ELZT\EJT
E\JFOTKJT[\EC RFKHAGKHACAN_0 TA^E\DZ E DKZONH GKTFADACAN_ AI RK\ZAH EHD RCEJK ly Devod Tfages YahdkrLrohm
Tfos tfksos dajugkht ohvkstonetks tfk pfocasapfojec gavkgkht ai pfkhagk hacany ehd ots ogpcojetoahs oh iargohn iargohn eh erjfotkjturec dksonh gktfadacany. Tfk wrotohns ai sujf sujf kxostkhtoec pfocasapfkrs ehd eutfars es Gertoh Fkodknnkr, Geurojk Gkrckeu-Rahty, eh d Jfrostoeh Harlkrn-Zjfucz erk dosjusskd. dosjusskd. Ta pasotoah tfk ernugkht wotfoh wotfoh e jurrkht doeckjtojeccy appasohn dosjaursk, tfk dkjahstrujtovost wrotohns ai @ejquks Dkrrode ehd fos ohicukhjk ah tfk erjfotkjturk ai Lkrherd Tsjfugo ehd Rktkr Koskhgeh erk kxpcarkd. Ztkvkh Facc‟s Guskug ai Jahtkgparery Ert ehd Cauos Mefh‟s Zecm Ohstotutk iar Loacanojec Ztudoks occustretk e pfkhagkhacanojec eppraejf oh dksonh tfraunf e iauhdetoah oh tfk wrotohns ai tfk eiarkgkhtoahkd eutfars. Tfraunf tfksk kxegohetoahs e dksonh gktfadacany tfet skkms ta kxprkss tfk ohtkrdkpkhdkht rkcetoahsfop lktwkkh pkrsah ehd pcejk os iargucetkd. Tfos gktfadacany os tfkh tkstkd oh tfk dksonh ai e cernk rksodkhtoec ehd pkdkstroeh petf sotkd oh Johjohheto, Afoa.
Erjfotkjturec Rfkhagkhacany0
Tawerds e Dksonh Gktfadacany ai Rkrsah ehd Rcejk
E Tfksos
Zulgottkd ta tfk Iejucty ai Goego [hovkrsoty oh pertoec iucioccgkht ai tfk rkquorkgkhts iar tfk dknrkk ai Gestkr ai Erjfotkjturk Dkpertgkht ai Erjfotkjturk ehd Ohtkroar Dksonh ly Devod Tfages YahdkrLrohm Goego [hovkrsoty Axiard, Afoa <22>
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQ @afh \kyhacds - Edvosar
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQ Jreon Fohrojfs - \kedkr
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQ Nkrerda Lrawh-Gehroquk ‚ \kedkr
TELCK AI JAHTKHTZ
Renk #
5.
OHT\AD[JTOAH
<.
Fkodknnkr
<.
Gkrckeu-Rahty
:.
Harlkrn-Zjfucz
4.
Dkjahstrujtoah
9.
Lkrherd Tsjfugo
>.
Rktkr Koskhgeh
6.
Ztkvkh Facc
55.
Cauos O. Mefh
5:.
DKZONH GKTFADACAN_
54.
EDDKHD[G
<5.
LOLCOAN\ERF_
<;-45.
DKZONH R\A@KJT OGENKZ
oo
OHT\AD[JTOAH
Tfk ksskhjk ai aur kxostkhjk jahsosts
Ta uhdkrstehd pfkhagkhacany oh
ai jahjrktk pfkhagkhe. pfkhagkhe. Tfos ohjcudks
ardkr ta iarg e dksonh gktfadacany O
kvkrytfohn irag trkks ehd iarksts, ta
wocc
pkapck ehd ehogecs, e hogecs, ta stahks ehd wetkr,
kxostkhtoec pfocasapfkrs ehd eutfars es
ta iurhoturk, wohdaws, fausks, strkkts,
Gertoh Fkodknnkr, Geurojk Gkrckeu-
ehd jotoks.
Ot ecsa ohjcudks jkckstoec
Rahty, ehd Jfrostoeh Harlkrn-Zjfucz.
ladoks sujf es tfk suh, gaah, ehd sters
Ta pasotoah gy ernugkht wotfoh e
es wkcc es ogpecpelck pfkhagkhe sujf
jurrkht doeckjtojeccy appasohn dosjaursk,
es kgatoah ehd pkrjkptoah.
O
dosjuss
wocc
tfk
dosjuss
wrotohns
tfk
ai
sujf
dkjahstrujtovost
Rfkhagkhacany, e pfocasapfy ai
wrotohns ai @ejquks Dkrrode ehd fos
ohvkstonetoah ohta tfk tfohns tfohns tfet khelck
ohicukhjk ah tfk erjfotkjturk ai Lkrherd
us ta netfkr tfk warcd, warcd, appasks eh
Tsjfugo
elstrejt gktfad ai vokwohn aur warcd.
Occustretohn
Gkehohn, elstrejt gktfads ai ohquory
eppraejf oh dksonh, O wocc ohvkstonetk,
sujf
tfraunf e iauhdetoah oh tfk wrotohns ai
es
sjokhtoioj,
doenreggetoj,
ehd
Rktkr
e
Koskhgeh.
pfkhagkhacanojec
nkagktroj, ehd ehecytojec eppraejfks
tfk
tfet errovk et al`kjtovk mhawckdnk da hat
Facc‟s Guskug ai Jahtkgparery Ert oh
edkquetkcy dksjrolk tfk strujturk ai tfk
Fkcsohmo ehd Cauos Mefh‟s Zecm Ohstotutk
jahjrktk warcd. Rfkhagkhacany eccaws
iar Loacanojec Ztudoks oh Jecoiarhoe.
us ta kxprkss tfk ksskhjk ai aur
Tfraunf
kxostkhjk tfraunf erjfotkjturk.
iargucetk e dksonh gktfadacany tfet
skkh
oh
ots
tatecoty
Tfus, wotfoh
skkms
eiarkgkhtoahkd
ta
tfksk
ohtkrdkpkhdkht
tfk –jahjrktozetoah ai kxostkhtoec spejk‗.
pkrsah ehd pcejk.
Oh atfkr wards, eppraejfohn tfk prajkss ai
erjfotkjturec
pfkhagkhacanojec passolocoty
ai
dksonh ckhs
tfraunf prkskhts
lrodnohn
e tfk tfk
ohtkrdkpkhdkht rkcetoahsfop ai fugeh kxostkhjk ehd tfk warcd.
5
kxegohetoahs
kxprkss
pfkhagkhacany= erjfotkjturk lkjagks
eutfars,
ar
Ztkvkh
O
rkvkec
rkcetoahsfop
wocc
tfk
lktwkkh
jahtkxt wotf yaur warcd. Oh rkejtoah ta
Fkodknnkr
Oh tfk tkxt Lkohn ehd Togk (5?9<), tfk
Nkrgeh
pfocasapfkr
tfk dkstrujtovk dagohehjk ai pasotovosg
Gertoh
oh
tfk
kercy
hohktkkhtf
jkhtury,
Fkodknnkr (566?-5?>9) ernukd tfet oh
Fkodknnkr saunft aronohec kxpkrokhjk
jahvkhtoahec pfocasapfy ehd psyjfacany
tfraunf ahtacany, tfk study ai tfk
tfk rkcetoahsfop lktwkkh pkrsah ehd
aronohs
warcd fes lkkh rkdujkd ta kotfkr eh
erjfotkjturec
odkecost ar rkecost pkrspkjtovk.
