Contents
Preface to Sixth Edition Acknowledgements Hints on Referring to this Book
Part 1 – Measurement Theory and Practice 1 Scope Scope and Co Conte ntext xt of Civ Civil il Eng Engine ineeri ering ng Measurement
viii ix x
1
3
Introduction – Development of Civil Engineering Codes of Measurement – Scope of Civil Engineering Works – Civil Engineering Contracts Generally – Contract Documentation – Reasons for Bills of Quantities – Comparison of Civil Engineering and Building Methods of Measurement – Effect of CESMM3 on Pricing
2 Fu Fund ndam amen enta tall Prin Princi cipl ples es of of CES CESMM MM3 3
12
Introduction – Definitions (CESMM3; Section 1) – General Principles (CESMM3; Section 2) – Application of the Work Classification (CESMM3; Section 3) – Coding and Numbering of Items (CESMM3; Section 4) – Preparation of the Bill of Quantities (CESMM3; Section 5) – Completion, Pricing and Use of the Bill of Quantities (CESMM3; Section 6) – Method-Related Charges (CESMM3; Section 7)
3 Mea Measur sureme ement nt Pra Practi ctice ce and Bil Billl Pro Produc ductio tion n
33
Introduction – Measurement and Billing Techniques Generally – Measurement Processes – Group System Bill Production – Other Methods of Bill Preparation – Example of Abstract and Bill of Quantities
4
CESMM3: Cl Classes A– A–D Contract and Preparatory Site Matters
56
Introduction – Class A: General Items – Example of Bill for General Items – Class B: Ground Investigation – Class C: Geotechnical and Other Specialist Processes – Class D: Demolition and Site Clearance
v
vi
Contents
5 CESMM3: Class E Excavation, Filling and Landscaping
68
Measurement of Earthworks – Mensuration of Volumes of Earthwork
6 CESMM3: Classes F–H Concrete
77
Class F: In Situ Concrete – Class G: Concrete Ancillaries – Class H: Precast Concrete
7 CESMM3: Classes I–L Pipework
86
Introduction – Class I: Pipework – Pipes – Class J: Pipework – Fittings and Valves – Class K: Pipework – Manholes and Pipework Ancillaries – Class L: Pipework – Supports and Protection, Ancillaries to Laying and Excavation
8 CESMM3: Classes M–O Metalwork and Timber
92
Introduction – Class M: Structural Metalwork – Class N: Miscellaneous Metalwork – Class O: Timber
9 CESMM3: Classes P and Q Piling
96
Introduction – Class P: Piles – Class Q: Piling Ancillaries
10 CESMM3: Classes R–T Roads, Rails and Tunnels
99
Introduction – Class R: Roads and Pavings – Class S: Rail Track – Class T: Tunnels
11 CESMM3: Classes U–W Walling, Painting and Waterproofing
105
Introduction – Class U: Brickwork, Blockwork and Masonry – Class V: Painting – Class W: Waterproofing
12 CESMM3: Classes X–Z Miscellaneous, Renovation and Incidental Works Introduction – Class X: Miscellaneous Work – Class Y: Sewer and Water Main Renovation and Ancillary Works – Class Z: Simple Building Works Incidental to Civil Engineering Works
109
Contents
Part 2 – Worked Examples
117
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
119 123 134 140 144 153 165 179 190 203 209 217 227 230 239 244 254 267 272 277 282
Demolition and Site Clearance Excavation and Filling Mass Concrete Retaining Wall Precast Pre-stessed Concrete Beams Pumping Chamber Sewage Holding Tank Pumphouse Stone Faced Sea Wall Sewer Water Main Steel-Framed Gantry Timber Jetty Hybrid Piles Quay with Concrete and Timber Piles Steel Sheet Piling Navigation Lamp Platform Estate Road Rail Track Tunnel Sewer Renovation Water Main Renovation
Bibliography Appendix 1 – Abbreviations Appendix 2 – Mensuration Formulae Index
284 285 289 291
vii
CHAPTER
1
Scope and Context of Civil Engineering Measurement Introduction Civil engineering measurement is a fundamental requirement for the evaluation of the cost of proposed works and the calculation of the final accounts for work executed. Formal agreement to standardise the method of preparing such measurements within the civil engineering industry occurred much later than in the building sector but the current code, Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement – Third Edition (or ‘CESMM3’), is an excellent document with an innovative tabular layout which makes reference to the rules very convenient. It should be noted that access to a copy of CESMM3 is strongly recommended during any study of this book as frequent references to that document will be made throughout the text. Civil engineering contracts may involve very large works both in scale and cost and it follows that the method of measurement should reflect this in its ethos and approach. Under CESMM the engineer or surveyor preparing the bill has to consider not only the tangible finished construction but the adverse conditions under which some of the work may be executed, and to allow the tendering contractor to include the cost of temporary works or plant not forming part of the final measured work. Some engineers were critical of this approach to measurement when it was first introduced in 1976 in the first edition of CESMM as they felt they were being expected to take on some of the risk by pointing out special difficulties on site such as bodies of water and other special circumstances. They felt these risk factors
3
4
Measurement Theory and Practice were strictly up to the contractor to spot and for the contractor to decide on how to overcome such difficulties on site. However they rather missed the point, which is that a truly useful bill of quantities should reflect the nature of the work proposed and the circumstances under which it will be executed. There is no intention of absorbing any associated risk within the bill of quantities and taking risk away from contractors; rather the bill can be viewed as providing additional cost-significant information which contractors may use to formulate their tender prices. In this respect bills should not impose or suggest methods of executing the work unless there is no choice because the engineer requires a particular constructional method to be adopted – in which case this material fact should be made quite clear. There are several ways in which CESMM3 reflects the ethos of cost significance of location and method. Although these features will be dealt with in more detail later, it is worthwhile to give some instances here:
(1) CESMM3, rule 2.5 may be summarised as ‘work should be itemised in the bill of quantities in sufficient detail to distinguish between different classes of work, and between work of the same nature in different locations or any other circumstance which may affect cost’.
