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Salman 1 Nataly Salman BIO 1500 Lab Ian Moore 23 October 2015 Seed Germination Lab Introduction
Seed Germination Germination is the process process in which a seed sprots sprots drin! matrity and !rows and de"elop de"elops# s# $his $his proces processs is a%%ect a%%ected ed by "ario "arioss circm circmsta stances nces&& sch sch as 'water 'water&& minera mineral& l& li!ht li!ht a"ailability& and internal re!lators sch as hormones#( )*olphin 35+, Becase these %actors are not always controlled& seeds are able to !erminate and sprot their shoots and roots whene"er they recei"e recei"e the s%%icient s%%icient amont o% ntrients ntrients and "ariables# "ariables# -st as hmans are able to !row and matre at distincti"e rates and times& so are plant seedlin!s# .owe"er& one mst be able to brie%ly identi%y and distin!ish the anatomy ana tomy and physiolo!y o% o % the seed be%ore nderstandin! the process o% !ermination#
/i!res 2#3 and 2# "isalie the anatomy o% the seeds sed in this lab# )35,#
Salman 2
$he seed coat protects the seed and embryo %rom harsh en"ironmental conditions and incldes an endosperm ri!ht beneath it& which 'pro"ides ntrients that are important %or sr"i"al ntil the seed matres and is able to pro"ide %or itsel%( )355,# $he seed coat that srronds the matre seed is impermeable to oy!en and water that shows little to no metabolic acti"ity )354,# Be%ore !ermination occrs& the seeds mst nder!o a period o% dormancy& meanin! its physical acti"ity has stopped ntil all reirements are met )354,# $hro!h the absorption o% water and oy!en& their metabolism be!ins and allows di%%erent ces& sch as 'low temperatres& %ire& mecha mechani nical cal abra abrasi sion on o% the the seed seed sr% sr%ac ace& e& or epos eposr ree to di!e di!est sti" i"ee acid acidss and and enym enymes es o% herbi"ores( to tri!!er seed !ermination )354,# 6hen the water enters the cell& it rehydrates rehydrates the seed and ma7es it metabolically metabolically acti"e& which brea7s down starches starches to !lcose to prodce 8$ 8$9 )354,# $here%ore& $here%ore& water water is the main acti"ator o% !ermination becase it is able to acti"ate the seed:s metabolism in order %or it to !row and matre# 8lso& Gibberellins& natral hormones& 'prodce enymes that brea7 down the seed: seed:ss %ood %ood reser" reser"es& es& casin casin! ! elon!at elon!ation ion(( )354,# )354,# 6hen 6hen the Gibber Gibberell ellins ins partic participa ipate te in this this procedre& the shoots and the roots o% the seed sprot and elon!ate and become "isible# $he $he ob;e ob;ect cti" i"es es o% this this lab lab were were to nde nders rsta tand nd the the mech mechani anism sm and impor importa tance nce o% !ermination& delineate biotic and abiotic %actors that a%%ect it& and condct an eperiment on %actors that a%%ect seed !ermination# In this lab& we identi%ied the !ermination and !rowth rates o% Zea o% Zea Mays )Sweet Mays )Sweet scari%yin! the seed& pre>soa7in! the seeds in a soltion sch as bleach or water %or approimately one hor&
Salman 3 and then distribtin! the seeds in a damp paper towel and recordin! the nmber o% seeds e"ery other day %or se"en days# 8ltho!h the seed was already soa7ed in a sbstance& we ensred that some water was a"ailable to the seed drin! the period o% se"en days a%ter the soa7in!# 6e then measred the shoot and root a"era!es %or each o% the seeds that !erminated& which are tri!!ered by the acti"ity o% Gibberellins& as a%orementioned# $he prpose o% the soa7in! soltions was to see nder which %a"orable condition the seed wold !erminate %aster and !row lon!er# 6a 6ater ter was sed as the control& and bleach was sed to show the di%%erence di%%erence in !ermination !ermination rates i% the seed was soa7ed soa7ed in "arios chemicals# chemicals# 6e sed two di%%erent di%%erent species o% seeds& the Zea Mays and Mays and the Phaseolus the Phaseolus Vulgaris. Vulgaris. $he prpose o% two di%%erent types o% seeds was to e"alate the di%%erences in monocots and edicots# Monocots consist o% one cotyledon& and edicots consist o% two )35,# $he corn seed was an eample o% a monocot seed and the 7idney bean was