Oh eh
ohtkrprktetoah ai Leukh, Leukh, tfk Nkrgeh
odkecost vokw, tfk warcd os e iuhjtoah ai e
ward iar luocdohn, es –dwkccohn‗ os
pkrsah wfa ejts ah tfk warcd tfraunf
rkjanhozkd.
jahsjoaushkss ehd, tfkrkiark, ejtovkcy
elaut tfohmohn, ot os elaut ikkcohn ehd
mhaws ehd sfepks fos ar fkr warcd. Oh
tfet ikkcohn dkpkhds ah togk, pcejk ehd
jahtrest, e rkecost vokw skks tfk pkrsah es
sul`kjt.
e iuhjtoah ai tfk warcd, gkehohn, tfk
kxpkrokhjk cked ta paktry, herretovks, ehd
warcd ejts ah tfk pkrsah ehd fk ar sfk
uctogetkcy
rkejts.
dkgahstretk aur kxostkhjk.
Fkodknnkr jceogkd tfet latf
ai
cehnuenk.
^otfoh
dosjopcohk,
eh
Fkodknnkr‟s
Erjfotkjturk os hat `ust
Tfk ikkcohns ohvamkd ly tfos
luoct
iarg
oh
ardkr
ta
pkrspkjtovks erk aut ai taujf wotf tfk
Fkodknnkr stetks tfet tfohns netfkr,
heturk ai fugeh coik lkjeusk tfky
ar erk tfk ohtkrgkdoery lktwkkh fugeh
essugk e skperetoah ehd dorkjtoahec
kxostkhjk ehd tfk warcd. Oh atfkr wards,
rkcetoahsfop lktwkkh pkrsah ehd warcd
luoct
tfet daks hat kxost oh ejtuec covkd
ahtacanojec kvkhts. Tfksk kvkhts wfkrk
kxpkrokhjk.
skhsk,
tfk netfkrohn ai tfk iaur dogkhsoahs ai
pfkhagkhacany supkrskdks tfk odkecost
tfk warcd ‚ kertf, fkevkhs, gartecs, ehd
ehd rkecost dovosoah lktwkkh ohdovoduec
tfk dovohk ‚ temks pcejk erk wfkrk
ehd warcd wotf e jahjkptoah oh wfojf
fugehs dwkcc .
Oh
tfos
al`kjts
jrketk
e
pcejk
iar
tfk twa erk ohdovosolck —e pkrsah-warcd wfack tfet os ahk retfkr tfeh twa.
Gkrckeu-Rahty
Tfos os Fkodknnkr‟s pfkhagkhacany,
Tfk Irkhjf pfocasapfkr Geurojk
ahk ai kxpkrokhjohn Deskoh Deskoh ar –lkohn
Gkrckeu-Rahty (5?26-5?95) jahsodkrs
tfkrk‗. _au erk lkohn oh jahtkxt, retfkr
pfkhagkhacany
eh
tfeh Zaskoh Zaskoh ar –lkohn tfus‗, aut ai
pfocasapfy
Fkodknnkr,
<
comk
kxostkhtoec lut
jahjkhtretks ah tfk ogpartehjk ai tfk
iar aur jahjkptuec uhdkrstehdohn ai tfk
lady
kxpkrokhjk.
tfohns erauhd us wotf tfk ejtoah ai tfk
Gkrckeu-Rahty lknohs ta pcejk ahk lkohn
lady es tfk uctogetk raat ai mhawckdnk
oh tfk warcd, ar fos ar fkr skci-
ai tfk warcd. Tfk lady, oh e skhsk, ejts
ewerkhkss, es eh al`kjtovk khnenkgkht
es eh ohtkriejk lktwkkh ohtkriejk lktwkkh aur gohd ehd tfk
wotf tfk warcd, wfkrk tfk lady os tfk
warcd.
al`kjtovk ohtkrgkdoery lktwkkh wfet
tfk tfohns tfet tfohns tfet surrauhd us pravodks latf
Fkodknnkr spkems ai es tfk pkrsah-warcd
tfk
rkcetoahsfop.
uhdkrstehdohn ai tfask tfohns. Fkhjk, es
ehd
pkrjkptuec
Tfk gohd's ejjkss ta tfk autsodk
Aur pfysojec khnenkgkht wotf
saurjk
ehd
tfk
cogots
ai
aur
tfk lady pravodks mhawckdnk ai tfk
warcd gust ohkvotelcy erosk irag tfk
warcd,
lady's gavkgkht oh ot, wfojf ecsa
mhawckdnk
hkjksserocy ohvacvks e gavkgkht ai ot0
Fkodknnkr‟s
"Yosolck ehd galock, gy lady os e tfohn
warcd ). ).
egahn tfohns= ot os jeunft oh tfk ielroj ai
feggkr ehd swohnohn ot ta luocd ar
tfk warcd, ehd ots jafksoah os tfet ai e
dkstray spkems ta aur rkcetoahsfop ta tfk
tfohn‗.
Gkrckeu-Rahty‟s gast iegaus
warcd ehd tfohns, tfk al`kjt ai e feggkr
kxegpck os tfet ai tfk lcohd pkrsah
tkccs us elaut tfk jagpasotoah, sjeck, ehd
hevonetohn wotf tfk eod ai e stojm, wfkrk
prapartoah ai tfk fugeh fehd.
tfk
stojm,
comk
e
jerpkhtkr‟s
kxtkrhec ai
tfk
hatoah
warcd lady ai
prkskhts (rkjeccohn
lkohn-oh-tfk-
Iar kxegpck, es nrespohn e
taac,
nredueccy lkjagks eh kxtkhsoah ai tfk
Harlkrn-Zjfucz
erg tfet facds ot. Gkrckeu-Rahty,
tfk
Tfk jahtkgparery eutfar, Jfrostoeh ecahn
wotf
tfk
Harlkrn-Zjfucz eppcoks tfk pfocasapfy
Irkhjf eutfar Fkhro Lkrnsah (56;?-
ai pfkhagkhacany wotfoh erjfotkjturec
5?45), spkjoiojeccy oh tfk tkxt Gettkr tkxt Gettkr ehd
dosjaursk ta errovk et eh kxostkhtoec
Gkgary (56?<) Gkgary (56?<) sunnkst tfet0 "tfk al`kjts
kgpfesos ah spejk. spejk. \etfkr tfeh pcejohn
wfojf surrauhd gy lady rkickjt ots
ogpartehjk ah elstrejt spejk, sujf es
passolck ejtoah upah tfkg".
Tfkor
Gadkrhost, uhovkrsec spejk, Harlkrn-
ernugkht pcejks eh ogpartehjk ah e
Zjfucz jeccs iar e rkturh ta ionuretovk,
proaro strujturks ai pkrjkptoah. Lkrnsah
quecotetovk
erjfotkjturk.
ehd Gkrckeu-Rahty prapask e iregkwarm
ohvkstonetoah
ohta
:
faw
Tfos ahk
dwkccs
kstelcosfks e gkehohniuc rkcetoahsfop
gonft aiikr e sacutoah ta tfk jurrkht
lktwkkh fugehs ehd tfk khvorahgkht.
pralckg ai ohdovoduec jahhkjtoah ta aur
Tfk kxostkhtoec purpask ai luocdohn os ta
warcd.
jrketk pcejk jrketk pcejk irag irag e sotk, tfet os, ta rkvkec tfk patkhtoec gkehohns novkh wotfoh e
Dkjahstrujtoah
sotuetoah. Fugehs dwkcc wfkh wk erk
^otfoh
elck ta jahjrktozk jahjrktozk tfk warcd oh luoct
iregkwarm
iarg, wfkrk jahjrktozetoah jahjrktozetoah os tfk rksuct
gktfadacany, tfk wrotohns ai tfk Irkhjf
ai ert retfkr tfeh sjokhjk ar tfk elstrejt.
pfocasapfkr @ejquks Dkrrode (5?:2-)
Erjfotkjturk jahjrktozks, ar netfkrs tfk
pravodk eh appasohn ernugkht ah tfk
khtehnckgkhts ai aur kvkrydey coik-
pfocasapfojec spkjtrug, e gavkgkht
warcd, wfkrk netfkrohn rkikrs ta tfk
wotfoh
progery espkjts ai fugehs –lkohn-oh-
mhawh
tfk-warcd‗.
tfraunf
gavkgkht jfecckhnks tfk iargucetoahs
odkhtoiojetoah ehd arokhtetoah, netfkrs tfk
ai jkrteoh lesoj prkjkpts ai ^kstkrh
warcd ar khvorahgkht ohta luocdohn.
gktepfysojs sujf es prkskhjk, trutf, tfk
Dwkccohn,
Harlkrn-Zjfucz esms, wfet os tfk
e ehd
pfocasapfy es
pfkhagkhacanojec eh
ehd
erjfotkjturec
erjfotkjturk
dkjahstrujtoah.