(2) One of the innovative features of CESMM3 is the incorporation of methodrelated options allowing for pricing elements of cost not necessarily directly proportional to finished work. Civil engineering frequently involves the use of costly plant or sophisticated temporary works which are not obvious in the final structures but nevertheless represent very significant cost. Contractors are permitted to insert their own items into the bills to cover for methodrelated charges both as fixed and time-related costs. A major criticism of some earlier building methods of measurement was that 80 per cent of the cost was contained in 20 per cent of the items – thus 80 per cent of the items were effectively a waste of time and effort in producing them. CESMM3 has largely addressed this aspect in that the measured items represent the main cost elements of the work while the ancillary labours and the like are frequently deemed to be included. The contractor can readily value these ancillary elements from the contract drawings and specifications and incorporate them in the costings for the all-inclusive main item.
Development of Civil Engineering Codes of Measurement The Institution of Civil Engineers published a report of a committee dealing with engineering quantities in 1933, and thus provided for the first time a standard procedure for drafting bills of quantities for civil engineering work. Prior to the introduction of this document there was no uniformity of practice in the measurement of civil engineering quantities, and engineers responsible for the preparation of civil engineering bills of quantities largely worked up their own systems of measurement as they thought fit. The order and nature of the billed items, the units of measurement and even the method of tabulating the information in specific columns – usually referred to as ‘ruling’ – which was adopted for the bills of quantities, varied considerably.
Scope and Context of Civil Engineering Measurement It will be appreciated that this lack of uniformity in the preparation of civil engineering bills of quantities made the task of civil engineering contractors in pricing them far more difficult than it is today, now that a more uniform method of measurement has been generally adopted. In 1953, after much deliberation and consultation, a revised document, entitled Standard Method of Measurement of Civil Engineering Quantities, was issued by the Institution of Civil Engineers, and this was reissued with slight amendments in 1963 and a metric addendum in 1968. This amended the previous (1933) report to meet the changing needs of civil engineers and contractors, and tied up with the provisions of the General Conditions of Contract for use in connection with Works of Civil Engineering Construction. Certain sections of the 1933 report were simplified, particularly those dealing with concrete and pipe lines. New sections covering site investigation and site clearance were added and provision was made for the measurement of prestressed concrete. In 1967 the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) established a working party to identify research needs aimed at improving contract procedure. One of the projects that followed aimed at developing and testing an improved form of bill of quantities for civil engineering contracts, and the results were summarised in CIRIA report 34. This study sought to define the needs of the industry and to propose means of making the information in the bill more useful, and so to reduce the high administrative cost of measurement. The investigations incorporated the use of experimental features of bills of quantities on live civil engineering contracts. The dominant conclusion in the report is that civil engineering bills of quantities, apart from scheduling the components of the contemplated work, should also contain charges related to the method and timing of the contractor’s operations. Following the publication of the CIRIA Report a steering committee was appointed by the Institution of Civil Engineers to undertake a detailed reappraisal of the civil engineering code of measurement. The steering committee spent five years formulating its proposals and throughout this period consulted extensively with the construction industry and other relevant bodies and persons. The resulting Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement was published in 1976. The principal changes introduced by the CESMM were as follows:
(1) Greater standardisation of format, both in the component items and in the way they are described. A reduction of the previous variety that frequently arose from house styles and often led to unnecessary confusion to tendering contractors.
