Burkhard Heim Mass Formula

Introduction to Heim's Mass Formula

Abstract

A unified 6-dimensional polymetric structure quantum theory by Burkhard Heim (19252001) will be described, which yields remarkably exact theoretical values for the masses, the resonances, and the mean mean lifetimes of elementary particles, as well as the Sommerfeld Sommerfeld finestructure constant. Since this paper is not an original contribution, the overview of the derivation of the mass formula within Heim’s structure theory will not be printed in a journal, but published in the Internet. This paper is an attempt to present Heim’s nearly 700 pages on a semi-classical unified field theory of elementary particles and gravitation in a more understandable form, because the results of this theory should be brought to the attention of the international scientific community. In the beginning of the 1950s, Heim discovered the existence of a smallest area (the square of the Planck’s length) as a natural constant, which requires calculations with area differences (called metrons) instead instead of the differential calculus in microscopic domains. Here Here we use selector calculus, which Heim employs exclusively in his books, only when its use is indispensable and maintain the general tensor calculus otherwise. For comparison with the work of Heim, in the introduction we discuss briefly the state of the art in the domains of elementary particles and in structure theory. Heim begins by adapting Einstein’s field equations to the microscopic domain, where they become eigenvalue equations. The Ricci tensor in the microscopic domain corresponds to a scalar influence of a non-linear operator C p on mixed variant tensor components of 3 rd degree ϕ pkl (corresponding to the Christoffel-symbols Γ pkl in the macroscopic domain). In the microscopic domain the phenomenological part will become a scalar product of a vector consisting of the eigen values λ p(k,l) with mixed variant tensorial field-functions. These terms are energy densities proportional: Ci ϕikl = λi(k,l) ϕikl (i, k, l = 1,...,4) The non-linear structure relation describes „metrical steps of structure“ because of the quantum principle. 28 of these 64 tensorial differential equations remain identical to zero. The remaining 36 equations can be be written in a scheme of 6 × 6 elements of a tensor, tensor, whose whose rows and columns are vectors and therefore define an R 6 for the representation of the world. The two new coordinates x 5 and x6 are interpreted by a collection of values which are organising events, since they can change the distributions of probabilities of micro states in space-time. The 6 coordinates will be unified unified in three semantic units units which do not commute: s1 = (x5, x6), s2 = (x4), s3 = (x1, x2, x3) , where s1 and s2 are imaginary and s3 is real. The metrical tensors which can be construed from these s µ are partial structures κik (µ) (with µ = 1,2,3). The matrix trace of the tensorial product of the 9 elements, which each are construed by 2 of these lattice cores κ mi ( µ ) 6

ik ( µν )

g

= ∑ κ (iµ ) mκ (k ν ) m , m =1

constitute a quadratic hyper-matrix, called „correlator“ g (ik µν ) x , where x = 1, ...,4 , depending $

on the kind of non-euclidian („hermetrical“) groups of coordinates coordinates involved: involved: : a = s1, b = (s1 s2), c = (s1 s3), d = (s 1 s2 s3). This polymetry corresponds to a Riemannian geometry geometry with a double dependency on coordinates. The solution of the eigen value equations for each of the 4 groups of coordinates (“hermetry-forms“) can be interpreted physically in such a way that the self condensations a are gravitons, the time-condensations b are photons, the space-

1


condensations c are neutral particles, and the space-time-condensations d are electrical by charged particles. The correspondences of the Christoffel-symbols in microscopical domains are tensorial functions, “condensors“, “condensors“, of the 6 coordiantes i, k, l and of the µ partial structures: 3

= 1 / 2 ∑ g

i ( µν ) kl

ϕ

κ ,λ =1

is (κλ )

( µν ) ( µν )  3 ∂ g sk ( µν ) ∂ g sm  ∂ g km ∑( m + = ) − ∂ x k ∂ x s   µ ,ν =1 ∂ x $

∩

[ ]. κλ −+

µν

The law of variance steps for the destination of mixed variant forms holds only if the same correlator element is used. Otherwise the analogy to the Kronecker tensor will be described

= g (il µν) g (κλ ) lk

by the „correlation-tensor“Qk i ( κλ µν )

. The condensor must be complemented by

this part, since it is also possible to perform affine displacements with it: ∩

∩

[ ] = ∑ (1 + spQ

i (κλ ) k ( µν )

κλµν i ( µν ) klm(κλ )

If

ρ

)

[ ] κλ −+

µν

is the „structure compressor“, which corresponds to the Riemannian curvature

tensor, then Heim’s field equations (after forming traces) read: ∩

∩

ρ

( µν ) kl (κλ )

= K

( µν ) kl (κλ )

[ ] = λ

( µν ) kl (κλ )

[] ∩

with the operator K kl kl , which constitutes the first derivatives and products of the

[ ],

respectively, as well as additionally a tensor which denotes the correlations, and which is set up by squares of the Q ik and of the condensors. By this extension of the Riemannian geometry a very large manifold of solutions arises. Since the phenomenological part which appears in Einstein’s field equations now is totally geometrizised, there is, according to Heim, no “big bang“ with an infinitely dense energy. Instead, matter appears only after very long evolution of a world without any physical measurable objects, which only consists of a dynamics of geometrical area quanta. In the solutions the exponential function ϕkl = f ( e − yλ kl ) with y² = x1²+x2²+x3² or y² = (x4²+x5²+x6²) i.e. appear. For real y static exponentially fading fields arise. In the case of imaginary y there will be periodically appearing maximal and minimal condensations of metrons, or structure curvatures, respectively. The maxima of structure deformations ϕkl(µν)max coincide with the minima of internal correlations: Qk i ( κλ µν ) = 0 . The extrema exchange with each other periodically. With the possible combinations of the four partial structures for the fundamental tensors, several correlation-tensors as extrema can be united each in a group. For gravitons only two groups of couplings exist; for photons and neutral particles there exist 6 groups with 30 condensors, and for charged particles there are 9 groups of couplings with 72 condensors. Between the groups there are “condensor bridges“, which form complicate dynamical systems of networks. For the minimum as well as for the maximum of condensations there exists a spin tensor. It is based on the non-hermitic part of the fundamental tensor, which forms an orientation of ∩

spins of the hyperstructure in the region of the involved condensor

[ ] κλ µν

as a “field-

activation“. There “fluxes of condensors“ can be formed when 2 neighbouring condensors are such that the contra-signature of one and the basic-signature of the other are identical (i.e. ∩

∩

κλ µν

µν κλ

[ ] and [ ] ),

since then both condensor-minima condensor-minima have a joint maximum of couplings, and

the joint field-activator activates the proto-field in the correlating basic-signature of the other condensor. That results in a movement of the condensor around the maximum of coupling in 2


the sense of an exchange process. The structure condensations (condensor fluxes), which exchange periodically act against the principle of balance of the compressor, so that a balanced position arises (compressor-isostasy). The structures of couplings of the possible hermetry-forms form 6 different classes of condensor fluxes in the possible subspaces of R 6 , which can generate flux aggregates, whose structure depends on the order of flux classes. Therefore, for a structure of coupling there exist at most 1956 structure-isomers. The cyclical fluxes always generate a spin. This ambigious condensor-spin additionally leads to spin-isomers. A condensor flux is stable in time only if an initial condition for the involved condensor signature in the structure of coupling alters to a final state after a distinct distinct time, which is identical with the initial condition. Such a condensor flux circles around the diameter of the aggregate (λ = h/cm) with a certain frequency. The masses are proportional to the eigenvalues of the composite condensation levels λm(k,l). It is found that only such such flux aggregates can exist for which the cyclic flux directions of condensation-levels are orthogonal to the so-called world-velocity Y (that is the sum of vectors of temporal changes of all R 6directions): λm(k,l) ⊥ Y , while the vectors of eigen values are parallel to each other. Each alteration of the constant relative velocity in space has the effect that the λm(k,l) must adjust themselves, which presents a complex rotation in R 4 (corresponding to the Lorentz matrix). The reactive resistance which is connected herewith acts as a pseudo-power, which appears as inertia. Therefore all condensor- and corresponding energy-terms behave inertially. Since all the hermetry-forms contain the condensor [1111] , which consists of the s 1 , they are sources of gravitation. Only gravitation fields can be transformed away, since in this condensor only one single partial structure occurs. The 6 flux classes consist of the combinations of the hermetry-forms [s 1], [s2], [s1 s2], [s1 s3], [s2 s3], [s1 s2 s3], for each of which the field equations have to be solved. They yield prototypical basic flux courses (prototrope) and appear in the heteronomous case (basicsignature different from contra-signature in a condensor) as basic fluxes of the flux-unit, a „flucton“, in the underlying hermetry-space or as a spectrum of structure-levels in the stationary homonomous case, which are called “shielding fields“ and are enveloping fluctons. Such a primordially simple structure consisting of a flucton and ashielding field, called “protosimplex,“ is a structural primordial form of material objects. By correlation of several such prototropes by which the fluctonic elements of the protosimplexes will be joined to cyclic flux aggregates (conjunctives), material properties arise. Prototropes with the condensor which is built up from s 3 take on ponderability. Those in which combinations from s 2 and s3 are contained have an electric charge, too. The λm(k,l) assign to each protosimplex an inertial action as mass. The spin number in R 6 (related to the action-quantum) is composed of the spin in the imaginary sub-space of R 6 and of the spatial spin in R 3. The imaginary spin component changes with integers P according to P/2 and shows how many spin-isomorphic matter field quanta of the involved hermetry form constitute a isospin family. The spatial spin is characterised by the integers Q and counts in the form Q/2 also imaginary but it appears with the factor of parity multiplied, i.e. by by the number number -1 in the power Q/2 . If Q is even, i.e. Q/2 is an integer number, then the tensor terms are bosons, which can superimpose in the same volume. If Q is odd, then the parity will be an imaginary factor, and the spatial spin of such matterfield quanta will be half-integers. Terms of this kind are fermions or spinor terms, respectively, which exclude each other in the same R 3-volume. The integral total-spin of an R 6 flux aggregate defines a screw-sense with respect to time. This axial vector take a parallel or anti-parallel direction with respect to the arrow of time. The two settings of the spin vector are two enantio-stereoisomeric forms of the same aggregate in R 4 , and each represents the anti-structure of the other one. 3


The determination of the particle masses means that a dynamical system has to be projected onto an algebraic structure. Heim restricts himself to the special case of the state condition of a dynamical equilibrium. The polymetric tensor relations are all defined on the the field of complex numbers and therefore can be split into a real and an imaginary part. Heim only analyses the real part, since in this case the restricted condition of a stationary state of dynamical equilibria can be used. It was found that the physical R 3 of a c- or d- hermetry form has a fourfold contouring by correlating condensor fluxes or protosimplexes, respectively, which are ordered in 4 “configuration levels“ (n, m, p, σ) of different density. In the practically impenetrable central zone n the density grows with the cube of the occupation of protosimplexes; in the likewise dense zone m the density grows quadratically, and in the “mesozone“ p it grows linearly. From this mesozone the outwards directed interactions go out. For mesons there exist 2 quasicorpuscular regions. For baryons there are three, which justifies an interpretation as quarks. The kind of occupations occupations of the zones in case of the underlying underlying unit unit structures always depends on the invariants which determine the complex hermetry, and which as quantum numbers determine the basic dynamics of the internal correlating aggregates of condensor fluxes and thus represent invariant basic pattern. The basic patterns correspond to a set of quantum numbers (kPQκ)C(qx), where k is a “configuration “configuration number“, P is the double isospin, Q is the double spatial-spin, κ is the “doublet number“, C is the “structure distributor“ (strangeness) and q x is the quantum number of charge. According to this scheme there should exist a spin-isomorphic neutral counterpart of the electron. The masses of the basic states of the elementary particles with mean life times > 10 16 sec agree very well with the empirical values. Some particle masses (e, p, n, π+, Λ, K +, K 0, Σ+ und Ξ 0) only deviate from the measured values relatively by nearly 10 -6, but the particle µ only by 10 - 7, and the other by 10 - 5 (η is known to three places only). Also the mean life times of these these basic states agree well with experimental data ( the particles π±, K 0 and Σ+ show a relative deviation by 10 - 5 , the remaining correspond to the third or fourth place, respectively, with measured values). The masses of the excitation states (resonances) are located at the position or rather close to the measured values. But the theoretical values still follow each other too tightly (with distances going down to 20 MeV/c²), since a selection rule is still missing. The theory predicts a new particle o+ (omicron), whose mass is about 1540 MeV/c². One of the resonances of the omicron is located at 2317.4 MeV/c², which is exactly the value for the particle DSJ*(2317), which recently was detected by the Barbar Collaboration experiment at SLAC (2003). An energetic excitation of a unit structure happens stepwise from of the external zone via the two internal to the central zone and lets the occupations of protosimplexes raise. In this case the quantity of the “protosimplex-generator“, which describes the invariant quadruple of the occupations parameters of all 4 zones and which is built up from quantum numbers, must be multiplied by an stimulation function, which depends on the integer numbers N. Each value N > 0 in relation to a basic pattern always generates a quadruple of of numbers numbers of occupation parameters of cunfiguration zones, whose energy-masses thus represented are interpreted as resonance stimulations of the pattern N = 0. If in the unit mass spectrum the particular frame structures provided with negative sign are inserted, then the protosimplexes will be extinguished, which would correspond correspond to an empty-space condition. Nevertheless a non-zero mass term remains, which only depends on the involved basic patterns. These ponderable structures are neither defined by a coupling structure nor by any flux aggregate. These “field catalytes“ represent the “identity“ of an isospin family, which consists of P + 1 components, and can be identified with neutrino states. For k = 2 there are 4 neutrinos. For instance, the ß-neutrino has the mass m(νß) = 0,003818 eV. 4


