Table of Contents Bus Systems Subject Page Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Advantages of Bus Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Types of Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Analog Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Analog Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Digital Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Binary Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Signal Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Coded Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Bit and Byte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Larger Units of Bytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Overview of Bus Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Main Bus Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Sub-bus Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Main Bus Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 K-CAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Advantages of CAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Terminating Resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 K-CAN 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 PT-CAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 PT-CAN 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 ICM-CAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 FlexRay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 FlexRay in E7x Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Wake-up and Sleep Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Measurements on the FlexRay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 FlexRay - Application in F0x Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Properties of FlexRay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Bus Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 FlexRay Bus Topology on F0x Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Bus Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Transmission Medium - Signal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Deterministic Data Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Bus Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 High Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Initial Print Date: 07/10
Revision Date: 09/11
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MKGM - #LMK KH@KFFG@ ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 MKGM G #0Q EL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 AIIEMHG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 NKMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 #MNKL H? MKGM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 #NGMHGL H? MKGM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 #K IM BNL MPHKDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 L@G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 KGIE H? IME KGLFLLHG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 KGIE H? @M KGLFLLHG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 @M AMMGNMHG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 NLL H? QLLO AMMGNMHG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 KO HGLKMHGL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 E IK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 #K IM HGGMHKL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 L@G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 G@ MKNMNK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 HGGMHG H? HGMKHE GML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 #K IM HGGMHK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 HGMKHE GML G @M KMHG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 @M KMHG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 @LMKMHG H? HGMKHE NGML G M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 BGPML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 BNL @GHLL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 IME O $N HFFNGMHG #NEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 HGMKHE HNE HL HM PM ?? @M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 MPHKD DNI GLNLL?NE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 G@ BKD @GHLL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 @M NMINM NMHG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 G@ BKD LM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 MMNL DNI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
&-= &== . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 -BNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 -BNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 2.0 (HK 2.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 -BNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 -A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 BM-LKE M GMK? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 HE-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 G++= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 $MPR NEL BL HG M QFIE H? KG MMHG . . . . . . . . . . .75
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BA"K $AGE
B= &== !: A $<: A
A + 9 ; ?; = ) : U LK M HIKMHG H? L NL LRLMF. U GKLMG HP L@GEL G LGLHK G?HKFMHG K LK MPG HGMKHE NGML G NL LRLMF. U GM?R M ??KGM NL LRLMFL NKKGMER NL G B $KHNI OEL. U GKLMG HP NL GMPHKDG@ MGHEH@R L IIE G B OEL. U GKLMG @GHLM MGJNL.
4 BNL RLMFL
I< HR'L OEL HGMG P OKMR H? EMKHG OL G HFIHGGML. MHME GNFK H? EMKHG HFIHGGML G FHMHK OEL L LNK MH GKL LNLMGMEER G M ?HKLE ?NMNK. @LEMHG L PEE L NLMHFKL FG ML HGMGN OEHIFGM. @LEMHG L GMKLM G FIKHOG@ M JNEMR H? QNLM FLLHGL G KNG@ ?NE HGLNFIMHG. NLMHFK KJNKFGML K ?HNLL HG FIKHOG@ KOG@ HF?HKM G L?MR. HGMKHE NGML MM FM ML KJNKFGML O EHG@ G NMES. QFIEL GEN HGMKHE NGML FIEHR G M K H? M @ME FHMHK EMKHGL G K@ LRLMFL. HFIEQMR H? M KES ?NGMHGL EEL ?HK M QG@ MPG M HGMKHE NGML. HGOGMHGEER, M M L MKGLFMM O L@GE EGL. HPOK, G OP H? M GKL G HFIEQMR H? M HGMKHE NGM ?NGMHGL, ML MRI H? M QG@ G GHP KES HGER PM OK @KHPG@ QIGMNK. K@GEER NMHGHFHNL IKHLLL H? GONE HGMKHE NGML K G@ HNIE MH G OK GKLG@ QMGM O NL LRLMFL. L FGL MM M IKHLLL K LMKNM, FIEFGM MKHN@HNM M OE LRLMFL GMPHKD G GMKM G H-HKGM ?NGMHGL. M QG@ PMG M LRLMFL GMPHKD L MK?HK HGLMGMER GKLG@. L M QG@ ELH GEL FGR GP ?NGMHGL, P G?M GKL KH L?MR G GG KOG@ HF?HKM. L KJNKFGML G GH EHG@K KES PM M IKOHNL OE EMKE LRLMFL G GMPHKDL. GKLG@ NL H? EMKE G EMKHG HFIHGGML G FHMHK OEL L EFM R OKHNL ?MHKL: U GKLG@ LHI H? PKG@/EG@ U @K IKHNMHG HLML U GKL LI KJNKFGM G M OE U HFIHGGM HG?@NKMHGL MM K ??NEM MH FG@ U N KEEMR H? HOKEE LRLMF MPHKDL K NL G M OE EMKE LRLMF PM M F H? FGFSG@ ML LOGM@L. L GMPHKDL K K?KK MH L NL LRLMFL. BNL LRLMFL GE GMPHKDG@ H? M GONE HGMKHE NGML G M OE O "LKE GMK?L". L IKHOL OKHNL OGM@L MM ?EMM M NL H? M LRLMFL G FHMHK OEL.
5 BNL RLMFL
A@++= B= &== U @K KEEMR H? HOKEE LRLMF U N QMGM H? PKG@/EG@ U NMHG G M GNFK H? GONE EL U N KHLL LMHGL H? PKG@ KGLLL U #EQE GLMEEMHG H? EL U NEMIE NL H? LGLHKL U KGLFLLHG H? HFIEQ M IHLLE U @K ?EQEMR ?HK LRLMF FH?MHGL U QIGLHG H? LHI H? M IHLLE M GR MF U FIEFGMMHG H? GP ?NGMHGL ?HK M NLMHFK U ??GM @GHLL U HPK KPK HLML
'= '<+=== A+ '<+=== MKF GEH@ HFL ?KHF M $KD (GEH@HL) G FGL HKKLIHGG@ MH, GEH@HNL MH. AGEH@ KIKLGMMHG H? M (= G?HKFMHG) L L HG KIKLGMMHG R HGMGNHNLER G@G@ IRLE OKE MM L KMER IKHIHKMHGE MH M M.
6 BNL RLMFL
I#$
E*
1
QFNF
$
HEM@
F
A+ &+ A KMKLM H? G GEH@ L@GE L MM M G LLNF GR OEN MPG 0% G 100%. L@GE L MK?HK G?GMER OKE. QFIEL: HGMK FLNKG@ GLMKNFGML, FKNKR MKFHFMK, GL H? PM. G ELMGG@ MH FNL, ?HK QFIE, M K KOL M GEH@ L@GEL (HGLMGMER G@G@ LHNG POL). L LHNG L KIKLGM G M LF PR G EMKE OL (NH LRLMF, KH, MEIHG M.) R FGL H? HGMGNHNLER G@G@ OHEM@L. HPOK, PG LN G EMKE L@GE L MKGL?KK ?KHF HG O MH GHMK, M G?HKFMHG KKOG@ M M KOK L GH EHG@K QMER M LF L PM PL LGM R M MKGLFMMK. L L N MH GMK?KG ?MHKL LN L: U E EG@M U G KLLMG H? M E U H POL U HE KH L@GEL GEH@ MKGLFLLHG H? G?HKFMHG G OE IIEMHGL L GHM ?LE ?HK L?MR G KEEMR KLHGL. G MHG, M G@L G OHEM@L PHNE FN MHH LFEE LH MM KEE OENL HNE GHM KIKLGM (AB, K@, G@G FG@FGM M.).
D+ '<+=== MKF @ME HK@GML ?KHF M MG PHKE @MNL G FGL ?G@K HK MH. @ME L MK?HK OKRMG@ MM G HNGM HG ?P ?G@KL HK INM FHK NKMER OKRMG@ MM G O GMH LKM LMIL.
I#$
E*
$
HEM@
F
7 BNL RLMFL
@ME KIKLGMMHG GOHEOL M KIKLGMMHG H? HGLMGMER G@G@ OKEL G GNFKE ?HKF. KMNEKER G HFINMKL, EE M K KIKLGM L LJNG H? SKHL G HGL (GKR). @ME L MK?HK M HIIHLM H? GEH@. QFIEL: @ME FNEMFMK, @ME EHD, , .
B+< '<+=== PHK HFL ?KHF M $KD G FGL MPH. B+< &+
I#$
E*
I#$
E*
1
@
$
HEM@
2
HP
F
A GKR L@GE MK?HK L HGER MPH IHLLE LMML: 0 G 1 HK @ G HP. QFIEL: U FI E@ML - EFI HL GHM E@M U ER L KHII HNM - KER L ID NI U HEM@ L IIE - OHEM@ L GHM IIE AEE LRFHEL, F@L HK OG LHNGL HGLLM H? KMG LKL H? GKR KMKL LN L 10010110. M ML GKR H, M HFINMK HK M HGMKHE NGM G IKHLL G?HKFMHG HK LG M G?HKFMHG MH HMK HGMKHE NGML.
8 BNL RLMFL
&+ @ G HKK MH E MH EKER LMG@NL MPG M MPH LMML @ G HP G FHMHK OE IIEMHGL, EKER ?G KG@ L LL@G MH LMM: U @ KG@ L MPG 6 G 12 U HP KG@ L MPG 0 G 2 KG@ MPG 2 G 6 L M LH EE IKHM KG@ MM L NL ?HK ?NEM MMHG INKIHLL.
C %<=+ &+ @
I#$
E*
I#$
E*
1
@ KG@
$
HEM@
2
KHM KG@
F
3
HP KG@
A H L LMGM LM H? KNEL ?HK IMG@ KMK LM G GHMK KMK LM. AG QFIE H? H L M HKL EIM. EMMK H? M EIM G M GNFKL K GKRIM R L@GEL H? ??KGM EG@ML.
9 BNL RLMFL
G HKL H, M PEE-DGHPG LMKLL L@GE (LO HNK LHNEL) L: =< =< =<
"
O
=< =< =< "
H L NL MH HGOKM G?HKFMHG MM L KIKLGM G GKRIM ?HKF GMH GHMK ?HKF H? KIKLGMMHG PK M G?HKFMHG HGMGM L GHM G@. FIHKMGM HL G HFINMK G@GKG@ K A G QFE H. #HK QFIE, IKLHG NLG@ HFINMK IKLLL M DR HG M DRHK. EMMK L MG KIKLGM (H) L GKR LJNG 0100 0100. L KMK LJNG L MG LGM G M ?HKF H? G EMKE L@GE ?KHF M DRHK O M E MH M HFINMK. HFINMK GMKIKML (HL) ML KMK LJNG HKKMER L M EMMK . KMK LJNG G ML EMKE L@GE K DGHPG L H G?HKFMHG.
B + B AEE G?HKFMHG G HFINMKL L LMHK L ML (GKR @M = LFEELM G?HKFMHG NGM). AEE M (EMMKL, GNFKL, LHNGL, F@L M.) FNLM MK?HK HGOKM GMH GKR H ?HK IKHLLG@ G M HFINMK. FHLM HFFHGER NL LRLMFL G HL NL @M ML ?HK M INKIHL H? KIKLGMG@ KMK. @M ML K HFG MH ?HKF HG RM, EEHPG@ 256 KMKL MH H.
+<< = B= HGOKLHG HL GHM HKKLIHG QMER MH M ?MHK 1000 NM KMK M ?MHK 1024. U 1 EHRM (B) = 210 RML, .. 1024 RML U 1 @RM (B) = 220 RML, .. 1024 B (1.048.576 RML) U 1 $@RM ($B) = 230 RML, .. 1024 B (1.073.741.824 RML)
10 BNL RLMFL
@<@ B= &== G IKGIE, LMGMHG L F MPG MPH @KHNIL H? NL LRLMFL: U G NL LRLMFL U N-NL LRLMFL G NL LRLMFL K KLIHGLE ?HK KHLL LRLMF M QG@. N-NL LRLMFL QG@ M PMG M LI? LRLMF. L LRLMFL K NL MH QG@ KEMOER LFEE JNGMML H? M G LI? LRLMFL.
!+ B= &== ?HEEHPG@ NLLL K NL L FG NL LRLMFL: !+ = ==
D++ <+
B= =<<
K-B;9*
9.6 DML/L
GK -HG-PK
D-B;9
10.5 - 115 DML/L
GK - HG-PK IKEEE
CAN
100 DML/L
GK - MPH-PK IKEEE
D-CAN
500 DML/L
GK - MPH-PK IKEEE
K-CAN
100 DML/L
GK - MPH-PK IKEEE
K-CAN 2
500 DML/L
GK - MPH-PK IKEEE
F-CAN
500 DML/L
GK - MPH-PK IKEEE
#-CAN
500 DML/L
GK - MPH-PK IKEEE
#-CAN 2
500 DML/L
GK - MPH-PK IKEEE
*?:-.31/0:
10 BML/L
MK LMKNMNK - ?K HIML HGNMHK
MO"#
22.5 BML/L
G@ LMKNMNK - ?K HIML HGNMHK
F!)?