(2) It introduced various levels of classification or pigeon holes from which descriptions can be developed. There are also coding arrangements, which have no contractual significance, although they will assist where computers are used and form a useful basis for cost analysis.
(3) Use of method-related charges to represent more clearly site construction costs, such as the cost of setting up and operating plant, labour teams and the like. In these cases the best cost parameter is not the finished physical work but what the contractor has to do on site.
(4) A large number of small changes to detailed rules of measurement, resulting in the removal of anomalies and differences in interpretation. Cost is very
5
6
Measurement Theory and Practice much influenced by the location of work, and although it was not found practicable to frame rules to cover this, engineers or surveyors preparing bills can reflect this in the way they prepare the information and describe the items. It was claimed that bills prepared in accordance with the CESMM would be easier to compile, be of greater use to the contractor, better reflect the costs involved and more effectively serve other purposes, such as programming, cost control and management. The second edition of Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement (CESMM2) was published in 1985, following two years of preparation work. The measurement notes were retitled ‘rules’ and expanded, rearranged and classified to make reference and interpretation easier. Additional items were inserted to keep pace with new technology, particularly in site investigation and geotechnical processes. A new section was included to cover sewer renovation. Bills produced under CESMM2 were more comprehensive and problem areas in the first edition suitably clarified. Furthermore, an attempt was made to secure greater compatability with building measurement practice, with the introduction of SMM7. The third edition of Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement (CESMM3) updated the code, brought it into alignment with the sixth edition of the ICE Conditions of Contract , and new sections were introduced on water mains renovation and simple building works incidental to civil engineering works.
Scope of Civil Engineering Works Before comparing the methods adopted for the measurement of civil engineering work with those used for building work, some consideration should be given to the nature and scope of civil engineering works, to appreciate fully and understand the need for a different and separate mode of measurement to operate in respect of these latter works. This comparison is included primarily for the use and guidance of quantity surveyors, many of whom are mainly concerned with the measurement of building works. Civil engineering works encompass a wide range of different projects, some of which are of great magnitude. Vast cuttings and embankments, mass and reinforced concrete structures, large structural steel construction, reservoirs, sewage schemes, piling for heavy foundations, harbour works, dry docks, roads, canals and railways, all form the subject matter of civil engineering contracts. These works require considerable skill, ingenuity and technical knowledge in both their design and construction. The use of new materials and techniques is continually changing the nature and methods of construction used in these pro jects, and the increasing size and complexity of these works demand a greater knowledge and skill for their measurement and valuation. Some works involve elements of uncertainty, as for example the excavation work for extensive deep foundations or the laying of underground services under very variable site conditions. Many civil engineering projects are carried out on the banks of rivers or on the sea coast, and on low-lying marshy land, thus making the operations that are involved even more difficult and exacting. For these reasons it is essential that a code of measurement specially applicable to this class of work should be used.
Scope and Context of Civil Engineering Measurement Owing to the magnitude of most civil engineering works, it is advisable that the code of measurement adopted should be relatively simple, to avoid the separate measurement of labours and small items, some of which were dealt with separately when measuring building work, prior to the introduction of SMM7. Furthermore, owing to the very nature of the works, there is a great deal more uncertainty than on building works, and the method of measurement needs to be more flexible to allow for variations in the methods of construction used and changes effected during the course of the constructional work made necessary by site conditions. The main function of a bill of quantities is to enable prices to be obtained for the project on a uniform basis and precise dimensions cannot always be prepared at the ‘taking-off’ stage. The quantities should always be as accurate as the drawings and other data permit but they will be adjusted following the remeasurement of the completed work on the site and the work, as executed, valued at billed or comparable rates, on what is often termed a ‘measure and value contract’. Extensive temporary works are likely to be required during the construction of civil engineering works and the contractor will need to cover the cost of these works in some part of the bill of quantities.
Civil Engineering Contracts Generally In the simplest of terms a contract can be defined as a legally binding agreement between parties. In the case of civil engineering works the contract is normally an agreement to have work done in return for a specified sum of money. The client commissioning the work is legally known as the ‘employer’ while the party carrying out the work is legally known as the ‘contractor’. It is important that the extent of the proposed work is clearly specified while the timing and method of payments for the work also are clearly stipulated. In practice, within the UK, the majority of civil engineering contracts will be based on one of the standard ICE conditions of contract issued by agreement between the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Association of Consulting Engineers and the Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors. There is a wide choice of procurement routes available to clients, varying from the ‘traditional’ based on a design by consultant engineers and a prepared bill of quantities, through to design and construct where the contractor is responsible for the structural integrity of the finished works. There are ICE standard forms of contract to suit these varying circumstances but as this book is primarily concerned with civil engineering measurement, the form of contract will be assumed to be the traditional approach based on the ICE Condition of Contract , 6th edition, drawings, specification and bills of quantities. Should the ICE 6th edition be adopted there is provision in clause 57 for the use of CESMM3 as the rules of measurement within the contract. The foregoing deals with the concept of civil engineering contracts only in the most simple of terms but it is prudent to draw attention to legislation enacted in the 1990s which has affected construction contracts in the UK. The two Acts which have affected virtually all work with very few exceptions are:
(1) The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994; usually referred to as the ‘CDM Regulations’.
