2009
Ensamblador desde cero Microcontroladores PIC Este tutorial introduce al lector en el conocimiento sobre las instrucciones de los microcontroladores de la firma de Microchip. Podrás aprender cada una de las instrucciones paso a paso y adquirir conocimiento para que sea capaz desarrollar tus propios programas, a la vez, sirve de manual de referencia tanto para aficionados, profesionales o estudiantes.
Leon Pic www.ucontrol.com.ar 18/03/2009
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
ASM desde 0 (ASM desde cero) He comenzado a realiza un tutorial de ASM y lo voy a poner aquí también. A pesar que mucho le escapan a este lenguaje, hay otros que nos sentimos cómodos con él
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Lo primero que hay que saber para este lenguaje, es que cada línea de código, es una instrucción que realiza el CP o un paso que realiza el CP. A diferencia de otros lenguajes, como por ejemplo el C, una línea de instrucción, puede llevar uno o más pasos que el CP debe realizar. Más adelante entenderán el porqué. A esto último dicho, nos explica el porqué de un programa escrito en ASM (assembler) lleva menos línea de instrucción que el mismo programa realizado en otro lenguaje. Esto se traduce que, cuanto menos líneas de código, menor consumo de la memoria de programa.
Nota: Entendemos por el mismo código, al realizar un software para realizar una dicha tarea. Una tarea que debe realizar nuestro microcontrolador, puede ser escrito en diferentes lenguajes, y es el programa que se utilizó quien lo traduce a formato hex (1 y 0). Ahora, ¿Qué es el CP? El CP o PC es el Contador de Pro grama. Es el encargado de leer cada instrucción y realizar la acción solicitada por el software. Para dar un ejemplo un poco más claro, digamos que el CP, es una persona. Esta persona se le da un papel que tiene diferentes tareas a realizar. Estas tareas, están una debajo de la otra y lee línea por línea y hace lo que le dice esa línea. Cada línea, posee una instrucción que se debe hacer. Cuando terminó de hacer esa instrucción, continua con la línea de abajo. Supongamos que tenemos un papel que dice: Levantar la mano izquierda. Bajar la mano izquierda. Saltar tres veces en el mismo lugar. Levantar la mano derecha. Saltar una vez en el mismo lugar. Bajar la mano derecha. El CP, hará esas tareas sin negarse y lo hará fielmente a lo que está escrito. Por lo que, si hace una tarea mal, es porque le pusimos una o más instrucciones mal. Si bien, el CP hará lo que nosotros le pidamos, el CP nos pide que respetemos algunas cosas. Estas cosas, dependerán de cada microcontrolador y que debemos saber para poder programar en forma correcta al PIC.
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009 ¿Cómo es la estructura del lenguaje ASM? Es muy fácil, posee 4 columnas bien diferenciadas y que no es problema acordarce. * La primer columna se llama ETIQUETA y sirve para darle el nombre a una pocición de la memoria del programa al que se necesita apuntar. Los que no se den cuenta, ya lo haran. * La segunda columna, se llama INSTRUCCIÓN y lo que justamente hace, es una instrucción a realizar por el CP. * La tercera columna, se llama OPERANDO y es el operando de una instrucción, o sea, de la segunda columna. Hay instrucciones que no tienen operando y las veremos más adelante. * Y la cuarta columna, se llama OBSERVACIONES y sirve solo para el programador, o sea, el usuario que está programando el PIC. En otras palabras, a nosotros. Siempre comienza con ; (punto y coma) Si no sirve para el PIC, ¿Para qué complicarla más? Todo lo contrario, es para ayudar al programador de que no se olvide que intentó hacer. Todos los lenguajes, desde los más básicos, hasta los más avanzados, tienen esta características ya que en el, pondremos que es lo que queremos hacer o explicar el programa. Si bien, estas observaciones se utilizan en la cuarta columna, no es obligación colocarla en esta columna, si no que puede ir al margen de la planilla en dó nde estamos programando. Y es aquí dónde explicaremos la porción de una rutina para entenderlo más adelante. Bien, veremos a continuación, como se escriben las columnas:
ETIQUETAS INSTRUCCIÓN OPERANDO ;OBSERVACIONES O, podemos verlo así:
;OBSERVACIONES ;OBSERVACIONES ;OBSERVACIONES (y la cantidad que necesitemos) ETIQUETAS INSTRUCCIÓN OPERANDO ;OBSERVACIONES
