armfield FLUID FRICTION MEASUREMENTS C6 issue 11
The Armfield Fluid Friction Measurements unit provides a self-contained facility for the detailed study of fluid friction head losses which occur when an incompressible fluid flows through pipes, fittings and flow metering devices.
INSTRUCTIONAL CAPABILITIES
A wide range of of measurements, measurements, demonstrations and and training exercises are are possible with with the equipment: ➤
confirming the relationship between head loss due to fluid friction and velocity for flow of water
➤
determining the head loss associated with flow through a variety of standard pipe fittings
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determining the relationship between pipe friction coefficients and Reynolds' number for flow through a pipe with with roughened bore
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demonstrating the application of differential head devices in the measurement of flow rate and velocity velocity
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providing practical practical training on the use of manometers
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enhancing understanding of the hydraulic principles involved through the use of complementary complementary computer software
20
15
DESCRIPTION
Short samples of each size test pipe are provided loose so that the students can measure the exact diameter and determine the nature of the internal finish. The ratio of the pipe diameter to the distance of the pressure tappings from the ends of each pipe has been selected With this unit friction head losses in straight pipes of to minimise end and entry effects. A system of isolating very different sizes can be investigated over a range 3 5 valves is provided whereby the pipe to be tested can be of Reynolds' numbers from 10 to 10 , thereby covering selected without disconnecting or draining the system. the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow regimes in The arrangement allows tests to be conducted on smooth pipes. In addition an artificially roughened pipe parallel pipe configurations. An all GRP floor standing is supplied which, at the higher Reynolds' numbers, service module incorporates a sump tank and shows a clear departure from the typical smooth bore volumetric flow measurement facility. Rapid and pipe characteristics. accurate flow measurement is possible over the full working range of the apparatus. The level rise in the In addition to the equipment for the study of losses in straight pipes, a wide range of accessories are standard measuring tank is determined by an independent sight including pipe fittings and control valves, a Venturi tube, gauge. A 250ml capacity glass measuring cylinder is supplied for measuring the flow rate under laminar an orifice plate assembly and a Pitot tube. conditions (very low flows). Ported manometer connection valves ensure rapid bleeding of all The unit is fully instrumented and is supplied as a self interconnecting pipework. contained facility. The test circuits are mounted on a substantial plastic laminated backboard strengthened Each pressure tapping is fitted with quick action self by a deep frame and carried on tubular stands. An sealing connections. Probe attachments with an arrangement of six pipes provides facilities for testing adequate quantity of translucent polythene tubing are the following: provided so that any pair of pressure tappings can be ➤ smooth-bore pipes of various diameter rapidly connected to one of the two manometers ➤ artificially roughened pipe supplied. These are a 1m mercury manometer (see ➤ 90 bend optional accessories p4) and a 1m pressurised water ➤ 90 elbow manometer. ➤ 45 elbow, 45 Y, 90 T Pipe friction is one of the classic laboratory experiments and has always found a place in the practical teaching of fluid mechanics.
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sudden enlargement sudden contraction ➤ gate valve ➤ globe valve ➤ ball valve ➤ inline strainer ➤ Perspex Venturi ➤ Perspex orifice meter ➤ Perspex pipe section with a Pitot static tube ➤ ➤
O H M d a e H
2
3.0
1.2
2.5
1.0
2.0
O H M d a e H
1.5 1.0 0.5 0
2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0.08 0.07
0.8
f 4
0.6
=
λ
0.4
r o t c a F
0.2 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Flow rate l/s
Flow rate l/s 14mm
Flow
24mm O
21
24mm 20mm
Flow
O
14
The unit includes a submersible water pump and the necessary inter-connecting pipework between the service module and backboard. A push button directon-line motor starter is fitted incorporating overload protection.
45O bevel
Examples of typical results obtained by comparing test data with published results
n o i t c i r F
0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 103
104
Reynolds Number Re Moody diagram obtained from typical results
105
TECHNICAL DETAILS
C6-301 WINDOWS PROGRAM FOR FLUID FRICTION MEASUREMENTS
Test pipes: Diameter:
1. 4.0mm I.D. x 6.0mm O.D. 2. 7.0mm I.D. x 10mm O.D. 3. 15.0mm I.D.(nom) x 21.5mm O.D. 4. 17.0mm I.D. x 21.5mm O.D.