7
8
Measurement Theory and Practice (2) The Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996; usually referred to as the ‘Construction Act’. The first is concerned with safety throughout the total life of any construction through the design stage, construction phase, occupancy or use and the ultimate demolition or decommissioning of the works. The second is concerned with fair payment terms and dispute resolution within construction contracts for clients, contractors and sub-contractors. These Acts apply irrespective of the contract conditions chosen by a client but have been fully implemented by amendments in the appropriate ICE standard conditions.
Contract Documentation Assuming the traditional procurement route with ICE 6th edition form of contract and a bill of quantities then the contract documents in order of importance are as follows: (1) Conditions of Contract As detailed above, the conditions of contract represent the legally binding agreement between the parties and cover such important elements as expected completion date of the work, methods and timing of payments, access to the works, sequence of construction, storage areas available to the contractor etc. (2) Contract Drawings These indicate the location, scope and design complexity of the works and show graphically the full extent of what is required to be constructed. (3) Specification The specification details the quality required in the works. The contract drawings indicate locational information but cannot readily represent quality – they therefore have cross-references to specification clauses which fully describe the expected quality of each element. Quality may be specified by prescriptive or performance criteria. (4) Bill of Quantities The definition used in rule 1.7 of CESMM3 is as follows: ‘Bill of Quantities means a list of items giving brief identifying descriptions and estimated quantities of the work comprised in a Contract’. This definition rightly infers that the bill should be brief and should not unnecessarily repeat information contained elsewhere on the drawings or the specification. Because of the uncertain nature of much of civil engineering work at the billing stage the quantities are correctly defined as ‘estimated’, and in the majority of contracts the works will be remeasured on site to reflect the true quantities actually required. It should be noted that bills of quantities, while desirable, are not essential contract documents. However the other three documents are essential in order to fully detail what is contractually required.
Scope and Context of Civil Engineering Measurement
Reasons for Bills of Quantities Although not essential to form a contract, bills are nevertheless commonly prepared for civil engineering contracts in the UK. The reasons for the popularity of bills of quantities can be summarised as follows:
(1) All tendering contractors base their prices on the same information and therefore tenders are strictly comparable (even if an error exists in the bill).
(2) Contractors are saved the costly exercise of each having to take off quantities for themselves. Should there be an error in their own quantities the result would be that the tender figure is too high or too low irrespective of their intended rates for items of work.
(3) Bills provide a fair basis for valuing variations and adjustments for the final account.
(4) Bills may provide a convenient basis for valuation of certificated stage payments during the contract, before the accurate remeasurement figures are available.
(5) Bills provide an approximate checklist for the contractor to order materials and other resources.
(6) Bills can provide data for cost analyses for use in cost planning of future projects. Some clients, in recent years, have been attracted to the ‘design and construct’ procurement route which transfers more risk to the contractor. This has not lead to the demise of bills of quantities as the majority of contractors still prefer to build up their tenders using a traditional bill to price with unit rates. Contractors will either prepare these bills in house or commission them along with the project design from outside consultants.