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009 Antes de empezar a ver las instrucciones, debemos concentrarnos en los registros. ¿Qué son los registros? Los registros, son posiciones de memoria el cual se utilizan para ir configurando el pic mientras se corre el programa, cambiar de bancos para acceder a otras partes de memorias, son banderas que nos van diciendo que está pasando con distintas operaciones, son habilitaciones o deshabilitaciones para módulos que trae el PIC. Por ejemplo, conversor Analógico/Digital, PWM. Estos registros, tienen una ancho de bit de acuerdo al PIC, que hay de 8 bit, 16 bit y 32 bit. Excepto la palabra configuración y que la veremos mas adelante. El tamaño de los registro depende del tipo de microcontrolador. Cada registro, posee un nombre, y cada bit o un grupo de bit, se puede utilizar para lo descripto anteriormente (habilitar/deshabilitar, etc). A continuación, ver el archivo adjunto. Es la posición de la RAM y sus 4 bancos. Este, es del PIC16F877 Como notarán, en las cuatro columnas, hay nombres. Estos nombres son todos los registros que posee este PIC. Verán que hay registros que se repiten. No quiere decir que están duplicados, triplicados o cuatriplicados, si no que se p uede acceder a ellos no importa impo rta en que banco estemos trabajando. (Ya lo entenderán, no se preocupen). Cada vez que se programe el PIC y se necesite trabajar con uno de estos registros, se debe acceder al banco que esté dicho nombre. Es por eso, que esta tabla es muy importante a la hora de trabajar. Aprovechando que subí esta tabla del pic, cuando de ejemplo de programación, será sobre este pic. Microchip provee en forma gratuita estos datasheet. Y hay uno por cada PIC. Por lo que si no tienen este datasheet, descárgenlo de la página de Microchip Microchip.. Cuando empecemos a programar, lo necesitarán.
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
Uno de los registros muy utilizado, es el registro de trabajo W, el cual, se utiliza para mover un dato/valor de un registro a otro, cargar valores en un registro, y con la ayuda de la ALU puede hacer operaciones matemáticas. Observen con atención el diagrama de bloque dónde se encuentra W que está adjuntado. Ahora bien, si W es un registro, ¿dónde está ubicado, ya que en el mapa de memoria no lo encuentro?
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
trabajo. El direccionamiento indirecto indirecto hace uso de los registros FSR e INDF. INDF es completamente ajeno a W. Un direccionamiento indirecto usa el registro FSR como apuntador al contenido de otros registros. Cualquier instrucción que hace uso de INDF (0x00) como dirección invoca un direccionamiento direccionamiento indirecto. Los microcontroladores PIC, poseen tres tipos de memorias. * Memoria de Programa
Es la ubicación física dónde se guarda el firmware que hemos creado, o sea, nuestro programa. Y tiene un ciclo de 100.000 de lectura y/o escrituras antes de estropearse y es del tipo FLASH (pero este es flaco :mrgreen: : mrgreen: Es un chiste). * Memoria de datos de uso general
Es la memoria RAM del PIC. Recordemos, que los registros están sobre la memoria RAM y la memoria de uso general, comienza después de los registros. * Memoria de datos EEPROM
Es la memoria EEPROM que puede almacenar datos mas de 40 años sin energía y 1.000.000 de ciclos de escritura y lectura El PIC 16F877, tiene una memoria de programa de 8Kb por un ancho de 14 Bits, o sea que cada posición de memoria tiene 14 bit (B'11111111111111', o H'3FFF') Cada línea de instrucción ocupa una posición en la memoria de programa, así que, podemos poner hasta 8.192 instrucciones. La RAM de uso general (mas los registros) trae 368 bytes con un ancho de 8 bit (B'11111111', o H'FF'). Esto quiere decir, que tenemos 368 posiciones para nuestro uso. La EEPROM trae 256 bytes con un ancho de 8 bits. Tenemos 256 posiciones para nuestro uso.
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
Este registro, tiene 3 Bit dedicado para las operaciones matemáticas, 3 bit dedicado al cambio de banco de memoria y 2 bit dedicado para saber que o quién produjo un Power Up (despertar del micro). Y se puede leer y escribir en él (cambiar datos). Los analizamos desde el más significativo significativo (MSB) hasta el menos significativo (LSB). BIT 7:
Se llama IRP y sirve para el direccionamiento indirecto para cambiar el banco de memoria. 1 = Banco 2 y 3 0 = Banco 0 y 1 BIT 6 y BIT 5
Se llaman RP1 y RP0 respectivamente. respectivamente. Sirve para el direccionamiento directo para cambiar de banco de memoria. 00 = Banco 0 01 = Banco 1 10 = Banco 2 11 = banco 3 BIT 4
Se llama TO (neg). Este bit se utiliza para saber quién despertó al PIC. 1 = Después que despierta (power up) o por las instrucciones CLRWDT o SLEEP, se pone a 1 este bit. 0 = Se pone a 0 cuando el wachtdog o en castellano perro guardián (WDT) despierta al PIC.