10 BML/L
MK- MPH PK
* AELH DGHPG MH L -BNL G KEK FHEL
&-= &== ?HEEHPG@ NLLL K NL L LN-NL LRLMFL: !+ = ==
D++ <+
B= =<<
K-B;9 +
9.6 DML/L
GK - HG-PK
B"D
9.6 DML/L
GK - HG-PK
D&A-B;9
9.6 DML/L
GK - HG-PK
LIN-B;9
9.6-19.2 DML/L
GK - HG-PK
11 BNL RLMFL
E70 B= @<@
12 BNL RLMFL
!+ B= &== K-CA" K-CA" E90
-A LMGL ?HK KHLLK (HR) HGMKHEEK AK MPHKD. A PL OEHI R HKM BHL $F L M NL LRLMF ?HK FHMHK OEL. MLD H? M -A L MH MKGLFM G?HKFMHG G M K H? M OE HR. AL MPLM MPH-PK HIIK EG, M -A HIKML M MKGLFLLHG KM H? 100 DML/L. A ?NKMK NL G M A ?FER L M #-A. #-A LMGL ?HK #KPKD (LLL) HGMKHEEK AK MPHKD. L NL L LMKNMNK G ?NGMHGL G QMER M LF PR L M -A. HPOK, M #-A L NL QENLOER ?HK M MKGLFLLHG H? M LLL/LNLIGLHG HFIHGGML LN L M RGF LMEMR HGMKHE ?HK QFIE. F-CA" E90
13 BNL RLMFL
A@++= CA" OGM@L H? M A-BNL K: U @K M MKGLFLLHG LI HFIK MH HGOGMHGE PKG@ U FIKHO EMKHF@GM HFIMEMR () U FIKHO FK@GR HIKMHG KMKLML HR HGMKHEEK K GMPHKD, KOM -A, L NL G B OEL MH GMKEGD HFIHGGML H? M HF?HKM G HR EMKHGL LN L EFI HGMKHE, LM CNLMFGM G K HGMHGG@. MKGLFLLHG KM L 100 DML/L. -A L L HG EGK MHIHEH@R, .. M HG?HKFL MH NL LMKNMNK. MKFGE NGM (GH, HGMKHE NGM) G GMPHKD PM NL LMKNMNK L HGGM PM HFFHG EG.
-A L FNEM-FLMK NL. HGMKHE NGM MM L HGGM MH M NL G LG FLL@L. HGMKHE NGML HFFNGM OGM HGMKHEE. HGMKHE NGM PLG@ MH LG M LGL FLL@ PG M NL L ?K. ? M NL L GHM ?K, M FLL@ PM M @LM IKHKMR L LGM. G MK K GH KO KLLL, HGMKHE NGM KOL OKR LGM FLL@. HGLJNGMER, ?NKMK KOK LMMHGL G LER MH M LRLMF NKG@ HIKMHG. MK M LH?MPK GHK M KPK GL MH G@. PH-PK HIIK EGL K NKKGMER NL ?HK M MKGLFLLHG. HPOK, LHENMHGL L HG @ELL ?K HK IELM ?K HIML HGNMHKL K ELH IHLLE. #K HIML HGNMHKL K LGLMO MH @ MFIKMNKL L HNK G M G@G HFIKMFGM. BHM EGL K MPLM MH FGFS GMK?KG.
14 BNL RLMFL
OGM@ H? NLG@ MPH-PK EGL L MM M L IHLLE MH ?EE D HG HG-PK EG G M OGM H? ?NEM. AOGM@L: U LR MH GLMEE U LR MH QIG U HKM EGL U FK@GR HIKMHG HG HG EG LOGM@L: U MPHKD QIGLHG EFM U GMKM LL FMHL
'<+ %==< #KHF G EMKE IHGM H? OP, NKKGM KKRG@ HGNMHK EPRL L G HF, GNMO G IMO KLLMG. G MKGLFMMG@ M ?KHF IHGM "A" MH IHGM "B", M MHME LNF H? ML KLLMGL L G ??M HG M MKGLFLLHG. @K M MKGLFLLHG ?KJNGR, M FHK ??MO M GNMO G IMO KLLMG. EMFMER, M L IHLLE MM L@GE, P L GH EHG@K GM?E, L KO M M G H? M MKGLFLLHG EG. #HK ML KLHG, M EG L "IM" R MKFGMG@ KLLMHKL, GLNKG@ M HK@GE L@GE L KMG. GNMO KLLMG HNKL, ?HK QFIE, L M KLNEM H? M HE ??M G M EG. IMO KLLMG HNKL, ?HK QFIE, R GLMEEG@ M EG IKEEE MH M OE HR. MKFGMG@ KLLMHKL NL G NL LRLMF OKR. R @GKEER IG HG M ?HEEHPG@ IKFMKL: U #KJNGR H? M MKGLFLLHG HG M NL LRLMF U GNMO HK IMO EH HG M MKGLFLLHG IM U E EG@M ?HK M MKGLFLLHG EHG@K M EG, M @KMK M GNMO HFIHGGM H? M EG. HGMKHE NGML K O GMH L HGMKHE NGML MM K EPRL GLMEE (.@. GLMKNFGM ENLMK G M 9Q OEL) G M KFGG@ HGMKHE NGML. KLLMG OEN MKFGL ML OLHG. KFGMG@ KLLMHKL K NL MH GLNK QM L@GE IKH@KLLHG G M NL LRLMFL. L MKFGMG@ KLLMHKL K EHM G M HGMKHE NGML H? M NL LRLMFL. ? M OHEM@ EOE G@L N MH ?MO MKFGMG@ KLLMHK. L G@ G OHEM@ ??ML M A LRLMF. HFFNGMHG MPG M NL NLKL GH EHG@K HIKML HKKMER. 15 BNL RLMFL
HEM@ EOE HG M -A: U H@ 0 L PG M OHEM@ EOE G@L D MH EHP. U H@ 1 LMM L LLNF PG M OHEM@ EOE H? M A-@ LPML ?KHF EHP MH @. OHEM@ ??KG MPG M A- G A- EGL L 3 PG HFGGM M L MKGLFMM HG M -A. G HKK MH HMG EK H? PMK M A-BNL L ?NGMHGG@ IKHIKER, RHN FNLM E MH HLKO MOMR HG M NL. HN H GHM G MH GERS M GONE ML; RHN LFIER G MH HLKO PMK HK GHM M A-BNL L PHKDG@. HLEEHLHI MLM G LMM MM, XM A-BNL L IKHER HIKMG@ PMHNM ?NEMLX.
CH1: $< 1, <+ 2 /D@; DC CH2: $< 2, %+ 2 /D@; DC ': 100 =/D@
G RHN FLNK M OHEM@ MPG M -A HP EG (HK -A @ EG) G M @KHNG, RHN KO KMG@E-ED L@GE G M ?HEEHPG@ OHEM@ KG@L: HEM@ FLNKFGM M M -A K: -A HP MH @KHNG: FG = 1 OHEML G FQ = 5 OHEML -A @ MH @KHNG: FG = 0 OHEML G FQ = 4 OHEML
" <==+ = + +<< K-CA" ++ = += <==+ @+<= <+ > 720KΩ <+ = < =.
16 BNL RLMFL
-A L HIKM L HG-PK NL ?: U K L KD G A M EG (HK) U K L LHKM MH @KHNG HG A M EG (HK) U K L LHKM MH M LNIIER OHEM@ B+ HG A M EG (HK) NL LRLMFL NL MH M K ELH NL G M #01/#02. -A L KLIHGLE ?HK HFFNGMHG H? M HFIHGGML PM EHP M MKGL?K KM. -A L ELH HGGM MH M HMK NL LRLMFL O M GMKE @MPR FHNE. -A L LM NI L EG MHIHEH@R. HF HGMKHE NGML G M -A O -BNL L LN-NL. -A L M MKGL?K KM H? 100 DBM/L G L L@G L MPLM IK H? PKL. -A L M IHLLEMR MH HIKM L LG@E-PK NL G M OGM H? ?NEM. -A HGMKHE NGM L PDG O M NL, PMHNM G MHGE PD-NI EG. ?HEEHPG@ L G QFIE H? M HGMKHE NGML P K ?MM G M -A H? G #01/#02: U GMKE G?HKFMHG LIER U HGMKHEEK U , EMKHG @M HGMKHE U # K LIER U #2 K LIER 2 U #A, KK MK / K-HGMHGG@ LRLMF U #, -? FIE?K U , EN@@@ HFIKMFGM E E?M U , -I LIER U A, GM@KM MK/K HGMHGG@ LRLMF* U B# ILLG@K LM FHNE* U B# KK ILLG@K LM FHNE* U #A KOK LM FHNE* U B# KK FHNE HG KOK' LM L* U , K KLLNK HGMHKG@ RLMF U IGHKF FK* U , OH LPM U $, GMKE @MPR FHNE 17 BNL RLMFL
K-CA" 2 #KLM GMKHN PM B2020 G M #01, M -A 2 L KLIHGLE ?HK HFFNGMHG H? M HGMKHE NGML PM @ M MKGL?K KM. -A 2 L ELH HGGM MH M HMK NL LRLMFL O M GMKE @MPR FHNE ($). A -BNL L LN-NL L HGGM MH EE HGMKHE NGML G M -A 2. -A 2 G PDG O GR H? ML LN NLLL, PMHNM G MHGE (KPK) PD-NI EG. L L KIKLGM R M WPD NMHKSX LRFHE GQM MH EE H? M HGMKHE NGML H? -A 2 HG M BNL OKOP. ( NL KM EHP). H IKHO KI LMKM GE, M A L G MHGE KNGGM NL HGGMHG MH M . G ML A-BNL, M M K MKGL?KK IK -BNL IKHMHHE. -A 2 L LFEK MH -A G MM M L M MKGL?K KM H? 500 DBM/L, M L L@G L MPLM IK PM FLNK KLLMG H? 60 Ω . ?HEEHPG@ HGMKHE NGML K ?MM G M A 2: U A K ALL RLMF U #, ?HHMPEE FHNE U #, KHH? ?NGMHGL GMK U B, CNGMHG HQ EMKHGL U , KD LMG HGMKHE (GM@KM G B) U $, GMKE @MPR FHNE MKFGE KLLMHKL G M -A 2 K EHM G M ?HEEHPG@ HGMKHE NGML: U GMKE @MPR FHNE U NGMHG HQ EMKHGL D B O S K-CAN2
W
FRM
CAS
FZD
JB PDC
18 BNL RLMFL
ZGM
5
G RHN FLNK M OHEM@ MPG M -A 2 HP EG (HK -A 2 @ EG) G M @KHNG, RHN KO KMG@E-ED L@GE G M ?HEEHPG@ OHEM@ KG@L: A HP MH @KHNG: FG = 1.5 OHEML G FQ = 2.5 OHEML A @ MH @KHNG: FG = 2.5 OHEML G FQ = 3.5 OHEML
CH1: '= < 1, <+ 1 /D@; DC CH2: '= < 2, <+ 1 /D@; DC ': 10 =/D@
ENL H? M MKFGMG@ KLLMHKL HG M -A: U 2 120
Ω
KLLMHKL P JNE MH FLNK KLLMG MPG PKL H? 60
Ω
.
GLIMHG IKHNK ?HK KLLMG MLM HG GR A-BNL: U A-BNL FNLM -GK@S. U H HMK MLMG@ JNIFGM FNLM G NL (HGGM G IKEEE). U FLNKFGM L MDG MPG M A HP G A @ EGL. U MNE OENL FR ??K ?KHF M LMIHGM OENL R ?P Ω. G HKK MH IKOGM L@GE K?EMHG, 2 A-BNL NLKL (M M QMKFML H? M IHPKMKG A GMPHKD) PM 120 Ω K MKFGM. MPH MKFGE KLLMHKL K HGGM G IKEEE G ?HKF G JNOEGM KLLMG H? 60 Ω. G M LNIIER OHEM@ L LPM H??, ML JNOEGM KLLMG G FLNK MPG M M EGL. G MHG, M GONE KLLMHKL G MLM GIGGMER H? HG GHMK. G?HKFMHG HG M FLNKFGM PM 60 Ω: LHGGM G LER LLE HGMKHE NGM ?KHF M NL. G FLNK M KLLMG HG M HGGMHK MPG M A HP G A @ EGL.
* +=< K-CA" 2 @+, == (I!IB) == = =+ += < $'-CA", < + = CA". 19 BNL RLMFL
$'-CA"
E90 $'-CA"
-A LMGL ?HK HPKMKG HGMKHEEK AK MPHKD. A PL OEHI R HKM BHL $F L M NL LRLMF ?HK FHMHK OEL. -A L MKGLFLLHG KM H? 500 DM/L G IKHK MH M #EQR PL M ?LMLM (K PK) A-BNL NL G B OEL. HLM H? M NLLL MM PK GMKHN ?MK M NL LFEK L@G. L NL HGGML EE HGMKHE NGML G FHNEL EHG@G@ MH M KO MKG. AEE NL NLKL K HGGM G IKEEE. LIE ?MNK H? ML A-BNL L MM, GLM H? MPH EGL, M L JNII PM MK EGL. MK EG L NL L PD-NI EG G L GHMG@ MH H PM MNE HIKMHG H? M A-BNL.
