computation –linear measurement. There are various methods of taking off quantities for computation of girth. In- to- in and out- to-out method –some method –some wall lengths are taken out to out and others in to in (offsets are added to out to out lengths) and same are deducted from in -to-in lengths; used for any type of measurement irrespective irrespectiv e of condition cond ition of symmetry. symmetry. Centre line method –suitable method –suitable only when the cross sections of all walls are symmetrical. In this method Centre line length is found and same is used for taking off quantities (therefore only width and depth vary).
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3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. I. Taking Taking Off Types of taking off –lengths and breadths of walls as shown in plan Crossing method –lengths are taken for working out various items and this method is useful only if the offsets of footings foo tings are symmetrical. A.
B.
Out – to - Out and In – to – In Method Long Wall Wall (Out – to - Out ) = Inner Length + 2 Times Times Thickness of the t he Wall Wall Short Wall Wall (In – to – In ) = Inner Length - 2 Times Times Thickness of the Wall Center Line Method All dimensions are taken center to center
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3.3. Mea Measureme surement nt of Ci C ivi vill Works Co C ont nt.. Types of taking Off C.
Crossing Method Long Wall Wall (Out – to - Out ) = Inner Length + 2 Times Times Thickness of the th e Wall Wall Short Wall Wall (In – to – In ) = Inner Length
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 1. Site Clearance
Removal of bushes & vegetation vegetation Site clearance shall be measured by area and shall be understood as including trees up to 80mm 8 0mm in diameter.
Felling of Tr Trees ees i dentified by diameter d iameter.. Trees shall be enumerated and identified
Removal of termite hills Termite hill removal shall be measured by the volume of earth removed and disposed off.
Removal of structures structures Removal of structure shall be measured in lump sum, area or volume if sufficient description of works is given or using applicable units of work under each item of work in this Specification where unit rate quotations are required. 29
3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 2.
Excavation & Get Out
Removal of top soil "Top soil" shall mean the top 200-300mm depth layer of soil containing more than 5% organic material by weight. The removal of top soil shall be measured by the area occupied by the work to be placed on the cleared area.
Excavation in in ordinary soil Excavation in ordinary soil shall be measured by volume as the net void created by the excavation with deduction made for existing voids. Excavation shall be measured in successive stages of 1500mm from starting level.
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 2.
Excavation & Get Out
Limits of Bulk Bulk Excavation The limits of bulk excavation for the measurement shall be as shown on drawings. If not shown, the limits shall be, the surface area covered by the permanent structure resting on the area of bulk excavation plus the working space allowed for trench or pit excavations for the foundations of the permanent structure. In the instance of no limits being established or no permanent structure, the working space shall be determined by the Engineer but shall not exceed 500mm on either side of o f the limits of o f the th e area a rea to be excavated.
Limits of Pit Pit & Trench Trench Excavation Excavation Pit and trench excavation shall be measured by adding 250mm to each side of the dimension giving the surface area of the volume to be excavated. 31
3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 2.
Excavation & Get Out Soil Volume Volume Change Characteristics
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 2.
Excavation & Get Out
Rock excavation The methods of measurement and working space allowance for "Ordinary Soil" shall be equally applicable to excavation in rock.
Hard core & stone filler Hard core shall be measured by the area of the surface on which it is laid if the finished thickness does not exceed 300mm. Hard core and stone filling exceeding 300mm thickness shall be measured by the volume of void filled by the hard core or stone chipping.
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 3.
Concrete Work Cast insitu concrete Insitu concrete work shall be understood as including gauging, mixing, casting in place, construction joints tamping of horizontal surfaces and curing. Different Differentiation iation shall be made for: for: • Plain & reinforced concrete • Below and above grade work • Classes of concrete • Foundation • Columns • Ground & suspended beams & lintels • Ground & suspended solid & ribbed slabs. • Walls 34
3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng Concrete Work
3.
Cast insitu concrete Different Differentiation iation shall be made for: for: •
Steps, staircases and landings
•
Mass in-fillings.