For further empirical tests Heim investigated proton-electron interaction in H-atoms. On this occasion a relation for the finestructure constant α could be derived, in which a correction must be performed, which is required by the existence of R 3-celles due to metrons, and which yields the numerical value: 1/α = 137,03603953 . An excellent confirmation of Heim’s structure theory was established in 2002, when we computed Heim’s mass mass formula anew. If of of the three natural constants h, c, G which enter this theory the most recent values for the gravitation constant G are inserted, then some of the masses of basic states will become more more exact (e, p and n up to 7 places, for instance), as would be expected for a correct theory. Illobrand von Ludwiger, July 2003 IGW Innsbruck

5

Remarks on the Physicist Burkhard Heim The physicist Burkhard Heim (Febr.9,1925 - Jan.14, 2001) is today mostly unknown amongst physicists. In the 1950s on the other hand, Heim became an international celebrity, when at an international congress on space flight he discussed the theoretical possibility of “field propulsions“ for space vehicles for the first time. In 1944 Heim lost both hands, his eyesight and his sense of hearing in an explosion accident. With the help of his father, Burkhard Heim studied in Goettingen and got his diploma-degree (M.Sc.) in physics. For several months in 1952 he was employed at the Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics in Goettingen, where the famous physicist C. F. von Weizsaecker had called him. Very soon it was found that it was impossible for him to work within a team, because of his handicap, and he left the MPI and after that continued to work alone and privately on a unified theory of matter and gravitation. In the year of Einstein’s death (1955) Heim informed Einstein on his work on a unified field theory. (Regrettably, only the mathematician W. Hlávaty could answer his letter.) In close collaboration with the relativity theorist Pascual Jordan, Heim wanted to carry out experiments on gravitation, but success eluded him, as the necessary budget was not available. Instead, L. Boelkow, director of the leading aero-space company in Germany, MBB/DASA, MBB/DASA, gave some financial support, since he was interested in the field propulsion system which Heim had proposed. (In a letter to Heim, Wernher von Braun enquired about progress in the development of such a field propulsion system since otherwise he could not accept responsibility for the enormous cost of the moon-landing project. Heim answered in the negative.) The scientific community awaited publications by B. Heim. However, financially Heim was absolutely independent. He was not pressed to publish papers or to give lectures at congresses in the physical field. Also, Heim declared to colleagues that he would publish only if he could present a confirmation for the correctness of his theory. Therefore Heim became more and more unknown to the new generation of physicists. Already in the seventies Heim reached his goal, i.e., a confirmation of his structure theory (a quantum-geometric 6-dimensional polymetric unified field theory, with which the internal structure of elementary particles could be understood purely geometrically) by comparison with experimental particle data. Now Heim wanted to publish, but he no longer had the necessary lobby. The director of the MPI for Elementary Particles in Munich, H. P. Duerr (who succeeded succeeded to the chair of W. Heisenberg) proposed to Heim to write an overview of his theory in the MPI publication organ “ Z. f. Naturforschung, f. Naturforschung,““ which Heim did (32a, 1977). Since the readers’ resonance to it was great, and many desired to read in greater detail about this theory, Heim began to publish his theory in two books (“Elementarstrukturen der Materie und Gravitation,“ Innsbruck: Resch; 1984, 1989), with a total of 694 pages. pages. The reception of the results of his investigations was extremely hesitant from the beginning, since Heim was not as a member of an institute or a university or involved in a group of known scientists, and therefore he lacked advocates in the scientific community. In the beginning famous German physicists accused Heim of pursuing a “space flight fantasy,“ which was despised by theoretical physicists at that time.

1

Further reasons can be found for the lack of reception: 1. Scientists are not inclined to study about 700 pages of very difficult content by an author who is not yet known. Instead, such readers await judgement on the books by a respected authority. Therefore, unfortunately the head of DESY was silent, when Heim’s mass formula had been programmed and calculated there, in 1982. Although the results were assessed as outstanding (by the DESY co-workers Schmid and Ribgen), it was thought desirable to wait for an assessment by structure theorists. 2. After his manuscript had experienced a more more than one year delay with a renowned German publishing company, Heim eventually published his books in a publishing house that was not specialised in mathematics and physics. 3. Heim’s books contain some vagueness vagueness - beside the correct results - what what is not astonishing for such a difficult matter, which was worked on by only one author, without the help of academically trained colleagues in a team and without checks from outside. Thus it becomes more difficult to understand for the reader. 4. The text did not appear appear simultaneously in German and English, so that international physicists, who perhaps could invest more time and effort, were excluded as possible readers. When, however, the importance of the work will be measured by the results, it follows that the principles and the theory structure on which the theory based are far-reaching and therefore should be kept in mind in future works! This theory should be noticed by the scientific community, since it yields testable results, corresponding to empirical data in all regions, which no other physical theory can supply. Heim’s theory, which yields in a totally geometrical way the spectrum of masses and the mean lifetimes of the known and not yet discovered elementary particles, as well as masses of neutrinos, claims that the world requires a 6-dimensional continuum (otherwise particles could not be described), which has very far-reaching philosophical consequences.

Working Team Heim’s Theory IGW Innsbruck, Juni 2003

2

Introduction to Heim's Mass Formula © IGW Innsbruck, 2003

Heim’s Mass Formula (1982)

Original Text by Burkhard Heim for the Programming of his Mass Formula Reproduction Reproduction by Research Group Heim's Theory IGW Innsbruck,2002

1


On the Description of Elementary Particles (Selected Results)

by Burkhard Heim Northeim, Schillerstraße 2, 2-25-1982

A) Invariants of Possible Basic Patterns (Multiplets) (Multiplets)

Symbols: k

Configuration number, k = 0 : no ponderable particle (no rest mass). For ponderable particles only only k = 1 and k = 2 possible, possible, not k > 2. k is a metrical index number. ε so-called “time-helicity“. Refering to the R4 ε = +1 or ε = -1 decides whether it concerns an R4 - structure or the t he mirror-symmetrical anti-structure (ε = -1). G the number of quasi-corpuscular quasi-corpuscular internal sub-constituents of structural kind. bi symbol for these 1 ≤ i ≤ G internal sub-constituents sub-constituents of an elementary elementary particle. particle. B baryonnumber P double isospin P = 2s . P1,2 locations in P-interval, where multiplets appear multiplied (doubled). I number of components x of an isospin-multiplet, i.e. 1 ≤ x ≤ I . Q double space-spin Q = 2J . Q value of Q at P1,2 . κ (λ) “doublet-number“, “doublet-number“, which distinguishes between several doublets by κ (λ) = 0 or κ (λ) = 1 . Λ Upper limit of κ -interval -interval 1 ≤ λ ≤ Λ . C structure-distributor, identical with sign of charge of the strangeness strangeness quantum number. qx electrical charge quantum number with sign of the component x of the isospinmultiplet. q amount of charge quantum number q = qx .

Uniforme Description of Quantum Numbers by k und ε G B P1 P2 I Q(P) Q(P) Q(P) κ (λ) C

εP,Q

= = = = = = = = = =

k+1 k-1 2 - k 2k - 1 P+1, 0≤P≤G k-1 2k - 1 (1 - δ1λ ) δ1P , 1 ≤ λ ≤ Λ = 4 - k 2(PεP + QεQ)(k - 1 + κ )/(1 )/(1 + κ ) ε cos αP,Q

}(I)

2


αP αQ

=

2qx

=

=

πQ(κ + ( 2P ) ) πQ[Q(k - 1)+ ( 2P ) ] (P - 2x)[1 - κ Q(2 Q(2 - k)] + ε[k - 1 - (1 + κ )Q(2 )Q(2 - k)] + C ,

Possible configurations k = 1, k = 2 with

} (II) 0 ≤ x ≤ P , q = qx

ε=±1

Possible Multiplets of Basic States

Multiplet x ν of serial number ν for ε = +1 and anti-multiplet x ν with ε = -1. General Representation: x ν (εB,εP,εQ,εκ )εC(q0,...,qP) Mesons: k = 1, G = 2 (quark? (quark?), ), B = 0, 0, 0 ≤ P ≤ 2, i.e from singlet singlet I = 1 to triplet I = 3. Q = 0, Q = 1, Λ(k=1) = 3, κ (1) (1) = 0, κ (2) (2) = κ (3) (3) = 1 Baryons: k = 2, G = 3 (quark? (quark?), ), B = 1, 1, 0 ≤ P ≤ 3 from singulett I = 1 to quartet I = 4, Q = 1, P1 = 0, P2 = 3, Q = 3, Λ(k=2) = 2, κ (1) (1) = 0, κ (2) (2) = 1 ____________________ Possible multipletts for

ε = +1:

k = 1: x1 (0000)0(0) ≡ (η) x2 (0110)0(0,-1) ≡ (e0,e ), (is the existence of e0 possible ? ) x3 (0111)0(-1,-1) ≡ x3 (0111)0(-1) ≡ (µ ) pseudo-singlet pseudo-singl et + 0 x4 (0101)+1(+1,0) ≡ (K , K ) ± 0 x5 (0200)0(+1,0,-1) ≡ x5 (0200)0(±1,0) ≡ (π , π ) anti-triplet to itself

}(III)

k = 2: x6 (1010)-1(0) ≡ (Λ) x7 (1030)-3(-1) ≡ ( Ω ) x8 (1110)0(+1,0) ≡ (p,n) 0 x9 (1111)-2(0,-1) ≡ (Ξ ,Ξ ) + 0 x10 (1210)-1(+1,0,-1) ≡ (Σ ,Σ ,Σ ) + 0 - -x11 (1310)-2(+1,0,-1,-2) ≡ (o ,o ,o ,o ), (existence possible ?) ?) ++ + 0 x12 (1330)0(+2,+1,0,-1) ≡ (∆ , ∆ , ∆ , ∆ ), (thinkable as a basic state ? ) ______________________

}(IV)

Abbreviations:

η ηkq ϑ A1 A2

= π /(π + 4) 4 4 1/4 = π /[π + (4+k)q ] = 5 η + 2 √η + 1 = √η11 (1 - √η11)/ (1 + √η11) = √η12 (1 - √η12)/ (1 + √η12) 4

1/4

}(V)

3


Planck’s constant: h = h/2π, light-velocity: c = (ε0µ0) , wave-resistance wave-resist ance of empty space R3 (electro-magnetic): R - = cµ0 , with ε0 and µ0 constants of influence and induction. Elektrical elementary charge: charge: e± = 3C± with -1/2

C± =

±

2ϑh / R R− /(4 π)

2

Finestructure-constant:: Finestructure-constant Solution:

α(+)

α√(1- α2)

(possibly electr. quark-charge ?)