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
1 = La operación aritmética o lógica dio como resultado 0 0 = La operación aritmética o lógica no dio como resultado 0 BIT 1
Se llama DC. Digit carry/borrow (dígito llevar/prestar). Es afectado por las instrucciones ADDWF; ADDLW; SUBLW; SUBWF (Para la resta, la polaridad es inversa). 1 = Hubo un acarreo del 4to bit menos significativo al 5to bit. 0 = No hubo un acarreo del 4to bit menos significativo al 5to bit. BIT 0
Se llama C carry/borrow. Es afectado por las mismas instrucciones que afectan al bit DC. 1 = Hubo un acareo del bit más significativo (Bit 7) o sea cuando se excede de H'FF' 0 = No hubo acareo del bit más significativo
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
Breve introducción de las INSTRUCCIONES Cada instrucción tiene una ancho de 14 Bits, es por eso que la l a memoria de programa tiene el mismo ancho. Justamente para poder alojar cada instrucción.
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
OPCODE (Código) DESTINATION (Destino) FILE REGISTER ADDRESS (Dirección del archivo de registro)
El OPCODE o código, es el código de cada instrucción y que es única para cada instrucción. Está formada por los bit del 13 al 8. El DESTINATION o el destino, indica en dónde se va a guardar el dato. Por ejemplo, si hacemos una suma, tenemos dos opciones dónde guardarlo, una puede ser el registro W y la otra opción puede ser otro registro cualquiera o una posición de la RAM. Está formada por el bit 7. La constante que nos indica esto es la letra d. Si esta letra es 0, la operación se guardará en el registro W. EN cambio si vale 1, la operación se guardará en el registro o posición de memoria que estemos trabajando al momento de usar una instrucción. Hay instrucciones, como veremos más adelante, que no es necesario indicar dónde queremos guardar la operación, ya que se hace en forma automática. Y hay otras instrucciones que si no se indica el destino, nos puede dar un error al compilar o el compilador lo elegirá el y por ende, nos puede ejecutar mal el programa. Y por último, tenemos el FILE REGISTER ADDRESS que se carga con la dirección del registro a ser guardado. Está formada por los bit 6 al 0. La constante que nos indica esto, es la letra f
Segundo grupo Bit-Oriented operation
Cada instrucción de este grupo está compuesta por:
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009 Y por último tenemos FILE REGISTER ADDRESS, que es igual al primer grupo. Está formado por los bit 6 al 0. 0 . Igual que en el primer grupo. la constante que nos indica esto es la letra f. Tercer grupo Literal and Control
Cada instrucción de este grupo, está compuesta por:
OPCODE LITERAL
OPCODE es igual que en el primer grupo. Está compuesta por los bits 13 al 8. Excepto para las instrucciones CALL y GOTO que está compuesta por los bit 13 al 11 (prestar mucha atención a esto, cuando veamos estas dos instrucciones entenderán la importancia). Y el LITERAL que puede ser un valor, por ejemplo para sumar, para restar, para cargar al registro W, en fin, un número decimal, binario o hexadecimal. O puede ser un valor de dirección a dónde apuntar para las instrucciones CALL y GOTO. Está compuesta por los bits 7 al 0. Excepto para las instrucciones CALL y GOTO que está compuesta por los bit 10 al 0 (prestar mucha atención a esto, cuando veamos estas dos instrucciones entenderán la importancia).
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009 Las instrucciones
Les voy a arruinar el momento de alegría. Las instrucciones hay que estudiarlas de memoria. Si, leyeron bien, de memoria. Lo que tienen que saber sobre las instrucciones, es como se escriben, que hace cada instrucción y lo más importante que bit del REGISTRO afecta. Vamos a ir viéndolo por orden alfabético. Y otra cosita más, como es de esperarse, están en INGLES o son abreviaturas pero en INGLES. Recordemos que: .123 o D'123' es en decimal; 0x7B o 7Bh o H'7B' es en Hexadecimal; B'01111011' es en binario. ADDLW
Suma un valor designado por el programador al registro W Ejemplo ADDLW
.128
Si W tenía cargado un valor = .5, después de la instrucción W tiene cargado el valor .133 . 133 Para recordar, ADD es sumar, L es Literal y W W es el registro W
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
Ahora si hubiera puesto así: ADDWF
TEMP,F
TEMP valdría .135 y W valdría .133 Para recordar, F, es File Register Address. NOTA: Para indicar la dirección de dónde se guarda, también se puede poner 0 o 1 en vez
de W o F. 0, corresponder guardarlo en el registro W y 1 en el registro TEMP (para este caso). Afecta a:
Z Se pone a 1 si la operación es 0 DC Se pone a 1 si hubo un un acarreo del bit 3 al 4 C Se pone a 1 si hubo desbordamiento, o sea, cuando se supera H'FF'
ANDWF
Realiza la operación AND entre W y un registro designado por el programador. El destino de esta operación lo elije el programador.
