Bahan perkuliahan TEKNIK TEGANGAN TINGGI 1. Penda endahu hulu luan an Kuffel, E. Abdullah, M; “High Voltage Engineering” , Pergamon Press London o o o o o o o o o
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Ionization by Electron Collision Photoionization Ionization by Interaction of Metastables with Atoms Thermal Ionization Electron Detachment Decay by Recombination Decay by Attachment-Negative Ion ormation Mobility of !aseo"s Ions an# Decay by Diff"sion Catho#e Processes Photoelectric Emission Electron Emission by Positive Ion an# E$cite# Atom Im%act Thermionic Emission iel# Emission Townsen# Townsen# & econ# Ionization Coeffisient γ
HIH V!L"AE E#I#EE$I# %nd Ed. M & #aidu, V Kamara'u, "ata M(ra)*Hill o o o o o o
2. Medan Medan Listri Listrik k
Electric iel# &tresses !as'(ac""m as Ins"lator )i*"i# +rea,#own &oli# +rea,#own Estimation an# Control of Electric &tress &"rge (oltage Their Distrib"tion an# Control
3. Tembus pada as! "air dan padat 3.1.Gas Kuffel, E. Abdullah, M; “High Voltage Engineering” , Pergamon Press London
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Paschen0s )aw +rea,#own in Non-.niform iel#s an# Corona Discharges Post-+rea,#own Phenomena an# A%%lications Practical Consi#artions in .sing !ases for Ins"lation
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P"r%oses (ac""m Ins"lation
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The Townsen# Criterion for a &%ar, The &%ar,ing Potensial Effect of &%ace Charge on +rea,#own (oltage The &treamer Mechanism of &%ar, +rea,#own (oltage Characteristics in .niform iel#s +rea,#own In !as Mi$t"re / Penning Effect +rea,#own in Com%ress !as &"rge +rea,#own (oltage-Time )ag Corona Discharge& +rea,#own in Non-.niform iel#s +rea,#own "n#er &witching &"rge (oltages
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!ases as Ins"lating Me#ia Ionization Processes Townsen#0s C"rrent !rowth E*"ation C"rrent !rowth in the Presence of &econ#ary Processes Townsen#0s Criterion for +rea,#own E$%erimental Deteremination of Coefficient α an# γ +rea,#own in elctronegative !ases Time )ags for +rea,#own &treamer Theory of +rea,#own in !ases
3.2. 3.3. 3.#. 3.$. 3.%. 3.&.'air
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High Voltage Engineering +undamentals, &e(ond edition, E. Kuffel, .&. -aengl, #e)nes
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HIH V!L"AE E#I#EE$I# %nd Ed. M & #aidu, V Kamara'u, "ata M(ra)*Hill
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Classical gas laws 123 (elocity #istrib"tion of a swarm of molec"les 124 The free %ath of molec"les an# electrons 125 Distrib"tion of free %aths 167 Collision-energy transfer 163 Ionization an# #ecay %rocesses 164 Townsen# 8rst ionization coef8cient 169 Photoionization :73 Ionization by interaction of metastables with atoms
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:73 Thermal ionization :71 Deionization by recombination :71 Deionization by attachment;negative ion formation
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:74 Mobility of gaseo"s ions an# #eionization by
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#iff"sion :72
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im%act :35 Thermionic emission :32 iel# emission :36 Townsen# secon# ionization coef8cient :13 &econ#ary electron emission by %hoton im%act :1: Transition from non-self-s"staine# #ischarges to