CH1: '= < 1, <+ 1 /D@; DC CH2: '= < 2, <+ 1 /D@; DC ': 10 =/D@
G RHN FLNK M OHEM@ MPG M -A HP EG (HK -A @ EG) G M @KHNG, RHN KO KMG@E-ED L@GE G M ?HEEHPG@ OHEM@ KG@L: A HP MH @KHNG: FG = 1.5 OHEML G FQ = 2.5 OHEML A @ MH @KHNG: FG = 2.5 OHEML G FQ = 3.5 OHEML
'= @+= +< +<+ @+= + + @+< + < = +. ": F< < <+ <+< CA"-B= == +== <<: - &I B61 03 03 CA"-B B= D+== - FB-DAA0701FB-656135001 C CA" = =+ 20 BNL RLMFL
$'-CA" 2 AELH GMKHN PM B2020 G M #01 M -A 2 ?HKFL KNGGR ?HK M A G M K H? M G@G FG@FGM LRLMF G ELH MKGL?KL L@GEL MH M ?NE INFI HGMKHE. -A 2 L LFEK MH M -A G MM M L M MKGL?K KM H? 500 DBM/L G L L@G L MPLM IK PM G MHGE PD-NI EG. M ELH GHKIHKML 2 (120 Ω) KLLMHKL P JNE MH FLNK KLLMG MPG M PKL H? 60 Ω. $'-CA" 2 (F01/F02)
I#$
E*
DME
@ME HMHK EMKHGL
EK"
EMKHG ?NE INFI HGMKHE
EG"
EMKHG MKGLFLLHG HGMKHE
G&"
$K LEMHK EOK
MKFGE KLLMHKL G M -A 2 K EHM G M ?HEEHPG@ HGMKHE NGML: U @ME HMHK EMKHGL U HGMKHE NGM ?HK EMK ?NE INFI AL PM -A, PG RHN FLNK M OHEM@ MPG M -A2 HP EG (HK A 2 @ EG) G M @KHNG, RHN KO KMG@E-ED L@GE G M ?HEEHPG@ OHEM@ KG@L: A HP MH @KHNG: FG = 1.5 OHEML G FQ = 2.5 OHEML A @ MH @KHNG: FG = 2.5 OHEML G FQ = 3.5 OHEML
* +=< $'-CA" 2 @+, == (I!IB) == = =+ += < $'-CA" + K-CA" 2 (<< = < + =+ $'-CA" 2 = +<). 21 BNL RLMFL
IC!-CA" G H? M ??KGL MPG M 71 G M 70 L M GMKHNMHG H? GP HGMKHE NGM DGHPG L GM@KM LLL G@FGM (). HHKGML EHG@MNGE G EMKE RGF HGMKHE ?NGMHGL, P GEN M ?FEK AMO MKG@ G M RGF K?HKFG HGMKHE PM NKKGMER OEE G M 71 G 70 G 71. LIM M ?M MM M -A G #-A PHKD M @ M KM H? 500 DBIL, MR PHNE O G HOKEH R M L@GEL ?KHF M G HGMKHE NGML. #HK ML KLHG,M -A LN-NL PL GMKHN. -A PL GM@KM GMH M B2000 GMPHKD L GP NL LRLMF LIEER L@G ?HK M HGMKHE NGM ?NGMHGL. M HGGML M , A G HGMKHE NGML. @KF LHPL M HGMKHE NGML G NL LRLMFL MM K KEM ?HK M RGF KOG@ LRLMFL. E71 = +< IC!-CA"
": I B"2020 @= IC! < = + + @<= F%+ + IC!-CA" .
22 BNL RLMFL
-A L MPH-PK NL HG P M L MKGLFMM M 500 DBIL. MPH MKFGMG@ KLLMHKL, PM 120 W, K EHM G M G HGMKHE NGML. -A EG@ G M OE OKL HGLKER MPG M MPH OKGML PM/PMHNM AMO MKG@. ? AMO MKG@ L ?MM, M -A L KHNM ?KHF M HGMKHE NGM MH M A HGMKHE NGM. -A L ID NI G M A HGMKHE NGM G ?HKPK MH M HGMKHE NGM. ? AMO MKG@ L GHM ?MM, M -A EG L KHNM KMER ?KHF M HGMKHE NGM MH M HGMKHE NGM. L HGMKHE NGML NL M -A MH QG@ LMIHGM OENL G MNE OENL, L PEE L LMMNL L@GEL. L L@GEL K HGER KJNK EHEER ?HK FIEFGMG@ M RGF K?HKFG HGMKHE G AMO MKG@ ?NGMHGL. G HGMKLM, L@GEL MM M RGF KOG@ LRLMFL QG@ PM HMK HGMKHE NGML K LMEE MKGLFMM O M -A. -A L ELH M NL LRLMF O P M , A G HGMKHE NGML HFFNGM PM M @GHLM LRLMF. HGMKHE NGM HL GHM MK?HK IK?HKF M ?NGMHG H? @GHLML @MPR. AL PM -A G -A2, PG RHN FLNK M OHEM@ MPG M -A HP EG (HK -A @ EG) G M @KHNG, RHN KO KMG@E-ED L@GE G M ?HEEHPG@ OHEM@ KG@L: A HP MH @KHNG: FG = 1.5 OHEML G FQ = 2.5 OHEML A @ MH @KHNG: FG = 2.5 OHEML G FQ = 3.5 OHEML
* +=< IC!-CA" @+, == (I!IB) == = =+ += < $'-CA" + K-CA" 2 (<< = < + =+ IC!-CA" = +<).
23 BNL RLMFL
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
I
E++
1
E MF IEML, MKFGLM (LMKMER ?G) G KNGGM
2
HGMHGE KE MF IEML - LN??GM ?HK HGMKHE LRLMFL
3
H KE MF IEML
#EQR L GP HFFNGMHG LRLMF P FL M IKHOG@ KEE G ??GM M MKGLFLLHG PM KE-MF IEML MPG M EMKE G FMKHG HFIHGGML ?HK M INKIHL H? GMKHGGMG@ GGHOMO ?NGMHGL G FHMHK OEL, HM MHR G G M ?NMNK. 24 BNL RLMFL
OEHIFGM H? M GP #EQR HFFNGMHG LRLMF PL IKHFIM R M OK @KHPG@ MGHEH@E KJNKFGML IE HG HFFNGMHG LRLMF ?HK GMKHGGMG@ HGMKHE NGML G FHMHK OEL G M KESMHG MM G HIG G LMGKS LHENMHG PL G ?HK G?KLMKNMNK LRLMFL. #EQR IKHOL G ??GM IKHMHHE ?HK KE-MF M MKGLFLLHG G LMKNM LRLMFL L NL G FHMHK OEL. M M MKGLFLLHG KM H? 10 ML/L, M #EQR L LMGMER ?LMK MG M M NLL NL G M K H? M LLL, KO MKG G LNLIGLHG H? MHR'L FHMHK OEL. G MHG MH M @K GPM, #EQR LNIIHKML MKFGLM M MKGLFLLHG G G HG?@NK LN MM KEE HGMGN HIKMHG H? KFGG@ HFFNGMHG LRLMFL L GE OG G M OGM H? GONE HFIHGGML ?EG@.
*+ +< +@++= F%+? U @ GPM (10 ML/L HFIK MH 0.5 ML/L H? M A) U MKFGLM (= KE-MF IEML) M MKGLFLLHG U EE M HFFNGMHG U NIIHKML LRLMF GM@KMHG U MGK G NMHFHMO GNLMKR #EQR NL LRLMF L G GNLMKE LMGK G L MK?HK LNIIHKM G ?NKMK OEHI R FGR FGN?MNKKL.
25 BNL RLMFL
F%+ E7 = M M ENG H? M 70, M #EQR NL LRLMF PEE NL ?HK M ?KLM MF PHKEP G LMGK IKHNMHG OE. #EQR NL LRLMF LMELL M HGGMHG MPG M HGMKHE NGM (OKME RGFL FG@FGM) G M LMEEML M M LHD LHKKL. A ME ?NGMHGE LKIMHG H? M HOKEE LRLMF G ?HNG G M K?KG G?HKFMHG - WKME RGFL RLMFLX. E7 F%+ B= &= @<@
26 BNL RLMFL
< E7 F%+ B= &= @<@ I
E++
1
NGMHG HQ HGMKHE NGM
2
KME RGFL FG@FGM ()
3
@GHLL HGGMHK
4
@M LGLHKL, ?KHGM
5
LMEEML PM OKME EKMHG LGLHKL G LHEGH OEOL
6
@M LGLHKL, KK
D-CAN
@GHLL A
F-CAN
LLL A
#-CAN
HPKMKG A
F!)?
#EQR NL LRLMF
KL 30 /
KFGE 30@
27 BNL RLMFL
#EQR NL LRLMF L L@G L MPH-PK, LG@E-GGE NL LRLMF. AMG@ L M @MPR, M HGMKHE NGM LMELL M HGGMHG MPG M -A G #EQR NL LRLMFL. M HFFNGMHG MPG M LMEEML HG M #EQR G M HMK HGMKHE NGML GLMEE G M 70 MDL IE O M HGMKHE NGM. *+- + & C+<+<==
HGMKHE NGML K MOM R FGL H? G MHGE PD-NI EG. PD-NI EG L M LF ?NGMHG L M IKOHNL PD-NI EG (15) G M -A. L@GE NKO HKKLIHGL MH M L@GE NKO H? M -A. AL LHHG L M NL LRLMF L PHDG, M KOL @ EOE HG M -A G MKGL?KL ML L@GE MH M PD-NI EG H? M #EQR, MNL ELH PDG@ M LMEEML.
28 BNL RLMFL
"PD-NI OHEM@ NKO" @KI LHPL M MRIE OHK H? M OHEM@ NKO G KLIHGL MH NGEHDG@ G LMKMG@ M OE. P'0$ 1:
KOK NGEHDL M K, M A HGMKHE NGM MOML M -A G M -A, M OHEM@ EOE G M -A K?ER @HL MH @, M HIL M L@GE G MKGL?KL M MH M PD-NI EG HG M #EQR. P'0$ 2:
K L HIG, MKFGE L LMEE ##, M OHEM@ EOEL G M NL LRLMFL KHI @G. P'0$ 3:
K L LMKM, MKFGE 15 L , M OHEM@L KFG M M LM EOEL NGME MKFGE 15 L MNKG H?? @G. P'0$ 4:
HFIEM OE GMPHKD FNLM LLNF LEI FH M MKFGE ## G HKK MH OH NGGLLKR IHPK HGLNFIMHG. HGMKHE NGM G M GMPHKD L@GL H?? MH GLNK MM EE HGMKHE NGML "K LEIG@". GER PG EE LMEEML O L@G H?? M M HGMKHE NGM G ML HGMKHE NGM ILL HG ML G?HKFMHG MH M -A G MK?HK MH M HFIEM GMPHKD. AG KKHK FLL@ L LMHK ? ML L GHM M L. L KKHK FLL@ L MG OENM L IKM H? M GK@R @GHLL IKHNK. *<
PKG@ H? M #EQR NL G 7Q OEL L QNM L LM, MPH-HK, MPLM E. LMG@ IKHMML M PKL ?KHF FGE F@. MKFGMG@ KLLMHKL K EHM G M LMEEML. LMEEM L HG MKFGMG@ KLLMHK. G M LNK@ FIG (FIG H? @-?KJNGR EGL) H? M EGL IGL HG QMKGE G?ENGG@ ?MHKL, M MKFGMG@ KLLMHKL K IKLER FM MH M KJNK KLLMG. ?HNK LMHGL H? EG MH M LMEEML G D KEMOER LER R FGL H? KLLMG FLNKG@ GLMKNFGM (HFFMK, FNEMFMK). KLLMG LHNE FLNK ?KHF M HGMKHE NGM. B @GHLM LRLMF ?HK IG LL@GFGML. ?HEEHPG@ HGENLHGL G F: B-B:
< HK = 10 Ω
V K L LHKM KNM G ML LMHG H? EG.
B-B:
10-90 Ω
V L LMHG H? EG L F@ (.@. FHLMNK G HGGMHK, EG IG)
B-B:
90-110 Ω
V L LMHG H? EG L OK G M LMEEM L HGGM (HM: FIG KKHKL K GHM KH@GS)
B-B:
> 110 Ω
V K L KD G M EG HK M LMEEM L GHM HGGM HK MK L KD G M HGGMHG MH M LMEEML.
%B$ B!
% == B = !+ = B= $=
29 BNL RLMFL
$ C=
MPH IEN@ HGGMHGL HGMG M IHPK LNIIER H? M HGMKHE NGML, M PD-NI EG G M NL HGGMHG PM PD-NI EG. HGGMHG MH M LMEEML G M PE K L F PM PMKIKHH? IEN@L. PH IEN@L K NL:
KFGE 30@
;/ 1, )+
KFGE 31 D-NI EG
;/ 1, ;
#EQR (@KG PK) #EQR (IGD PK)
!+=<= F%+
#HK KLLMG FLNKFGM G M #EQR, LNK MH HLKO M OE PKG@ @KF! OKHNL MKFGMHG HIMHGL FG MM FLGMKIKMMHGL H? M FLNKFGM KLNEML G HNK. LNKG@ M KLLMG H? M #EQR EGL GGHM IKHO 100% NMHG G MKFL H? M LRLMF PKG@. G M L H? F@ LN L IGG@ HK HGGMHK HKKHLHG, M KLLMG OEN FR PMG M MHEKG PG M LRLMF L LMM. G RGF FH, HPOK, EMKE G?ENGL G NL GKL LNK@ KLLMG, KLNEMG@ G M MKGLFLLHG IKHEFL. M L IHLLE MH KIK M #EQRIE NL. ? KJNKFGML, F@, M HPOK, EL G HGGM NLG@ HGOGMHGE E HGGMHKL. FNLM HLKO PG KGLMEEG@ M LRLMF. PKG@ H? M #EQR LRLMF HGLLML H? MPLM EGL. K IHLLE, ML MPLMG@ LHNE GHM EMK NKG@ KIKL. IK KL PM LMKII GLNEMHG FNLM LE @G PM LKGD-?M MNG@. HLMNK G ??M M LNK@ KLLMG G MK ?HK M ??GR H? M NL LRLMF.