Tfos
pasotoah ai tfk sul`kjt, ehd tfk heturk ai
tesm ai erjfotkjturk1 Ot os ta " gemk gemk e sotk
odkhtoty.
lkjagk e 'pcejk', tfet os, ta uhjavkr tfk
Dkrrode‟s prajkss getkroecozkd aut ai
gkehohns patkhtoeccy prkskht oh tfk novkh
eh appasotoah ta strujturecosg ehd e
khvorahgkht". khvorahgkht".
dksork ta kxpask tfk eglonuoty ai
wfet
tfk
Tfus ot lkjagks jcker
Nkrgeh
pakt
Irokdrojf
cehnuenk.
Oh atfkr wards, Dkrrode
Fùcdkrcoh gkehs ly seyohn "paktojeccy,
dkjahstrujtkd, ar dosskjtkd tfk warms ai
dwkccs geh geh upah tfos kertf". Tfos lkcoki
prkvoaus sjfacers oh ardkr ta pravk tfet
gemks ot jcker tfet erjfotkjturk iejocotetks
cehnuenk os jahstehtcy sfoitohn.
e wey ai dwkccohn oh e Fkodknnkroeh
cohnuostojs, fk ernukd eneohst tredotoahec
hatoah0 " Tfk Tfk wey oh wfojf yau erk ehd O
essugptoahs
eg, tfk wey oh wfojf wk fugehs erk ah
uhjfehnohn, uhoiokd gkehohn.
tfk kertf, os dwkccohn. dwkccohn." Oi wk dwkcc oh
cohnuostoj gadkc fk prkskhts doiikrs
tfet skhsk " ot ot os tfraunf dwkccohn otskci
nrketcy irag Gkrckeu-Rahty‟s hatoah ai
tfet wk ckt tfk kertf lk es kertf" ehd tfos
tfk
4
tfet
sul`kjt-al`kjt
tkxt
[sohn
passkssks
rkcetoahsfop
eh Tfk
ehd
kspkjoeccy
Fkodknnkr‟s
cehnuenk
rkvkecs
strujturks. jrketoah
lesoj
Dkrrode ehd
lkcoki
tfet
kxostkhtoec
rkdkiohks
apkretoah
gktepfysojec
ai
essugptoahs
ai
tkxt,
dkjahstrujtovost erjfotkjts iajuskd ah e
tfk
skroks ai tfkarktojec pra`kjts ehd saunft
tkxtuec
ta dk-jkhtkr tfk jahjkpt ai jcessojec
gkehohn sujf tfet tfkrk os ha gavkgkht
ardkr ehd spejk.
irag tfk germs ah tfk penk penk ta gkhtec
ettkgptohn ta uhjavkr tfk gkehohns
jahjkpts. Fk eogs ta sfaw tfk ohfkrkht
patkhtoeccy
tkhsoah lktwkkh tfk prohjopcks ai jceroty
khvorahgkht, dkjahstrujtovost erjfotkjts
tfet ruck pfocasapfy ehd tfk ohksjepelck
sujf es Lkrherd Tsjfugo ehd Rktkr
sfartjagohns tfet erk essajoetkd wotf ots
Koskhgeh jrketkd e gktfad ai jrotoquohn
jahstrujtoah.
erjfotkjturk tfet onharks kxpkrokhtoec
Dkrrode lkcokvkd tfet ha tfkary jaucd
jahjkrhs
Tfus, retfkr tfeh
prkskht
ehd
oh
gettkrs
e
ai
novkh
fugeh
prktkhd ta lk elsacutkcy jahsostkht,
pkrjkptoah.
canojec, ar prkskht otskci es e skci-
iargetoah ai luoct iarg ehd spejk purkcy
jahteohkd systkg. Oi ot dod, ot jaucd ahcy
iar tfk semk ai tfkarktojec erjfotkjturk.
da sa ly fodohn ar rkprkssohn sagktfohn
Tfk jrotoquk lkjegk tfk
^fkrkes
erjfotkjturec
tfet dod hat iot ots vokw ai tfohns. Tfos
pfkhagkhacany ettkgpts ta ectkr tfk
odkacany oh turh ckd ta e cass ai gkehohn
peredong ai iarg iaccaws iuhjtoah ta
oh ecc ckvkcs ai sajoec ohtkrejtoah. ohtkrejtoah. Tfus,
iarg iaccaws kxpkrokhjk, kxpkrokhjk, dkjahstrujtoah
ot os kvodkht tfet dkjahstrujtovk ohquory,
gorrars Gadkrhosg oh hugkraus weys
uhcomk
ly ogpcyohn iuhjtoah os jaohjodkhtec ta
e
pfkhagkhacanojec
ar
pkrjkptueccy leskd eppraejf, skkms ta
iarg.
lcur tfk cohks ai gkehohn oh tfk warcd
ejjagpehyohn luoct warm os kcotost ehd
retfkr tfeh ettkgpt ta errovk et e nrketkr
dktejfkd
uhdkrstehdohn ai aur rkcetoahsfop es
skhsolocotoks.
fugehs oh tfk warcd.
tkhdkhjy os ta dosjauht tfk novkh jahicojt
Dkjahstrujtoah wotfoh erjfotkjturk
Tfus,
irag
tfk
wrotohn
ehy Tfk
ehd
kxpkrokhtoec
dkjahstrujtovost
lktwkkh paktojs ehd prengetojs iejkd ly
pravodks e gktfad ai jrotoquohn tfk
erjfotkjts.
suppaskdcy
rkcetoahsfop ai lkohn-oh-tfk-warcd, os
uhoiyohn
ehd
gavkgkht ai Gadkrhosg. saunft
ta
dosskjt
odkecostoj, Es Dkrrode
tredotoahec,
sogpcy
ar
;
Ohdovoduec jahhkjtoah, aur
dosrknerdkd.
Tfk iaccoks taam tfk iarg ai e
Lkrherd Tsjfugo
E ge`ar jahstrujtkd gehoikstetoah ai tfos
gktfad
kgkrnkd
oh
jacckjtoah
Lkrherd
ai
stkkc
pevocoahs
tfet
uctogetkcy jrketk kvkhts wotfoh tfk gksf
Tsjfugo‟s Rerj dk ce Yocckttk oh Reros
ai ceykrs tfet qukstoah gkehohn.
(5?6:). Fos ehto-gadkrhost eppraejf
rksuctkd oh e getjf ehd gosgetjf ai
dkjahstrujtkd tfk tredotoahec dajtrohk ai
iargs
iarg iaccaws iuhjtoah, iuhjtoah, ehd iajuskd ah
erjfotkjturk
jahtkgparery
jahionuretoahs.
sajokty's
dos`uhjtoah
esporohn
ta
eh
ehto-Jcessojec
ai Tfk
Tfos
uhkxpkjtkd prajkss
ehd
lktwkkh usk, iarg, ehd sajoec vecuks.
erlotrery rksuct ettkgptkd ta onhark tfk
Tsjfugo lkcokvkd tfksk systkgs wkrk
lesoj tkhkts ai erjfotkjturk tfraunfaut
jagpcktkcy uhrkcetkd. Fk supkrogpaskd
fostary - jagpasotoah, fokrerjfy ehd
tfrkk
ardkr.
ardkrohn
systkgs0
paohts
(ar
iaccoks), cohks (ar petfs), ehd suriejks (ar pranreggetoj spejks) wfkrk
voackht
jaccosoahs wkrk khjaurenkd.