= 9ϑ (1 - A1A2) / (2π) , 5

(positive branch) and

α(-)

α>0.

(negative branch).

α(+) - 1 = 137,03596147 α(-) - 1 = 1,00001363

Numerical:

[A better formula, 1992, yields

α(+) = 1/137,0360085 1/137,03600 85

and

α(-)_ = 1/1,000026627]

What is the meaning of that strong coupling α(-) ? Abbreviation: α(+) = α , α(-) = ß ≈ 137 α .

B) Mass-Spectrum of Basic Patterns and its it s Resonances

Used constants of nature and pure numbers: Planck’s constant: h = h/2π = 1,0545887 x 10 J s, 8 -1 light-velocity: c = 2,99792458 x 10 m s , 11 2 -2 Newton’s constant of gravitation: γ = 6,6732 x 10 N m kg -12 -1 -1 constant of influence ε0 = 8,8542 x 10 A sV m , -6 -1 -1 constant of induction µ0 = 1,2566 x 10 A s V m , 1/2 -1 vacuum wave-resistance wave-resist ance R - = (µ0 / ε0) = 376,73037659 376,7303765 9 V A -34

derived constants of nature (mass-element): µ

= 4 π 3 3πγhs0

h

/ 3cγ s0− 1 ,

s0 = 1 [m] (gauge factor)

(VI)

Basis of natural logarithms: e = 2,71828183 number π = 3,1415926535 geometrical constant: ξ = 1,61803399 [Limes of the “creation-selector“] “creation-selector“] limn→∞ an : an-1 = ξ by the series an = an-1 + an-2 . th (till the 8 decimal place, represented by ξ = (1 + √5)/2). Auxiliary functions:

η

= π /(π + 4)

t

= 1 - 2/3 ξ η (1 - √η) 2 1/3 -1 = t (η η ) - 1} 1/3 -1 = t (ηη ) - 1

α+ α-

4

1/4

(VII)

2

(VIII)

4


Quantum numbers by (A):

ηqk = π /[π4 + (4+k)q4]1/4 N1 = α1 N2 = (2/3) α2 , N3 = 2 α3 , with

α1 α2 α3

= ½ (1 + √ηqk ) , = 1/ ηqk , (k-1) 2 (2k +1) ηqk 3 + = e /k - q {α /3 [( 1 + √ηqk ) (ξ / ηqk )] k 2 + [η(1,1)/ e ηqk ] (2 √ ξηqk ) [(1 - √ηqk ) /(1 + √ηqk )] }

}(IX)

Invariants of metrical steps-structure (abbreviation s = k² + 1): Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

= = = =

3⋅2 , s 2 -1, s k 2 + 2(-1) , s-1 2 -1. s-2

}(X)

Fourfold R3-construct 1≤ j ≤ 4 . Q j = const. with respect to time t. Parameter of occupation n j = n j(t) caused radioactive radioactive decay. Mass elements of occupations occupations of the configurations zones j are µα+ . Further auxiliary functions of zones occupations: 2

K = n1 (1+n1)²N1 + n2 (2n2²+3n2+1)N2 + n3 (1+n3)N3 + 4n4 , G = Q1²(1+Q1)²N1 + Q2(2Q2²+3Q2+1)N2 + Q3(1+Q3)N3 + 4Q4 , }(XI) H = 2n1Q1[1+3(n1+Q1+n1Q1) + 2(n1²+Q1²)]N1 + 6n2Q2(1+n2+Q2)N2 + 2n3Q3N3

Φ

= 3 P/(π√ηqk ) (1 - α / - α+)(P+Q)(-1)

[1-α /3+π /2 (k-1) 3

P+Q

1-q/2

]

∗{1+2 k κ /(3 η2) ξ[1 + ξ²(P-Q)(π 2-q)]} [1 +( 4 ξ ( 2P ) /k)(ξ /6)q] - 1 ∗[ 2 √η11√ηqk + qη2 (k - 1)] (1+4πα / η√η η√η)(1+Q(1-κ )(2-k)n )(2-k)n1 /Q1] 2 + 4 (1 - α / -/ α+)α(P+Q)/ ξ + 4 qα / -/ α+ Uniform Mass spectrum:

M = µα+ (K + G + H + Φ)

(XII)

Not each quadruple n j yields a real mass! To the selection rule: in the fourfold R 3-construct 1≤ j≤4 configurations zones n(j=1), m(j=2), p(j=3), σ(j=4). Increase of occupation with metrical structure elements: central zone n cubic, internal zone m quadratic, meso-zone p linear (continuation (continuation to the empty empty space space R 3), external zone σ selective. 5


Principle of increase of the configurations zones: n4+Q4 ≤ (n3+Q3)α3 ≤ (n2+Q2)² α2

≤

3

(n1+Q1)

α3

(XIII)

Selection rule for the Occupation of Configuration Zones

α1 + (n2+Q2)² α2 + (n3+Q3)α3 + exp[1-2k(n4+Q4)/3Q4] + iF(Γ ) = = W νx{1 + [1-Q(2-k)(1-κ )][a )][a νxN/(N+2) + b νx N ( N − 2) ]}. 3

(n1+Q1)

W νx = g(qk) w νx Basis rise:

g(qk) = Q1

3

(XIV)

,

α1 + Q2² α2 + Q3α3 + exp[(1-2k)/3]

for n j = 0.

(XV)

Structure power power of the discussed discussed state state w νx = (kPQκ )εC(qx) as component x of multiplets ν is: w νx = {(1-Q)[A11-P(A12+A13qκ / ηqk ) -

( 2 ) (A14-A15q/ ηqk )] + κ Qηqk A16}2 - k + P

-1 (1+A24(+qx)) A25] + ( 2 ) [A23-qxηqk (1+A 3 q + κ (A (A26+qηqk ²A ²A31) + ( 3 ) ηqk A32 + ( 3 ) [A33q (qx - (-1) )/(3-q) +

+ {(q-1)A21 + (1-P)A22 +

P

Q

+

ε ( P − Q)η ( q +1) q / 4 q ( q −1) 66

8 − A

}(XVI)

P

(1 - q(2-q)A34

w(1) = (1-Q)[A11 - P(A12+ A13qκ / ηqk ) -

η

1-q xA35 / qk )

ηqk / η² - A36]}k - 1 .

( 2 ) (A14 - A15q/ ηqk )] + κ Q ηqk A16 P

(XVII)

and -1 (1 + A24(1+qx)) ] + ( 2 ) [A23 - A25qxηqk (1 3 q + κ (A (A26 + qηqk ²A ²A31) + ( 3 ) ηqk A32 + ( 3 ) {A33q [qx - (-1) )/(3-q)] )/(3-q) ] + P

w(2) = (q-1)A21 + (1-P)A22 +

Q

+

in

ε ( P − Q)η ( q +1) q / 4 q ( q −1) 66

8 − A

2 - k

w νx = [w(1)]

P

[1 - q(2-q)A34

η

1-q xA35 / qk ]

k-1

+ [w(2)]

(XVIII)

ηqk / η² - A36} (XIX)

can become w(2) = 0 for single sets of quantum numbers at k = 1 or w(1) = 0 at k = 2 , 0 which leads to terms 0 , which but must have always have the value 1 as parts of structure power. Therefore Therefore it is recommended recommended for programming programming to complete complete w(1) and w(2) by the numerical non-relevant summands k-1 and 2-k . Since always w(1) ≠ -1 and w(2) ≠ -1 remain, but only only k=1 or k=2 is possible, possible, the actually actually terms in the expression 2 - k

w νx(k) = [k-1+w(1)]

+ [2-k+w(2)]

k-1

do no more appear. appear. By this correction correction it is evident that that for mesonical mesonical structures w νx (k=1) = 1 + w(1) and for barionical barionical structures w νx (k=2) = 1 + w(2) holds.

6


As a basis of resonance holds with

and

a νx = A41 (1 + anaq)/k

an = PA42 [1 - κ A43 (1 + A44 (-α) A45 *(1 - κ QA QA46(2-k)) - A51(k-1)(1-κ )] )] 2 - k

(XX)

k-1

)* (XXI)

aq = 1 -qA52(1 - 2A53 )[1 + qx(3-qx)(k-1)(1-κ )/6] )/6] k

(XXII)

Resonance grid is b νx = {A54A55

∗ (1-k

k-1

-1

[1 - PA56(1-κ A61A62 2 - k

(A65(q+k-1))

)(1 + qA63(1 + κ A64))] ∗

1 - k

( 2 ) (1 - ( 3 ) )}/[k (1+P+Q+κη P

P

P

(XXIII)

2-q

)] .

The coefficients Ars can be seen as elements of the quadratic coefficient matrix A$ = (Ars)6 with Ars ≠ Asr and ImArs = 0 . Proposal for the determination of matrix elements (reduction to

π, e and ξ):

A11 = (ξ² π e)² (1 - 4 π α² ) / 2 η² , A12 = 2 π ξ² (ϑ /24 - e π η α² / 9) A13 = 3 (4 + η α)[1 - (η²/5)((1 - √η)² /(1 + √η)² ] A14 = [1 + 3 η (2 η α - e²ξ(1 - √η)²/(1 + √η)²)/4ξ]/ α A15 = e²(1 - 2eα²/ η)/3 A16 = (πe)²[1 + α(1+6α / π)/5η] A21 = 2(eα /2η)²(1 - α /2ξ²) A22 = ξ[1 - ξ(αξ / η²)²]/12 A23 = (η² + 6ξα²)/e A24 = 2ξ²/3η 2 A25 = ξ(πe)²(1 - ß ) 2 A26 = 2{1 - [π(eξα)²√η]/2}/eξ A31 = (πeα)²[1 - (πe)²(1 - ß²)] A32 = ξ²[1 + (2eα / η)²]/6 A33 = (πeξα)²[1 - 2π(eξ)²(1 - ß²)] A34 = A35 = A36 = A41 = A42 =

η

2πη

3α /eξ² -1 [1 - πe(ξe)²(1 - ß²)] {ξ[2 + (ξα)²] - 2ß}/(2ß - α) [πξ²η(ß - 3α)]/2

A43 = ξ /2 A44 = 2(η / ξ)² A45 = (3ß - α)/6ξ ξη - eη²α /2 A46 = πe/ ξη 7

(XXIV)


A51 = (2α + 1)² A52 = 6α / η² 3 A53 = (ξ / η) A54 = α(ß -α)√(3/2) A55 = ξ² 4 A56 = (ξ / η) A61 = πξ(2ß - α)/12ß A62 = π²(ß - 2α)/12 A63 = (√η)/9 A64 = π /3η A65 = π /3ξ A66 = ξη The order of resonance N 1 ≤ j ≤ 4 . With

≥0

(positive integer) selects the admitted admitted quadruple quadruple n j with

f(N) = [1 - Q(2 - k)(1 - κ )][a )][a νx N/(N+2) + b νx N ( N − 2) ]

(XXV)

follows that the unknown unknown function F(Γ ) remains 0 for all N ≠ 1 (right side side is real). In the case of N = 0 is f = 0 , so that 3

(n1 + Q1)

α1 + (n2 + Q2)² α2 + (n3 + Q3) α3 +

exp[(1-2k)(n4+Q4)/3Q4] = W νx (XXVI)

νx) of the component x of the describes the n j of the state x νx and hence the mass M 0( ν multiplet x ν . The N ≥ 2 assign x νx to a spectrum of occupation-parameter quadruples and with that, according to the mass-formula, mass-formula, resonance-masses resonance-masses M N( ν νx) (for each component x νx a spectrum spectrum of masses). In the case of of N = 1 no spectral spectral term. Here is not f(N ) ≥ 0, f(1) is complex. Real part:

(n1+Q1) α1 + (n2+Q2)² α2 + (n3+Q3) α3 + exp[(1-2k)(n4+Q4)/3Q4] = = W νx{1+[1-Q(2-k)(1-κ )]a )]a νx /3} 3

Imaginary part F(Γ ) = W νx[1-Q(2-k)(1-κ )]b )]b νx .