brea,#own :14 The Townsen# mechanism :14 The streamer or =>anal0 mechanism of s%ar, :1< The s%ar,ing voltage;Paschen0s law ::: Penning effect ::6 The brea,#own 8el# strength ?Eb@ :47 +rea,#own in non-"niform 8el#s :41 Effect of electron attachment on the brea,#own criteria :49 Partial brea,#own corona #ischarges :42 • Positive or ano#e coronas :46 • Negative or catho#e corona :91 Polarity effect ; in"ence of s%ace charge :94 &"rge brea,#own voltage;time lag :96 • +rea,#own "n#er im%"lse voltages :<7 • (olt;time characteristics :<3 E$%erimental st"#ies of time lags :<1 •
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Relation between #iff"sion an# mobility :34 Catho#e %rocesses ; secon#ary effects :3< Photoelectric emission :35 Electron emission by %ositive ion an# e$cite# atom
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Kuffel, E. Abdullah, M; “High Voltage Engineering” , Pergamon Press London
.01. HIH V!L"AE E#I#EE$I# %nd Ed. M & #aidu, V Kamara'u, "ata M(ra)*Hill
Electronic +rea,#own Cavitation +rea,#own &"s%en#e# Particle Mechanism
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.00. High Voltage Engineering +undamentals, &e(ond edition, E. Kuffel, .&. -aengl, #e)nes
)i*"i#s as Ins"lator P"re )i*"i#s an# Commercial )i*"i#s Con#"ction an# +rea,#own in P"re )i*"i#s Con#"ction an# +rea,#own in Commercial )i*"i#s
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Electronic brea,#own :2< &"s%en#e# soli# %article mechanism :25 Cavity brea,#own :67 Electroconvection an# electrohy#ro#ynamic mo#el of
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#ielectric brea,#own :63 &tatic electri8cation in %ower transformers :6:
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:B6B
:B31B
3.13.
Padat
.02. Kuffel, E. Abdullah, M; “High Voltage Engineering” , Pergamon Press London o o o o o
Intrinsic +rea,#own Electromechanical +rea,#own &treamer +rea,#own Thermal +rea,#own Erosion +rea,#own
.03. HIH V!L"AE E#I#EE$I# %nd Ed. M & #aidu, V Kamara'u, "ata M(ra)*Hill o o o o o o
:B39B
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Intro#"ction Intrinsic +rea,#own Electromechanical +rea,#own Thermal +rea,#own +rea,#own of &oli# Dielectrics in Practice +rea,#own in Com%osite Dielectrics &oli# Dielectrics .se# in Practice
:B35B
.0/. High Voltage Engineering +undamentals, &e(ond edition, E. Kuffel, .&. -aengl, #e)nes o o o o o o o
3.1(. 3.2). 3.21. 3.22. 3.23. 3.2#. #. Pembankitan dan penukuran teanan tini! A'! *' dan impuls
Intrinsic brea,#own :<2 &treamer brea,#own :5: Electromechanical brea,#own :5: E#ge brea,#own an# treeing :54 Thermal brea,#own :59 Erosion brea,#own :23 Trac,ing :29
2.0.
Kuffel, E. Abdullah, M; “High Voltage Engineering” , Pergamon Press London
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HIH V!L"AE E#I#EE$I# %nd Ed. M & #aidu, V Kamara'u, "ata M(ra)*Hill
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eneration of High Voltage Alternating (oltages o • Transformers in Casca#e • The &eries Resonant Circ"it for igh(oltages aBcB testing o Transient (oltage • &ingle-&tage Im%"lse !enerator Circ"it • M"ltistage Im%"lse !enerator Circ"it • Tri%%ing of an Im%"lse !enerator an# &ynchronizationwith oscillosco%e • !eneration of &witching s"rge (oltages o Direct (oltages • (oltage Do"bler an# Casca#e Circ"its • Electrostatic Machines • (oltage &tabilization Measurement of High Voltages o Electrostatic (oltages &%here !a% o .niform iel# !ao o o Ammeter in &eries with igh Im%e#ance o Potential Divi#ers