Comparison of Civil Engineering and Building Methods of Measurement There are two separate and distinct practices of measurement operating for civil engineering and building works. There is, however, considerable common ground as regards the general approach, units of measurement employed and items of work that can be measured under both codes. As previously stated, civil engineering work should be measured in accordance with Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement prepared by the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors. Building works are generally measured in accordance with Standard Method of Measurement of Building Works, issued by the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and the Building Employers Confederation. The details of building works are usually in a far more precise stage at the time of preparing the bill of quantities than is the case with civil engineering works. Furthermore, building work normally covers more works sections, and is in consequence subject to more detailed measurement. For instance, in building work, backfilling trenches, compacting trench bottoms and earthwork support are each
9
10
Measurement Theory and Practice measured separately, whereas in civil engineering work most of these items are included in the excavation rates. In the absence of variations in design, most building work with the exception of sub-structural, drainage and external works, will not be subject to remeasurement and the contractor will be paid for the quantities of work incorporated in the bill of quantities. In contrast, in civil engineering, most of the work will be subject to remeasurement and the bill quantities are merely considered as estimated. The items under CESMM3 rules are generally quite brief and the bill is much less of a stand-alone document than is the case with building bills, thus the tendering contractor will require to refer frequently to the drawings and specification in order to amplify the bill items for pricing purposes. There is often more locational and method-related information presented in civil engineering bills and contractors require to consider these factors in assessing their rates for the work. Furthermore as a greater proportion of the work is often below ground level, there is a consequently increased risk in tendering for civil engineering work owing to such variable factors as nature of the ground, ground water and weather. CESMM3 avoids the expression ‘measured extra over’ in the various rules. However the concept does exist in the method of measurement in some Work Classifications, but the arguably ambiguous phrase ‘extra over’ is eliminated. One example of this would be in Class I: Pipework – Pipes, where measurement rule M3 states that the measured lengths of pipes in trenches shall include the lengths occupied by fittings and valves. The fittings and valves are measured by number in Class J: Pipework – Fittings and Valves but separately identified as within trenches (additional description rules A4). Fittings and valves in trenches are therefore effectively extra over the pipes in which they occur but not so stated in the Bill of Quantities. In some of the larger civil engineering contracts there is also some building work. With these contracts the question often arises as to how the works as a whole are to be measured. Take, for example, a large power station contract. The best procedure would appear to be to measure the main superstructure, the ancillary buildings and possibly the chimneys in accordance with Standard Method of Measurement of Building Works. The structural steel frameworks could be measured under either code of measurement. The remainder of the power station contract, comprising heavy foundations, piling, wharves and jetties, railway sidings, cooling towers, circulating water ducts, roads, sewers and water mains, are all essentially civil engineering work, and are best measured in accordance with Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement . When CESMM was published in 1976 it introduced a different approach to measurement and pricing with three divisions of measurement in each work class with consequently greater uniformity in bill descriptions, and the use of methodrelated charges to permit the separation of items that are not proportional to the quantities of permanent work. SMM7 adopted a similar approach for building work and hence increased the amount of commonality in the approach adopted in the two measuring codes, which was also extended into some of the detailed measuring procedures, such as structural metalwork/steelwork. Readers requiring further information on building measurement are referred to Building Quantities Explained by Ivor H. Seeley and Roger Winfield (Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1998).
Scope and Context of Civil Engineering Measurement
Effect of CESMM3 on Pricing CESMM3 permits greater standardisation in the format of bills of quantities and this assists contractors in pricing. The drafting committee believe that bills prepared under CESMM3 are more consistent, with work adequately itemised and described to include cost-significant items with a consistent level of detail. It is also stated that the coding system permits estimating, valuation, purchasing and cost control to use the same numerical references and that these will also simplify computerised data processing.
General Items and Method-Related Charges Where the general items have been satisfactorily listed and priced and full use made by the contractor of method-related charges, then the pricing of measured work is simpler. In theory all services and facilities that are not proportional to the quantities of permanent work will have been separated for pricing purposes. In practice all sorts of permutations are possible. One contractor may not insert any method-related charge items, while another could include for each and every type of plant, as encouraged to do by Class A3, which, for instance, lists earth compaction plant and concrete mixing plant. Both of these types of plant involve some fixed costs in transporting plant and offloading together with the subsequent transporting to a depot or another site. In between these fixed events the plant is operated and maintained and these can be regarded as time-related charges. On the other hand they could be considered as essential components of the earth compaction or concrete production, and hence could be included in the measured work unit rates. These possible variations in approach in dealing with the pricing of plant could result in considerable differences in measured rates and general items. Hence the analysis, checking and comparison of priced bills by quantity surveyors and engineers may require considerable care before making any recommendations to clients regarding acceptance of particular lenders. However the majority of contractors, engineers and quantity surveyors now find the detailed rules within the various Work Classifications to be good, practical and workable requirements both at the pre-tender and post-tender stages of projects.