•
Grouting & filling to holes.
•
Other concrete works. Methods of measurement measurement
Cast in place concrete shall be measured by volume except for the following: •
Ribbed slabs measured by area stating thickness.
•
Grouting and filling to holes shall be enumerated stating sizes. No deduction shall be made for voids up to 0.25m 2 in area. 35
3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 3.
Concrete Work Concrete Formwork The measurement for formwork shall be understood as including: •
Construction and removal of formwork
•
Making good of concrete honeycombs.
•
Making good of concrete surfaces to attain the standard of finish desired by the specified type of formwork.
•
Angles & returns. Different Differential ial shall be made in formwork for: •
Below and above grade work.
•
Work exposed to view & buried bur ied work.
•
Work on which further finish is to be applied ap plied
•
Formwork to produce architectural concrete by specifying desired type of finish. 36
3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 3.
Concrete Work Concrete Formwork Different Differential ial shall be made in formwork for: •
Footings
•
Columns
•
Grade & below grade beam.
•
Suspended and on wall resting beams.
•
Solid slab
•
Ribbed slabs
•
Walls
•
Staircase, steps and landing.
•
Grouting, in filling & block outs.
•
Other concrete works. 37
3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng Concrete Work
3.
Concrete Formwork Methods of Measurement Measurement •
Formwork shall be measured by area, taken as the net area in contract with the finished face of concrete with no allowance made for passing at angles, overlaps and intersections. Deduction
No deduction shall sha ll be made for voids in form work up to t o 0.25m2 in area.
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 3.
Concrete Work Reinforcement Reinforcement work shall be understood as including cutting, bending, placing in position, tie and spacers. Reinforcement shall be measured by the net weight of the bars & set in position without allowance for ties and spacers. Allowance shall be made for overlaps only if indicated on drawings & schedules or at overlaps of bars where the length of the bar reaches the maximum standard production limit. limit. The unit weights of reinforcement bars shall be the official unit weight issued by the th e appropriate approp riate Ethiopian Authority. Authority.
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 3.
Concrete Work
Precast Concrete Concrete Precast units shall be understood as including moulds, concrete, reinforcement, placing in position and finishing face of units. Precast units shall be measured by length or enumerated stating sizes.
Concrete Ancillaries Concrete ancillaries shall include expansion joints in fiber board, plastic material & plastic, metal and other water stops, permanently or temporarily embedded in concrete. Expansion, materials, water stops, block outs, etc shall be measured in length or enumerated stating sizes and understood as including removal if material materi al is placed as temporary tempor ary measure only. only.
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 4.
Masonry Work General •
Masonry work shall be understood to include, shaping, cutting, placing, bonding, tying, wedge placement, building to ends of other material and preparation prepara tion of surface for further finish.
•
Reinforcement to masonry wall & concrete in-fill shall be measured separate in accordance with the methods of measurement in concrete work. Masonry work work shall be differentiated differentiated for material and : Above and below grade work
Straight and tapering surfaces
Face finish
Mortar type
◦
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 4.
Masonry Work The unit of measurements are:
Stone wall by volume
Stone paving by area specifying thickness
Brick & block wall by area specifying thickness thickn ess Deductions
No deducts shall be made in masonry work for opening up to 0.25m2 in area.
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 5.
Roof Water Water Proofing Proofing & Damp Proofing unde rstood as included in the measuremen The following are understood m easurementt.
Perforating and sealing around pipes, stands and the like. Nailing, bolting, screwing Cutting, waste, trimming, jointing and the like.
Overlaps & returns. Method of Measurement Measurement Roofing & water proofing shall measured by area, without addition for laps and seams.
Decorative (reflective) coat to roofing shall be measured separate.
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 6.
Roof and Wall Cladding General •
Work measured by area shall be measured flat over the projected area without addition for slopes, laps and beams.
•
Work measured by length shall be measured net without addition for laps, passings, angles, end and the like.