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eneration of High Voltage and 4urrents !eneration of igh #BcB (oltages o o !eneration of igh Alternating (oltages o !eneration of Im%"lse (oltages o !eneration of Im%"lse C"rrents o Tri%%ing an# Control of Im%"lse !enerators Measurement of High Voltages and 4urrents o Meas"rement of igh Direct C"rrent (oltages o Meas"rement of igh aBcB an# Im%"lse (oltages/ Intro#"ction o Meas"rement of igh aBcB an# Im%"lse C"rrents o Catho#e Ray scillosco%e for Im%"lse (oltage an# C"rrent Meas"rement 4B6B
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2.01. High Voltage Engineering +undamentals, &e(ond edition, E. Kuffel, .&. -aengl, #e)nes eneration of high 5oltages / o Direct voltages 6 • ABCB to DBCB conversion 37 • Electrostatic generators 14 Alternating voltages 16 o • Testing transformers :1 • &eries resonant circ"its 47 Im%"lse voltages 42 o • Im%"lse voltage generator circ"its 91 • %eration #esign an# constr"ction of im%"lse generators << • Control systems 54 Measurement of high 5oltages 66
Pea, voltage meas"rements by s%ar, ga%s 52 &%here ga%s 56 Reference meas"ring systems 63 .niform 8el# ga%s 61 Ro# ga%s 6: Electrostatic voltmeters 64 Ammeter in series with high ohmic resistors an# high ohmic resistor voltage #ivi#ers 6< !enerating voltmeters an# 8el# sensors 375 The meas"rement of %ea, voltages 376 The Ch"bb;ortesc"e metho# 337 (oltage #ivi#ers an# %assive recti8er circ"its 33: Active %ea,-rea#ing circ"its 335 igh-voltage ca%acitors for meas"ring circ"its 332 (oltage #ivi#ing systems an# im%"lse voltage meas"rements 316 !eneralize# voltage generation an# meas"ring circ"it
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316 Deman#s "%on transfer characteristics of the
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meas"ring system 3:1 "n#amentals for the com%"tation of the meas"ring
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system 3:6 (oltage #ivi#ers 345 Interaction between voltage #ivi#er an# its lea# 3<: The #ivi#er0s low-voltage arm 353 ast #igital transient recor#ers for im%"lse meas"rements 359
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Princi%les an# historical #evelo%ment of transient #igital recor#ers 35< Errors inherent in #igital recor#ers 356 &%eci8cation of i#eal A'D recor#er an# %arameters
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re*"ire# for hBvB im%"lse testing 32: "t"re tren#s 369
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4B33B 4B31B 4B3:B
2.02. PE#A#"A$ "EK#IK EK&PE$IME#"AL "EA#A# "I#I, 7ieter Kind
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Pembang,itan #an %eng","ran tegangan tinggi bola,-bali,
Parameter ,ara,teristi, tegangan tinggi bola, bali, Rang,aian-rang,aian trafo "i
>onstr",si trafo "i >inera trafo "i • Pembang,itan tegangan tinggi #engan rang,aian resonansi • Peng","ran tegangan %"nca, #engan sela bola • Peng","ran tegangan %"nca, mengg"na,an ,a%asitor ","r • Peng","ran nilai %"nca, #engan %embagi tegangan ,a%asitif • Peng","ran nilai effe,tif #engan meter-volt ele,trostati, • Peng","ran #engan trafo tegangan Pembang,itan #an %eng","ran tegangan tinggi searah • Parameter ,ara,teristi, tegangan tinggi searah • +ebera%a sifat %enyearah tegangan tinggi • Rang,aian %enyearah setengah gelombang • Rang,aian %engali tegangan • !enerator ele,trostati, • Peng","ran #engan resistor tegangan tinggi • Peng","ran nilai effe,tif #engan meter-volt ele,trostati, • Meter-(olt #an meter ,"at me#an ber#asar,an %rinsi% %embang,itan • Meto#e-meto#e