30 BNL RLMFL
F%+ - A+ F0 = G M #01/#02, M #EQR NL LRLMF PL NL ?HK M ?KLM MF KHLL LRLMFL MH GMPHKD RGF KOG@ HGMKHE LRLMFL G M G@G FG@FGM LRLMF G LKL OE. GMKE @MPR FHNE LML NI M EGD MPG M OKHNL NL LRLMFL G M #EQR. F%+ - = @
DME
ZGM
DSC
SZL
HSR
AL
SW W
IC M
VDM
EDC SVL
EDC SVR
EDC SHL
EDC SHR
31 BNL RLMFL
$<<= F%+ FHLM FIHKMGM IKHIKML H? M #EQR NL LRLMF K HNMEG G M ?HEEHPG@: U BNL MHIHEH@R U KGLFLLHG FNF - L@GE IKHIKML U MKFGLM M MKGLFLLHG U BNL IKHMHHE B= '
#EQR NL LRLMF G GM@KM G OKHNL MHIHEH@L G OKLHGL G M OE. ?HEEHPG@ MHIHEH@L G NL: U G-L NL MHIHEH@R U HGM-MH-IHGM NL MHIHEH@R U Q NL MHIHEH@R -+= B= '
AEE HGMKHE NGML ($1...$3) G EG-L MHIHEH@R K HGGM R FGL H? MPHPK NL, HGLLMG@ H? MPH MPLM HIIK HKL. L MRI H? HGGMHG L ELH NL HG M A-BNL. LF G?HKFMHG NM PM ??KGM OHEM@ EOE L LGM HG HM EGL.
-+= =
MKGLFMM ??KGME L@GE L FFNG MH GMK?KG. EG-L MHIHEH@R L LNME HGER ?HK EMKE M MKGLFLLHG. $-- B= '
LMEEML (HGMKHE NGML $2...$5) G IHGM-MH-IHGM NL MHIHEH@R K HGGM R LIKM EG MH M GMKE FLMK HGMKHE NGM ($1). HGM-MH-IHGM MHIHEH@R L LNME ?HK HM EMKE L PEE L HIME M MKGLFLLHG.
$ =
32 BNL RLMFL
! B= '
Q NL MHIHEH@R MKL ?HK M NL H? ??KGM MHIHEH@L G HG NL LRLMF. KML H? M NL LRLMF K EG-L PE HMK IKML K IHGM-MH-IHGM. %+ D++ '<+===
#NEM-MHEKGM LRLMFL FNLM GLNK HGMGN KEE M MKGLFLLHG OG ?MK ?ENK H? NLM EG. GGE. L KJNKFGM L KES R PR H? KNGGM M MKGLFLLHG HG LHG
I
E++
A
GGE 1
B
GGE 2
A NL LRLMF PM KNGGM M MKGLFLLHG NLL MPH GIGGM GGEL. GGE HGLLML H? MPH-PK HGGMHG. G M OGM H? HG GGE ?EG@, M G?HKFMHG H? M ?MO GGE G MKGLFMM HG M GMM GGE. #EQR GEL M NL H? FQ MHIHEH@L ELH G HGGMHG PM KNGGM M MKGLFLLHG. B= ' F%+ E7 =
IRLE HG?@NKMHG H? M #EQR NL LRLMF G 7Q OEL L IHGM-MH-IHGM. AEE LMEEML K GONEER HGGM O IEN@ HGGMHGL MH M HGMKHE NGM. GMKGEER, HPOK, M E?M G K@M LMEEML K HGGM MH ?HKF EG-L MHIHEH@R. MPH EGL K HGGM R FGL H? HNE IHGM-MH-IHGM HGGMHG HGLLMG@ H? MPH NL KOKL. OKR MF H? G?HKFMHG MM L LGM ?KHF HG H? M LMEEML HK ?KHF M GMKE HGMKHE NGM KL EE HGGM HGMKHE NGML.
33 BNL RLMFL
D! &= &+ E7 =
I#$
E*
I#$
E*
1
KME RGFL G@FGM ()
6
BNL KOK
2
LMEEML, ?KHGM E?M
7
KFGMG@ KLLMHK
3
LMEEML, ?KHGM K@M
8
KHIKHLLHK
4
LMEEML, KK K@M
F!)?
#EQR NL LRLMF
5
LMEEML, KK E?M
34 BNL RLMFL
F%+ B= ' F0 = $=+ =<< F%+ F0 ()
35 BNL RLMFL
< $=+ =<< F%+ F0 () I
E++
AL
AMO LMKG@ LRLMF
BD
BNL KOK
DM
@ME HMHK EMKHGL
D"C
RGF MEMR HGMKHE
EDC"H
EMKHG FIK HGMKHE, KK E?M LMEEM
EDC"H!
EMKHG FIK HGMKHE, KK K@M LMEEM
EDC"%L
EMKHG FIK HGMKHE, ?KHGM E?M LMEEM
EDC"%!
EMKHG FIK HGMKHE, ?KHGM K@M LMEEM
H"!
K-QE K?M G@E HGMKHE
ICM
GM@KM LLL G@FGM
"(L
MKG@ HENFG LPM ENLMK
%DM
KME RGFL FG@FGM
(GM
GMKE @MPR FHNE
F%+ B= ' F01 #EQR L EPRL LHPG G LFIE? ?HKF G M HOKOP H? M NL LRLMFL. MNE MHIHEH@R H? M #EQR L NL G #0Q OEL L LHPG G M IKG@ @KI. IGG@ HG M EOE H? JNIFGM H? M OE, M $ HGMGL HG HK MPH LHEE LMK HNIEKL, PM ?HNK NL KOKL. NL KOKL ?HKPK M M H? M HGMKHE NGML O M HFFNGMHG HGMKHEEK MH M GMKE @MPR FHNE ($). IGG@ HG M MRI H? MKFGMHG M #EQR HGMKHE NGML O, MR K HGGM MH ML NL KOKL G MPH ??KGM PRL.
": F< << <+ <+< F%+ << F01 <+ <+ +@++ 'I& + IC$. B= '<+
G M LF PR L FHLM NL LRLMFL, KLLMHKL ?HK MKFGMHG (L NL MKFGMHG) K ELH NL M HM GL H? M M EGL HG M #EQR MH IKOGM K?EMHGL HG M EGL.
36 BNL RLMFL
OEN H? ML MKFGE KLLMHKL L MKFG ?KHF M M MKGL?K KM G E EG@ML. MKFGE KLLMHKL K EHM G M HGMKHE NGML. ? HGER HG HGMKHE NGM L HGGM MH NL KOK (.@. MH M NL KOK B0), M HGGMHGL HG M NL KOK G HG M HGMKHE NGM K ?MM PM MKFGE KLLMHK. '<+ <==<
L MRI H? HGGMHG M M GMKE @MPR FHNE L EE "G GH MKFGMHG". ? M HGGMHG M M HGMKHE NGM L GHM M IRLE ?GL GH (.@. , G M M NL KOK B2), M L K?KK MH L #EQR MKGLFLLHG G ?HKPKG@ EG. G ML L, HM HFIHGGML FNLM MKFGM M M GL H? NL IM PM MKFGE KLLMHKL. '<- F%+
L HGGMHG HIMHG QLML ?HK M GMKE @MPR FHNE G GNFK H? HGMKHE NGML. HPOK, M HGMKHE NGM PM MKGLFLLHG G ?HKPKG@ EG L 'GHG-G GH MKFGMHG' ?HK M IDNI. L MRI H? MKFGMHG GGHM MLM NLG@ FLNKFGM LRLMFL M M HGMKHE NGM HGGMHK N MH ML KLLMHK / IMHK KNM. H FLNK M (NKKGM-?K) #EQR NL MH MKFG M EG HK MKFGMG@ KLLMG, IEL LNK MH NL M OE PKG@ @KF.
37 BNL RLMFL
'<+=== ! - &+ $<<=
NL L@GE H? M #EQR FNLM PMG ?G EFML. A @HH G F@ H? M NL L@GE L IM EHP. EMKE L@GE FNLM GHM GMK M GGK K GMK HG M MF QL GHK HG M OHEM@ QL. #EQR NL LRLMF L NL LRLMF PM @ M MKGLFLLHG KM G MK?HK PM KI G@L G M OHEM@ EOE. OHEM@ EOE L L MPMG KL G KHI OENL. H? M OHEM@ (@ LMIGLL) K IKLER ?G GPEE FNLM KMG K FNLM GH G?KG@FGML H? M FKD "?EL" (@KG G K Q@HG). EMKE ?NEML KLNEMG@ ?KHF GHKKM E GLMEEMHG, HGMM KLLMG M. G NL M MKGLFLLHG IKHEFL.
I#$
E*
I#$
E*
A
$HH F@
B
B F@
F@L LHPG HO G IM HGER PM OKR ?LM HLEEHLHIL. HLEEHLHI G M B @GHLM LRLMF L GHM LNME ?HK KIKLGMG@ LN F@L.
38 BNL RLMFL
OHEM@ KG@L H? M #EQR NL LRLMF K: U RLMF - GH NL HFFNGMHG 2.5 U @ L@GE - 3.1 (OHEM@ L@GE KLL R 600 F) U HP L@GE - 1.9 (OHEM@ L@GE ?EEL R 600 F) OHEM@ OENL K FLNK PM KLIM MH @KHNG.
& == = F%+:
1: LM IKH 1, KG@ 1 /O; HNIEG@ 2: LM IKH 2, KG@ 1 /O; HNIEG@ F: 5 Z/O W/0' H AL H? A O2.24.2 M NMMHG HFL NGOEE ? M F/O L < 2FL, HPOK ? RHN IKLL M NMMHG G MG IKLL M @G, M NMMHG HFL OEE ?HK LHKM IKH H? MF.
39 BNL RLMFL
D<= D++ '<+=== A-BNL LRLMF L G OGM-HGMKHEE NL LRLMF. M K MKGLFMM PG G OGM HNKL. G M OGM H? G NFNEMHG H? OGML, ERL FR HNK ?HK ?NKMK G?HKFMHG G LGM. ? G MF H? G?HKFMHG GGHM LGM LNLL?NEER G ?K H? KKHKL, ML G?HKFMHG L HGMGNEER LGM NGME M HFFNGMHG IKMGK HG?KFL ML KIM. ? ?NEML HNK G M NL LRLMF, ML WOGM HGMKHEEX G?HKFMHG G D NI NLG@ M NL LRLMF MH HOKEH, .. MK L L@G?GM ER G M MKGLFLLHG H? GONE L@GEL. L G KLNEM G IHHK HGMKHE KMKLML H? GONE LRLMFL. #EQR NL LRLMF L MF-HGMKHEE NL LRLMF MM MHGEER IKHOL M HIMHG H? MKGLFMMG@ LMHGL H? M M MKGLFLLHG OGM-HGMKHEE. G M MF HGMKHEE IKM, MF LEHML K LL@G MH KMG MFL H? G?HKFMHG. G MF LEHM L ?G IKH H? MF MM L DIM ?K ?HK LI? MF H? G?HKFMHG (.@. G@G LI). HGLJNGMER, FIHKMGM IKH G?HKFMHG L MKGLFMM M ?Q MF GMKOE G M #EQR NL LRLMF LH MM M LRLMF GGHM HOKEH. MK ELL MF-KME FLL@L K MKGLFMM G M OGM-HGMKHEE IKM. AG QFIE H? MKFGLM M MKGLFLLHG L HNMEG G M ?HEEHPG@.
40 BNL RLMFL
I
E++
1
F-HGMKHEE IKM H? RE M MKGLFLLHG
2
OGM-HGMKHEE IKM H? RE M MKGLFLLHG
3
RE (5 FL MHME RE EG@M H? P 3 FL LMM (= MF-HGMKHEE) G 2 FL RGF (= OGM-HGMKHEE)
G@G LI
<
AG@E
FIKMNK
H LI
?@..)+..
OGM-HGMKHEE G?HKFMHG
F
B= $<
MKFGLM M MKGLFLLHG GLNKL MM FLL@ G M MF-HGMKHEE IKM L MKGLFMM G KE MF. E MF FGL MM M MKGLFLLHG MDL IE PMG ?G MF. K?HK, FIHKMGM NL FLL@L K GHM LGM MHH EM N MH HOKEHG@ H? M NL LRLMF. ? EHLM N MH MFIHKKR IKHEF G M NL LRLMF (.@. IKHEF) FLL@ GGHM LGM @G. A NKKGM OEN L LGM G M GQM LL@G MF LEHM. H B+
#EQR NL LRLMF HIKML PM M MKGLFLLHG KM H? 10 ML/L. L LI HKKLIHGL MH 20 MFL M M MKGLFLLHG KM H? M -A. &<+
A HFFHG MF L L GLLKR G HKK MH GLNK LRGKHGHNL QNMHG H? GONE ?NGMHGL G GMKHGGM HGMKHE NGML. F FMG@ FNLM MD IE O M NL LRLMF L EE HGMKHE NGML HIKM PM MK HPG EHD @GKMHK. HGMKHE NGML FLNK M MF H? KMG LRGKHGSMHG ML, ENEM M FG OEN G IM MK NL EHD MH ML OEN. L LRLMF GLNKL MM OG FGFE MF ??KGL H GHM NL MKGLFLLHG KKHKL G M EHG@ MKF.