an eample o% a dicot seed# /inally& /inally& scari%yi scari%yin! n! remo"ed and ct the seed coat to ensre that the seed wold !et %rther as well as ic7er access to !ermination# I% a corn seed was soa7ed in water and scari%ied& then it wold !erminate at a hi!her rate than a 7idney bean soa7ed in bleach and not scari%ied# $his is becase I belie"e that corn seeds )monocots, )monocots, are more simple simple than the 7idney beans )edicots, )edicots, and there%ore there%ore are able to nder!o !ermination ic7er# By scari%yin! them& we are able to ensre they recei"e access !reatest amont o% ntrients and water& which is the primary psher o% !ermination# Materials and Methods My treatment was ?& I soa7ed 20 =idney bean seeds in water %or 1 hor and wetted my paper
towel in water& %ollowin! the protocol in the Lab .andot prepared by Michelle Serreyn# Results
Treatment
1:setup
2
3
4
Day Number and Germination Count (per 20 seeds) 5 6 7 lass !len"th in mm#
Salman Germinated @ %Germinate @
@ @ 20A
@ 1 @ 40A
@ 1 @ +0A
Shoot $%era"e: $%era"e: & Root $%era"e: &
d $able 1 Sin!le Stdent *ata depicts my indi"idal stdent data %or presoa7ed and scari%ied
7idney beans placed in water# By the se"enth day& only siteen ot o% twenty& abot +0A o% my 7idney beans appeared to be !erminated#
Kidney Beans Germinated in 7 days N u m b er of S e e d s G
Q: Kidney Beans Presoaked in Water and Scarifed
Time
Graph 1 Indi"idal *ata "isally depicts my data %or my treatment# My treatment was $reatment ? =idney Beans presoa7ed in water and scari%ied# $he !rowth was continos showed no lapse or distrbances# On the 3rd day& %or beans )nearly 20A, appeared to be !erminated# By the 5th day& %orteen beans )abot 40A, !erminated# /inally& by the 4th day& siteen ot o% twenty 7idney beans )nearly +0A, !erminated# *ay Nmber and Germination
=idney bean C pre>soa7 waterD scari%y
*ay 3 cont E
*ay 3 A 5
*ay 5 cont 1
*ay 5 A 40
*ay 4 cont 13
*ay 4 A 5
Len!th )in mm, shoot a"! F 13#3+
Salman 5
root a"! F24#3 B
=idney bean C pre>soa7 bleachD scari%y
<
=idney bean C pre>soa7 waterD no scari%y
*
=idney bean C pre>soa7 bleachD no scari%y
30
E
5
12
0
2
10
10
50
1
40
Sweet corn C pre>soa7 waterD scari%y
/
Sweet corn C pre>soa7 bleachD scari%y
G
.
I
=idney bean C pre>soa7 waterD no scari%y
N
O
9
?
+5
20
100
12
0
14
+5
15
45
20
100
20
100
30
12
0
12
0
5
25
11
55
11
55
shoot a"! F root a"! F shoot a"! F 3E#3 root a"! F E5#5 shoot a"! F 11 root a"! F 3E#E2 shoot a"! F 5# root a"! F 11#4 shoot a"! F root a"! F
1
5
20
30
4
35
14
+5
1+
E0
0
0
1E
E5
20
100
15
20
20
100
20
100
13
5
20
100
20
100
20
1
40
1+
+0
=idney bean C pre>soa7 bleachD no scari%y Sweet co corn C pre>soa7 waterD scari%y Sweet corn C pre>soa7 bleachD scari%y Sweet corn C pre>soa7 waterD no scari%y Sweet corn C pre>soa7 bleachD no scari%y =idney bean C pre>soa7 waterD scari%y
shoot a"! F 13#5 root a"! F 3E#E5 shoot a"! F root a"! F
=idney bean C pre>soa7 waterD scari%y
=
M
14
Sweet corn C pre>soa7 bleachD no scari%y
=idney bean C pre>soa7 bleachD scari%y
L
14#15
Sweet corn C pre>soa7 waterD no scari%y
-
shoot a"! F 15#5 root a"! F 30# shoot a"! F root a"! F
3
shoot a"! F 23#25 root a"! F 2#E
shoot a"! F 31 root a"! F 0 shoot a"! F 3E#45 root a"! F 2E#45 shoot a"! F 15#4+ root a"! F 5# shoot a"! F 13#05 root a"! F 53#+ shoot a"! F 54#+ root a"! F 2+#4 shoot a"! F root a"! F
Salman 2 H
=idney bean C pre>soa7 bleachD scari%y
S
=idney bean C pre>soa7 waterD no scari%y =idney bean C pre>soa7 bleachD no scari%y
Sweet corn C pre>soa7 waterD scari%y
J
+
0
E
5
30
1
40
1
+0
@
4
35
15
45
20
100
12
0
14
+5
1+
E0
E
5
15
45
14
+5
Sweet corn C pre>soa7 waterD no scari%y
K
Sweet corn C pre>soa7 bleachD no scari%y =idney bean C pre>soa7 waterD scari%y
=idney bean C pre>soa7 bleachD scari%y
88
=idney bean C pre>soa7 waterD no scari%y
BB
=idney bean C pre>soa7 bleachD no scari%y
<<
Sweet corn C pre>soa7 waterD scari%y
**
Sweet co corn C pre>so >soa7 bleachD scari%y
shoot a"! F 1+ root a"! F 3#2 shoot a"! F root a"! F
Sweet corn C pre>soa7 bleachD scari%y
6
shoot a"! F 22 root a"! F 22# shoot a"! F root a"! F
$
10
shoot a"! F root a"! F shoot a"! F 15 root a"! F 2 shoot a"! F E root a"! F E2 shoot a"! F root a"! F shoot a"! F root a"! F shoot a"! F root a"! F shoot a"! F root a"! F shoot a"! F root a"! F shoot a"! F root a"! F