11
Index Abbreviations 37, Appendix 1 Above ground drainage 178 Abstract sample pages 48–51 Abstracting 40, 41 Accessories to concrete 83, 139, 150, 152, 162, 237, 251 Adjustment items 27 Adjustments for openings 177 Advantages and disadvantages of method-related charges 31 Air valves (water main) 207 Alterations to existing 14, 281 Ancillaries concrete 80, 138, 139, 143, 150, 236, 250 piling 97, 229, 234, 235, 238 p ip e laying 9 0 p ip ewor k 20 8 Annulus grouting (sewers) 112, 280 Application of method-related charges 30 Application of the work classification 15 Ashlar 187 Asphalt tanking 170, 171 Back grouting of tunnels 104 Back-drop manholes 89 Backfilling pipe trenches 90 Ballast for rail track 101, 269 Band courses (walling) 106 Bar reinforcement 82 Bases for roads and paving 100 Baxter formula price adjustment 27, 30 Beams (precast pre-stressed) 140 Beds for pipes 90 Bends on pipes 205 Billing 33, 42, 43 Bills of quantities completion, pricing and use 27 definition 8 divisions into parts 20 headings and sub-headings 21 item descriptions 16, 21, 22 itemisation under CESMM3 21 layout for stationery 26 list of principal quantities 19 pricing and use 27 production of Chap. 3 r easo ns for 9 sample pages 52–5 sections 18 Blo ck work 105 Bodies of water affecting work 24 Bolts (holding down) 215 Bored piles 97, 229 Bo rro w pits 7 1 Branches on pipes 205 Brickwork 105, 170, 171, 173 Building work in civil engineering 10, 113 Building work method of measurement 9, 10 Bulking of excavations 71 Bull head rails 101 Cab le tr ay 11 5 Cabled building services
115
Carpentry and joinery 114 Cast in place piles 97, 229 Cast iron segmental tunnel 275 Cavity walling 106 CCTV surveys of sewers 111, 278 surveys of water mains 113, 283 CDM Regulations 7 CESMM 1 and 2 5 , 6 , 10 3 generally 3, 4, 5 3 history 4 definitions within 13 fundamental principles Chap. 2 general principles 14 item descriptions 16, 21, 22 itemisation 21 library of item descriptions 47 method-related charges 28 quantities 23 wor k items 20 Chambers for pipework 89, 207 Channels in roads 100 Civil engineering building work within 10, 113 measurement generally Chap. 1 Cleaning sewers 111, 278 Cleaning water mains 283 Coding of items 17 Commencing surface in earthworks 14, 15, 64 Comparison of CESMM3 and SMM7 9 Completion, pricing and use of bills 27 Composite walling 106 Computers billing 45 programs 46 Concrete accessories 83, 150, 152, 162 ancillaries 80, 138, 139, 143, 150, 236, 250 designated mixes 78 designed mixes 78 generally Chap. 6 granolithic finish 83, 162 in situ 77, 144, 148, 149, 159, 235, 250 inserts 83, 139 intrusions 8 0 joints 82 mass (non-reinforced) 77, 134–9 p avements 1 00 piles 97 placing 77, 79 post-tensioned 82 precast 83, 143 prescribed mixes 78 pre-stressed 77, 82, 84 pre-tensioned 84 p rov is io n 7 8 r einfor ced 77 road 262 standard mixes 78 stools for pipes 91 surface finishes 81, 83 voids 81
291
292
Index
Concrete (continued ) water sto ps 8 2 worked examples 169, 171, 174, 185 Conditions of contract 7, 8 Conduit (electrical) 115 Connections to existing pipes 208 Construction Act 8 Contiguous bored piles 97 Contract documentation 8 Contract drawings 8 Contracts in general Chap. 4 Copings 106 Crossings by pipes 89 Culverts 89 Curved formwork 80 Curved rail track 102 Cut and fill calculations 124, 127, 128 Cut and shuffle 43 Damp-proof courses 107, 173 Damp-proofing 108 Daywork 13 Daywork schedules 20 D eductio ns 38 Definitions within CESMM3 13 Demolition and site clearance 66, 119, 122 Department of Transport, Highway Specification 100 Designated concrete mixes 78 Designed concrete mixes 78 Diamond crossing (rail track) 102 Diaphragm walls 66 Dimension paper 35 Dimensions 22, 36 Direct billing 34, 43 Disadvantages of method-related charges 31 Disposal of excavations 131, 158, 184, 188, 258 Ditches (drainage) 89 Divisions of bills into parts 20 D oo rs 1 14, 175 Double handling of excavations 71 Downpipes and gutters 109 Drains and drainage above ground 178 ditches 89 fittings 88 French 89 pipes 86, 198, 226 Dredging 71 Driven and bored piles 229 Dry partitions and linings 114 Ducts 89 Earthing and bonding 115 Earthworks generally Chap. 5 worked examples 148, 158, 169, 183, 188, 238, 258 Electrical installations 115 Enlarged bases to piles 97 Epoxy linings to water mains 283 Erection of metalwork 93 Excavated surface 14, 25, 69 Excavations b ulking of 7 1 double handling 71 generally Chap. 5 in ro ck 69, 201 running sand 70 shrinkage of 71 Simpson’s rule (volumes) 73–5 stages in 69, 70 trimming surfaces 72