•
The following shall be understood as included
Perforating and sealing roof around pipes, stands and the like. Nailing, bolting, screwing and the like to fix roofing and accessories. Battens, joists, runners, wedges and splicers in wood. Covering lists, back supports, brackets, and other supports to roof and accessories. Cutting, waste, bracing, trimming, boring, sinking, jointing and the like. 44
3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 6.
Roof and Wall Cladding Measurement
Roof cover, side cladding, water proofing and the like shall be measured by area. Ridges, flashing, aprons down pipes, gutters and the like be measured by length stating girth. Roof lights, ventilators, special roofing sheets shall be measured by area, length, or enumerate extra over roofing without deduction for roofing. Gutter and down pipes shall be measured by length taken along the center line and shall be deemed to include supports, brackets and fittings. The development sizes shall be given. Insulation shall be measured by area where not described as a composite item. Rainwater spout shall be enumerated stating the size and length. 45
3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 7.
Carpentry & Joinery General •
The size of timber shown on drawings for carpentry are sawn sizes within permitted deviations.
•
The size of timber and panels on drawings for joinery are milled sizes within permitted deviations. The sizes of joinery and carpentry work are finished sizes within permitted deviations.
•
Cutting waste, halving, trimming, boring, sinking, pelleting, notching, fitting, dovetailed framing, grounding, scarf jointing, scribing, rebates, grooves, chamfers, splayed round edges, lips, tongues angles, beads, molding, returns, meters, housing, fixing and the like shall be understood as included.
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 7.
Carpentry & Joinery General •
Unless otherwise stated or measured separate in the bill, the following are understood as included:
Hardware
Cover lists at joints and where required.
Priming, finishing, polishing, and application of lacquer and decoration to joinery. joinery.
Termite treatment for carpentry.
Fixing of joinery work to walls and other structural elements.
Carpentry ties to walls or other structure
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 7.
Carpentry & Joinery Measurement
Structural timber other than truss shall be measured by length of member without addition for laps. Roof trusses shall be enumerated by stating type and reference to detail drawing. Boarding, flooring, partitions, Soffits, curtain walls and the like shall be measured by area and understood as including all back frames. Doors and opening windows on panel partitions and curtain walls shall be enumerated as extra over the item. No deduction shall be made on curtain walls & panel partition for openings.
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 7.
Carpentry & Joinery Measurement
Fascias, eaves, barge boards, skirting and the like shall be measured by length stating girth. Doors and windows shall be enumerated and shall be understood as including jambs frames and cover co ver lists. Hardware shall be understood as included if indicated so in schedule. Built in furniture and boards shall be enumerated or measured by length stating sizes and shall be understood as including hardware unless stated as measured separate. Hardware shall be measured separate if different type of locks, hinges, etc., are to be installed on joinery and those can not be indicated on the schedule sch edule of joinery. 49
3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 7.
Carpentry & Joinery Measurement •
Hardware may be enumerated:
In sets provided this is clearly drawn out on the schedule of joinery. joinery.
Enumerated individually separated into types.
Provided as prime costs for later selection.
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 8.
Structural Steel Work General •
The weight of steel shall be the net weight, without addition for rolling margin, welding material, open-end sealers and section joints. No deduction de duction shall be made for holes, splay cuts, cut s, notches not ches or the like.
•
The following shall be understood as included in structural steel work:
Cutting, drilling, end sealing, testing, riveting, welding, fabrication, hoisting and fixing in position. Priming and protective treatment. Decorative paint where shown on drawing preparation of shop drawings and erection instructions.
Wedges, block outs out s & grouting groutin g
Spacers and rivets 51
3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 8.
Structural Steel Work Measurement •
Stanchions, beams, trusses, purlins, ceiling support, bracing, rails, and the like shall be measured by weight identified by profiles and type of structure.
•
Connection plates, base plates, angles ties, brackets and the like shall be measured by weight identified by profiles.
•
Hold down bolts shall be enumerated stating sizes and shall be understood as including bolts, anchors and spacers.
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 9.