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009 BCF
Pone a 0 el bit de un registro. El bit debe ser indicado por el programador. Ejemplo: BCF
TEMP,2
Antes de la instrucción TEMP vale B'11111111'. Después de la instrucción TEMP vale B'11111011' Para recordar, Bit Clear es borrar File es archivo o registro No afecta ningún bit del registro Status. BSF
Pone a 1 el bit de un registro. El bit debe ser indicado por el programador. Ejemplo: BSF
TEMP,0
Antes de la instrucción TEMP vale B'01110110'. Después de la instrucción TEMP vale
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
instrucción BCF PORTA,0 y ejecuta la siguiente línea que es BSF PORTB,0 y continua haciendo la instrucción. instrucción. Caso 2:
TEMP vale B'00111000'. El CP analizará solo el Bit 5 del registro TEMP, como es 1 no salta la instrucción y hará la instrucción BCF PORTA,0 y luego continua con la instrucción BSF PORTB,0 Para recordar Bit Test es chequear File Skip es salto Clear No afecta a ningún Bit del registro Status. BTFSS
Salta una línea si el bit de un registro es 1. EL bit debe ser indicado por el programador.
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009 CALL
Se dirige a una dirección de la memoria de programa designado por el programador. En otras palabras, se utiliza para dirigirse a una rutina o tarea. Su principal ventaja es que una vez que finalizó la tarea, vuelve al punto siguiente desde dónde se llamo. Ejemplo : CALL
ESC_PORTB
Para recordar, CALL es llamada. No afecta ningún bit del registro Status. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
En un return o retfie la microelectrónica del PIC, pega la dirección del PC que estaba guardada. Lo vemos con un ejemplo
1. STACK = vacío PC = 0x00A0 PCLATH = 0b000011000 Ejecutas un CALL 0x230 2. El STACK tiene en su posición 0 la dirección 0x00A0. PC = 111000110000 3. Se ejecuta la subrutina y en ese punto el PC ya quedó en
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
que no esté en el mismo banco. 1era situación: Tabla (Comuted Goto) La tabla es una situación de uso del PC en la que se afecta directamente al registro PCL. Cuando se afecte directamente al PCL mediante una instrucción, es necesario que el usuario asegure que PCLATH tenga sus 5 bits pre-cargados adecuadamente adecuadamente.. Hago un ejemplo: Mal: org 0x000 movlw 0x01 call tabla
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
call tabla
org 0x300 tabla addwf PCL,F retlw 0x03 retlw 0x01 retlw 0x0F
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
aloja en la memoria FLASH del µC). Un CALL o un GOTO sólo contienen los 11 bits de menor peso de la dirección a la cual ir, por lo que los 2 bits restantes deberán ser precargados en los bits 4 y 3 del registro PCLATH por el usuario programador. Cuando se ejecuta una instrucción instrucción CALL o GOTO, es imprescindible que el registro PCLATH esté correctamente precargado. La instrucción a la que el µC irá estará conformada por 13 bits y ellos serán: PCLATH,4 PCLATH,3 K10 K9 K8 K7 K6 K5 K4 K3 K2 K1 K0
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
call cruzo
org 0x800 ;Esto ya es el página1 cruzo retlw 0xFF .....
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009 CLRF
Borra el contenido de un registro seleccionado por el programador. La forma en que lo hace, pone en 0 los 8 bit del registro. Este registro, puede ser cualquiera de la posición de la RAM. Ejemplo: CLRF
PORTB
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009 Ejemplo: CLRWDT
Antes de la instrucción WDT vale B'11111110'. Después de la instrucción vale B'0000000'. Para recordar CLeaR es limpiar W atch atch Dog es perro guardián Timer es contador.
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009 COMF
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009 GOTO
LOOP
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009 IORWF
The world's largest digital library
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[ENSAMBLADOR DESDE CERO] CERO] 18 de marzo de 2009
The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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