tunnels 103, 275 upholding sides 70 volumes measurable 71 worked examples 123, 148, 158, 169, 183, 188, 258 working space 70 Existing sewer renovation 110, 111 Expressly required work 13 Extra over items 10 Fabric reinforcement 82, 236 Fabrication of metalwork 93, 214, 223 Facing brick walling 107 Fair face on walling 106, 173, 178 Fences and fencing 109 Fenders (timber) 94 Figure dimensions 38 Filling embankments 132 generally Chap. 5 to structures 72 topsoil 132, 133 worked examples 123, 159, 184, 238, 261 Final surface in earthworks 14, 25, 69 Finishing concrete surfaces 162 Fittings on pipes 88, 205 Fixed-charge method-related charge 28 Fixings for timber 222, 224, 237 Flanges on pipes 206 Flap valves (sewers) 281 Flat-bottomed rail track 101 Format of bills (stationery) 26 Forming curves in rail track 102 Formwork generally 8 0 projections 81 voids 81 worked examples 138, 139, 151, 161, 172, 174, 186, 236, 250 Fractional quantities 24 French drains 89 Fundamental principles of CESMM3 Chap. 2 Gabions 109 Gates 109 Gauge of rail track 101 General excavation 68, 69, 131 General items 11, 57 sample bills 60–3 General principles of CESMM3 14 Geotechnical processes 66 Glazing 114 Grand summary in bills 27 Granolithic finish to concrete 83, 162 Granular fill 139 Grass seeding 132, 261 Ground anchors 66 Ground and excavation levels 25 Ground investigation 64 sample bills 65 Group system of take-off 34, 40 Grouping of dimensions 37 Grouting geotechnical process 66 voids of sewers 112 Gullies to roads 266 Handrails (metal) 251 Haunches for pipes 89, 202 Headings and sub-headings in bills 21 History of CESMM3 4 Holding down bolts 215 Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 8
Index
Hybrid piles 227 Hydrant 207 ICE Conditions of Contract 7 Icepac (software) 46 In situ concrete 77, 144, 148, 149, 159, 169, 171, 174, 185, 235, 250 In situ finishes 114 Inserts in concrete 83, 139, 152, 163, 237, 251 Insulation 114 Interlocking steel sheet piles 97, 185, 243 Interruptions to sewer renovation 112, 281 Intrusions (concrete) 80, 250 Ironmongery 175 Isolated wall rule 106 Item co ding 17 Item descriptions under CESMM3 16, 21, 22 Itemisation under CESMM3 21 Jacking (pre-stressing) 143 Joints in concrete 82, 162, 263 Junctions on pipes 206 K erbs
10 0, 263
Ladders (metal) 252 Landscaping generally Chap. 5 planting 72 seeding 72, 159 turfing 72 worked examples 132 Laterals in sewer renovation 278, 280 Laying rail track 102, 271 Levels in earthworks 25 Lifting and slewing rail track 102, 270 Lifting rail track 269 Light duty pavement 189, 264, 265 Linings to sewers 110, 111 to walls and ceilings 114 List of principal quantities in bills 19 Maintenance and repairs 14 Manholes and chambers 89, 112, 145, 164, 199 Manholes (existing sewers) 281 Masonry 105, 187, 188 Mass (non-reinforced) concrete 77, 134 Measurement of completed work 18 practice Chap. 3 p ro ces ses 3 5 techniques 33 Mensuration of volumes 73 Metal and metalwork fixings for timber 95 generally Chap. 8 miscellaneous 94, 215, 251 off-site treatment 93 stairs 94 walkways 94 windows 176 Method-related charges 11, 28, 57, 58 Miscellaneous Work (Class X) 109 Numbering of dimension sheets 39 Objectives of method-related charges 28 Off-site treatment of metalwork 93 Order of dimensions 36 Original surface in earthworks 14, 25, 69 Overbreak in tunnel excavations 104
Packing existing rail track 102 Painting 107, 176, 216, 226 Partitions 114 Pavement 99, 189, 264, 265 Payment lines in tunnels 104 Piles and piling ancillaries 97, 229, 234, 235, 238, 253 bored 97 cast in place 97, 229 contiguous bored 97 driven 97 enlarged bases 97 ex tens io ns 98 generally Chap. 9 interlocking 97 preformed concrete 234, 235, 252 preparing heads 98 raking 252 steel sheet 97, 239 testing 98, 229, 253 timber 221, 238 tremie pipe placement 98 work affected by water 96 Pipes and pipework ancillaries 89, 208 building services 115 cro ssings 8 9 drains 86, 198, 226 fittings and valves 88, 164, 199, 205 generally Chap. 7, 89 junctions 206 manholes 89, 112, 145, 164 p rotection 90 reinstatement 