lain "nt", meng","r tegangan tinggi searah • Peng","ran tegangan-tegangan cacat Pembang,itan #an %eng","ran tegangan im%"lse • Parameter-%arameter tegangan im%"lse • Pembang,itan tegangan im%"ls #engan rang,aian ,a%asitif • Perhit"ngan %a#a rang,aian tegangan im%"ls sat" ting,at • Meto#e-meto#e lain "nt", membang,it,an tegangan im%"ls • Meng","r tegangan %"nca, #engan sela bola • Rang,aian #an %erila," transien #ari %embagi tegangan im%"ls • Menent",an %erila," rang,aian ","r tegangan im%"ls #engan %ercobaan Pembang,itan #an %eng","ran ar"s im%"ls • Parameter ,ara,teristi, ar"s im%"ls • &istem-sistem %enyim%an energi • Rang,aian %el"ahan "nt", membang,it,an ar"s im%"ls • Meng","r ar"s #engan resistor ","r • Meng","r ar"s mengg"na,an efe, in#",si • Cara-cara lain "nt", meng","r ar"s transien yang ber"bah ce%at • •
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4B39B
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2.03. "EK#IK "EA#A# "I#I,7asar Pembang8itan dan Pengu8uran, &9amsir Abduh
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PENDA.).AN Pengantar Tegangan Tinggi Dasar Peng"ian Peng"ian yang +ersifat Mer"sa,
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Pembang,itan &"mber Tegangan Tinggi &.M+ER TE!AN!AN AR.& +)A>-+A)I> Menent",an >a%asitas Transformator Peng"i Pembang,itan Tegangan Tinggi Dengan Rang,aian Rsonansi &eri &eri Resonan Pengar"h Im%e#ansi +eban >e%a#a &ifat +eban Rang,aian Resonansi &eri &"mber Tegangan Tinggi Ar"s +ola,-+ali, re,"ensi Tinggi &.M+ER TE!AN!AN TIN!!I AR.& &EARA Rang,aian Fang Di%a,ai &ebagai &"mber Tegangan Tinggi &earah +ent", Rang,aian Penyearah • Rang,aian Penyearah &etengah !elombang • Rang,aian Penyearah !elombang Pen"h Rang,aian (illar# Rang,aian Penggan#a Tegangan !reinacher Rang,aian Penyearah +erting,at &"s"nan >as,a#e Rang,aian Penyearah Diberi +eban &.M+ER TE!AN!AN TIN!!I IMP.)&E Rang,aian Dasar &"mber Tegangan Tinggi Im%"lse Analisa !enerator Im%"lse Dengan Rang,aian RC !enerator Im%"lse &"s"nan +erting,at Cara Menent",an >a%asitas ?Daya@ !enerator ?&ecara Pra,te,@ Pengar"h Tahanan R3 Dan R1 Terha#a% +ent", !elombang Im%"lse Pembang,itan Im%"lse ?&"ra@ "b"ng Pembang,itan Ar"s Im%"lse Rang,aian .nt", Menghasil,an !elombang Ar"s Im%"lse PEN!.>.RAN TE!AN!AN TIN!!I Peng","ran Tegangan P"nca, M engg"na,an &ela Perci,an +ent", &"s"nan Peng","ran Peng","ran Tegangan &earah #an +ola,-+ali, Peng","ran Tegangan Im%"lse +ent", >on#isi Ele,tro#a +ola >ete%atan Nilai Tabel Perci,an #i .#ara Pengar"h Dari .#ara #i &e,itarnya Pema,aian Pembagi Tegangan &ebagai &arana Peng","ran Tegangan Tinggi Pembagi Tegangan +erisi Tahanan Pembagi Tegangan +erisi > a%asitor Peng","ran'Alat .,"r Tegangan Tinggi Peng","ran Tegangan P"nca, Per,embangan Rang,aian Peng","ran Pea, voltmeter Rang,aian Peng"ian Tegangan Tinggi Rang,aian Peng"ian Tegangan Tinggi +ola,-+ali, Rang,aian Peng"ian Peng","ran Tegangan Peng"ian'Rang,aian Peng"ian Dengan Tegangan Tinggi &earah Rang,aian Peng"ian
Pengar"h Polaritas Pa#a Ele,tro#a Rang,aian Peng"ian Tegangan &earah +erting,at +anya, Peng"ian'rang,aian Peng"ian Dengan Tegangan Tinggi Im%"lse Tegangan Petir Fang .t "h ?Im%"lse Petir@
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!elombang &tan#ar Dari Im%"lse Fang Ter%otong Rang,aian Peng"ian Tegangan Im%"lse Cara Peng","ran Tegangan Tinggi Im%"lse Rang,aian Tegangan Tinggi Im%"lse +erting,at +anya,
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#.1&. $. Penu+ian Teanan Tini :.0.