Ion.<
Tfk
nrod
ai
rkd
iaccoks
jrketk
rkikrkhjk paohts tfet erk hah-jahtkxtuec oh tfkor iarg ehd jacar oh ardkr ta dossacvk e proaro gkehohn. Ion. 5
Fawkvkr,
Tsjfugo eccknks tfk iaccoks cejm ehy 9
fostarojec prkjkdkht oh ardkr ta jrketk
wey tfet Dkrrode dosrupts tkxts ta iarjk
hah-gkehohn, hah-gkehohn, lut tfkrk kxosts e dkiohotk
tfk rkedkr ta eppraejf tfk jahtkht oh e
ohicukhjk ai \ussoeh Jahstrujtovosg oh
gark jrotojec wey, Koskhgeh dosrupts
tfk iargec jferejtkrostojs ehd usk ai
ardkr ehd jahvkhtoah oh luoct iarg. Iar
strujturk= kesocy skkh oh tfos peohtohn ly
kxegpck, Koskhgeh ettkgpts ta dkstray
jahstrujtovost ertost, Oemav Jfkrhomav.
tfk prkdagohehjk ai tfk ronft ehnck ‚ tfk Gadkrhost sonh ai retoahecost ardkr ehd ai tfk prkdktkrgohkd.
Tfus, iarg, oh tfk
skhsk ai e rkprkskhtetoah ai tfohns, rkickjts
tfk
ohiohotk
pcurecoty
ohstelocoty ai kxpkrokhjk.
ehd
Es skkh oh
Koskhgeh‟s Erahaii Jkhtkr iar Dksonh ehd Ert oh Johjohheto (5??9), tfos aitkh Ion. :
Tfus,
gkehohn
os
gkeht dossacutoah ai vosuec ardkr.
ohfkrkhtcy
Koskhgeh dkjahstrujtkd tfk iargs ai
ettrolutkd ta ar jeh lk kxtrejtkd irag tfk warm.
Gadkrh
Tfk dksork dksork ta jrketk luoct iarg
jrketohn
spejks, ehd vacugks, lrkemohn apkh tfk
gkehohnckss erjfotkjturk, os skkh fkrk ta
iarg ai tfk luocdohn ta kxpask tfk
lk cogotkd ehd uctogetkcy e faccaw
jagpckx ehd jahtredojtary heturk ai tfk
rkjahionuretoah ai jahvkhtoahec iarg
ejt ai luocdohn otskci. Iar Koskhgeh, tfk
ehd ardkr.
iarg ai tfk luocdohn kxprkssks tfk ohiohotk passolocotoks ehd sacutoahs iar tfk
Rktkr Koskhgeh
Egkrojeh
erjfotkjt
spkjoioj sotk, sotuetoah, pranreg, ehd
Rktkr
jahtkxt.
Koskhgeh ecsa apkhcy kxpcaots Dkrrode‟s
vecuelck oh ehd ai otskci.
dostartoah ai vacugks ehd rkjaglohohn prohjopcks
getkroecs,
kxprkss tfet ha pertojucer iarg os
luocdohns dospcey eh eiiohoty iar tfk
ta
dovkrsk
exks, ehd dosjahhkjtkd vacugks gust
utocozks iargec irengkhtetoah, wfkrk
ejjardohn
Tfk
uhrkcetkd jahstrujtoah gktfads, guctopck
gktfads ta nrauhd fos warm. Koskhgeh
tfkg
ly
epperkhtcy occanojec jcesfks ai nrods,
tfet paohts oh ecc dorkjtoahs, ehd tfus
Tfk
Erjfotkjturk
Ly tfk
suppaskdcy ohjagpcktk iarg ai tfk
ai
luocdohn, Koskhgeh ettkgpts ta stetk tfet
dosruptoah ehd doscajetoah. doscajetoah. Oh tfk segk >
atfkr aptoahs ehd iargs erk passolck ehd
Rert
ai
tfk
dkjahstrujtovost
oh iejt, tfkrk os ha uctogetk trutf ar ardkr
pfocasapfy wes tfkrkiark ta dktejf
tfet jeh lk kxprksskd oh ehy sohnck
erjfotkjturk irag iuhjtoah ehd ta eccaw e
luocdohn.
irkk pcey ai dksonh, irkk irag prejtojec jahstreohts.
Ohdkkd
dkjahstrujtoah
waucd dkhy ehy dorkjt rkcetoahsfop lktwkkh tfk iarg ehd tfk iuhjtoah ai e
Ion.4
luocdohn. Tfos rkcetoahsfop os e gettkr ai jaohjodkhjk.
Fkrk erjfotkjturec iarg
lkjagks e skci-prapkccohn tfohn oh otskci ehd wfock tfk pranreg ehd jcokht gey aiikr e hkjkssery stertohn paoht, tfk rksuctohn
iarg
uhprkdojtelck
ehd
os
ohkvotelcy
rksucts
oh
gkrk
erjfotkjturec dyhegojs ehd e warm ai jahtohuec Ion. ;
skci-ehecysos
vaod
ai
kxpkrokhtoec gkehohn. Oh tfos eppraejf, tfkh, tfk jahjkpt ai tfk pkrsah-warcd rkcetoahsfop os jagpcktkcy cast.
Ztkvkh Facc
Evaodohn
tfk
dkjahstrujtovost,
ehecytojec gktfad, erjfotkjt Ztkvkh Facc eppraejfks erjfotkjturec dksonh tfraunf e pfkhagkhacanojec ckhs.
Zogocer ta
Gkrckeu-Rahty‟s kxostkhtoec lkcoki tfet ahk‟s skci-ewerkhkss ehd lady kxost es al`kjt khnenkgkhts wotf tfk warcd, Facc iajusks ah fugeh pkrjkptoah es ahk gavks tfraunf spejk. Ion. 9
\etfkr tfeh
eppraejfohn tfk pra`kjt irag tfk kxtkroar
6
ohta tfk ohtkroar, Facc iorst ettkgpts ta
quecotoks ai tfk spejk wocc lk.
uhdkrstehd tfk kxpkrokhtoec rkcetoahsfop ai tfk fugeh lady ta conft ehd ohtkroar spejk. ^armohn jahjkptueccy irag tfk ohsodk aut, ohjarparetohn veroaus sjecks ehd ckvkcs, ehd utocozohn twa tfkgks fk celkcs es ehjfarohn ehd ohtkrtwohohn, Facc jrketks sjucpturec spejks rojf oh conft tfet iarg pkrjkptuec ehd skhsuec kxpkrokhjks.
Tfk
Guskug
ai
Jahtkgparery Ert oh Fkcsohmo, Iohcehd (5??6), ar Moesge, kxkgpcoioks Facc‟s kgporojec ehd tejtock dksonh eppraejf= eh
Ion.>
Facc‟s usk ai gktepfar ecsa skrvks es
eppraejf tfet lknohs wotf tfk suspkhsoah ai prengetosg ckedohn ta dosjavkry ehd
e stertohn paoht.
pceyiuchkss tfet uctogetkcy dorkjts fos
"ehjfars" e pra`kjt ta tfk sotk oh e
dksonh prajkss. Fk ogpckgkhts ogpckgkhts e gohd-
pfysojec ehd gktepfysojec skhsk oh ardkr
lady kxpkrokhjk ai erjfotkjturk tfraunf
ta hat `ust rkst ah e sotk lut ecsa lknoh ta
rkickjtoah ai conft aii ohtkrhec suriejks
kxpceoh ot. Tfus, tfk gktepfar naks ah ta
ehd avkrceppohn pkrspkjtovks jrketkd
pravodk e jahjkptuec iregk tfraunf
tfraunf gavkgkht.
wfojf ta uhdkrstehd tfk pra`kjt. Fkodknnkroeh
Ta ejfokvk tfos kxpkrokhtoec jahjkpt
Tfk gktepfar iorst
hatoah
ai
Tfos
ehjfarohn
tfet drovks tfk dksonh, Facc smktjfks wotf
netfkrs netfkrs tfk gkehohn ai tfk sotuetoah= ot
wetkrjacar. ^otf fos ohtuotoah oh jahtrac,
jahhkjts
tfk wetkrjacar eccaws fog ta kxpcark oh e
novkh wotfoh tfk sotk ta tfk jahjkptuec
pceyiuccy venuk gehhkr, rksuctohn oh e
stretknoks.
prajkss
tfet
os
Oh
soguctehkauscy
tfk
pfkhagkhec
Fkcsohmo,
Facc
prapkrtoks
jrketks
twa
Tfk gkdoug
gktepfars, e cohk ai jucturk ehd e cohk ai
eccaws fog ta jepturk quecotoks ai conft,
heturk. Moesge, e Nrkkm ward larrawkd
rkickjtoah, ehd gavkgkht es fk ettkgpts
irag
ta uhdkrstehd wfet tfk kxpkrokhtoec
ohtkrtwohohn,
jahjkptuec ehd skhsolck.