41 BNL RLMFL
E< - F+=< $<<+ A== E< F0 = MKGM L FGN?MNKK-GNMKE, E-HNG GMPHKD MGHEH@R. HLM HFINMK GMPHKDL GHPRL K L HG ML M MKGL?K MGHEH@R. LH-EE MKGM PL OEHI FHK MG 30 RKL @H. G MG, M M MKGL?K KML O FNEMIE. 802.3N LI?MHG PM 100 BM/L M MKGL?K KM L NL G #0Q OEL. 802.3QQ L LMGK ?HK E-HNG GMPHKDL H? M GLMMNM H? EMKE G EMKHG G@GKL. L LI?MHG L ELH DGHPG L "#LM MKGM". MKGL?K IKHMHHEL K M IKHMHHEL / (KGLFLLHG HGMKHE KHMHHE/ GMKGM KHMHHE) G (LK M@KF KHMHHE). A+
MKGM G M @GHLL LHDM L HGER GE PG M B IKH@KFFG@ LRLMF ( A) L HGGM. K L G MOMHG K@ G M IKH@KFFG@ HGGMHK, MPG IGL 8 G 16. L LPML M IHPK LNIIER ?HK M MKGM HGMKHEEK G M GMKE @MPR FHNE. L FGL MM MKGM LL MH M GMKE @MPR FHNE L LE PE M OE L G@ KOG R M NLMHFK. MKGM HGGMHG MPG M G?HKFMHG G HFFNGMHGL LRLMFL L IKFGGMER GE G M @GHLL LHDM GIGGMER H? M MOMHG K@. &<
IKMIGM G G MKGM L G GONEER LL@G GM?MHG GNFK, G A KLL ( ALL HGMKHE). L KLL G M (E GM?MHG NFK) GM?L M OE MH M B IKH@KFFG@ LRLMF HG HGGMHG LMNI. L IKOGML G@L MH M M KHKL G LMHK OENL R MK IKML. G M LF PR L G HFINMK GMPHKD G M H??, O G GMPHKD FNLM KO NGJN GM?MHG. L L PR M GMKE @MPR FHNE L LL@G LHEE KLL R M IKH@KFFG@ LRLMF ?MK HGGMHG LMNI. ?NGMHG H? G KLL G GMPHKD HKKLIHGL MH MM H? MEIHG GNFK G M MEIHG GMPHKD. L KLL L LL@G IK (RGF HLM HG?@NKMHG KHMHHE). L L FMH H? NMHFM EEHMHG ?HK KLLL MH NLK OL G GMPHKD.
42 BNL RLMFL
F+<= E<
U KR @ M KM H? 100 BM/L. U RLMF LMKM MF PM HGGMHG LMNI G KLL LL@GFGM NGK MK LHGL, LEIG@ NGK HG LHG. U RLMF LL HGER O B IKH@KFFG@ LRLMFL. F= E<
U #LMK IKH@KFFG@ H? M OE G KO. E<
Ethernet
ZGM
OBD2
CIC
I#$
E*
I#$
E*
(GM
GMKE @MPR FHNE
OBD2
@GHLL LHDM
CIC
GMKE G?HKFMHG HFINMK
PKG@ MPG M @GHLL LHDM G $ L PM MPH IKL H? PKL PMHNM MHGE LEG@. K L ELH G MOMG@ EG MM LNIIEL M MKGM HGMKHEEKL G M HGMKHE NGML PM OHEM@. K L M5 E MPG M @GHLL HGGMHK G M B IKH@KFFG@ LRLMF. L M5 EL K GMPHKD EL PM ?HNK MPLM, NGLE IKL H? PKL MM K IIKHO ?HK L@GE MKGL?KL M NI MH 100 S HIKMG@ ?KJNGR. HPOK, MPH IKL H? PKL K LN??GM ?HK M MKGL?K IMR KJNK G M #01/#02.
43 BNL RLMFL
F< B= "<= OK-GKLG@ EOE H? ?MNKL OEE G MHRYL NMHFHEL KJNK HKKLIHGG@ GKL G OE EMKHG LRLMFL. MKGLFLLHG H? M, OH G F@L KJNK G ??GM FMH MH FHO M. HIIK PK NL GMPHKDL H??K FGR OGM@L. HPOK @ M MKGLFLLHG KML G HIIK PKL G NL EMKH-F@GM GMK?KG PM HMK OE LRLMFL. HFIK PM HIIK PKL, ?K HIM EGL KJNK ELL LI G K E@MK G P@M ?HK M LF MKGLFLLHG G PM. G HGMKLM PM HIIK PKL, P KKR @ME HK GEH@ OHEM@ L@GEL L M FGL H? MKGLFMMG@ M, ?K HIM NLLL MKGLFM E@M INELL. #K IM MGHEH@R L G G NL G M MEHFFNGMHGL GNLMKR ?HK FGR RKL. HPOK, ML MRI H? ?K-HIM E L GHM IKME ?HK NMHFHMO NL. L E NMES @ELL L ?KL P K GHM IKME ?HK NMHFHMO NL. R K LNCM MH ?KMNK ?KHF OKMHG G H GHM HE NI MH WM@M KNLX GLMEEMHGL. # (IHERFK HIME ?KL) PK OEHI ?HK M NMHFHMO GNLMKR. L ?KL PK OEHI G FGN?MNK R HP-HKGG@. FHLM HFFHGER NL ?K HIML HGNMHKL K: U ELM ?K HIML HGNMHKL U $ELL ?K HIML HGNMHKL GER IELM ?K HIML HGNMHKL K NL G B OEL. K K L@G?GM OGM@ MH NLG@ # ?K HIM EL: U K L EHP LGLMOMR MH NLM. FEE FHNGML H? HGMFGMHG H GHM OKLER ??M HFFNGMHG. U R K LR MH PHKD PM. L ?KL G GM MH KNL H? IIKHQFMER 50FF. L EEHPL ?HK IKME GLMEEMHG PMG M OE. U KHLLG@ L IKME, ML ?KL G NM G FH? P FDL M IKHNMHG H? PKG@ EHHFL LR. KO KIKL K ELH F LFIE. U L ?KL K GQIGLO MH FGN?MNK G H GHM KJNK QIGLO HGGMHGL HK HNLG@L. U #K HIM EL K FIKHNL MH # (EMKHFHMO GMK?KG).
44 BNL RLMFL
D= A ?K HIML HGNMHK L MG REGKE ?K F H? IELM P L GEHL R MG LMG@ HK CDMG@. MNE ?K HIML HGNMHK L F G M LMG@ FMKE MM LKOL M INKIHL H? IKHMMG@ M MNE ?KL. &<< + < = <
I#$
E*
1
#K HK
2
MG@
3
G@
$< + '<+=== G IKGIE, GR LRLMF MM MKGLFML EMKE L@GEL PM M H? E@M FL (ENFGHNL KMHG) HGLLML H? M HFIHGGML LHPG G M ?HEEHPG@ EENLMKMHG. L@GE HGMKHEL E@M (KMHG) LHNK LN MM M KMHG GMGLMR H? ML LHNK L IKHIHKMHGE MH M MF ?ENMNMHGL H? M L@GEL. KEEEL G KPG PG HFIKG@ G HIME FLL@ LRLMF PM FHF MKGLFLLHG LRLMF (HFINMK - GMKGM):
I#$
E*
I#$
E*
A
IME MKGLFLLHG
4
HMHH (OK)
B
EMKE MKGLFLLHG
5
OK
1
HNK
6
FHNEMHK (OK G FHF)
2
@M-FMMG@ H (KGLFM H)
7
E
8
HNEMHK (KGLFMMK G FHF)
3
KLM @N
45 BNL RLMFL
?K HIML HGNMHK LLNFL M ?NGMHG H? M MKGLFLLHG GGE. ?K HIML HGNMHK L IKMNEKER GLGLMO MH QMKGE EMKHF@GM G?ENGL. HFIKLHG H? G HIME FLL@ MKGLFLLHG LRLMF PM HGOGMHGE FLL@ LRLMF.
! <+===: AL IKM H? FHF MKGLFLLHG, M FHNEMHK, M MKGLFM IKM H? M FHF, HGOKML M @ME L@GEL GMH GEH@ L@GEL. GEH@ L@GEL K MKGLFMM O M MEIHG GMPHKD MH M GQM HFINMK. FHNEMHK, M KO IKM H? M FHF, M ML HFINMK HGOKML M GEH@ L@GEL D MH @ME L@GEL.
+ <+===: M HIME FLL@ MKGLFLLHG, HG M HMK G, M @ME L@GEL K HGOKM GMH HIME L@GEL R FGL H? E@M FMMG@ H (). HIME L@GEL K MKGLFMM O ?K HIML HGNMHKL MH M GQM HGMKHE NGM. IHMHH M ML HGMKHE NGM HGOKML M HIME L@GEL D MH @ME L@GEL.
$< '<+=== EMKE L@GE @GKM R M HGMKHE NGM L HGOKM MH G HIME L@GE R G GMKGE MKGLFMMK FHNE G LGM EHG@ M ?K HIM NL. ?K HK KKL M E@M F MH KOK FHNE P HGOKML M E@M L@GE D MH NLE EMKE L@GE. E@M MK?HK ILLL MKHN@ M ?K HIML HGNMHK. E@M L MG HGOKM D MH G EMKE L@GE PM M H? KOK HFIHGGM.
$< ++ <+===
46 BNL RLMFL
I#$
E*
1
KGLFM H
2
MG@
3
#K HK
4
O H
A+ AMMGNMHG K?KL MH M KNMHG G LMKG@M H? L@GE. @M MKGLFMM EHG@ M HIME ?K HFL PDK M ?NKMK M L MH MKOE.L ??M L DGHPG L MMGNMHG. L MMGNMHG L HFIKE MH M EMKE KLLMG H? HIIK PK. AMMGNMHG L NLNEER FLNK G E NGML (B). G ?K HIM EL, MMGNMHG L FLNK G MKFL H? M GNFK H? EL IK NGM H? EG@M (?HHM/FMK M). ELL MMGNMHG IK NGM LMG, M FHK ??GM M E.
I#$
E*
1
KGLFM H
2
MG@
3
#K HK
4
O H
A+ + < = <
G HFIKLHG PM G EMKE KNM, MGD H? MMGNMHG L WE@M KLLMGX. FHK MMGNMHG G M ?K HIM E, M ELL E@M HNMINM MH M KOK FHNE. OK@ MMGNMHG ?HK ?K HIM NL EGL L .5 EL (B) ?HK HGGMHK G .3 B ?HK FMK H? E. C+== E==@ A+
QLLO MMGNMHG G NL R M ?HEEHPG@ KLHGL: U BGL G M ?K HIM E PM KNL H? ELL MG 50FF. U GDL G M ?K HIM E U JNL HK HFIKLL ?K HIM E U F@ GLNEMHG HG ?K HIM E U MKM ?K HIM E U KM HK @KL HG M QIHL E GL U KML HG M QIHL E GL U OKM ?K HIM E
47 BNL RLMFL
K K LHF QFIEL H? OKHNL ?K HIM E ?ENKL:
B$#& R#0
K&
IELM ?K HIM E LHNE GHM GM MH KNL H? ELL MG 50FF.
#K HIM EL FNLM GHM NGK GR KNFLMGL DGD PG ?MM NL ML F@L M EG@ G M ?K HK. E@M L IKMEER LIKL M M IHGM PK M ?K L DGD G MKGLFLLHG EHLL KLNEML.
M L KHN@ER JNOEGM MH M FMK H? LH?MKGD G. BGG@ M E GR M@MK G FIK ML ?NGMHG HK KKIKER F@ M E.
OG CNLM DGDG@ M E HG OKR K?ER L @M G LI IHGML R PK M E L GM MHH M@MER. L LMNL M ?M MM M E@M F LMKDL M GMK? MPG M HK G EG@ M MHH LMI G G@E G L GHM K?EM.
GHN@ MH NL IKFGGM F@.
C+/$00 P0
S/$"'&
HFIKLLHG IHGML FNLM ELH OH NL MR G IKFGGMER ?HKF M E@M HGNMG@ KHLL LMHG H? M HIME ?K. L PHNE NL EHLL H? E@M.
OKLMKMG@ H? M ?K HIM EL, NL R INEEG@ ?HK QFIE, G LMKHR MF.
48 BNL RLMFL
MKMG@ KNL M KHLL-LMHGE K H? M ?K HK. LMKM ILL@ H? E@M L M G KLNEM.
A!/0 P0
D/6 / S"/"'$# F!$/ O" C!*$ E#0
G HFIKLHG PM HIIK PKL, KLHG H? ?K HIM EL HL GHM NL LHKM KNM.
AGHMK IHMGME LHNK H? IKHEFL L KMR HK LKM E GL. AEMHN@ M GL H? M EL K IKHMM @GLM GME HGMM, F@ G LMEE HNK R GHKKM GEG@.
GLM, EHLL H? QMKGE E@M HNKL. LRLMF MG LN??KL GMK?KG HK ?EL HFIEMER.
KM HG M G H? G HIME ?K PEE IKOGM E@M ?KHF QMG@/GMKG@. KM LHKL M E@M G GKLL MMGNMHG.
&<@ C=<+= PH HIME NL LRLMFL ?HK M MKGLFLLHG O G OEHI ?HK B OEL: G ;RM>?EB@AM. E@M EG@M L 650 GF (K E@M). K ??KGM HEHKL K NL MH ??KGMM MPG M ?K HIML HGNMHKL ?HK M ??KGM NL LRLMFL: U EEHP: ;RM>?EB@AM U $KG: U KG@: KO KIK EG NKG@ KIK PHKD, MK K LHF MG@L MM G MH MDG GMH HNGM PG PHKDG@ PM ?K HIM EL. AGR IGMPHKD P KJNKL M NL H? KRG@ R M, M MFIKMNK LHNE GHM Q 85T. L HNE L ?HKFMHG H? M ?K HIM E KLNEMG@ G QLLO MMGNMHG. QMKF K LHNE MDG KHNG ?K HIM EL. AGR PKG@ KGLL MM HGMG ?K HIM EL LHNE GHM LNCMG@ MH LMKMG@, INEEG@ HK GR NGN LMKLL.
49 BNL RLMFL
C+ %+<
IK E K OEE ?HK M ?K HIML. NL P L GHKFEER @KG G M OE L KIK NLG@ ED HK HKG@ E. NL EEHPL ?HK NI MH HG LIE MPG HGMKHE NGML. IE KFIG@ IEKL K NL MH ?M M LEOL HKKMER HG M ?K HIML HGNMHKL. QM IKHNK L LK G M HIKMG@ GLMKNMHGL ?HK M KFIG@ IEKL. ;RM>?EB@AM P L L?MR KME GMPHKD HL GHM EEHP ?HK GR LIEL HK KIKL MPG HGMKHE NGML. GMK ?MO HIME E FNLM KIE. IEFGM EL K HKG@ HK ED.