(XXVIII)

The n j and F(Γ ) are somehow related with N to the complete bandwidths bandwidths Γ . Also there must be a connection connection QN = Q(N) between doubled spin quantum-number quantum-number Q and N . How could this connection be like? If N = 1 is excluded, then F = 0 , and the real relationship 3

(n1 + Q1)

α1 + (n2 + Q2)² α2 + (n3 + Q3) α3 +

exp[(1-2k)(n4+Q4)/3Q4] = W νx (1+f) (XXIX)

has to be discussed. discussed. Generally f > 0 for N ≥ 2 and f = 0 for N = 0. But in the case case of the multiplets x2 f = 0 for all N ≥ 0, since only here is Q(2-k)(1-κ ) = 1 . Electrons according to this image can not be stimulated ! 8


For a numerical evaluation of W νx , a νx , b νx and Φ νx (quantum number function in mass spectrum M) not QN = Q(N) , but use Q = Q(0) of x ν . For the evaluation evaluation of of n j the principle of increase of the occupations of configuration zones is considered. First determine the right side W νx (1+f(N)) = W1 numerically numericall y for an order of resonance N = 0 or N ≥ 2 . 3 Determine according according to the selection selection rule the maximal maximal cubic number K1 whose product 3 with α1 is contained in W 1 . Then insert W1 - α1K1 = W2 ≥ 0 into (n2 + Q2)² α2 + (n3 + Q3) α3 + exp[(1-2k)(n4+Q4)/3Q4] = W2 . Now maximal maximal quadratic quadratic number number K2² such, that 2 W2 - α2K2 = W3 ≥ 0 . Accordingly in

α2K22

is still a factor of W2 , i.e.

(n3 + Q3) α3 + exp[(1-2k)(n4+Q4)/3Q4] = W3 Determine maximal number K3 in the way W3 - α3K3 = W4 Three possibilities for W4 :

(XXX)

(XXXI)

≥0

.

(a): W4 = 0 , (b): 0 < W4 ≤ 1 , (c): W4 > 1 .

General case (b): lnW 4 ≤ 0 and K4(2k-1) = -3Q4lnW4 . In case of (c) it is lnW4 > 0 and K < 0 . This is impossible, since always n j+Q j ≥ 0 has to be. According to n4+Q4 ≤ (n3+Q3)α3 of the principle of rise K3 will be lowered by 1 and α3K3 is added to K4 < 0 , so that a new value K 4 ≥ 0 will be generated., which requires requires K3 > 0, since in that case K 3 = 0. This dilatation can not happen happen because of the quadratic quadratic rise of j = 2 , so that this order of resonance N does not exist for x νx (forbidden term). In the case (a) W4 → 0 would have as a consequence the divergence K 4 → ∞ , but this is impossible according to K4 ≤ α3K3 (particularly there are no diverging self-potentials). self-potentials). For that reason will be calculated in case case of (a) the maximal maximal value K4 = α3K3 . From the computed K j it follows n j = K j - Q j . Beside n j ≥ 0 also n j < 0 is possible , but it holds always K j ≥ 0 , i.e. n j ≥ -Q j . The The quadruple n j determined in that way will be inserted with Φ νx in the spectrum νx) as a spectral-term of spectrum of masses, which numerically numerically yields MN( ν mass-spectrum at x νx . Note: The K j are always integers. integers. But in the case of the evaluation evaluation of K 4 generally decimal figures will will occur. In case case of the decimal decimal places places ,99... 99 one has has to use the identity identity ,99... 99 = 1 . But if the series series of decimal places places is different from this value, then one has not to round up. The The decimal places places are to cut off off , since the K j are the numbers of structure entities.

9


Limits of Resonance Spectra General construction-principle construction-principle of configuration-zones configuration-zones n4+Q4 ≤ (n3+Q3)α3 , α3 (n3+Q3)(1+n3+Q3) ≤ 2α2(n2+Q2)² , α2 (n2+Q2)[2(n2+Q2)² + 3(n2+Q2) + 1] ≤ 6α1 (n1+Q1)³ .

(XXXII)

If by the increase of N between two zones equality is reached, then n j+Q j → 0 in j, while j-1 will be raised by 1 to n j-1 + Q j-1 + 1 . The stimulation takes place “from outside to the interior“. Always n j+Q j ≥ 0 is an integer, since they are are the numbers of structure structure entities. Empty-space-condition: n j = -Q j , but (n j)max = L j < ∞ (no diverging diverging self-energy potentials). Intervals -Q j ≤ n j ≤ L j < ∞ cause 0 ≤ N ≤ L < ∞ of resonance-o resonance-order. rder. With M0( ν νx) = M0 holds 2 - k 4µα+α1 (L1+Q1)³ = [2(P+1)] M0G (XXXIII) with G = k+1 and from that by the construction-principle construction-principle

α2 (L2+Q2)[2(L2+Q2)² + 3(L2+Q2) + 1] ≤ 6α1 (L1+Q1)³ , α3 (L3+Q3)(1+L3+Q3) ≤ 2α2(L2+Q2)² , L4+Q4 ≤ (L3+Q3)α3 .

(XXXIV)

For L implicitly the resonance-order is 3

(L1 + Q1)

α1 + (L2 + Q2)² α2 + (L3 + Q3) α3 +

exp[(1-2k)(L4+Q4)/3Q4] =

=W νx [1+f(L)]

(XXXV)

Also in the evaluation evaluation of L j and L do not round up, up, but cut off decimal digits! digits! The L j which are obtained by the construction-princ construction-principle, iple, yield the absolute absolute maximal masses M max , and the quadruples, which which are obtained from the L, yield yield the real limit-terms ML < Mmax , which are to stimulate secondaryly secondaryly with (Mmax - ML)c² and then reach Mmax .

Northeim, Schillerstraße 2

gez. (Heim) 2-25-1982

Distributed to: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) Hamburg, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Max-Planck-Institut für Theoretische Physik, München, Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm GmbH (MBB), Ottobrunn bei München: Dr. G. Emde, Dr. W. Kroy, Dipl.-Phys. I. v. Ludwiger. Staatsanwalt G. Sefkow, Berlin, und H. Trosiner, Hamburg.

10


Heim’s Mass Formula (1989)

According to a Report by Burkhard Heim

Prepared by the Research Group Heim's Theory IGW Innsbruck,2002

Content

•

Introduction

•

Mass of Basic States and of the Excited States of Elementary Particles

•

The Average Life Times of the Basic States

•

The Sommerfeld Finestructure Constant

•

The Masses of Neutrino of Neutrino States

•

Concluding Remarks

10


Introduction After DESY physicists in 1982 had programmed and calculated the mass formula which was published in the book Elementarstrukturen der Materie (Heim 1984), the mentioned formula by B. Heim was extended and in 1989 a 57 pages report with a new formula and the results of the calculations were sent to the company MBB/DASA. Unfortunately Unfortunately this later l ater code could no more be recovered today. Parts of these formulae have now been programmed again by the research group „Heim Theory“ (by Dr. A. Mueller). It was found that in the manuscript some brackets in very long equations were lost during the process of writing; this had to be corrected at best estimate. The code covers the masses of basic states only and no lifetimes. Other than the program written in 1982, Heim’s 1989 computation also includes the life times of the basic states, the neutrino masses, and the finestructure constant. Therefore, these equations equations shall be given here, as far as they deviate from f rom those given in the manuscript in 1982. The structure distributor C (i.e. strangeness) given in eq. (I) of chapt. E has to be divided by k. One of the angles by which the time helicity ε is defined must read

αQ

=

π Q [Q + ( 2P ) ]

(B1)

The expression expression for the quantum number number of charge other other than in (II) now reads: reads: qx = ½ [ (P - 2x + 2) [1 - κ Q(2 Q(2 - k)] + ε[k - 1 - (1 + κ )Q(2 )Q(2 - k)] + C ]

(B2)

All other constants are defined by eq.(I).

1. Mass of Basic States and of the Excited States of Elementary Particles

The modified mass formula of elementary particles is built up - other that in eq.(XII) - by the following parts: M =

µα+ [(G + S + F + Φ) + 4 q α - ]

(B3)

The parts G and S are the same as G and K in eq.(XII) (now using n, m, p instead of n 1, n2, n3); µ is the mass element as in eq.(VI). The constants α± have the form:

α+ The calculated results for

6

=

η

η²

 1 − ϑ  2(1 −   η(1 + 

α+ and α - in

The abbreviations for F and

 - 1 , α 2η   η )  

η) 

2

= (α+ + 1)η - 1

(B4)

(B4) are shown shown in a table VI/chapterG.

Φ, which depend on the quantum numbers, read:

F = 2 n Qn [1 + 3(n + Qn + n Qn) + 2(n² + Qn²)] + + 6 m Qm (1 + m + Qm)N2 + 2 p Qp N3 + ϕ (p,σ)∗δ(N)

11

(B5)


Φ

= P(-1)

ϕ

=

P+Q

(P + Q) N5 + Q(P + 1) N 6

ϕ (p,σ) ,

(B6)

δ(0) = 1 (0 for N ≠ 0)

(B7)

with

ϕ

=

+ Qσ 4 ( 2 − 4 BUW N −1= 0 ) +P(P - 2)²(1 + κ (1 (1 - q)/2α ϑ )(π /e)²√η12(Qm-Qn) 1 + p ² 1 + σ ² Q - (P + 1) ( 3 ) / α , (comp. with eq. B49)

N 4 p ² σ

U = 2 [P² + 3/2 (P - Q) + P(1 -q) + 4 κ B (1 -Q)/(3 - 2q) + Z

+ (k - 1){P + 2Q - 4π(P - Q) Q)(1 - q) q)/ 4 2 }] ηqk ² -

and

Z = k+P+Q+

(comp. with eq. B50)

κ

(comp. with eq. B51)

ϕ is a term of self-couplings, which depends on p and σ and essentially determines the life time of a basic state. ϕ appears only in the basic states; therefore the symbol δ(N) as a unit element is used. The functions Qi from eq. (X) remain unchanged. For n 1, n 2, n 3, n 4 in eq. eq. (B5) here n, m, p, σ will be written. The constants ηq,k , ϑ and η (with η10 = η, and ϑ 1,0 = ϑ ), as well as the functions N1 and N2 read as in eq.(IX). The remaining N i with i > 2 are: ln (N3 k/2) = (k -1) [1 - π

1−

q , k

1 + ηq ,1

{1 − u

q ,1

ϑq ,1

(1 − α − / α + )(1 − η )²} ] 1 + ηq ,1

- 2/(3π e) (1 - η )² (6 π²e²/ ϑ

1− η

- 1)

(B8)

N4 = (4/k) [1 + q(k - 1)] k²+3

N5 = A[1 + k(k - 1) 2 A = (8/ η)(1 -

(B9)

 1 − N(k) A   1 +

2

ηq , k 

 ηq , k  

]

(B10)

α / -/ α+)(1 - 3η

/4) k k²-1

N(k) = Qn + Qm + Qp + Qσ + k(-1) 2 N6 = 2k/(π e ϑ ) [ k (k² - 1)

+ (-1)

k+1

N ( k )

] η(1 - α −

η1, k

(B12)

{q - (1 - q)

 1 − / α+ ) 4  1+ 

η η

N ' ( k ) Qn η1,k

}+

2

   

Qσ

N’(k) = Qn + Qm + Qp + Qσ - 2k -1 The calculated results for B8, B9, B10 and B13 can be found in a table VII/chapter G.