Metal Work General •
•
The weight of metals shall be the net weight without addition for rolling margin, welding material, open and covers and section joints and without deduction for holes, splay, splay, cuts, notches or the like. The following shall be understood as included:
Chiseling, cutting, welding, riveting, shaping, grinding, drilling, bolting, countersinking, assembling, fixing and the like.
Protective treatment.
Decorative paint.
Frames, beads, linings, anchor brackets, grounds.
Hardware unless indicated as measured separate.
Preparation of shop and erection drawings.
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 9.
Metal Work Measurement •
Floor plates, duct covers, suspension profiles, ladders metal corner protection and linings shall be measured by length stating sizes.
•
Stairway and balustrade rails shall be measured by length stating girth.
•
Protective grills fixed to windows and doors shall be measured by area.
•
Doors and windows shall be enumerated enumerat ed stating sizes.
•
Curtain walls shall be measured by area.
•
Louver frames shall be enumerated in pairs stating number of blades.
• No
addition or deductions shall be made for deviation in measurement of up to 50mm in length, width and height. 54
3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 10.
Plastering and Pointing The following are understood as included: •
Preparing background like hacking, racking out joints grouting, bedding, jointing and key formation.
•
All work in narrow widths, corners, angles & openings.
•
Recessing of joints join ts in plaster. Methods of Measurement Measurement
Plaster shall be measured in successive coat with two backing coats measured as an item and the final coat measured separate. Plaster work shall be measured by area identified by the surface of the material it is to be applied to. Plasterwork shall be measured flat with out addition for edges and returns.
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 10.
Plastering and Pointing Methods of Measurement Measurement
Plaster to ribbed or corrugated corr ugated surfaces shall be measured flat. Curved, spherical and conical surfaces shall be measured along the surface. Internal and external surfaces shall be measured measured separate. separat e.
56
3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 11.
Floor and Wall Finish Finish General
Finishing work shall be measured flat without addition for laps or seams. Finishing on corrugated works shall be measured flat. Curved, spherical and conical surfaces shall be measured along the surface. Internal and external works shall be measured separate. Preparing back grounds like hacking, racking out joints, grouting, bedding, jointing, rubbing and priming shall be understood to be included. The following shall be understood as included:
All work in narrow widths, corners, angles or openings.
A recessed joint in i n finishes. 57
3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 11.
Floor and Wall Finish Finish Measurement •
The following shall be measured by area specifying material, size and thickness:
All finishes to floors specifying
All finish to walls except skirting, copping and cills
Risers, treads and landing to stairs.
The following shall be measured in length specifying materials size and thickness.
Skirting
Cills and copings
Dividing strips in floors. (expansion joints filled with sand & bitumen) included in floor. floor.
58
3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 12.
Painting General •
Painting, wall papers, plastic and fabric shall be measured by area.
•
Special application to edge shall be measured in length, by stating the girth of the surface exposed for painting.
•
Paints to metal surface shall be measured by area or the weight of the metal to be used. Classification •
Painting and other decorative finishes shall be classified as follows: •
Walls, columns and beams.
•
Ceiling which shall include Soffits of beams,
•
Slabs, staircases and in joinery j oinery.. 59
3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 12.
Painting Classification •
Floors.
•
Staircases risers and treads.
•
Skirting.
•
Balustrades and rails.
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Doors, windows, curtain walls and partition.
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Metal surfaces.
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3.4. Met Metho hods ds of of Mea M easureme surement nt in Buil Buildi ding ng 12.
Glazing Bedding, mastic and the like and fixing beads shall be understood to be included. Cleaning before fixing glazing and at completion shall be understood to be included. Unless otherwise stated glass shall be measured by the net cut area. Alternately glazing to louvers and special fixing may be enumerated or measured by length stating the size. Panel of irregular shapes shall be measured as the smallest rectangle from which such irregular shapes can be cut. Glass panes of special shape and decoration shall be enumerated. Mirror shall be enumerated stating size. No deduction shall be made to voids in glazing.
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THANK YOU!
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