' < = <= *?:-.31/0: == + "' <+<. I <+= !&' = += (1) = <<= ( = << +< #) + @ *?:-.31/0: + <<= !&' <+.
F< C<=
K K LE@M ??KGL MPG M HGGMHKL HG M G ;RM>?EB@AM NL. MKGLFMMK/KOK FHNE HG M NL K LM D GMH M HGMKHE NGM HNLG@. L LMNI EEHPL ?HK M IKHMMHG H? M EM ?K GL H? M E. AELH, E HGGMHKL K FKD 1 G 2. 1 L LL@G MH M GHFG@ HIME ?K G 2 L LL@G MH M HNM@HG@ HIME ?K (L HGGMHG H? HGMKHE NGML ?HK FHK G?HKFMHG).
": %< !&' B= D+== = = <+ +<+ < < <+.
50 BNL RLMFL
!&' L HFFNGMHGL MGHEH@R ?HK FNEMF IIEMHGL MM PL LIEER OEHI ?HK NL G FHMHK OEL. LMGL ?HK KGM RLMF KGLIHKM. NL L L@G L G HIME KG@ G NLL E@M INELL ?HK MKGLFMMG@ M. MGHEH@R LML?L MPH FIHKMGM KJNKFGML: 1. NL G MKGL?K HGMKHE, NH G GO@MHG M. 2. MGHEH@R FDL OEE EH@ ?KF FHE ?HK HGMKHEEG@ M @KM OKMR G HFIEQMR H? M M. NEMF HFIHGGML LN L: U EIHG U H
E90 !&'
U EOLHG U O@MHG LRLMF U G@K U AFIE?K U NEM-G?HKFMHG LIER/HG-HK FHGMHK GP EH@ GMKHGGMHG G GMPHKDG@ H? M HFIHGGML @OL KL MH G GHKFHNL GKL G LRLMF HFIEQMR. G ML GP FGLHG H? LRLMF HFIEQMR G GH EHG@K FG@ PM M ?FEK NL LRLMFL, GP NL MGHEH@R L KJNK: . NL L L@G L KG@ LMKNMNK G NLL E@M INELL ?HK MKGLFMMG@ M. M MKGLFLLHG MDL IE HGER G HG KMHG. #K HIML HGNMHKL K NL L M M MKGLFLLHG FNF.
51 BNL RLMFL
!&' D= NL L L@G L KG@ LMKNMNK G NLL E@M INELL ?HK MKGLFMMG@ M. M MKGLFLLHG MDL IE HGER G HG KMHG. HFGL M GONE HFIHGGML MH ?HKF HG GMKE NGM. AL KLNEM, M HFIHGGML GMKM MH @KMK QMGM. IEN@&IER IKGIE GEL LFIE LRLMF QIGLHG PM GONE HFIHGGML. L IE H? HGMKHEEG@ ?NGMHG MM K LMKNM G M OE G MH FG@ MF RGFEER. AG FIHKMGM ?MNK H? FNEMF GMPHKD L MM M GHM HGER MKGLIHKML HGMKHE M G LGLHK M. F);9 U @ M KML: 22.5 BML/L U RGKHGHNL/LRGKHGHNL M MKGLFLLHG U LL@GL M HGMKHE NGML GHL G M NL U #K HIML HGNMHKL L M MKGLFLLHG FNF U G@ LMKNMNK GHM HGER KIKLGML GMPHKD G M HGOGMHGE LGL NM M ELH IKHOL GM@KM MGHEH@R ?HK FNEMF G GMPHKD HGMKHE. % =<< + <
52 BNL RLMFL
I#$
E*
#
KGLFMMK (G 1)
!
OK (G 2)
% &<<
MKFGE O (GH, HGMKHE NGM) G GMPHKD PM KG@ LMKNMNK L HGGM R FGL H? E KG@. A FLL@ GMG@ MM MKGLFLLHG L IHLLE KNEML HG M KG@. L FLL@ L K G ILL HG R GH (HGMKHE NGM). G GH PLL MH LG M, M G@L M KR-MH-LG FLL@ MH G "HNI" FLL@. M MG L M KLL H? M KOK, G KKHK GEG@ H G M M. H GLNK M L@GE LMKG@M L KMG, M GH, MKHN@ P M M ID@ ILLL MKHN@, @GKML M M HG @G (KIMK). GH MM L KLL L M KOK HIL M M G ?HKPKL MF G M KNM. ? M M K M MKGLFMMK @G, M KFHOL M M ?KHF M KG@ G KLML M KR-MH-MKGLFM FLL@. I?EER: IRLE E@M KMHG KNGL ?KHF M FLMK HGMKHE NGM (.@. FNEM-NH LRLMF HGMKHEEK) MH M ?K HIML HGNMHK HGGMHK G ?KHF K MH M HGMKHE NGML (.@. -G@K G M EN@@@ HFIKMFGM). E@M MG KMNKGL ?KHF M ELM HGMKHE NGM D O M ?EL HGGMHK MH M FLMK. AOGM@L: U LMKNM HGMKHE U K@ GMPHKD QIGLHG LOGM@L: U GMKM MKHNELHHMG@ U E?NGMHGL NL GMPHKD ?ENK U GMKM G QMGLO PKG@ HGMKHE NGM G LG M HG M NL. GER M FLMK HGMKHE NGM G GMM M QG@ MPG M NL G HMK NL LRLMFL. G HKK MH FM M OKHNL KJNKFGML H? M ??KGM M MKGLFLLHG IIEMHGL, FLL@ L O GMH 3 IKML: U HGMKHE M: .@. E@M GMGLMR (ENFGHLMR) HGMKHE U ALRGKHGHNL M: .@. GO@MHG LRLMF, OMHK KIKLGMMHG U RGKHGHNL M: .@. NH G OH L@GEL
53 BNL RLMFL
NL L KG@ LMKNMNK. OKHNL GGEL (LRGKHGHNL GGE, LRGKHGHNL GGE G HGMKHE GGE) K MKGLFMM LRGKHGHNLER HG FNF. M K OEE G M GMK KG@, .. M M K K GHG-LMKNMOER (HI) G G MK?HK NL R M OKHNL HFIHGGML. LMKNMNK H? M NL GEL LR QIGLHG H? M LRLMF PM ?NKMK HFIHGGML. GLMEEMHG EHMHG H? M HFIHGGML G M KG@ IGL HG M LI? ?NGMHG. K L GH G MH HIKM KLKO ?HK ?NMNK LRLMFL (.@. HNE HE LIDKL). KOK G MKGLFMMK K HGGM PM HMK G M OGM H? HFIHGGM ?EG@. KG@ MK?HK KFGL HIKMO. KOK G MKGLFMMK K LIKM HGER ? HG HGMKHE NGM L LNIIE PM IHPK. L MPH NGML K HFIEMER HIKMO MH@MK PM M MKGLFM G KO LRLMF. MKO LLLFEL M M ID@L G GONE IKML G KLLFEL MF. KOK G MKGLFMMK K B OEHIFGM G H-HIKMHG PM G?GHG G LL. G?HKFMHG L MKGLFMM R E@M INELL PM PO EG@M H? 650 GF (OLE K E@M). H ELK NM KMK G L NL MH @GKM M E@M. NL G PHDG HIMEER, .. G MHGE PD-NI EG L GHM KJNK. IHPK GMD G LEI FH L OKR EHP.
D++ <+=== !&'-=
54 BNL RLMFL
I#$
E*
1
RGKHGHNL M
2
ALRGKHGHNL M
3
HGMKHE M
Connection of Control Units The cnnec$in be$'een $he indi&id%al cn$"l %ni$# i# !"&ided b( a "ing b%# $ha$ $"an#!"$# $he da$a nl( in ne di"ec$in. Thi# mean# $ha$ a cn$"l %ni$ al'a(# ha# $' fibe" !$ic# cnd%c$"#, i.e. ne f" $he $"an#mi$$e" and ne f" $he "ecei&e". A !%"e fibe" c%!ling i# %#ed in MOST cn$"l %ni$#. In $hi# 'a(, $ge$he" 'i$h $he fibe"# in $he cn$"l %ni$, $he $"an#mi$ and "ecei&e dide# can be !#i$ined a$ an( !in$ in $he cn$"l %ni$. A# a "e#%l$, $he fibe" a"ea# can be #e$ back in $he 'i"ing ha"ne## cnnec$", $h%# "ende"ing addi$inal !"$ec$in f" $he #en#i$i&e end face# %nnece##a"(. The 2-!le fibe" !$ic# cnd%c$" md%le i# iden$ical f" all $(!e# f cnnec$". The !a"$# famil( and cn$ac$ !a"$# ha&e been decla"ed a# $he #$anda"d 'i$hin $he MOST c!e"a$in. Index
Explanation
1
Fibe" !$ic cnnec$"
2
Cn$"l %ni$ #cke$
3
Fibe" !$ic j%m!e"
4
Recei&e" md%le 'i$h dide
Connector for fiber optics conductor
Index
Explanation
1
Pin 2
2
Pin 1
Pin 1 is always designated for the incoming fiber optics conductor and pin 2 for the transfer fiber optics conductor. 55 B%# S(#$em#
F< C< NL H? M ?K HIM HGGMHK IKHOL M OGM@ H? G@ E MH LER KMKH?M HGMKHE NGML G M K H? M EN@@@ HFIKMFGM. F< + <, <+< + +<
?K HIM E HGGMHK L EHM G M EN@@@ HFIKMFGM H? M #01/#02, MH M E?M G M L PEE MKF. ?K HIM E HGGMHK L KKG@ G M NL LRLMF MPG M ?KHGM K H? M OE ( NGM, G@K) G M KK K H? M OE (, M.). G HK MPH ?K HIM HGGMHKL K GLMEE HKKLIHGG@ MH M JNIFGM HG?@NKMHG. G ?K HIM HGGMHK L KLIHGLE ?HK M ?MHKR-GLMEE HGMKHE NGML. HMK ?K HIM HGGMHK L NL ?HK M IKIKMHGL ?HK HIMHGL. GL H? M ?K HIM EL, ?HK MHGE HIMHGL, K EPRL @KHNI MH@MK HG M LF KHP G M ?K HIM HGGMHK MH OH F@ MH M GL H? M ?K HIM EL. AL LHHG L M KMKH?M L GLMEE, M ?K HIM HGGMHKL K KHGGM HKG@ MH GLMKNMHGL G GM@KM G M NL. MG M ?KFPHKD H? IKH@KFFG@, M HGMKHE NGM LJNG L KEH GMH M FLMK HGMKHE NGM.
56 BNL RLMFL
!&' C< = + D< G #0Q OEL M NL L NL ?HK M HFIHGGML G G?HKFMHG/HFFNGMHG LRLMFL. K G?HKFMHG HFINMK () L NL L M FLMK HGMKHE NGM. MK NL NLKL FR : U G@K U GLMKNFGM ENLMK U HI-# FIE?K U MEEM MNGK A (HG KER KL) U /HFHQ U K M GMKMGFGM U #-B @
' !&' <<+ +== = B"2000 = = < << < B"2020 F0+== @=. ' <<+ = @= = @+ E< .
D<
M K EPRL LGM G HG KMHG HG M NL. HGMKHE NGM G LG M HG M NL. IRLE E@M KMHG KNGL ?KHF M FLMK HGMKHE NGM (K G?HKFMHG HFINMK) MH M G@K, MH M GLMKNFGM ENLMK, MH M GMKE @MPR FHNE G ?KHF MK MH M ?K HIM E LMKNMHK. AEE M HGMKHE NGML ?MM G M KK G K HGGM M M ?K HIM E LMKNMHK. #KHF M ELM HGMKHE NGM, M E@M KMNKGL MH M FLMK HGMKHE NGM.
57 BNL RLMFL
!&' < F01/F02
KOMBI DVDC
CIC
SDARS
ZGM
RSE
TCU
TOP HIFI
ULF SBX
I#$
E*
I#$
E*
#O HIFI
HI-# AFIE?K
KOMBI
GLMKNFGM ENLMK
D%DC
G@K
"DA!"