?
Gkrckeu-Rahty ajjurs
tfet wfkrk
gkehs tfk
ohtkrskjtoah ai tfksk gktepfars temk
Duk ta Fkcsohmo‟s fonf cetotudk ehd
pcejk. Tfk luocdohn's gess ohtkrtwohks
farozahtec reys ai tfk suh, tfk dksonh
wotf tfk nkagktry ai tfk joty ehd
jurvks oh latf pceh ehd skjtoah ta
cehdsjepk. Tfk jurvocohker jurvocohker scojk tfraunf
jepturk tfk dostohjtovk heturec conft
tfk luocdohn ogpcoks e jucturec cohk
jrketohn veroetoahs oh conft quecoty tfet
cohmohn tfk luocdohn ta Iohcehdoe Fecc, e
ohvonaretk tfk vosotar wotf sultck lut
ckedohn jahjkrt ehd jahnrkss fecc oh
pfkhagkheccy kxpkrokhtoec doiikrkhjks.
Fkcsohmo.
Tfk heturec cohk ai tfk
luocdohn jahhkjts ot ta Tùùcù Ley, tfk tapanrepfoj fkert ai Fkcsohmo. wotfoh
tfos
ohtkrtwohohn,
cok
Fkrk, iacdkd
pcehks, heturec conft, ehd sockht spejks iar dospceyohn warms ai ert. Tfk
iacdkd
pcehks
tfet
jrketk
avkrceppohn pkrspkjtovks oh tfk ohtkroar erk ehjfarkd oh tfk nkagktry ai tfk joty ehd surrauhdohn cehdsjepk.
Fawkvkr,
tfk rksuctohn iarg ehd quecoty ai tfksk
Ion.6
pcehks os dkrovkd dorkjtcy irag Facc‟s
Zockht spejk, es Facc ehd jacckenuk
dksork ta kxprkss tfk gavkgkht ai tfk lady tfraunf tfk spejk.
@ufeho Reccesgee rkikr ta ot, os jrketkd
Tfk iacdkd
wotfoh tfk guskug ly kcogohetohn tfk
pcehks jrketk guctopck vehosfohn paohts,
ohtkrgkdoetk sjeck ai tfk luocdohn, tfus
apkhohn e jahdotoah ai spetoec pereccex ‚
eccawohn tfk warm otskci ta iocc tfet vaod.
gkehohn, eh kvkr-jfehnohn spejk leskd
Iar kxegpck, jacughs, gacdohns, ehd
ah tfk lady‟s rkcetoah ta tfk tfohns
wohdaw apkhohns erk hat ertojucetkd oh
erauhd ot ehd tfk jahsteht icux ai conft netfkrkd ly tfask tfohns.
ievar ai hkutrec wecc gessks.
Tfus Facc
Tfk
erjfotkjturk os kxprksskd tfraunf dkteocs
drews irag Gkrckeu-Rahty‟s lkcoki tfet
sujf es tfk twost ai e daar fehdck, tfk
tfk lady ejts es eh ohtkriejk ta tfk warcd
kdnk ai e steor, ehd tfk kxpaskd
es wkcc es Fkodknnkr‟s hatoah tfet tfohns
tfojmhkss ai e scel ai ncess, eccawohn tfk
netfkr tfk warcd .
lady ehd ots dorkjt jahhkjtoah ta ots
52
surrauhdohns
lkjagk
ai
ogpartehjk.
Fkhjk,
pfkhagkhacanojec
progery
paktojeccy stetks, –Zockhjk ta conft‗,
wotfoh
Facc‟s
gkehohn tfk dksork ta kxprkss ehd
eppraejf,
tfk
kxpceoh
tfraunf
luocdohn
lrohns
iuhjtoah ai tfk spejk os teocarkd ta tfk
passolocotoks ohta prkskhjk. Tfk sogpck,
kxpkrokhjk ai lkohn oh tfet spejk.
rkcetovkcy
Eneoh, ot os kvodkht fkrk tfet Facc drews
icehmohn celaretaroks eccaws sujf tfohns
irag Gkrckeu-Rahty‟s ehd Lkrnsah‟s
es fugeh ejtovoty ehd ohtkrejtoah ta
lkcoki tfet tfk ejtoah ai tfk lady os tfk
spkem wotfoh tfk spejk.
iregkwarm iar jahjkptuec uhdkrstehdohn
Fkodknnkr‟s hatoah ai netfkrohn, netfkrohn, tfk
ai tfk tfohns erauhd us.
vkrtojec luocdohn gessks, farozahtec icaar
uhedarhkd
gess
ai
tfk
\kjeccohn
pcehk, ehd smy elavk iregk ahk‟s jahhkjtoah ta tfk cehdsjepk lkyahd.
Cauos O. Mefh
Tfk erjfotkjturk ai Cauos Mefh
Tfos jahhkjtoah os temkh e stkp iurtfkr oh
(5?25-5?>4) ecsa skkms ta kxpcark tfk
Facc‟s rkedohn ai tfk spejk= –Tfkrk os e
ohtkrrkcetoahsfop ai pkrsah ehd warcd
togk ai dey wfkh tfk suh, rkickjtohn ah
spkjoiojeccy oh faw ahk khnenks luocdohn
tfk ajkeh, gkrnks wotf conft rkickjtohn
ehd faw e luocdohn khnenks sotk. sotk. Tfk
ah tfk rovuckt ai wetkr… Ajkeh ehd
Zecm Ohstotutk iar Loacanojec Ztudoks oh
jaurtyerd
Ce @acce, Jecoiarhoe kxkgpcoioks Mefh‟s
pfkhagkhah… Erjfotkjturk ehd heturk
erjfotkjturk ai pfkhagkhacany.
erk `aohkd oh e gktepfysojs ai pcejk.‗
Mefh
erk
iuskd
ly
]tfosW
waucd esm fogskci, –^fet daks tfk luocdohn weht ta lk‗. Tfus, ectfaunf fk dod
hat
spkem
dorkjtcy
ai
pfkhagkhacany, ot os kvodkht tfet fk tfaunft wotfoh tfk iregkwarm ai eh kxpkrokhtoec gktfad, ahk ai jahhkjtoah lktwkkh sotk, luocdohn, ehd lady. ^fkh
ahk
iorst
eppraejfks
tfk
Ion. ?
ohtkroar jaurtyerd, wfet Mefh rkikrs ta
Es ahk gavks tfraunf tfk pceze
es sockhjk es sockhjk oh oh erjfotkjturk, e tkrg eppcokd
tawerd tfk farozah, tfk pceze kxtkhds
sogocercy ly Facc, Facc, lkjagks prkskht. Fk
dawhwerd tfraunf e skroks ai stkps ehd
55
wetkr ieccs ta pfysojeccy jahhkjt ta tfk
Mefh lkcokvkd oh rkvkecohn faw e
cehdsjepk. Tfk netfkrohn ai tfk warcd,
luocdohn ehd ots getkroecs wkrk iargkd.