12

(B13) (B14)


Let L be the upper barrier such that as soon as it is reached the filling of the zone x disappears and the foregoing zone filling of next higher order order is raised by 1. With the symbols L(x) (x - 1) for this barrier and and M0 = M(N=0) the limits of of the fillings of structure zones corresponding to eq.(XXXIII) are given by: - Qn ≤ n

≤

3

L(n) =

( P + 1) M 0 2 µα + N 1

− Qn

(B15)

since in the case of the central region there are no further fillings. For the series of numbers numbers m the limitation holds: - Qm ≤ m with

≤

L(m)(n)

(B16)

2(Qm + L(m)(n))³ + 3 (Qm + L(m)(n))² + Qm + Lm(n) = 4 N1(n + Qn)³/N2 (B17)

Correspondingly, we have - Qp ≤ p

≤

L(p)(m)

24

N 2

(B18) (m + Qm )² + 1 - 2Qp - 1

with

2 L(p)(m) =

and

- Qσ ≤

with

2 L(σ)(p) = N3(p + Qp) - 2 Qσ

σ ≤

N 3

(B19)

L(σ)(p)

(B20) (B21)

The calculated results for B15 can be found in a table IX/chapter G.

The selection rule which expresses the n, m, p, k, P, Q, κ , q and N, is described by eq.(XXIX).

σ

by the quantum numbers

In that that f(N) is the excitation function for N > 0. 0. For the factor factor W νx ≡ WN=0 , which is independent of the exciting state, holds: WN=0 = A e (1 - η) + (P - Q)(1 x

L

( 2 ) )(1 - ( 3 ) )(1 P

Q

η )² √2

(B22)

with A H g L

-1

= 8 g H[2 - k + 8H (k - 1)] = Qn + Qm + Qp + Qσ k-1 = Qn² + Qm² + (Qp²/k) e + exp[(1- 2k)/3] - H(k - 1) = (1 - κ ) Q (2 - k)

x = [1 - Q -

( 2 ) ](2 - k) + 1/4B [a1 + k³/(4H)(a2 + a3 P

B = 3 H [k² (2k (2k - 1)]

-1

(B23) (B24) (B25) (B26) /(4B))]

(B27) (B28)

The calculated results for B23, B24, and B28 can be found in a table VI/chapter G.

13


For the three parameters a 1, a2, and a 3 the following combinatorical relations hold: [(B - 1)(2 - k) - 3{H - 2(1 + q)}(P - Q) + 1] ( 3 ) - κ [(B (1 - κ ) [(3(2 - q) ( 2 ) - Q{3(P + Q) + q} )(2 - k) + [k(P + 1) ( 2 ) + {1 + B/k (k + P - Q)}(1 - ( 2 ) )(1 - ( 3 ) ) - q(1 - q) ( 3 ) ] (k - 1)] (B30)

a1 = 1 + B+ k(Q² + 1) +

Q

P

P

P

a2 = B [1 - ( 3Q ) (1 -

Q

Q

[Q/2 (B - 7k) - (3q -1)(k - 1) + ( 3 ) )] + 6/k - κ [Q/2 P

+ ½ (P - Q){4 + (B + 1)(1 - q)}] - (1 - κ ) [(P(B/2 + 2 + q) - Q{B/2 + 1 - 4(1 4(1 + 4q)}) (2 - k) + ( ¼ (B - 2){1 + 3/2(P - Q)} -

( 2 ) [{ ½ (B + q - εqx) + 3 εqx}(2 - εqx) ¼ (B + 2)(1 -q)]) (1 - ( 3 ) )(k - 1) - ( 3 ) [2 (1 + εqx) +

- B/2 (1 - q) -

(B29)

P

Q

P

+ ½ (2 - q){3(1 - q) + εqx - q } - q/4 (1 - q)(B - 4) - ¼ (B - 2) + + B/2 (1 - q)]] a3 = 4 B y’/(y’+1) - (B + 4)

-1

(B31)

with y’ 2 B =

κ [ +

η /k {4 (2 5(1 − q ) 2 k + ( −1) k

√η) - π e (1 - η)

η }{k + e η (k - 1)} +

(4B + P + Q)] + (1 - κ )[(P - 1)(P - 2){2/k² (H + 2) +

+ (2-k)/(2π)} +

( 2 ) (1 - ( 3 ) )(q B/2 {B + 2(P - Q)} + {P (P + 2)B + P

Q

+ (P + 1)² - q(1 + εqx) [k(P² + 1)(B + 2) + ¼ (P² + P + 1)] - q (1 - εqx)(B + P² + 1) } (k - 1) + {(P - Q)(H + 2) + + P[5 B (1 + q) Q + k (k - 1) {k(P + Q)²(H + 3k + 1)(1 - q) - ½ (B + 6k)}] }(1 - ( 2P ) )(1 -

( 3 ) ) + ( 3 ) (2 - q) Q {εqx(B + 2Q + 1) + Q

P

+ q/(2k)(1 - εqx)(2k + 1) + (1 - q)(Q² + 1 + 2B)} ] The calculated results for B29, B30, B31 and B22 can be found in a table VIII/chapter G.

For the excitation function f from eq.(XXXV) Heim got the expression expression f (N) = a N/(N+1) + b N

(B32)

with the substitutions (α is the finestructure constant): P² P P a = (1 - k/4) + (k -1){π /4 ( 3 ) - η1,1η1,2 ( 2 ) } 2 kX ηq ,k ηq , k

X =

κ [4α

πe(1 + η )  3α  2 2 π α −   − − − 2 [ / 2 1 ] +1 q  4π  (1 − 5α 2 ) 2ϑ (1 − 6α 2 )

( B + k + 1) (1 + 5α 2 ) (1 − α 2 )

14

(B33)

(B34)


b =

1 2 qk

2η

ηqk

[α ϑ

+ (k - 1) {ϑ { ϑ 1,2 / ϑ - 8 C =

π (1 -

η )² [1 +

+

η)}+

( 2 ) (P² + 1 ) - 1}] - C P

π (k - 1) + P/k³ (3/e + q(8 +

+ (4 πe/ η )(1 - κ )[1 )[1 - q

εqx πe/(3

η )(1 + η1,1 η1,2 (3/4) ( 3P ) (k - 1)] +

/8 (P² + 1)[ ½ (1 +

3πη 5eηqk

] - 2(k - 1)

− 1)   η 

8πeκ ( k

e

η

(B35)

ηqk ) +

( 2 ) (3 - P){2 e (η + ηqk ) P

}(B36)

 −   )] + (2 e κ q/ η² )(2 - k)(1 - η)² e  q

The excitations can can lead to a change change of angular momentum. momentum. Since Q is the double quantum quantum number of angular angular momentum, Q(N = 0) could change change additive additive by an even even number 2z with the integer function z(N), such that: Q (N) = Q (N = 0) + 2 z (N),

(B37)

where z(N) is yet unknown. One has to hold in mind, that the σ-fillings of the external region of a term M(N) can get an additional excitation because because of their external character. character. If the zones n N, mN, pN, and σN are occupied and if L(σ)(p) = ½ N 3 (p + Qp) - 2 Qσ

with - Qσ

≤ σ ≤ L(σ)(p) ,

(B38)

is the complete occupation of the external region related to p N , then KB = L(σ)(p) - σN

(B39)

describes a real number, which as a bandwidth determines the number of the possible excitations of the external field of of an excitation state state M(N). For KB ≤ 0 there is no possibility of an external field excitation. If L(N) describes the maximal occupation of all all the four structure zones zones 0 ≤ N ≤ L(N) < ∞, then the equation of the excitation limit is given by eq.(XXXV) and eq.(B32) with N = L (N). If the quantum numbers k, P, Q, κ , and qx , as well as the excitation N, are given for a basic state, then the right-hand side of eq. (XXXV), i.e. (n + Qn)³α1 + (m + Q m)² α2 + (p + Q p) α3 + exp[-(2k - 1) /3Qσ(σ + Qσ)] = = WN=0(1 + f(N)) with

(B40)

α1 = N1 , α2 = 3/2 N2 , α3 = ½ N3, and eq.(B22) to eq.(B36) can be calculated numerically.

By an exhaustion process based on

15


w = WN=0(1 + f) n, m, p, and

σ

(B41)

can be determined using eq.(B15) to eq.(B21) and (B40).

Let be K ≥ 1 the series of natural natural numbers. Then, Then, first of all, w - K³α1 ≥ 0 will be formed. K will be raised as long as K = K n changes its sign. Then K n will reduced by 1, which results in: w - (Kn - 1)³ α1 = w1

(B42)

The process will be repeated with w 1 in the form w1 - K² α2

≥

0 . With K = Km

w1 - (Km - 1)² α2 = w2

(B43)

will be generated. In the same way w2 - K α3

≥

0 yields the relation

w2 - (Kp - 1) α3 = w3

(B44)

and with the abbreviation ß = (2k-1)/3Qσ w3 - e

-ßK

≤

0

(B45)

is determined, which which changes changes its sign for K = Kσ . Next, Kσ will be reduced by 1.With the limits now known, Kn to Kσ , the n, m, p, σ can be calculated: n

= Kn - 1 - Q n

m = Km - 1 - Qm (B46)

p

= Kp - 1 - Q p

σ=

Kσ - 1 - Qσ

With these quantum numbers numbers the mass formula (B3) with its parts eq.(B4) to eq.(B14) eq.(B14) can be calculated.

2. The Average Life Times of the Basic States Let be T the average life time of the masses of elementary particles particles determined by eq. (B3). If TN = T(N) << T is a function depending depending on N, so so that T0 = 0 for N = 0, 0, then according according to Heim the unified relation for the times of existence is: (T - TN) = =

192hHy Mc²[η2 ,2 (1 − η )²(1 − η1,1 )²(1 − η1,2 )²]( H+ n+ m+ p+ σ )( n+ m + p ß( 0) )

δ (B47)

where δ = δ(N) is as in eq.(B7) .M is taken from eq.(B3), eq.(B3), and H from eq.(B24). The substitution substitution y is given by:

16


y = F [ϕ + (-1) (1 + ϕ)(b1 + b2 /WN=0)] s

(B48)

with

ϕ

=

+ Qσ 4 ( 2 − 4 BUW N −1= 0 ) + P (P - 2)²(1 + κ (1 (1 - q)/(2α ϑ )) 1 + p ² 1 + σ ² (π /e)²√η12(Qm-Qn) -- (P + 1) ( 3Q ) / α ,

N 4 p ² σ

(B49)

U = 2 [P² + 3/2 (P - Q) + P(1 -q) + 4 κ B (1 -Q)/(3 - 2q) + (k - 1){P + 2Q Z

- 4π(P - Q) Q)(1 - q)/ 4 2 }] / ηqk ² and

Z = k+P+Q+

(B50)

κ

(B51)

The calculated results for B48 and B49 can be found in a table IX.

B will be calculated from eq.(B28). It is(B52) F= 1 - 1/3 (1 - q)(P - 1)²(3 - P)(1 + P - Q - ε C P/2)(1 + ß(0)(-1) ) - ( 3 ) (1 + D), k

s= 2 - k + ε C + (2kQ - κ P) P) +

P

( 3 ) : 1/k (P-1)(P-2)(P-3) Q

b1= [P { 7 + 6(1 - q)(C - ( 2 ) ) - 2q (1 P

(B53)

( 2 ) )} + κ Q{(3 Z - 1) B + 1}] (2 - k) + P

+ ½ (1 - κ ){(q ){(q - εqx - 2) Q + ε C P + 2 (P + 1) P ( P − 3) P - (1 - q) (4 B - 6 + P)}(k - 1) - ( 3 ) (q - ε qx) 1 + P( P ² − 1) b2= B(5B+3) +

2 H − 3 P +1

(B52)

}(B54)

k

+ C {B( 3B+2(H+1)) + H + ½ }(1 - q) - Q {B(2(B+H) - 1) +

+ H/2 + 3} + κ q {B (3B + 1) - 5/2}(k-Q) - ( 2 ) P²(P + Q)²[8B+1 P

-{5B - (2H+1)(1 + 2 ( 3 ) - Q) + 2} q] P

(2 ) P

k-1

H(1-q) - (B -3/4)²(P-1)(P-2)(P-3)(-1)

+ (Q-q)(1-q + Bq){3(H+B) + πe/ η - q/4}(P+1)³(k-1) + κ {(-1) {(-1)

1-q

+

[7HB+3(H+B)-5/2 [7HB+3(H+B)-5/2 +

+ (1-q){H(3B-4) + B+7/2}](k-1) + Q ( 2 ) {(2 -q)(1 + ε qx)[B/2(H+2) + ¾ ] +5/2HB + P

+ 3H -

B + 5 P +1

} - 5/2 H² ( 3P ) {q (1+π /3(2-q) η2,2) B - (2-q)(1 - q)} 2α

 1 −   1 +

2

η 

 

with

ß(0) =

and

D = [1 + 4 q²(q - 1)(2q + 1)]

πe

(B55) (B56)

η  -1

η ß(0) (1-√η)4 P2+εq (P - 1)(q-1)q/2 /(3√2)

(B57)

With the systems eq.(B3) to eq. (B14) and with the quantum numbers (Table ( Table I) I) the particular masses M can be calculated, and from eq.(B47) to eq.(B57) the life times T of all the multiplet components for N = 0 can be determined numerically and compared with empirical values (Table -8 II). The life times T are shown in multiples of 10 seconds.