MEEM NGK
!"E
K M GMKMGFGM
$LF-"B'
GMK? BHQ
#C$
EFML HGMKHE GM
(GM
GMKE $MPR HNE
CIC
K G?HKFMHG HFINMK
%=<+ < = !&' KLER G M LF PR L HG M 6Q FHEL, M HGMKHE NGML GLMEE HG M NL K LMHK G K@LMKMHG ?E G M FLMK HGMKHE NGM. HKKLIHGG@ M K LMHK NKG@ M IKHNMHG IKHLL G, G HGGMHG PM HGMKHE NGM KMKH?ML, ?MK IKH@KFFG@ M KLIMO HGMKHE NGM. HGMKHE NGML G MK HKK HG M NL K LMHK G ML K@LMKMHG ?E. M M ?K HIM E HGGMHK, M L IHLLE MH HGGM HGMKHE NGML G M KK K H? M OE Q ?MHKR HK ?MK KIK G ??KGM HKK. M M H? M K@LMKMHG ?E, M B @GHLL LRLMF G MKFG M GLMEE HGMKHE NGML G MK HKK. G MHG, ML K@LMKMHG ?E L ELH LMHK G M GMKE @MPR FHNE LH MM MK L LMEE LL MH M HGMKHE NGM K@LMKMHG G M OGM H? ?NEM G M ?KFPHKD. L FGL MM M @GHLL G NL MH EE NI M ELM ?NGMHGE LMMNL ?KHF M GMKE @MPR FHNE. AEMHN@ M FLMK HGMKHE NGM H? M , M , L HGGM MH M -A, M HL GHM KKR HNM M ?NGMHG H? @MPR HGMKHE NGM. ? HFFNGMHG HG M L GH EHG@K IHLLE, M GLLKR M G HGER K HNM O M GMKE @MPR FHNE. 58 BNL RLMFL
B+= GPM GML M IMR H? M GMPHKD, .. HP FGR M MFL G MKGLFMM LFNEMGHNLER. GPM ??KL HGLKER G M OKHNL IIEMHGL. L MM EE OE HNIGML PEE E MH EE NI ??KGM LKOL LFNEMGHNLER,F .@. U KOK EEL NI GO@MHG G?HKFMHG U ?KHGM ILLG@K ELMGL MH M KH U A KK ILLG@K ELMGL MH U HMK KK ILLG@K PML A+
B+
D++ <+
AM-FM
1.4 M/L
RGKHGHNL
MC
1.4 M/L
RGKHGHNL
CD
1.4 M/L
RGKHGHNL
MD
1.4 M/L
RGKHGHNL
#
1.4 M/L
RGKHGHNL
"B"
1.4 M/L
RGKHGHNL
%CD
1.4 M/L
RGKHGHNL
D%D
2.8 - 11 M/L
RGKHGHNL/LRGKHGHNL
N)/)
250 DML/L
ALRGKHGHNL
#)+9 9+
KHNL
RGKHGHNL
M MKGLFLLHG KM H? 1.4 ML/L ?HK NH M L KO ?KHF LGGG@ ?KJNGR H? 44.1 DS IK GGE (MPH GGEL ?HK LMKH) G KLHENMHG H? 16 M. GPM H? M H? 22.5 BML/L L NL G MF FNEMIEQ R LRGKHGHNL GGEL, LRGKHGHNL GGEL G HGMKHE GGEL. OLHG G LRGKHGHNL G LRGKHGHNL GGEL MDL IE MH LNM KJNKFGML. GGEL ?HK HGMKHE G?HKFMHG O LFEEK GPM H? 700 DML/L. L HKKLIHGL MH IIKHQFMER 2700 ME@KFL IK LHG. AM IKLGM MK L GH O MM G IM G IKHLL OG MK H? ML GNFK H? ME@KFL IK LHG. G ?NMNK, M PEE JNII PM M MKGLFLLHG KM H? 50-150 BML/L. 59 BNL RLMFL
!&' B= D+== N MH M ??KGL G M HG?@NKMHG H? M NL, @GHLL FMHL PEE ??K MPG FHEL. HPOK, MK K FGR LFEKML G MK K LHF L KNEL P IIER MH EE JNII OEL. M L FIHKMGM MH KFFK MM HG M GMPHKD, FLL@L G HGER MKGLFMM IKHO M NL KG@ L HFIEM G ?NEER ?NGMHGE. ? MK L KG@ ?NEM G M GMPHKD, M @GHLM LRLMF HGER HFFNGML PM M GLMKNFGM ENLMK G M HGMKHE LIER NL HM H? ML FHNEL K KMER HGGM MH M -A RLMF BNL. ?K HIM L@GEL HG M GMPHKD EPRL MKOE G HG KMHG G HGER G HG KMHG. @GEL EPRL HK@GM M M HGMKHE LIER HK M (IGG@ HG M FHE) G MKOE G G HNM H? EE M FHNEL G M KG@ G D MH M HGMKHE LIER HK . NL EEHPL GMKLRLMF ?NEM FFHKR GMKL G M GONE HGMKHE FHNEL. A ?MNK H? M LRLMF ?NEML L MM ?NEML FR GMK G HGMKHE FHNE EMHN@ M HGMKHE FHNE L . HGENLHGL FR KPG HNM M NL H? M ?NEM, NLG@ M ?NEM G?HKFMHG LMHK G EE M HGMKHE FHNEL. IHLLE LRLMF ?NEML K: U IME PO @N HFFNGMHG ?NEM U A HGMKHE HNE HL GHM LPM E@M H?? (AEE HGMKHE HNEL) U MPHKD PD-NI NGLNLL?NE U G@ ?NEM @GHLL KNG + *+@ G C+ F+
L ?NEM GML IKHEF PM HIME MKGLFLLHG. GLN??GM E@M L G@ KO R HG H? M FHNEL G M KG@. EHLL H? E@M FR NL R: U ?MO HIME PO @N, KGLL MPLM MHH M@MER (G. G KNL 50FF.) U @M HNMINM HK KIMHG LGLMOMR H? H L MHH EHP U HGGMHK GHM GLMEE HKKMER U HEM@ ?ENMNMHG PE IHPKG@ NI HGMKHE FHNE ? M ?NEM L LMHK, M LRLMF MK@@KL KLM G LMKML NI @G. FNL L LPM H?? K?ER G M LIER LKG H? M HGMKHE LIER HGMGNL MH HIKM. H ?G M FHNE KLIHGLE ?HK M ?NEM, M ?NEM FFHKR H? M FHNEL FNLM K G KG@ HKK.
60 BNL RLMFL
#NEM EL MPG M FHNE PM M ?NEM H (B) G M IKG@ FHNE (A). ? M OHEM@ L II EHP 9O, M ?NEM FR GHKKMER LMHK. ? M OHEM@ L EHP IK?HKF M ?HEEHPG@ MLM ?MK HGGMG@ MMKR K@K. 1. EK M ?NEM FFHKR G HGMKHE FHNE B. 2. HPK M E@M HNMINM G HGMKHE FHNE A. 3. HNM M ?NEM FFHKR G M KG@ G HKK. 4. ? HGMKHE FHNE B L @G M ?KLM MH LMHK M ?NEM, M G LLNF M ?NEM EL MPG HGMKHE FHNEL A G B. G, D HGMKHE FHNEL A G B ?HK EHHL HGGMHGL G D M HIME PO @N ?HK DGDL. ? M OLNE GLIMHG L , M ?NEM G EHM NLG@ M MLMK HG HEK OEL HK HIMHGEER IK?HKFG@ M ?HEEHPG@ MLML. U FHO M GINM HIME PO @N ?KHF HGMKHE FHNE B G HG?KF M IKLG H? E@M. ? E@M L IKLGM, GLMEE R-ILL HIME PO @N G IE H? HGMKHE FHNE A, EK ?NEM HL G FHNE B G IK?HKF KG@ KD MLM. ? GMPHKD HIKML IKHIKER, MG HGMKHE FHNE A L M ?NEM G FNLM KIE. ? GMPHKD LMEE L ?NEM, INM FHNE A D G M GMPHKD G R-ILL FHNE B. EK ?NEML G @G IK?HKF KG@ KD MLM. ? GMPHKD HIKML GHP IKHEF L PM HGMKHE FHNE B G M FNLM KIE. U ? E@M L GHM IKLGM M GINM H? FHNE B, IK?HKF R-ILL H? FHNE A L HO. IHLLE ?NEM LGKHL K: U KGLFM H G FHNE A ?MO U O H G FHNE B ?MO U IME PO @N ?NEM MPG FHNEL A G B U H?MPK KKHK HK ?NEM G FHNE A HK B
C< ! D= " &
G M GMPHKD L KJNLM MH LEI, M HGMKHE LIER LPML H?? M E@M G M KG@. ED H? E@M GINM L L@GE MH M GONE HGMKHE FHNEL MH LPM H?? MK E@M HNMINM G GMK LEI FH. ? HGMKHE FHNE HL GHM LPM H?? ML E@M, EE HPG LMKF HGMKHE FHNEL K@LMK M ?NEM WA HGMKHE HNE L GHM LPMG@ E@M H??.X
61 BNL RLMFL
F+< + < < = , += !&' < "' < = . I !&' < += =, <= +< + < = . '= + +< =+<. H @GHL, K HNM ?NEM FFHKR G KG@ HKK. ?NEM EL G M HGMKHE FHNE MM IKL M FHNE PK M ?NEM L ?KLM LMHK. AEPRL HG?KF M IKHEF R ?KLM EKG@ M ?NEM G IK?HKFG@ M @GHLL LHG MF. ? M LF KLNEML HNK, KIE M ?MO HGMKHE FHNE. "< *+ ===
L ?NEM GML IKHEF PM M HIME MKGLFLLHG. AG GLN??GM OHENF H? E@M L HFG@ MKHN@ HG IHLMHG H? M KG@ G FR NL R: U HGMKHE HNE L KOG@ GH OHEM@ U IME O $N KGLL ?MO U IME EFGM G HGMKHE FHNE ?MO (MKGLFM HK KO) U HGGMHK GHM GLMEE HKKMER A LMGMHG FNLM F L MH PMK M ?NEM L NKKGMER IKLGM HK LIHK. #HK ?NEML NKKGMER IKLGM, KNG M G@ BKD @GHLL LM EG. #HK LIHK ?NEML IK?HKF M NFGHNL HPK NMHG LM EG. % B<+ D+==
G@ HNM M ?NEM FFHKR H? M HGMKHE LIER ($MPR) ?MK IK?HKFG@ M G@ #NEM @GHLM, KLNEML G ?NEM H? G@ #NEM @GHLL KK NM G@ LMHK. L ?NEM FFHKR L GHM MKN ?NEM FFHKR GMKR, NM HGER G HNMINM H? MHGE G?HKFMHG ?HK KEMO GH IHLMHG.
62 BNL RLMFL
% % @+ < = = + @ < +<+ + .
U PM HG M KH. U G HGMKHE HNE ?NGMHGL, @G MH MOM ENFGHNL IHPK KNMHG G M GONE HGMKHE FHNE (G ML MLM M E@M HNMINM H? M LEM HGMKHE FHNE L KN ?HK 5 LHGL G MG NMHFMEER KLM MH GHKFE HNMINM). U ? M HIME MKGLFLLHG ?HK HGMKHE FHNE A MH M GQM HGMKHE FHNE G M KG@ (HGMKHE FHNE B) L , LE@M GHL FR HNK PG M E@M HNMINM L KN, HPOK M KH PEE HGMGN MH IER. U ? M KH @HL H?? G HFL D HG @G(KH OHENF FR KN) G 5 MH 10 LHGL, M HIME MKGLFLLHG MPG HGMKHE FHNEL A G B L ?MO. ? M OLNE GLIMHG L , M ?NEM G EHM NLG@ M MLMK HK HIMHGEER IK?HKFG@ M ?HEEHPG@ MLML. U FHO M GINM HIME PO @N ?KHF HGMKHE FHNE B G HG?KF M IKLG H? E@M. U ? E@M L IKLGM, GLMEE R-ILL HIME PO @N G IE H? HGMKHE FHNE A, EK ?NEM HL G FHNE B. ? GMPHKD HIKML IKHIKER, MG HGMKHE FHNE A L M ?NEM G FNLM KIE. U ? GMPHKD LMEE L ?NEM, INM FHNE A D G M GMPHKD G R-ILL FHNE B. EK ?NEML. U ? GMPHKD HIKML GHP IKHEF L PM HGMKHE FHNE B G M FNLM KIE. U ? E@M L GHM IKLGM M GINM H? FHNE B, IK?HKF KG@ KD @GHLML. % B<+ '=
? MK L KD G M KG@ ( ?M MPG MPH HGMKHE FHNEL) M ?HEEHPG@ ?NEM IMMKGL FR HNK: U KGLFM H H? M MKGLFMMG@ HGMKHE FHNE ?MO U HPK LNIIER H? M MKGLFMMG@ HGMKHE FHNE ?MO U GMKGE HGMKHE FHNE ?NEM H? M MKGLFMMG@ HGMKHE FHNE U OK H H? M KOG@ HGMKHE FHNE ?MO U HPK LNIIER H? M KOG@ HGMKHE FHNE ?MO U GMKGE HGMKHE FHNE ?NEM H? M KOG@ HGMKHE FHNE U IME PO @N MPG MKGLFMMG@ G KOG@ HGMKHE FHNE ?MO 63 BNL RLMFL
L ?NEML FR HNK EHG HK G HFGMHG. H @GHL KG@ KD, M ?KLM LMI L MH EHM M MPH HGMKHE FHNEL MPG P M MKGLFLLHG ?ENK L HNKK. L L HFIEL PM M KG@ KD @GHLM ?NGMHG. G M MPH HGMKHE FHNEL O G GM? G M @GHLML O G IK?HKF, KFFK MH D M IHPK LNIIER G @KHNG KNM H? HM FHNEL ?HK HGFGG@ FHNE. $<< % B<+ '=
KG@ KD MLM FH L GMK NMHFMEER PG M IHPK MH EE M FHNEL G M GMPHKD L LPM H?? G MG LPM D HG. FHLM ??MO FMH H? LPMG@ M IHPK H?? G HG L MH LHGGM M MMKR G@MO MKFGE ?HK 45 LHGL. L MF PEE EEHP M IMHKL H? EE M HGMKHE FHNEL MH LLIM. G M MMKR L KHGGM M HGMKHE FHNEL PD NI G G GMPHKD HKK MKGLFM E@M L@GE MH M GQM FHNE. FHNE DL MH L ? M L KO E@M L@GE ?KHF M IKOHNL FHNE. ? M HGMKHE FHNE HL KO E@M GINM L@GE M LMEE MKGLFML L@GE MH M GQM FHNE. A KEMO GH GNFK H? 0 L LMHK G M HGMKHE FHNE MM GHM KO L@GE NM MM MKGLFMM HG. FLMK HGMKHE NGM KOL M E@M L@GE D G GM?L P FHNEL KLIHG. $H MH WHGMKHE GM #NGMHGLX HGMKHE LIER $MPR G K ?NEM FFHKR. FLMK HGMKHE NGM PEE LIER KEMO GH GNFK. L GNFK PEE GM HP FGR FHNEL HFFNGM ?MK M FHNE P LM M KEMO GH GNFK H? 0. H ?G M HGMKHE FHNE PM M KEMO GH GNFK H? 0, HNGM ?KHF M GINM L H? M FLMK(HNGMG@ M FLMK L 0) MHPKL M HGMKHE FHNEL. G KKOG@ M M HGMKHE FHNE PM M GNFK L LIER L M KEMO GH GNFK, M ELM DGHPG HFFNGMG@ FHNE L G ?HNG.