Kuffel, E. Abdullah, M; “High Voltage Engineering” , Pergamon Press London
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HIH V!L"AE E#I#EE$I# %nd Ed. M & #aidu, V Kamara'u, "ata M(ra)*Hill
#on 7estru(ti5e Insulation "est
#on 7estru(ti5e "esting of Materials and
"e(hniues o igh (oltage Dielectric )oss Meas"rement • The &chering +ri#ge • Meas"rement of )arge Ca%acitance • In#"ctively Co"%le# Ratio-arm +ri#ge • )oss Meas"rement on Com%lete E*"i%ment o Discharge Meas"rement • &traight Metho#s
Ele(tri(alA<
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+alance# Metho#s
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$.,. $.(. $.1). %. Ge+ala teanan tini
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Dynamic %ro%erties in the
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&o"rces an# re#"ction of
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fre*"ency #omain 474 Mo#elling of #ielectric
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%ro%erties 475 A%%lications to ins"lation
#ist"rbances 442 ther PD *"antities 497 Calibration of PD #etectors in
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ageing 476 Dielectric loss an# ca%acitance
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meas"rements 433 The &chering bri#ge 431 • C"rrent com%arator bri#ges 435 • )oss meas"rement on
9B
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9B4B
com%lete e*"i%ment 417 N"ll #etectors 413 Partial-#ischarge meas"rements 413 • The basic PD test circ"it 41: • PD c"rrents 415 • PD meas"ring systems within
a com%lete test circ"it 491 Digital PD instr"ments an# meas"rements 49:
:.6.
PE#A#"A$ "EK#IK EK&PE$IME#"AL "EA#A# "I#I, 7ieter Kind
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:.:.
High Voltage Engineering +undamentals, &e(ond edition, E. Kuffel, .&. -aengl, #e)nes
#on*destru(ti5e insulation test te(hniues =: o Dynamic %ro%erties of #ielectrics :69 • Dynamic %ro%erties in the time #omain :62
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the PD test circ"it 416 Meas"ring systems for
Peng"ian tegangan tinggi yang ti#a, mer"sa, o R"gi #aya #alam #iele,tri, Peng","ran ar"s ,on#",si "nt", o o
tegangan searah Peng","ran fa,tor #isi%asi "nt",
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tegangan bola,-bali, Meng","r %el"ahan %arsial %a#a
a%%arent charge 4::
tegangan bola,-bali,
3.0.
"EK#IK "EA#A# "I#I,7asar Pembang8itan dan Pengu8uran, &9amsir Abduh
PE)EPA&AN M.ATAN &E+A!IAN ?PARTIA) DI&CAR!E@ o Pele%asan M"atan &ebagian Internal • Proses Tera#inya Pele%asan M"atan • Peng","ran Partial Discharge • Te,ni, Peng","ran Partial Discharge • +ent", Pele%asan M"atan %a#a Rongga • Energi Pele%asan M"atan Pele%asan M"atan &ebagian Perm",aan ?&"rface Discharge@ o >orona ?Corona Discharge@ o
!eala Treeing
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6.2. 3..