17


3. The Sommerfeld Finestructure Constant: Constant: In ϕ and ß(0) the finestructure constant α is contained. The value in chapter D, section 8 is calculated only approximately. approximately. Heim now also gives the exact formula for α: According to eq.(8.21) we get:

α with

1− α²

=

1 - C’ = 1 -

9ϑ ( 2π ) 5

(1 − C ' )

 1 −  ηη1,1η1,2  1+ 1 + η2 ,2

(B58) 2

η 

  η 

= K α

(B59)

With the abbreviation D’ =

(2π ) 5

(B60)

9ϑK α

it follows for the reciprocal square of these solutions:

α(±)-²

= ½ D’²(1 ±

1 − 4 / D'²)

(B61)

With eq. (V/chapter E) the values for both branches are calculated:

α+ = 0.72973525 × 10 - 2 1/ α(+) = 137,03601

and

α-

= 0.99998589

(B62)

1/ α( ) = 1,0000142

which, compared with the empirical empirical value (Nistler & Weirauch 2002) for the finestructure constant, -8 1/ α(+) = 137,0360114 ± 3.4 .10 yields a value which falls into the tolerance region of measurement. The negative branch shows an extremely strong interaction, which probably is based on the inner connections of the four zones in an elementary particle. But Heim did not investigate this further.

4. The Masses of Neutrino States Supposing that in the central region of an elementary particle an euclidian metric rules, i.e. that there is no structure element, than that means: L(n) = - Qn . According to eq.(B15) it means that there also is no ponderable mass M 0 . According to eq.(B16) to eq.(B21) it follows, that also the remaining structure zones are governed by an euclidian metric. In eq.(B3) then we must substitute n = - Qn , m = - Qm , p = - Qp und from which follows: G+F+S=ϕ

18

σ = - Qσ ,

(B63) (B64)


According to eq.(B49) generally ϕ ≠ 0 holds, in spite of σ + Qσ = 0, and also Φ ≠ 0 is not affected by the lower barrier of the n. m, p, σ . If Φ + ϕ ≠ 0, since P > 0 or Q > 0, then eq.(B49) yields a field mass unequal zero, in spite of eq.(B63). This field mass is not interpretable as a ponderable particle, but is - according to Heim - a kind of „spin-potence“ which as a „field catalyst“ permits transmutations of elementary particles or enforces the validity of certain conservation principles (angular momentum momentum). ). This behaviour is equivalent to those properties which made the definition of neutrinos necessary by empirical reasons. If according to eq.(B3) one substitutes for the mass of neutrinos in whole generality M ν =

µα+ (Φ + ϕ0)

(B65)

where ϕ0 relates eq.(B49) eq.(B49) to the lower bounds of n, m, p, determined only by the quantum numbers k, κ , P, and Q .

σ,

than it follows, that M ν is

For M ν(kPQκ ) > 0 the following possibilities result: result: M ν (1110) = M ν (1111) and M ν (1200) in the mesonic region, and M ν (2110) and M ν (2111) in the baryonic region. In addition there is another neutrino, neutrino, which only transfers transfers the angular angular momentum momentum Q = 1 and which is required by the ß-transfer. For this neutrino only the two possibilities exist: M ν (2010)

or

M ν (1010).

Since in the case (2010) M ν < 0 would be, only M ν ( 1010) remains as a possibility for the ßneutrino. With i = 1,...,5 the possible neutrino states νi are: for k = 1: for k = 2:

ν1 (1010) , ν2 (1110), ν3(1200) ν4 (2110) , ν5 (2111).

For each νi there exists the mirror-symmetrical anti-structure ν anti-structure νi . From eq.(B3) with the possibly non-zero quantum numbers the neutrino-masses may be determined. The calculated results are collected in table II. The masses are given in electron volt.

The empirical ß-neutrino can be interpreted by ν1 and the empirical µ-neutrino by ν2. For the time being it cannot be decided whether the rest of the neutrinos also are implemented in nature or whether it concerns merely logical possibilities.

5. Concluding Remarks For the numerical investigation investigation of the states N > 0 the system (B32) must be used, used, which is uncertain because because of the uncertain relations relations eq.(B33) to eq.(B36). eq.(B36). The function z(N) in eq.(B37)

19


must still be determined. determined. Since z is not given, also Q(N) Q(N) for N > 0 remains unknown. The mass values of the spectra N > 0 which belong to the basic states therefore still have an approximate character. Also the life times T N of such states cannot be described yet. In eq.(B49) the free eligible parameters for the expression ϕ with eq.(B50) were fitted by empirical facts [i.e.

4

2 , (π / e) 2 and 4π 4 1/ 2 ] .

The error Q(N) = Q(0) = Q based on on the approximation z = 0 for all of the N only causes causes an approximation error less than 0.1 MeV. In spite of the mentioned uncertainties the numerical calculation of the relations eq.(B22) to eq.(B36) and eq.(B3) yields a spectrum of excitations for each basic state, whose limits are given by eq.(XXXV) with eq.(B32), and whose finestructure is described by eq.(B39). In these spectra of excitation all empirical masses of short living resonances fit which were available to Heim at that time (CERN - Particle Properties - 1973). But there are much more theoretical excitation terms than were found empirically. That could be caused either by the existence of a yet unknown selection rule for N, or the selection rule is only pretended since the terms are not yet recordable by measurements. In the tables IV and V Heim listed only such states N > 0 which seem to be identical with empirical resonances. The N-description N-description in the third column differs between N and N , where the underlining means that a term is addressed which does not fit the selection rule for N of the rd th masses M(NB) - M(NA) > 0 with with NB > NA . The values put in brackets in the 3 and 4 column (with KB from eq.(B39) ) are related to possible electrically charged components. For the ∆ th states, q = 2 was used. used. In the 5 column, the theoretical theoretical masses in MeV are indicated. Here also the brackets are related to electrically charged components. The resonance states in general are represented very well, in spite of the approximate character character (because ofz(N) = 0), but the uncertainty uncertainty appears for k = 1 in the particles ω(783) and η’(958), as well as for k = 2 in the particle N(1688). While the functions z(N) and TN yet have been searched for by Heim, he already possessed an ansatz for a unified description of magnetic spin moments of particles with Q ≠ 0, which was not yet published. After discovering z and TN, Heim wanted to calculate the cross sections of interaction, which regrettably could not more be done. Apart from the above-mentioned incompleteness, it can be stated that on the basis of the farreaching correspondence with the empirical data Heim’s structure theory meets all requirements to be fulfilled by a mathematical scheme for a unified theory, and there is no other unified structure theory which allows for more exact or much better confirmed descriptions of the geometro-dynamical geometro-dynamical processes within the microregion.

20


Selected Results Research Group Heim's Theory, IGW Innsbruck, 2003 Pay attention also to Heim,B. 1979/89/98, 1984 © IGW Innsbruck

Content

• Quantum Numbers of Basic States (N=0)

2

• Theoretical Data of Elementary Particles

3

with Mean Lives > 10

-16

sec Calculated by B. Heim 1989

• Experimental Data of Elementary Particles with Mean Lives > 10

-16

4

sec

• Approximated Meson Resonances

5

• Approximated Baryon Resonances

6-8

• Numerical Evaluations of Different Equations • Relative Deviations of the Theoretically Determined

9-11 12

Particle Masses from the Experimental Mean Values for Different Values of the Gravity Constant

• Relative Deviations of the Theoretically Determined Particle Lifetimes from the Corresponding Experimental Mean Values

1

13


Table I Quantum Numbers of Basic States (N=0)

Partikel k 1 e− , e + e0 , e0 1 µ−,µ + 1 , 1 + − 1 K , K K 0 , K 0 1 1 π ± ,π 1 π 0 ,π 0 2 Λ, Λ Ω− , Ω + 2 p, p 2 n, n 2 Ξ− ,Ξ+ 2 Ξ0 , Ξ 0 2 2 Σ+ , Σ − 2 Σ0 , Σ 0 2 Σ− , Σ + ο + + ,ο −− 2 2 ο + ,ο − 2 ο 0 ,ο 0 2 ο − ,ο + m

n 0 0 11 18 17 18 12 12 1 4 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

m 0 0 6 22 26 5 9 3 3 4 0 0 7 6 -7 -7 -6 1 -1 -1 -1

p 0 0 11 17 30 5 2 6 0 -1 0 -2 -17 -1 -12 -14 -5 9 -1 -10 -16

2

P 0 1 1 1 6 1 14 0 28 1 2 1 3 2 4 2 -11 0 -15 0 0 1 17 1 2 1 6 1 10 2 -2 2 -8 2 4 3 -6 3 2 3 -15 3

σ

Q 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3

εqx εC ℜ -1 0 -1 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 ±1 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 -3 1 0 0 0 -1 -2 0 -2 1 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 2 0 1 0 0 0 -1 0

0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Tabelle II Theoretical Data of Elementary Particles with Mean Lives > 10-16 sec Calculated by B. Heim 1989 (J = spin, P = parity, I = isospin, S = strangeness, B = baryon number)

Type

Symbol

Photons

γ νe νµ ντ ν4 ν5

Leptons

0 -6

e e0

Mesons

µ π± π0 η ±

K 0 K

Κ0 p n

Baryons

Λ Σ+ ΣΣ0 ΞΞ0 Ω++

Mass MeV

---

o ,o + -o ,o + o ,ο 0 0 o ,ο

J

P

I

S

B

Mean Life -8 10 sec

1

-1 ±1 1 ±1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 0

0 0 0 ±1 1 -1 0 0 0 1 1 1 -2 -2 -3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1

0.00381 × 10 0.00537 0.010752 0.021059 0.207001 0.51100343 0.51617049 105.65948493 139.56837088 134.96004114 548.80002432 493.71425074 493.71425074 497.72299959 497.72299959 497.72299959 497.72299959 938.27959246 939.57336128 1115.59979064 1189.37409717 1197.30443002 1192.47794854 1321.29326013 1314.90206200 1672.17518902

1/2

1232.91663788 1234.60981181 1229.99529979 1237.06132359

3/2

1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2

0 0 0 0 0 0 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 3/2

3/2 3/2 3/2

3

1 1 1 1

1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2

0 1 1 1 1/2 1/2

0 3/2 3/2 3/2 3/2

219.94237553 2.60282911 -8

0.84016427 × 10 -8 0.00233820 × 10 1.23709835 5.17900027 0.00887666

∞ 917.33526856 × 10 0.02578198 0.00800714 0.01481729

8

-10

0.42908026 × 10 0.01653050 0.02961947 0.01317650

-16

5.99071759 × 10 -16 5.72954997 × 10 -16 6.74230244 × 10 -16 5.08526841 × 10


Tabelle III Experimental Data of Elementary Particles with Mean Lives > 10-16 sec (J = spin, P = parity, I = isospin, S = strangeness, B = baryon number)

Type

Symbol

Photons

γ νe νµ ντ

Leptons

P

I

S

B

1

-1 ±1 ±1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 0

0 0 0 ±1 1 -1 0 0 0 1 1 1 -2 -2 -3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1

1/2 1/2

Λ Σ+ ΣΣ0 ΞΞ0 Ω-

< 0.17 <18.2 0.51099907±0.00000015 105.658389±0.000034 139.57018±0.000351 134.9766±0.0006 547.30±0.12 493.677±0.016 497.672±0.031 497.672±0.031 938.27231±0.00026 939.56563±0.00028 1115.683±0.006 1189.37±0.07 1197.449±0.03 1192.642±0.024 1321.32±0.13 1314.9±0.6 1672.45±0.29

∆++ ∆+ ∆0 ∆-

≈1232 ≈1232 ≈1232 ≈1232

3/2

µ π± π0 η ±

K 0 K

Κ0 p n

Baryons

0

J

≤ 5 × 10-8

e

Mesons

Mass/MeV (PDG,CERN 2002)

1/2 1/2 1/2

0 0 0 0 0 0 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 3/2

3/2 3/2 3/2

1 1 1 1

1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2

0 1 1 1 1/2 1/2

0 3/2 3/2 3/2 3/2

Mean Life -8 10 sec

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 219.703±0.004 2.6033±0.0005 -8 (0.84±0.06)×10 1.2384±0.0024 5.2±0.5(Rohlf1994) 0.0089±0.0002 ( " )

∞ 8

(886.7±1.9)×10 0.02632±0.0002 0.00799±0.00004 0.01479±0.00011 -12 (7.4±0.7)×10 0.01639±0.00015 0.029±0.0009 0.00822±0.00012

The data are taken from the Particle Data Group homepage http://pdg.lbl.gov , CERN, (2002), 0

0

except for the life times of K and Κ , which are taken from J.W. Rohlf 1994: Modern Physics 0 from α to Z , New York: John Wiley & Sons.