E+*$: E IK?HKFG@ M KG@ KD @GHLML HG G 65 M HGMKHE LIER L LM KEMO GH GNFK H? 2. HNGM M HGMKHE LIER 0, M HF PEE 1 G M A PEE 2. KG@ KD HNKL MPG M A G M FHNE P IKL M, M MEIHG FHNE.
* < =, + +< ( ) + "+@ == = += < =. ": !< += < + +== + + =< !&' =: < + +== @ -> B -> B= = -> !&' = -> % + +==. 64 BNL RLMFL
&+= *+
HGMKHE FHNEL KJNK @ NKKGM NKG@ LMGR HIKMHG G FNLM LHGGM HK INM G LEI FH MH IKOGM M OE MMKR ?KHF G@ LK@. G L H? ?NEM HG M GMPHKD MM HGMGNHNLER PDL NI, M GMK NL PEE PHDG NI. HGMKHE LIER PEE PD NI M A BNL G EE M OE NLLL PEE PHDG NI. L PEE E MH MMKR LK@. M L H? @KM G?M MH DGHP P FHNE GMM M PD NI EE. G HKK MH ?G HNM P GH PHD NI M NL, M ?HEEHPG@ IKHNK L IK?HKF - G HGMKHE GM #NGMHGL, IKLL WAAX K ??KGM KLIHGL K IHLLE: U HGMKHE HNE PHD NI U HGMKHE HNE PHDG NI U HGMKHE HNE GHM GMES HGMKHE HNE PM M LMMNL WHGMKHE HNE PHD NIX L M FHNE MM PHD NI M KLM H? M NL. L @GHLL HGER G?HKFL P HGMKHE FHNE PHD, GHM M KLHG ?HK M PD NI, @GHLM MLMG@ LHNE IK?HKF HG M HGMKHE FHNE G KEM JNIFGM.
F< < <+ << FB=: FB-F$A-CHA1003F$-656582005 F+<=, !&' FB-DAA0302FB-656582004 !&' =: % + +== FB-BB0704FB-657761055 !&' =: % + +== FB-DAA0701FB-656582003 !&'= FB-DAA0302FB-656582005 !&' =: =+= +-
65 BNL RLMFL
&-= &== N-NLLL K ELH NL G MHG MH M FG NL LRLMFL. N-NL LRLMFL K LNHKGM LKE NL LRLMFL. FHLM FIHKMGM LN-NL LRLMFL K HNMEG EHP: U -BNL U -BNL (HE GMKHGGM MPHKD BNL) U B (BM-KE M GMK?) D++ <+= !+ = ==
D++ <+
B= =<<
K-B;9
9.6 DML/L
GK - HG-PK
B"D
9.6 DML/L
GK - HG-PK
LIN-B;9
9.6-19.2 DML/L
GK - HG-PK
LCAN
500DBML/L
GK,MPHPK
K-B= -BNL L KMHGE HG-PK GMK?. L FGL M -BNL L HGER HG LG@E EG ?HK M MKGLFLLHG. B-KMHGE FGL MM M M K MKGLFMM G HM KMHGL. MKF "-BNL (IKHMHHE)" L NL ?HK LKL H? LN-NL LRLMFL G M NL HOKOP. L LN-NL LRLMFL K NL ?HK OKHNL INKIHLL. -BNL IKHMHHE NL K L HFFHG HFIHGGM EKR NL G IKLLHK FHEL. IKHMHHE L NL G #0Q OEL, .@. HG M ?HEEHPG@ LRLMFL: U HGGMHG MPG A G U HF?HKM ALL U A-BNL HGLJNGMER, M L IHLLE MH HGER MKGLFM HK KO M GR HG MF. M MKGLFLLHG KM H? M -BNL L 9.6 DML/L. OHEM@ EOE L MPG 0 G 12 PG FLL@ L LGM HG M -BNL. OHEM@ EOE G@G@ ?KHF 0 MH 12 HKKLIHGL MH EH@ 1. H@ 0 L PG M OHEM@ G@L ?KHF 12 MH 0 .
66 BNL RLMFL
K-B= E90
+ @ K-B=
-BNL L NL L FG NL HK LN-NL LRLMF IGG@ HG M OE FHE.
I"-B= -BNL PL OEHI MH IKHO LMGK GMPHKD ?HK M NMHFHE GNLMKR. -BNL L G NL L KER L M 60 G PL ELH NL MH HGMKHE M HNML FKKHKL HG M 46. GER, M OKLHGL 2.0 HK @K K NL G #0Q OEL.
I"-B= E90
MGKSMHG LOL HLML G: U OEHIFGM U KHNMHG U E LKOG@ -BNL LRLMF HFIKLL M ?HEEHPG@ HFIHGGML: U @K-KGDG@ HGMKHE NGM (FLMK) U HPK-KGDG@ HGMKHE NGML (LHGKR HGMKHE NGML) U G-PK EG A KMHGE HG-PK NL EG LKOL L M MKGLFLLHG FNF ?HK M -BNL. NL IKHMHHE L O LMKMER KKEER G FLMK G LHGKR HGMKHE NGML. A FQFNF H? HG FLMK L IKFMM ?HK -BNL LRLMF. 67 BNL RLMFL
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
68 BNL RLMFL
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
69 BNL RLMFL
F0 @ I" B= @<@
70 BNL RLMFL
D-B= @GHLL NL HK -BNL KIKLGML IRLEER LIKM LL ?EMR MH M HNML. GMKMG@ PM M @MPR (CNGMHG HQ), M GEL LL MH EE M NLLL. G @GHLL NGM L HGGM, HG KJNLM H? M @MPR, LI? LRLMF G?HKFMHG KEMG@ MH M OE K F OEE O M @GHLL NL. A HFIEM ELM H? HGMKHE NGML GLMEE G M OE L MKGL?KK MH@MK PM M LE?-@GHLL G?HKFMHG. M MKGLFLLHG KM H? M -BNL L 10.5 - 115 DML/L. D-B= + +< E90
D-CA" G HKK ?HK2000 BRPHK MH FM M KJNKFGML LMGK @GHLM 15765 (@GHLML HG A PM KHMHHE 2000 HKH? G? KO) -A (@GHLML HG HGMKHEEK AK MPHKD) KIE M -BNL @GHLML GMK? PHKEP. L E@E KJNKFGM G M A FGML MM EE OEL JNII PM M -A L ?KHF FHE RK 2008. B @G M MKGLMHGE IL G IMFK 2006. 70 PL HG H? M ?KLM GP OEL JNII PM -A G MG M FH?MHG PL IL-G HG EE HMK B FHEL. -A M-L@GEEG@ KM L 500 DM/L. FLNK KLLMG MPG M PKL LHNE
D-CA" += < E70
60 Ω. AG B-MHHE HK B @GHLML LRLMF L NMHFMEER MM G LMG@NL NKG@ M HNMINM. LHG GMK? (IG 8) L GHM GLLKR. A IKHOL M GMK?L ?HK HGGMHG MH M OE B ?FE @GHLM GMK? HGGMHK. A IHPK?NE HFINMK HK GEL M MH PHKD L IKHMHHE HGOKMK MH LLNF M M GMKG@ MPG M MLMK G M OE HGMKHE NGML L PEE L M L@GE IKHLLG@ ?HK HGGMHG H? M FLNKFGM LRLMF (B).
71 BNL RLMFL
HPK L LNIIE R PR H? 30 KHLL M OE GMK?. A L KM ?HK FGFNF OHEM@ H? 8 . ME HIKMHG L HGER GLNK ? M IHPK LNIIER L HO M FGFNF OHEM@ EFM. A G HGGM MH M PHKDLHI GMPHKD R MKGM A E (PKELL HGGMHG R A PEE G M GK MH ?NMNK). HGFQFNF M KM L 100OEE M/L. K KMER M H??EG FH. HFFNGMHG PM M BNL (?HK IKH@KFFG@) L LNIIE R B HG B2000 OEL. #HK ML INKIHL B (2) L MH HGGM PM M A (1) R PR H? LNIIE B E (3). HLM HFFNGMHG L MKN MK PHKDLHI GMPHKD A HGGMHG (4) HK A.
": * B"2020 @= (F0) +==+ <<+ = < I&ID IC! A (<<+ < < ). B LL G EE OEL KFGL NGG@; @GHLL LHDM L EHM NGK M LHK HG M KOK'L L. IG LL@GFGML M M B HGGMHK K L ?HEEHPL: U 3, 11, 12, 13 = MKGM HGGMHGL. (#0Q OEL) U 16 = KFGE 30 U 5 = KFGE 31 U 14 + 6 = HFFNGMHG HGGMHGL U 8 = AMOMHG H? MKGM @GHLL LHDM L EHM NGK M LHK HG M KOK'L L.
72 BNL RLMFL
B-=<+ D++ I<+ M-LKE M GMK? L NL MH HGGM M EMKGMHK G M GMEE@GM MMKR LGLHK MH M @ME FHMHK EMKHGL. @<@ -=<+ ++ <+ I#$
E*
1
AEMKGMHK
2
BM-LKE M GMK?
3
@ME FHMHK EMKHGL
4
GMEE@GM MMKR LGLHK
& @+ +< 0 = 12@ & @+ +< 1 = 900@
+-CA" HE-A LKOL MH MKGL?K M @ M OHENFL H? M HKM-KG@ G EHG@ KG@ KK LGLHKL MH M G #0Q OEL PM. HE-A L M MKGL?K KM H? 500 DBM/L G L L@G L MPLM IK H? PKL. 2 (120 Ω) MKFGE KLLMHKL G M HE-A K EHM G M G M EHG@ KG@ KK LGLHK P JNE MH FLNK KLLMG MPG M PKL H? 60 Ω.
CAN L4 &/#: V + = 1.5 *0 # V + = 2.5 *0
CAN H&' &/#: V + = 2.5 *0 # V + = 3.5 *0
HE-A L ELH NL G @M LHG 2 (#0Q) LRLMF ?HK @GHLL, IKH@KFFG@ G FK HGMKHE. FK L IKH@KFF MKHN@ M HGMKHE NGM. HGMKHE NGM KOL M IKH@KFFG@ M ?HK M FK MKHN@ -A. HGMKHE NGM ?HKPKL ML M MH M FK MKHN@ M HE-A. W'$ +$0/& L"*-CAN *&$, '$ O0"**0"$ (IMIB) 0$&0 0'*# !$ '$ 0+$ 0 %/ '$ PT-CAN # K-CAN 2 (/$%$/ '$0$ %/ 0+*$ % '$ L"*-CAN 0"$ $/). 73 BNL RLMFL
G++= M QG@ MPG M NL LRLMFL $MPRL LKO M INKIHL H? HNIEG@ ??KGM MRIL H? NL LRLMFL, .. @MPRL HGGM NL LRLMFL PM ??KGM EH@ G IRLE IKHIKML. R GLNK M QG@ LIM M ??KGM MKGLFLLHG KML H? M GONE MK?HK NL LRLMFL. E+ + ++
I#$
E*
I#$
E*
1
GK NL LRLMF (.@. A)
3
G@-LMKNMNK NL LRLMF (.@. )
2
$MPR (.@. -A)
A @MPR IK?HKFL NE ?NGMHG: U H HEEM G?HKFMHG ?KHF OKHNL ??KGM GMPHKDL. U H LG G?HKFMHG MH M HKKM GMPHKD. KGLFLLHG KML, M OHENF G IKHKMR LM@L H? M GONE FLL@L K ?EMK G M @MPR G N??K ? GLLKR. @MPR HGOKML M FLL@L MH LNM M KLIMO NL LRLMF L HG @MPR KNEL G HGOKLHG MEL. KLIMO NL LRLMF L GHP LKO G M FLL@L K MK MK@M KLL. ? GLLKR, FLL@L MM K GHM LH FIHKMGM KFG G M @MPR FFHKR. L KFGG@ FLL@L K MG LGM EMK.
74 BNL RLMFL
G++ %= B+= E+ + '<+ &+
I#$
E*
I#$
E*
G&-!
$MPR KNEL
B;9 2
EHP NL
G&-#
$MPR ME
A -> B
E QFIE: LL@ ?KHF A MH B
1
KG 1 PM REEHP FLL@
B -> A
E QFIE: LL@ ?KHF B MH A
2
KG 2 PM K FLL@
5
5-FGNM GMKOEL
3
$MPR
1
1-HNK GMKOE
B;9 1
#LM NL
QIKLL MKG 1 KKOL M M LMMHG G 5- FGNM GMKOEL. L MKG L FLL@ (REEHP) ?HK M MKG PM M LMF EHHFHMO. FLL@ L MKGL?KK MH M ?KLM P@HG H? M MKG PM M LMF EHHFHMO. G M FGMF, G QIKLL MKG 2 KKOL PM FLL@ (K) ?HK M MKG PM M LMF EHHFHMO. G M LMF EHHFHMO L GHM RM IKM, M LHG FLL@ L ELH MKGL?KK MH M LMF EHHFHMO G MM ?MK M ?KLM P@HG. L IKHNK L KIM NGME M MKG PM M LMF EHHFHMO EOL M LMMHG ?MK HG HNK. FLL@L K IKD G M LMMHG PG M MKG PM M LMF EHHFHMO L ?NEER EH. G OEE, GP MKG PM LMF EHHFHMO L EH PM ML FLL@L. 75 BNL RLMFL
"'E& $AGE 76 BNL RLMFL