tfraunf tfk luocdohn, ohta lkohn os
Tfos jahjkpt rkickjts Gkrckeu-Rahty‟s
kvodkht.
ehd
Oh tfk segk wey, Mefh lrohns conft
Lkrnsah‟s
lkcoki
ohtkrjahhkjtkd
oh
tfk
rkcetoahsfop
ai
ohta tfk jaurtyerd ehd ohtkrstotoec spejks
mhawckdnk lktwkkh tfk lady ehd tfk
lktwkkh tfk aiiojks ehd celaretaroks ta
warcd.
netfkr tfk warcd, ta rkvkec tfk iarg ehd
Fkodknnkr‟s tfaunfts ah cehnuenk ehd
getkroecoty oh heturec conft sa tfet ahk
paktry skkp ohta Mefh‟s gktfad, kvkh oi
jeh lknoh ta dorkjtcy jahhkjt ta tfk
hat kxpcojotcy. Tfraunf rkedohn Mefh‟s
warcd. Tfraunf sfedaw, sfedaw, tfk prajkss ai
paktry ehd herretovks, ahk jeh skk tfk
jrketohn tfk iarg os rkvkeckd es wkcc.
ohicukhjk ai cehnuenk ah fos dksonhs ehd
Iar kxegpck, tfk pettkrh jrketkd ly tfk
tfk jahhkjtoah ta Fkodknnkr‟s hatoah ai
iargwarm ai tfk jahjrktk os ejjkhtuetkd
lkohn-tfkrk lkohn-tfkrk retfkr tfeh lkohn-tfus. lkohn-tfus. Tfk
ehd tfk toks erk ckit oh pcejk ta spkem ai
kgkrnkhjk ai ksskhjk os epperkht oh sujf
tfk
wrotohns es tfos0
gktfad
tfraunf
wfojf
ot
wes
Ot
os
ecsa
kvodkht
tfet
jahstrujtkd. Zockhjk ta Conft Conft ta Zockhjk Tfk tfrksfacd ai tfkor jrassohn os tfk Zohnuceroty os Ohsporetoah (^fkrk tfk dksork ta kxprkss gkkts tfk passolck) os tfk Zehjtuery ai Ert os tfk Trkesury ai tfk Zfedaws (Getkroec jests sfedaws sfedaws lkcahn ta conft)
Ion. 52
5<
DKZONH GKTFADACAN_
Oh ardkr iar fugehs ta dwkcc, ehd tfkrkiark
kxpkrokhjk
Es
jahjrktk
Facc
wetkrjacar
ejjagpcosfkd
smktjfks
ehd
oh
fos
gktepfaroj
pfkhagkhe ehd pcejk, erjfotkjturk gust
ehjfarohn ehd Mefh oh fos paktoj
eccaw tfk lady ta kxpkrokhjk ehd khnenk
rkedohns ehd study ai getkroec, ahk gust
tfk tfohnhkss tfohnhkss ai tfk luoct iarg tfet
errovk et tfk ksskhjk ai tfk sotk ehd
surrauhds ot. Oh tfos skhsk, tfk tfk luocdohn
pranreg ta jrketk e jahjkpt. Gktepfar
gust khnenk tfk sotk oh ardkr ta gemk tfk
ehd cehnuenk lkjagk hkjkssery taacs iar
sotk prkskht ta tfk lady= ot gust
iohdohn tfos tfos ksskhjk. Tfus, –tfk ksskhjk
pfysojeccy ehd gktepfysojeccy kxpceoh
ai e warm ai erjfotkjturk os eh arnehoj
ehd rkickjt tfk jahjkpt ai sotk.
cohm lktwkkh jahjkpt ehd iarg‗.
Tfk
luocdohn gust netfkr tfk gkehohn ai e
Tfk ahtacanojec herretovk ar pakg
spkjoioj sotuetoah. Ta
lknoh
tfkh lkjagks e `ugpohn aii paoht irag e
pfkhagkhacanojec
wfojf
ta
dosjavkr
uhdkrcyohn
eppraejf, ahk gust put ohta cehnuenk
jaggahecotoks tfet germ tfk ksskhtoec
wfet fk ar sfk netfkrs irag tfk warcd.
jark ai tfk pfkhagkhah.
Gkehohn, tfk ksskhjk ai tfk jahjrktk
wards, tfk pfkhagkhacanost pkrjkovks
pfkhagkhe
ehd
spkjoioj ohstehjks ai tfk pfkhagkhah
pkhktretks us gust lk dkjopfkrkd. Ahk
tfet os os sotk wotf tfk fapk tfet tfksk
puts ohta cehnuenk tfos netfkrohn ly
ohstehjks, oh togk, wocc paoht tawerd
rkcyohn
gark
ah
tfet
surrauhds
pkrjkptoah,
aur
us
lady‟s
nkhkrec
quecotoks
Oh atfkr
ehd
khnenkgkht ehd mhawckdnk ai tfk tfohns
jferejtkrostojs tfet ejjuretkcy dksjrolk
tfet erk prkskhtkd ta us, ehd pest
tfk ksskhtoec heturk ai tfk pcejk ehd aur
kxpkrokhjk ar gkgary. Es kxkgpcoiokd
rkcetoahsfop ta ot= gkehohn, ots prkskhjk
oh Mefh‟s prajkss, ly esmohn ahk‟s skci0
ehd sonhoiojehjk oh tfk jahjrktk covks ehd
wfet daks tfk sotk tkcc gk elaut wfet os
kxpkrokhjks ai fugehs.
tfkrk ar wfet wes tfkrk, wfet daks tfk
Irag tfos paoht, cehnuenk gust lknoh
luocdohn weht ta lk, lk, faw da O weht tfk
ta ohiarg tfk kxpkrokhjk ai kejf spejk
lady ta kxpkrokhjk ehd khnenk tfk
wotfoh tfk pranreg ai tfk luocdohn ehd
spejk= spejk= cehnuenk wocc lknoh ta prkskht
jahtkxt ai tfk sotk. Tfet os ta sey sey tfet tfk
otskci.
kxpkrokhtoec quecoty ai kejf spejk tfet os
5:
ta lk, ehd tfk ogpckgkhtetoah ai tfk
gkehohn.
Tfraunf tfos gktfadacany,
jahjkpt ohta smktjfks, gadkcs, peohtohns,
erjfotkjturk wocc lk elaut kxpkrokhjk ehd
ktj. gust nraw aut ai ahk‟s pkrjkptoah ai
wocc khelck fugehs ta dwkcc oh pcejks
fos ar fkr rkcetoahsfop ta tfk sotk.
tfet jagprosk –kxostkhtoec spejk‗, spejk
Iar kxegpck, tfk kxpcaretoah ai
tfet qukhjfks aur dksork iar arokhtetoah
getkroecs wotfoh gadkcohn ehd atfkr
ehd odkhtoiojetoah, ehd luoct iarg tfet
gktfads rkprkskhtohn wfet os ogenohkd
kxprkssks aur lkohn-oh-tfk-warcd.
es wkcc es getkroecs tfet waucd ejtueccy lk uskd sfaucd fkcp kxpceoh ar netfkr tfk ohtkhdkd kxpkrokhtoec quecoty ai tfk spejk. Jacar, tkxturk, tkxturk, sjeck, ktj. sfaucd sfaucd lk jahsodkrkd es e gkehs ai kxprkssohn ar iucioccohn tfk dksorkd kxpkrokhjk. Tfos
gktfadacany
dkhoks
elstrejt
gktfads
skkgohncy
sujf ai
ohvkstonetoah ar iargec ohicukhjk es nkagktry
es
eppcokd
wotfoh
dkjahstrujtoah. Fawkvkr, tfet os hat ta sey tfet nkagktry, iar kxegpck, jehhat lk uskd es e gktfad ai ohquory ecc tanktfkr. \etfkr, nkagktroj eppraejfks gey lk tfk rksuct ai sujf ohquoroks ohta fostaroj ar jucturec ohicukhjks tfet gey cked ta kxpkrokhtoec pfkhagkhe wotf e naec ai gktepfysojeccy kxpceohohn e sotk. E
pfkhagkhacanojec
gktfadacany
nrauhdkd
dksonh wotfoh
Fkodknnkr‟s odkec ai eh ohtkrrkcetkd pkrsah-warcd rkcetoahsfop ehd GkrckeuRahty‟s hatoah ai lady kstelcosfks tfk passolocoty ai jrketohn erjfotkjturk ai
54
EDDKHD[G
Es O lkneh tfohmohn elaut wfojf sotk
Afoa \ovkr.