4


Table IV Approximated Meson Resonances (k=1)

Partikel

P

0 ω (783) 0 ´(958) 0 0 S * (993) Φ(1019 ) 0 f (1270 ) 0 D(1285) 0 E (1420 ) 0 f ' (1514 ) 0 ω (1675) 0 1 K −* (892) K A (1240) 1 K * (1420 ) 1 L(1770 ) 1 p(770) 2 δ (970) 2 A1 (1100 ) 2 B(1235) 2 A2 (1310 ) 2 F 1 (1540 ) 2 p ' (1600 ) 2 A3 (1640) 2 g (1680) 2 ε

N(N)±

KB(KB)±

49 64 144 170 153 253 255 272 323 342 23(11) 83(69) 98(101) 161(164) 8(5) 39(21) 76(48) 93(79) 127(86) 182(145) 215(156) 221(160) 228(165)

10 51 28 -1 63 26 27 82 2 71 29(3) 6(15) 25(23) 65(11) 65(11 ) 30(34) 19(5) 41(5) 27(10) 22(59) 37(4) 43(29) 43(29 ) 4(7) 28(5)

5

Theoretische Masse in MeV 691,7094 783,9033 956,8400 992,6142 1019,6306 1274,5452 1286,1728 1414,1873 1517,8602 1664,0125 891,1955(892,2211) 1241,1180(1239,9767) 1420,2213(1414,4956) 1775,2145(1764,9862) 769,9833(769,3101) 976,4931(973,6704) 1106,9780(1106,7462) 1239,5340(1239,1994) 1310,4695(1309,6730) 1539,5100(1537,9095) 1604,8640(1605,1008) 1637,2669(1634,2138) 1686,0154(1678,6425)


Table Va Approximated Baryon Resonances (k=2)

Partikel N(1470) N(1520) N(1535) N(1670) N(1688) N(1700) N(1770) N(1780) N(1810) N(1990) N(2000) N(2040) N(2100) N(2190) N(2220) N(2650) N(3030) N(3245) N(3690) N(3755) Λ(1330) Λ(1405) Λ(1520) Λ(1670) Λ(1690) Λ(1750) Λ(1815)

P N(N)± 1 13(12) 1 14(13) 1 18(17) 1 23(22) 1 24(23) 1 25(27) 1 26(24) 1 31(29) 1 32(30) 1 37(35) 1 42(39) 1 44(41) 1 40(44) 1 49(46) 1 50(47) 1 73(69) 1 90(85) 1 95(90) 1 119(113) 1 113(115) 0 25 0 22 0 37 0 54 0 55 0 58 0 70

KB(K)± theoretische Masse in MeV 10(38) 1470,4888(1480,1770) 29(8) 1509,6087(1515,7293) -2(8) 1533,9788(1535,3254) 8(0) 1657,9536(1679,5754) -23(11) -23( 11) 1694,3687(1719,4898) 63(-12) 63 (-12) 1734,6717(1751,2494) 14(65) 1771,8218(1769,0721) -9(0) 1784,3644(1782,2884) 38(40) 1808,3795(1808,5253) 60(50) 1974,9129(1989,7028) -3(-37) 2011,0552(2001,9706) 7(30) 2044,8079(2034,6322) 78(25) 2107,8085(2120,5890) -14(21) -14( 21) 2200,5168(2195,5259) 66(43) 2244,1911(2245,4563) 2(-9) 2653,5304(2652,4071) 41(54) 3036,2404(3033,5279) 61(28) 3234,0166(3231,8730) 3(4) 3689,8085(3684,1957) 37(31) 3751,7230(3728,0808) 10 1329,8831 79 1403,3999 36 1516,3419 4 1669,9762 1669,9762 61 1693,2832 25 1754,7613 -10 1815,4961 1815,4961

6


Table Vb Approximated Baryon Resonances (k=2 continuation)

Partikel Λ(1830) Λ(1860) Λ(1870) Λ(2010) Λ(2020) Λ(2100) Λ(2110) Λ(2350) Λ(2585) Ξ(1530) Ξ(1630) Ξ(1820) Ξ(1940) Ξ(2030) Ξ(2250) Ξ(2500) ∆(1650) ∆(1670) ∆(1690) ∆(1890) ∆(1900) ∆(1910) ∆(1950) ∆(1960) ∆(2160) ∆(2420) ∆(2850) ∆(3230)

P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

N(N)± 71 73 74 87 88 94 84 116 136 4(2) 7(4) 16(10) 19(13) 25(19) 31(24) 42(35) 44 48 71 124 125 129 134 137 211 302 419 572

KB(K)± Theoretische Masse in MeV 11 1830,4081 -5 1864,6313 1 1884,4529 17 2010,5372 18 2018,1998 0 2095,9533 34 2113,6593 30 2344,7465 5 2591,7184 9(5) 1531,5487(1534,7628) 30(20) 1621,5840(1661,1690) 35(9) 1828,9065(1810,8367) 59(27) 1944,8454((1945,2579) -4(-3) 2027,8157(2037,5528) 65(-4) 2247,4841(2241,9080) 42(13) 2481,8202(2517,9008) 11 1651,0807 44 1678,6242 0 1690,0383 1 1887,9876 56 1900,8602 -27 1915,2764 59 1949,2695 38 1965,3571 1965,3571 33 2153,9221 12 2422,5186 63 2856,6694 34 3229,6911

7


Table Vc Approximated Baryon Resonances (k=2 continuation)

Partikel Σ(1385) Σ(1440) Σ(1480) Σ(1620) Σ(1670) Σ(1690) Σ(1750) Σ(1765) Σ(1840) Σ(1880) Σ(1915) Σ(1940) Σ(2000) Σ(2030) Σ(2070) Σ(2080) Σ(2100) Σ(2250) Σ(2455) Σ(2620) Σ(3000)

P (N) +N(N)(KB)+KB(KB)- Theoretische Masse in MeV 2 (13) +6(13)(11)+59(22) (1383) +1382(1386) 2 (16)8(16) (9)71(-5) (1441)1434(1441) 2 (18)20(18) (64)12(52) (1492)1490(1489) 2 (32)35(32) (18)10(20) (1624)1622(1616) 2 (34)27(35) (8)15(-23) (1664)1660 (1678) 2 (35)38(36) (-10)43(57) (1691)1683((1705) 2 (43)41(38) (-25)34(5) (1752)1747(1750) 2 (45)49(46) (9)10(-2) (1769)1766(1770) 2 (50)45(51) (19)11(47) (1847)1844(1848) 2 (42)57(43) (65)61(7) (1884)1887(1885) 2 (53)59(54) (28)16(24) (1909)1923(1908) 2 (54)60(55) (23)44(-10) (1932)1951(1931) 2 (63)70(64) (8)1(-45) (2003)2012(2002) 2 (66)72(59) (21)12(5) (2035)2031(2031) 2 (68)75(69) (2)38(40) (2066)2071(2064) 2 (69)76(70) (9)29(10) (2083)2089(2074) 2 (70)77(71) (31)52(6) (2103)2106(2093) 2 (76)84(78) (-12)33(35) (2243)2250(2252) 2 (94)104(85) (18)56(3) (2444)2458(2455) 2 (110)121(103) (27)-12(26) (2624)2625(2621) 2 (136)150(140) (-85)38(12) (2994)3001(3003)

8


Tables VI Numerical Evaluations of the Equations V and VIII (chapter E)

symbol numerical value symbol numerical value 0,98998964 7,93991266 η ϑ 0,98756399 7,92534503 η1,1 ϑ1,1 0,98516776 7,91095114 η1,2 ϑ1,2 0,84242385 7,04779227 η2,2 ϑ2,2 0,01832211 0,00812835 α+ αNumerical Evaluations of the Equations X and B23,B24,B28 (chapter E+F)

k Qn Qm Qp Qσ B H A 1 3 3 2 1 27 9 2787,59025432 2 24 31 34 15 26 104 14727,57867072

Table VII Numerical Evaluations of the Equations IX and B8,B9,B10,B13 (chapter E+F)

Ni(k,q ) numerical value N1(1,1 ) 0,99688127 N1(1,0 ) 1 N1(2,1 ) 0,99627809 N1(2,0 ) 1 N1(2,2 ) 0,95891826 N2(1,1) 0,67506174 N2(1,0) 0,66666667 N2( 2,1) 0,67670370 N2(2,0) 0,66666667 N2(2,2) 0,79136728 N3(1,1) 1,95731764 N3(1,0) 2 N3(2,1) 2,59881924 N3(2,0) 2,71828183 N3(2,2) 2,12190443

N i(k,q ) numerical value N 4(1,1 ) 4 N 4(1,0 ) 4 N 4(2,1 ) 4 N 4(2,0 ) 2 N 4(2,2 ) 6 N 5(1,1) 1,15773470 N 5(1,0) 1,15773470 N 5( 2,1) 1,73247496 N 5(2,0) 1,15773470 N 5(2,2) 76,73214581 N 6(1,1) 0.00000164 N6(1,0) 0,00000164 N 6(2,1) 0,02518725 N 6(2,0) -0.10493009 N 6(2,2) 0,15580107 9


Table VIII Numerical Evaluations of the Equations B22,B29,B30,B31 B22,B29,B30,B31 (Chapter F)

Particle a1 e 35 0 e 34 1 µ 25 π± 16 Κ+ 22 π0 22 Κ0 28 η p 0 + 21 Σ 21 Σ− 26 Ξ− 47 Ω− ++ o 23 + o 23 o 21 n 0 13 Λ 21 Σ0 0 26 Ξ 0 o 23

a2 a3 WN=0 11 89,96774158 38,70294226 28 77,11059862 38,51308957 23 7,26891022 2830,2632345 0 95,62488526 3514,46294316 31 7,26891022 8857,95769020 2 -0,03225806 - 0,03225806 3419,16217346 17 98,29474138 9332,35821820 33 48,65020426 9905,00599107 23 84,22944059 14792,56308050 30 26,15371691 18124,03136129 47 94,49556347 18183,30294347 25 15,61504747 18998, 73451193 3 69,73881899 23157,61451004 27 82,92386515 18115,38391620 22 22,64335811 18467,56082305 27 69,73881899 18448,51703290 36 101,15000035 14828,61089116 45 -0,033333333 16827,97671482 46 83,86257747 18179,59733741 22 71,62409771 18990,08927597 39 93,76289283 18508,94119539

10


Table IX Numerical Evaluations of the Equations XXXV and B48,B49 (Chapter E+F)