89, 201 stools 91 supports 90 s ur rounds 9 0 thrust blocks 91 thrust boring 90 trenches 86, 205 valves 88, 205, 207 water mains 86, 203 worked examples 198, 205, 266 Placing of concrete 77, 79, 149, 159, 235 Planting (landscaping) 72 Plugging existing sewer laterals 278 P lumbing 11 5 Points (turnouts) rail track 102 Post-tensioned concrete 82, 140 Preambles to bills 19 Pre-cast concrete 83, 143, 177 Preformed concrete piles 234, 235 Preparation for painting 107 Preparation of bills 18 Preparation of existing sewers 278 Preparation of surfaces in earthwork 72, 158, 184, 189 in filling 1 85 Preparatory site matters Chap. 4 Prescribed mix concrete 78 Pressure grouting (tunnels) 104, 276 Pre-stressed concrete 77, 82, 84, 140 Pre-tensioned concrete 84, 140 Pricing, effect of CESMM3 11 Pricing and use of bills 27 Prime cost items 22, 59 Principal quantities in bills 19 Principles of CESMM3 Chap. 2 Prismoidal rule for volumes 73 Professional services (ground investigation) 64, 65 Programs (computer) in civil engineering 46 Projections in formwork 81 Proprietary system partitions 114
293
294
Index
Protection to pipes 90 Provision of concrete 78 Provisional sums 23, 59 Quantities under CESMM3 23 Query sheets 39 Rail track gauge 101 generally 101, 267 maintenance 102 Raking piles 252 Ranges of dimensions 22 Reasons for bills of quantities 9 Rebates on walling 105 Reinforced concrete 77 Reinforcement concrete 82, 152, 171, 174, 236, 251 piles 229 walling 107 Reinstatement (pipe trenches) 89, 200 Remeasurement 10 Renovation work sewers 110, 111, 277 water mains 113, 282 Repairs and maintenance 14, 110, 111, 113, 277 Retaining wall (mass concrete) 136–9 Road markings 100 Roads and pavings 99, 254, 262 Rock excavation 69, 201 Rock filled gabions 109 Rock pitching 238 Roofing (waterproofing) 108 Rubble drains 89 Running sand 70 Schedules of components 40 Scope of civil engineering works 6 Sections of bills 18 Seeding (landscaping) 72, 159 Segmental linings sewers 280 tunnel 275 Sewage holding tank 153 S ewer 1 98, 266 Sewer renovations 110, 111, 277 Shafts (tunnels) 103 Sheet piling 97, 185, 243 Shrinkage in excavations 71 Sills 106 Simple building works 113 Simpson’s rule (volumes) 73–5 Site clearance 66, 119, 121 Sleepers (rail track) 101 Slewing rail track 102 Slip-lining (sewer renovation) 279 SMM7 Building Works 9, 10 Specification for highway works 100 Specifications 8 Specified requirements 57 Squaring of dimensions 40 Stabilising sewers 111, 279 Stages in excavations 69, 70 Standard gauge rail track 101 Standard mixes of concrete 78 Steel sheet piling 97, 185, 243 Steelwork (structural) 92 Stiles 109
Stools for pipes 91 Strata in tunnelling 103 Structural metalwork 92, 214, 223 Structural timber 94 Sub-bases (roads and pavings) 100 Supply only items (rail track) 270 Supports to pipes 90 to tunnels 10 2 Surface features on walling 106 Surface finishes, linings and partitions Surface finishes to concrete 81, 83 Surrounds to pipes 90 Suspended ceilings 114
114
Take-off lists 39 Taking off quantities Chap. 3 Tanking 108, 170 Tendons (post-tensioned) 143 Testing piles 98, 229, 253 Thrust blocks 91 Thrust boring pipes 90 Tidal water see Water affecting works Timber (structural) 94, 221, 224, 237 Time-related method-related charges 28, 59 Timesing of dimensions 36 Titles of dimension sheets 39 Topsoil excavation 131 Track maintenance (rail) 102 Traffic signs 100 Tree removal 121 Tremie pipe placement (piles) 98 Trenches for pipes 86, 205 Trial pits, trenches and boreholes 64 Trimming surfaces in earthwork 72 Trunking (electrical) 115 Tunnels and tunnelling 102, 272 Turfing 72 Turnouts (rail track) 102, 270, 271 Units of measurement 24 Upholding sides of excavation 70 Use, completion and pricing of bills 27 Valves on pipes 88, 205, 207 Voids in concrete and formwork 81 Volumes in earthworks 71 Wall ties 106 Walling 10 5 Waste calculations 36 Water affecting works 24, 96; see also Worked Examples 8, 12, 14, 15 and 16 Water mains fittings 88 pipework 86, 203 renovation 113, 282 Water stops in concrete 82, 162 Waterproofing 108 Wick drains 66 Windows and glazing 114, 176 Work affected by water 24, 96; see also Water affecting works Work expressly required 13 Work items under CESMM3 20 Worked Examples generally Part 2 Working space in excavations 70 Wor king -up 4