Gt. Edegs jahsosts ai
O sfaucd jfaask ta kxpcark tfos odke ar
stkkp, wohdohn strkkts, queoht lautoquks,
gktfad
e
ert starks, rksteurehts, lers, germkt-retk
pfkhagkhacanojec ckhs, tfk jrotkroe O
fausohn, ehd fonf-projkd sohnck-iegocy
dosjavkrkd ta lk hkjkssery wes ejtueccy
fagks, raw fausks, ehd jahdagohougs.
quotk cogotkd. cogotkd. Oh atfkr wards, ehy sotk
Tfk Johjohheto hkonflarfaad os e vkry
tfet O jfask ohfkrkhtcy fed gkehohn,
papucer cajec ettrejtoah ehd dkstohetoah
fostary, ehd eh ksskhjk tfet jaucd lk
iar sfappohn ehd honftcoik. honftcoik. Gt. Edegs
kxpcarkd
dosjavkrkd.
os ecsa e fat spat duk ta ots ed`ejkhjy ta
Tfkrkiark, O iauhd ot ogparteht ta jfaask
Kdkh Rerm, e wkcc-uskd pulcoj spejk
e sotk tfet iorst ehd iarkgast jaucd lk
fagk ta tfk Rceyfausk oh tfk Rerm, tfk
kesocy ejjkssolck ah e deocy ehd honftcy
Johjohheto Ert Guskug, ehd tfk Mrafh
lesos= e sotk tfet wes rkcetovkcy lerk oh
Jahskrvetary.
ai
ehd
dksonhohn
uctogetkcy
tfraunf
tfk skhsk ai prk-kxostohn strujturks sa es
Tfk
Afoa
\ovkr,
e
Johjohheto
hat ta fevk gy ohtkhtoahs gosdorkjtkd
jkhtkrpokjk ai jaggkrjoec trehspartetoah
tawerd e dosjussoah ai rkhavetoah ar rk-
ehd pulcoj rkjrketoah, ruhs ecahn tfk
felotetoah= ehd ioheccy e sotk tfet skkgkd
sautf ai tfk sotk. Lktwkkh tfk sautfwkst
ta lk cejmohn sagktfohn, kvkh oi O dodh‟t
jarhkr ai gy sotk ehd tfk sfark ai tfk
mhaw wfet tfet wes wfkh O iorst lkneh
Afoa \ovkr coks Zewykr Raoht, e gock-
gy ohvkstonetoah.
cahn cohker perm tfet iketurks ewerd
Tfk sotk tfet O jfask iar tfk purpask ai
kxpcarohn
wohhohn cehdsjepohn, e pkriargehjk
erjfotkjturec
pevocoah, gehy autdaar ejtovotoks sujf es
pfkhagkhacany ehd tfk pkrsah-pcejk
e
rkcetoahsfop os sotuetkd lktwkkh Kestkrh
vacckylecc, eh ojk rohm oh tfk wohtkr
Evkhuk
gahtfs, ehd e Johjohheto cehdgerm
ehd
Jacugloe
Johjohheto, Afoa.
Rermwey
oh
Tfk sotk os aitkh
jfocdrkh‟s
rksteureht,
tfk
pceynrauhd,
Gahtnagkry
tkhhos,
Ohh
rkikrrkd ta es Edegs Cehdohn lkjeusk ai
Laetfausk. (Zkk Ion. 55 ‚ Kxostohn Zotk
ots cajetoah et tfk lesk ai Gt. Edegs= eh
Rceh) Rceh)
eiicukht hkonflarfaad avkrcaamohn tfk
Tfk erke mhawh es Edegs Cehdohn,
Jkhtrec Lusohkss Dostrojt (JLD) ehd tfk
e <6-ejrk strktjf ai cehd ecahn Kestkrh
5;
Evk., >.; ejrks ai wfojf khjagpess gy
jahdagohougs ehd epertgkhts, sgecc
jfaskh
gehy
jaggkrjoec ehd rkteoc spejks, suppartohn
dksonh otkretoahs iar guctoiegocy fausohn
permohn, ehd ohtkrwavkh pceze/nrkkh
detohn lejm ta tfk cetk 5?62‟s.
spejk.
sotk,
fes
kxpkrokhjkd
Ahjk
Tfksk kckgkhts lkjegk tfk
scetkd ta lrohn avkr 5,222 uhots ta tfk
iregkwarm oh wfojf ta jrketk tfos
erke, ot os jurrkhtcy dksonhkd ta fausk
pkdkstroeh jahhkjtoah es wkcc es tfk
elaut 922 epertgkhts, jahdas, ehd tawh
gktepfysojec jahhkjtoah ar netfkrohn ai
fagks tfraunfaut tfk khtork sotk.
tfk khvorahgkht ohta luocdohn.
Tfk ge`ar icew O rkjanhozkd wotfoh
Tfk khvorahgkht tfet lkneh ta sfaw
ecc ai tfk prkvoaus gestkr pcehs wes tfk
otskci tfraunf gy sotk ohvkstonetoahs wes
pkrpktuetoah ai tfk pravkrloec lrojm wecc
ahk ai skkgohncy appasohn kckgkhts. kckgkhts. Ot
lktwkkh Gt. Edegs ehd tfk rovkr tfet
passksskd eh ejtovk, khkrnktoj skhsolocoty
ecrkedy kxosts duk ta tfk ge`ar vkfojucer
lut ecsa e ikkcohn tfet dkgehdkd d kgehdkd e pcejk
ertkroks
ehd
iar jecg rkickjtoah. Tfk sotk sotk spamk es
Kestkrh Evkhuk. \etfkr tfeh usohn tfk
latf eh ohtkrgkdoery pcejk es wkcc es e
luocdohn pranreg ta hat ahcy jrketk e
dkstohetoah= e pcejk oh gatoah es wkcc es
pcejk iar pkrsahs ta dwkcc lut ecsa ta
e pcejk tfet jaucd stehd stocc. ^fet O ikct
jrketk e pkdkstroeh jahhkjtoah lktwkkh
tfk sotk wehtkd ta lk, lk, es O dosjavkrkd
twa wahdkriuc egkhotoks wotfoh tfk joty
gark ehd gark elaut tfk khvorahgkht O
ai Johjohheto, tfk prkvoaus dksonhs
iauhd gyskci oh, wes e pcejk iar covohn, e
jecckd iar e luocdohn pceh tfet osacetkd
pcejk iar netfkrohn ahk‟s dey tfraunf
tfk prapaskd uhots wotfoh tfk sotk ehd
Fkodknnkr‟s hatoah ai dwkccohn .
ai
Jacugloe
Rermwey
iurtfkr skjcudkd Gt. Edegs irag tfk
Tfk sotk‟s kckvetoah jfehnk ai hkercy
rovkr. Tfos wes tfk tfohn tfet O ikct jaucd
522 vkrtojec ikkt irag Kestkrh Evkhuk ta
hat lk onharkd.
Jacugloe
Rermwey
jaucd
hat
lk
Tfraunf kxtkhsovk sotk ohvkstonetoah
avkrcaamkd, latf prengetojeccy es wkcc
ot lkjegk epperkht tfet tfos jahhkjtoah
es gktepfysojeccy. Ta eddrkss tfos, tfk
wes ta lk tfk iajec paoht ai tfk pranreg
rksodkhtoec luocdohns stkp lejm ah tfk
ehd tfk tfk dksonh. dksonh. Tfk rkgeohohn rkgeohohn pranreg pranreg
sautfkrh ieîedk ta gogoj tfk scapk ai
kckgkhts
tfk
ohjcudk
rkcetovkcy
dkhsk
jcustkrs ai ahk, twa, ehd tfrkk lkdraag
kertf
lkcaw.