Particle e− ,e + e0 , e0

µ−,µ + K + , K − K 0 m

π 0 ,π 0 Λ, Λ Ω− , Ω + p, p n, n

Ξ− ,Ξ+ Ξ0 , Ξ 0 Σ+ , Σ − Σ0 , Σ 0 Σ− , Σ + ο + + ,ο − − ο + ,ο − ο 0 ,ο 0 ο − ,ο +

0,26273140 ⋅10184,84508008 147,94249859 0,25356917 17,08389288

-8

3,70004027 ⋅10 0.06178705 0,09369559 17,31698079 1228,02191382 0,10666692 0,20184712 0,04603481

211,63404729 ⋅10 0.06836890

L(N) 0 1021 0 1373 2,57120915 2340 5,06612007 3236 -40,78574065 3258 -12,73395842 3166 -12,73395842 3166 -2,32863274 1485 -5,12094079 1833 0 1964 -137,03604095 2062 9,28034058 1841 11,16885467 1932 23,44132266 2247 90,44612205 2382 -6,00947753 5785 11,78154008 6375 -2,01125294 5991 -1364,07751672 35510 -623,74523006 5115 -985,00227539 5551 -548,14408156 5102

ϕ

8

,

K 0 π ± ,π

Y -408,54063248 -53,97104336 1086,93016693

-8

-16

14,72282381 ⋅10 -16 11,51525605 ⋅10 -16 10,13617609 ⋅10 -16 10,19390807 ⋅10

11


Relative Deviations of the Theoretically Determined Particle Masses from the Experimental Meanvalues for Different Values Values of the Gravity Constant G v

12


Relative Deviations of the Theoretically Determined Particle Lifetimes from the Corresponding Experimental Mean Values Heim 1989, ? : an experimental value could not be found at the PDG data set, Heim 1998, measuring uncertainty

13

References Adler, S.L. 1970: Perturbation Perturbation Theory Anomalies in Lectures on Elementary Particles andQuantum Field Theory , Brandeis University Summer Institute; Bd.1 Ambj∅rn, J. and R. Loll, 1998: Nucl. Phys. B536, S. 407 Arnowitt, R. S. Deser, and C.W. Misner 1962: in Gravitation - An Introduction to Current Research, ed. by Louis Witten, p. 257; New York: John Wiley Ashtekar, A. 1994: Proceedings of the Workshop on Math. Phys. Towards the XXIst Century, (Israel): BeerSheva Baez, J. 1998: Class. Quantum Gravity , 15, 1827-1858 Baez, J. 2000: Lect. Notes Phys., 543, 25-94 Barber Collaboration 2003: eingereicht an Phys. Rev. Lett, hep-ex/0304021 (Vorabmeldung in Phys. Unserer Zeit, 4, 2003, 157, von Th. Ziegler) Barrett, J. and L. Crane 2000: Class. Quant. Grav., 17, 3101-3118 Blackett, P.M. 1947: Nature, 159 Bohm, D. 1952: Phys. Rev. 85 , 166-179 Bohm, D. 1953: Phys. Rev. 85 , 180-193 Bonnor, W.B. 1954: Proc. R. Soc., 226A, S.366 CERN, Particle Data Group (PDG), 2002, Internet: http://pdg.lbl.gov Cole, E.A.B. 1980: Il Nuovo Cimento , Vol.55B, 2, p. 269-275 Droescher, W. and J. Haeuser 2001: „Physical Principles of Advanced Space Propulsion Based on Heim’s Field Theory“, 38 th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE; Joint Propulsion Conference, Indianapolis, Indiana, 7-10. Juli 2002 Droescher, W. 2003: IGW Innsbruck; not yet published Einstein, A. and N. Rosen 1935: Phys. Rev., 48, S.73 ff

1

Einstein, A., L. Infeld und B. Hoffmann 1938: Ann. Math ., 39, S.65 ff Einstein, A. 1956: Grundzüge der Relativitätstheorie ; Braunschweig: Vieweg Faber, J.A. 2003: preprint astro-phys/0303346 Feynman, R. 1989: in Superstrings - Eine allumfassende Theorie? S.229, Hrsg. P.C.W. Davies und J.R. Brown, Berlin: Birkhäuser Fomlalont, E.B. and S.M. Kopeikin 2003: preprint astro-ph/0302294, submitted to ApJ.Lett. Gelfond, A.O. 1958: Differenzenrechnung , Hochschulbücher für Mathematik, Vol. 41, VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin Glashow, S. and P. Ginsparg 1986: Physics Today , Mai 1986, S.7 Grössing, G. 2000: Quantum-Cybernetics ; Heidelberg: Springer Gueret, Ph. Und J.P. Vigier 1982: DeBroglie’s Wave Particle Duality in the Stochastic Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics: A Testable Physical Assumption ; in Found. Physics, 12, S.1057-1083 Gundlach, J.H. and S.M. Merkowitz 2000: Phys.Rev.Lett. 85 (2002) p. 2859-2872 Hagston, W.E. W.E. and I.D. Cox 1985: Foundation of Physics , Vol.15, No.7, S. 773-805 Harasim, A. I. von Ludwiger, W. Kroy and a nd H. Auerbach 1985: ‘85-Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices and their Applications, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Gruyter & Co. Hehl, F.W. and B.K. Datta 1971: J. Math. Phys. , Vol.12, 7, S.1334 Heim, B. 1977: Vorschlag eines Weges zur einheitlichen Beschreibung der Elementarteilchen, Z. f. Naturforschung, 32a, pp. 233-243 Heim, B. 1979/89: Elementarstrukturen der Materie, Vol.1, Innsbruck, Austria: Resch Heim, B. 1984: Elementarstrukturen der Materie, Vol.2, Innsbruck, Austria: ReschHeim, B. and W. Droescher 1996: Strukturen der physikalischen Welt und ihrer nichtmateriellen Seite , Innsbruck, Austria: Resch-Verlag Heisenberg, W. 1967: Einführung in die einheitliche Feldtheorie der Elementarteilchen , Stuttgart: S. Hirzel

2

Hlavatý, V. 1952: Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 38, no.5, p. 415 Hughton, L.P. und R.S. Ward 1979: Advances in Twistor Theory ; San Francisco: Pitman Advanced Publ. Progr. Isham, C.H., A. Salam und J. Strathdee 1971: Phys. Rev. , D3, S.867 Isham, C. 1991: Quantum Gravity in The New Physics, ed by P. Davis; Cambridge Press Jehle, H. 1972: Phys. Rev. , D6, 2, S.441-457 Kaluza, T. 1921: Sitz. Ber. D. Preuss. Akad. D. Wiss. , S.966 Klein, O. 1926: Z. f. Physik , 37, S.805 Kopeikin, S.M., 2003: preprint, astro-ph/0302462; Astrophys. J. Lett., 556, L1 (2001) Kuending, W, R.E. Pixley, St. Schlamminger and U. Str aumann, 2002/03: Phys.Rev.Lett. 89, (2002) No.16, p.161 102; Annual Report 2002/03 Lanius, K. 1981: Physik der Elementarteilchen Elementarteilchen , S.185; Braunschweig: Vieweg Markopoulou, F. 1997: „Dual Formulation of Spin Network Evolution“, p reprint gr-qs/9704013 Markopoulou, F. and L. Smolin 1998: Phys. Rev., D58, 084033 Meessen, A. 1978: Foundations of Physics , Vol. 8, 5/6, p. 399 Meessen, A. 1999: Foundations of Physics , Vol. 29, 2, pp. 281-316 Meschkowski, H. 1959: Differenzengleichungen, Göttingen: VandenHoeck Neumann, J. von 1955: Mathematical Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics , Princeton: Princeton University Press Nistler, W. and W. Weirauch, 2002: Physik in unserer Zeit , 1, 2002, pp.10-15 Nörlund, N.E. 1924: Vorlesungen ueber Differenzenrechnung , Berlin: Springer Verlag Oriti, D. 2001: Rept. Prog. Phys., 64, 1489-1544 Penrose, R. 1975: Twistor Theory, its Aims and Achievements, in Quantum Gravity, ed. by L. Witten, New York: Wiley & Sons

3

Penrose, R. 1971: in Quantum Theory and Beyond , ed T. Bastin, Cambridge: Uni. Press Perez, A. and C. Rovelli 2001a: Phys. Rev. , D63, 041501 Perez, A. and C. Rovelli 2001b: Nucl. Phys. , B599 , 255-282 Reisenberger, M. und C. Rovelli 1997: Phys. Rev. , D56, 3490 Rohlf, J.W. 1994: Modern Physics from

α

0 to Z , New York: John Wiley & Sons

Rovelli, C. and L. Smolin 1995: Nucl. Phys. , B442, 593-622 Rudea, A., B. Haisch and H. E. Puthoff 1994: Phys. Rev. A, p.1-12 Scherk, J. and J.H. Schwarz 1974: Nucl. Physics , B81, S.118 Schwarz, J.H. 1985: Superstrings - The First 15 Years of Superstring Theory ; Word Scientific Sirag, S.P. 1979: Nature, 278, pp 535-537 Sivaram, C. and K.P. Sinha 1974: Pramana, Vol. 2, 5, S.229 Thiemann, T. 2001: „Introduction to Modern Canonical Quantum General Relativity“, Reprint : gr-qc/0110034 Tonnelat, M.A. 1955: J. Phys. Rad., (Paris), 16, S.21 Treder, H. J. 1974: Philosophische Probleme des physikalischen Raumes , Berlin: Akademie-Verlag Treder, H. J. 1985: Foundations of Physics , Vol.15, No.2, S. 161ff. Veltman,, M. 2003: Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics , London: World Scientific Weinberg, S. 1989: in Superstrings - Eine allumfassende Theorie? S.244; Hrsg. Von P.C.W. Davies UND J.R. Brown; Berlin: Birkhäuser Wheeler, J.A. 1962: Geometrodynamics , New York: Academic Press Will, C.M. 2003: ApJ, 590, 683; preprint astro-ph/0301145

4


Content A Abstract

1-4

B Remarks on the Physicist Physicist Burkhard Heim*

1-2

C About the State of the the Elementary ParticleParticle- and Geometrised Geometrised Physics* 1. The Fields of Interaction and the Masses of Elementary Particles in the Standard-Model of Particle Physics 2. Theories with Geometrically Structured Particles 3. Problems in Elementary Particle Physics and the Requirement for a Structure Theory of Particles D On the Derivation Derivation of Heim's Mass Mass Formula* 1. Gravitation in the Microscopic Domain 2. Solution of the 6-dimensional 6-dimensional Field Equations for the Microscopic Domain 2.1 The Three Structure Units of the World 2.2 Solutions of the Field Equations for the Four Hermetry-Forms 2.3 Theoretical Fixing of the Elementary Elementary Charge and of the Fine-structure-Constant 3. The Polymetric Geometry 3.1 The Polymetric Field Equations 3.2 Correlations of the Partial Structures and their Extrema 3.3 Groups of Couplings and Condensor Fluxes 4. Microscopic Structure Dynamic: the Reason of Inertia 4.1 Condensor Fluxes 4.2 The Inertia of all Hermetry Forms 5. Prototypical Basic Fluxes and Prototrope Conjunctors 6. The Geometrical Reasons of Spin, Isospin, Helicity, and Anti-Structures 7. Determination of the Sum of Partial Masses in an Elementary Structure 8. Fine-Structure Constant and the Electromagnetic Field 9. Basic States of the Elementary Particles and "Quarks" 10. Limits of Excitation of Resonance and Masses of the Neutrino States 11. Experimental Confirmations of Heim's Structure Theory

1-6 7-9 10

1-6 7-9 10-12 13-16 17-21 22-24 25-27 28-31 32-33 34-38 39-43 44-51 52-60 61-66 67-72 73-74

E Heim's Mass Formula (1982)

1-9

F Heim's Mass Formula (1989) (1989)

10-18

G Selected Results: 1-13 Theoretical Values of the Masses of Elementary Particles (Basic States and Resonances), Mean Lifetimes of Basic States, Masses of Neutrinos, Sommerfeld Fine-structure Constant, Influence of the Value of the Gravitational Constant on the Masses of Basic States H References

* Not jet available in English

Burkhard Heim Mass Formula

Recommend Documents