$able $able 2
Salman 4
The Eect of Treatment Type on Number of Seeds Germinated on the Seventh Day
100 10 0 10 100 0
100 10 0 10 100 0 10 100 0
100
90
90 85 80
80
70 65 60
60 55 45
30
Tye Tye o! Treat" Treat"ent ent
Graph 2 Nmber o% Seeds Germinated in 4 days portrays the a"era!e class data in sin!le nits# It is e"ident that the sweet corn seeds !erminated more within the 4th day and the 7idney beans !erminated less in 4 days# 8ltho!h most o% the treatments o% sweet corn seeds reslted in 100A !ermination !ermination&& sweet corn seeds presoa7ed presoa7ed in water and scari%ied scari%ied !erminated !erminated less )at E0A rather rather than 100A, than the others that were treated# /or the 7idney beans& the ones treated by bein! pre> soa7ed in water and scari%ied and presoa7ed in bleach and not scari%ied !erminated the most at a rate o% +0A by the 4th day# .owe"er& tho!h treated the same way& treatments L and $ )7idney beans pre>soa7ed in bleach with no scari%ication, had di%%erent reslts& with one at 30A 3 0A and the other at +0A !ermination by the 4th day# 'iscussion
Salman + In steps one and two& we were !ided to thoro!hly wash& dry& and sanitie or hands as well as preparin! a disin%ected wor7 area on or wor7 table to certi%y the most accrate data possible# $his was essential to ensrin! no other physical %actors came into play to disrpt or alter or eperiments& sch as !erms or other chemicals in%ectin! or eperimental seeds "ia or hands or the table# table# 8%ter preparation preparation and pon sealin! sealin! or ba!s& we allowed some air to remain within the ip loc7 ba!& and then sealed it sht in order to ensre the seeds be!in their !ermination process with a s%%icient amont o% oy!en& since it is essential# 6hen seeds split and be!in their !erminatin! process the %irst thin! they ta7e p is oy!en and i% we did not lea"e air in the ba! then there wold be no oy!en %or the seed to ta7e in# $he conterpart to this speci%ic procedre>wrappin! the seeds in a damp paper towel>was to also ensre the seed !ets a certain amont o% moistre to be!in the process and not dryin! p drin! the corse o% se"en days# $he same treatments were also replicated by di%%erent stdents to ensre that "ariability was redce redced# d# $his $his pro"id pro"ides es a !reate !reaterr si!ni% si!ni%ican icance ce and precis precision ion o% the eperim eperiment ent tested tested## 8ltho!h my seeds were treated and prepared in the same way& not all o% my seeds !erminated at the same time or at all within the se"enth day# Seeds matre at di%%erent rates re!ardless o% i% they are the same species and prepared identically# /or eample& both the hi!hest and lowest )+0A and 30A, !ermination rates o% 7idney beans were prepared the same way> presoa7ed in bleach and with no scari%ication# Becase My hypothesis indicated that i% a corn seed was soa7ed in water and scari%ied& then it wold !erminate at a hi!her rate than a 7idney bean soa7ed in bleach and not scari%ied# I proposed this hypothesis becase a corn seed is a monocot which means it is more simple than a dicot& meanin! that its !ermination process was less complicated# $hro!h scari%ication o% the
Salman E seed& My hypothesis was spported by the data pro"ided# He!ardless o% the pre>soa7 sbstance and whether it was scari%ied or non>scari%ied# +5A or more o% all Sweet corn seeds were !erminated& where as in 7idney beans& +0A was the !reatest !ermination %ond and 30A was the least& with 7idney beans soa7ed in bleach and not scari%ied# In conclsion& the preparation o% the di%%erent seeds were o% !reat impact o% the reslts obtained# $hose non>scari%ied and soa7ed in bleach !erminated less becase they ha"e less access to ntrients& and the chemicals in the bleach mi!ht ha"e altered their %orm# $here%ore& data was si!ni%icantly correct and spported my hypothesis that monocots presoa7ed in water and scari%ied#
Salman 10
Re(erences
*olphin& 6arren 6arren *# 'Lab ' Lab $opic 2 Germination#( Bio Germination#( Bio 1500 Lab Manual Wayne Wayne State University# University# Eth ed# Mc!raw>.ill& 2011# 9rint#