Length:
1.925m
Distance between tappings: 1.0m and 0.54m Number of tapping points:
35
Tanks: Vol. of sump tank:
160 litres
Vol. of flow measuring tank: 0 - 40 ltr for high flow rates 0 - 6 ltr for low flow rates
Submersible type pump: Maximum head:
11m H 2O
Maximum flow:
3.9 litres/sec
Power:
0.55kW
An optional item. This Windows™ based software has been designed specifically for use with the Armfield Fluid Friction Measurements unit offering a complete teaching package of coursework and laboratory investigation. The familiar Windows environment allows the student to explore the principles of each accessory quickly and easily, enabling him to contrast theory with practical measurement, thus providing a good understanding of the principles involved. The Software runs under the MS Windows™3.1 or Windows™95 operating systems and has been designed for maximum flexibility and ease of use. Comprehensive 'Help' screens guide the student through both the theoretical background and the practical investigation of the accessory in question. Suggested laboratory investigations and further questions for the student to answer are included in the software, together with all the information required to set up and run the experiments. Minimum computer requirements: 486 processor, 3.5in floppy or CD-ROM drive, 4Mb RAM, 10Mb free hard disk space, VGA monitor, Windows 3.1/95/98. (This computer is not supplied by Armfield).
Head loss through an orifice plate
Head loss through a smooth bore pipe
Head loss through a Venturi meter
Head loss through a gate valve, and test pipe samples
ORDERING SPECIFICATION
A self-contained unit for the detailed study of fluid friction head losses which occur when an incompressible fluid flows through pipes, fittings and flow metering devices.
RECOMMENDED INSTRUMENTS
Stop watch Vernier caliper
SERVICES REQUIRED
A substantial free-standing frame and backboard support test circuits comprising: - smooth-bore pipes of various diameter - artificially roughened pipe - 90 bend - 90 elbow - 45 elbow, 45 Y, 90 T - sudden enlargement - sudden contraction - gate valve - globe valve - ball valve - inline strainer - Perspex Venturi - Perspex orifice meter - Perspex pipe section with a Pitot static tube
Electrical supply C6-A: 220/240V, 1ph, 50Hz C6-B: 120V, 1ph, 60Hz
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°
°
OVERALL DIMENSIONS
Height: 1.955m Width:
2.64m
Depth:
0.815m
SHIPPING SPECIFICATION
Volume:
2.8m 3
Includes a GRP service module with volumetric flow measurement, pump, starter, mercury and water manometers.
Gross weight: 360kg
Special features:
For installations where the use of mercury is
➤
➤
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suitable for studying Reynolds' numbers from 10 3 to nearly 10 5 a unique system of isolating valves, ported quick release manometer connection valves and self-sealing pressure tappings ensure fast accurate results
OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES
undesirable or prohibited a digital pressure meter is available, ask for data sheet H12 MANOMETERS AND PRESSURE METERS.
COMPLEMENTARY PRODUCTS
computer aided learning program available
A user instruction manual provides installation, commissioning and maintenance data, together with student exercises
C1
- Compressible Flow Bench
C2
- Subsonic Wind Tunnel
C3
- Multi-pump Test Rig
C4
- Multi-purpose Flume
C7
- Pipe Surge and Water Hammer
C9
- Flow Meter Demonstration Unit
C10
- Laminar Flow Table
C11
- Flow in Pipe Networks
.
Armfield Limited Bridge House West Street Ringwood Hampshire England BH24 1DY Tel: +44 (0)1425 478781 Fax: +44 (0)1425 470916 E mail:
[email protected] URL: http://www.armfield.co.uk USA Office: Armfield Inc. 510 N. Main Street Denison Iowa 51442 Tel: (712) 263-5885 Fax: (712) 263-8884 E mail:
[email protected]
F1-10 - Hydraulics Bench with accessories: F1-18: Energy Losses in Pipes F1-21: Flow Meter Demonstration F1-22: Energy Losses in Bends F1-18-301:Windows Program for F1-18 Energy Losses in Pipes F1-21-301: Windows Program for F1-21 Flow Meter Demonstration F1-22-301: Windows Program for F1-22 Energy Losses in Bends
Specifications may change without notice 5k/0200/BS.