"EK#IK "EA#A# "I#I A A$I&M>#A#7A$
+E+ERAPA !EGA)A TE!AN!AN TIN!!I o Pen#ah"l"an o Pengertian Dasar tentang >orona #an !angg"an Ra#io o a,tor >orona #an RI #alam Perencanaan Garingan E( o !angg"an +erisi, %a#a Tegangan &angat Tinggi
%.#. &. Peralatan Teanan Tini 7.1. Peralatan Tegangan Tinggi BONGGAS L TOBING 3B
1B
:B
P en #ah "l "a n 3B3B Tegangan Transmisi Tenaga )Istri, 3B1B !ar#" In#", 3B:B >om%onen !ar#" In#", 3B4B &istem Isolasi Peralatan Tegangan Tinggi 3B9B >on#",tor Peralatan Tegangan Tinggi 3Bonta, 1B5B Genis - Genis Pem"t"s Daya 1B2B Pertimbangan #alam Pemilihan Pem"t"s #aya 1B6B >emam%"an Ar"s Pem"t"s Daya > on#",tor :B3B Pen#ah"l"an :B1B >awat Telanang :B:B >abel :B4B Parameter >on#",tor :B9B Pemilih an .,"ran >on#",tor
4B
9B
5B
:Bonstr",si &a,lar %emis ah 9B4B Data Pengenal &a,lar Pemisah 9B9B Peng"ian &a,lar Pemisah 9Ba%asit if a%asitif era Trafo Ar"s
2B
5B:B !alat rasio #an !alat &"#"t Trafo Ar"s 5B4B !alat ,om%osit 5B9B &%esifi,asi Te,ni, Trafo Ar"s 5Bonstr",si Dan Gensi Isolator antaran .#ara 2B:B Parameter !eometris Isola tor 2B4B +ahan Isolator 2B9B >ara,teristi, Ele,tri, Isolator 2Bara,teris ti, Me,anis Isolator 2B5B Isolator Ter%ol"si 2B2B Distrib"si Tegangan %a#a Isolator Rantai
6B
37B
2 B6B + "sh ing >a%asitor Tegangan )ebih 6B3B Pen#ah"l" an 6B1B >onstr",si >a%asit or 6B:B Daya #an Energi &"at" >a%asit or 6B4B >a%asit or !"l"ng 6B9B Rancangan &"at" ,a%asit or 6Ba%asitor Trafo Daya 37B3B Pen#ah"l"an 37B1B &"s"nan Dan Penyamb"ngan >"m%aran 37B:B >om%onen Isolasi +elitan Tegangan Tinggi 37B4B >onstr",si Isolasi Trafo Daya 37B9B Distrib"si Tegangan Pa#a +elitan 37B
5B1B 5B:B 5B4B 5B9B 5B
6.%. ?rea8do)n Me(hanism of aseous, Liuid and &olid Materials 3B7 INTRD.CTIN 3B3 MECANI&M +REA>DHN !A&E& 3B1 THN&END0& IR&T INIATIN CEICIENT 3B: CATDE PRCE&&E&J&ECNDARF EECT& 3B4 THN&END &ECND INI&ATIN CEICIENT 3B9 THN&END +REA>DHN MECANI&M 3B< &TREAMER R >ANA) MECANI&M &PAR> 3B5 TE &PAR>IN! PTENTIA)JPA&CEN0& )AH 3B2 PENNIN! EECT 3B6 CRNA DI&CAR!E& 3B37TIME-)A! 3B37B3 +rea,#own in Electronegative !ases 3B37B1 A%%lication of !ases in Power &ystem 3B33+REA>DHN IN )IK.ID DIE)ECTRIC& 5B14B Electronic +rea,#own 3B33B3 &"s%en#e# &oli# Particle Mechanism 3B33B1 Cavity +rea,#own 5B19B Electroconvection +rea,#own
3B31TREATMENT TRAN&RMER I) 3B3:TE&TIN! TRAN&RMER I) 3B3:B3 A%%lication of il in Power A%%arat"s 3B34+REA>DHN IN &)ID DIE)ECTRIC& 3B34B3 Intrinsic +rea,#own 3B34B1 Electromechanical +rea,#own 3B34B: +rea,#own #"e to Treeing an# Trac,ing 3B34B4 Thermal +rea,#own 3B34B9 Electrochemical +rea,#own 3B34B< &oli# Dielectrics .se# in Power A%%arat"s 3B34B5 A%%lication of Ins"lating Materials 3B39+REA>DHN IN (AC..M 5B1
&.2,.