Tfk
hkjkssery
suppartohn permohn dkjms lkcaw tfk
59
luocdohns ecsa stkp wotf tfk kxostohn
tfet jeh lk iauhd wohdohn tfraunf ehd
jahtaurs ta eccaw iar gohogec jut ehd
lktwkkh kejf luocdohn.
iocc ah tfk sotk. Tfos oh turh eiiards e
wecmweys ehd kxennkretkd steor cehdohns
nreduec stkppohn tfraunf tfk apkh pcezes
jrketk kckvetkd, skgo-pulcoj netfkrohn
lktwkkh kejf luocdohn, wfktfkr ot lk e
spejks iar tfk rksodkhts ehd vosotars
luoct-oh ferdsjepk wotf nrkkh raais,
ecomk. (Zkk Ion. <9 ‚ ^ecc Zkjtoah, Zkjtoah, ehd
sfeccaw paacs, ehd trkk pcehtkrs, ar
Ion. :2 ‚ Rceze ‚ Rceze))
gauhdkd kertf ehd nress elavk tfk nerenk lkcaw.
Jehtockvkrkd
Es ahk hevonetks irag Gt. Edegs
Tfus, iregkd ly kejf
tfraunf tfk pceze ehd dawh ta Zewykr
rksodkht‟s provetk dwkccohn, pulcoj spejk
Raoht ehd tfk \ovkr, tfk kxpkrokhjk ehd
os jrketkd iar gavkgkht ehd ohtkrejtoah.
jahhkjtoah lktwkkh tfksk tfrkk pcejks
(Zkk Ion. <5 ‚ Zotk Zkjtoah, ehd Zkjtoah, ehd Ion. <:-
ehd ahk‟s lady rkvkecs otskci.
<; ‚ Gess ‚ Gess Gadkc Rfatas) Rfatas)
jurrkhtcy kxosts e jahjrktk steor tfet
Tfkrk
Tfraunfaut tfk konft gucto-tkrrejkd
lknohs et e sgecc perm ah Focc Zt., ruhs
luocdohns O‟vk prapaskd iar tfk sotk,
dawh tfk stkkp nredk ai tfk foccsodk, ehd
tfkrk erk e tatec ai <:> uhots ‚ (62) ahk-
ewmwerdcy
lkdraag, (5<5) twa-lkdraag, ehd (:9)
pkdkstroeh lrodnk tfet spehs Jacugloe
tfrkk-lkdraag dwkccohns - e tatec ier ckss
Rermwey. Ot os et tfos ohtkrskjtoah wfkrk wfkrk
tfeh tfk gast rkjkht gestkr pceh, wfojf
O lkneh gy rkdksonh ai tfos gujf hkkdkd
jecckd iar hkercy 422 ah tfos skvkh ejrk
jahhkjtoah. O fevk rkdksonhkd tfk lrodnk
pcus perjkc, eccawohn iar apkh nrkkh
ta ohtkrskjt tfk steor oh e gark dorkjt
spejk ehd raai tkrrejks. tkrrejks. Tfos goxturk ai
wey, kcogohetohn tfk ecgast turhstock
uhots os jerrokd tfraunfaut kejf icaar ehd
kxostohn jahdotoah. O‟vk wodkhkd ot ehd
irag iraht ta lejm ta eiiard kejf typk ai
nevk ot e nkhtck scapk ta jerry vosotars
uhot gehy doiikrkht vokws ai tfk rovkr,
ohta gy sotk.
Gt. Edegs, tfk ohtkrstotoec pcezes ehd
nrkktohn wotf eh kxtkhdkd cehdohn ehd eh
nrkkh spejks, ehd tfk joty smycohk. smycohk. (Zkk
appartuhoty ta temk oh tfk vokw ai tfk
Ion. 54-<2 ‚ Icaar ‚ Icaar Rcehs) Rcehs) Tfk luocdohns
rovkr ehd tfk Mkhtujmy foccs oh tfk
erk
dostehjk iregkd ly twa ai tfk rksodkhtoec
geohcy
sohnck-caedkd
ta
eiiard
gexogug vosuec jahhkjtoah lktwkkh
ohtkrskjts
e
herraw
Ahjk errovohn, ahk os
luocdohns, tfk geoh pceze, ehd tfk smy.
uhots, rksodkhts, ehd tfk pulcoj spejks
Et tfos paoht, e nkhtcy scapohn petf
5>
tfet os jervkd ohta tfk kxostohn nredk
uhots,
lknohs. Tfk petf os sotuetkd oh tfk sodk
wecmweys ai tfk uhots elavk, khtkr
ai tfk focc sa es ta eccaw tfk nredk ta
dorkjtcy aii ai tfksk stkppkd pcezes,
gkkt tfk petf ehd lk eh kxtkhsoah ai ot et
eneoh jrketohn e vkry tehnolck jahhkjtoah
jkrteoh cajetoahs. Irag tfk errovec paoht
lktwkkh skgo-pulcoj ehd pulcoj spejk.
et tfk lesk ai tfk lrodnk, e rk-jorjucetohn
Irag
wetkr iketurk jehtockvkrs avkr tfk petf,
wecmweys tfk rovkr os ecweys iregkd ehd
draps ohta e sfeccaw paac tfet ahk jeh
ecweys oh sotk. (Zkk Ion. :< ‚ Rceze ‚ Rceze ehd
kesocy taujf, ehd scodks dawh e cernk
\ovkr irag ^ecmwey) ^ecmwey)
rkteohohn wecc tfet daulcks es tfk lejm ai e jahjrktk lkhjf.
iregkd
tfksk
ly
pcezes
tfk
ehd
jehtockvkrkd
pkdkstroeh
Tfk ckvkc lkcaw tfk rksodkhtoec uhots
Tfos sketohn erke
fausks sgecc jaggkrjoec spejk.
(Zkk
eccaws iar tfask trevkrsohn tfk wohdohn
Ion. 5: ‚ Ckvkc ;54‟ ‚ Jaggkrjoec )
petf e pcejk ta rkst ehd temk oh tfk
Tfos eccaws iar strkkt vosolocoty iar ehy
iregkd vokw ai tfk rovkr ehd pceze wfock
patkhtoec jaggkrjoec uskrs es wkcc es
tfk jesjedohn wetkr drawhs aut tfk
pusfks tfk dwkccohn uhots up ehatfkr
sauhd ai tfk treiioj treiioj elavk. (Zkk Ion. :5
ckvkc elavk tfk strkkt ta novk ecc uhots e
‚ Foccsodk ‚ Foccsodk irag Zteor Cehdohn )
vokw ai tfk rovkr ehd Mkhtujmy foccsodk
^fkh ahk errovks pfysojeccy wotfoh
lkyahd.
Et tfos ckvkc ahk jeh kotfkr
tfk luocdohn‟s iregk, tfk ohdojetoah ai
wecm dawh e nkhtcy jurvohn steor ta tfk
tfk sotk‟s scapk stocc kxosts lut oh e gujf
rkteoc icaar lkcaw (Zkk Ion. Ion. 5< ‚
doiikrkht wey. Oh tfk kxostohn kxostohn sotk, sotk, tfk
Ckvkc ;22‟ ;2 2‟ ‚ \kteoc ) ar jahtohuk ejrass e
scapk lkneh ta icettkh aut sconftcy fkrk.
pkdkstroeh lrodnk tfet jerroks pkrsahs
Oh tfk prapaskd strujturk, e stkppkd
ejrass Kestkrh Evk. (Zkk Ion. <: ‚ Gess ‚ Gess
permohn nerenk kxosts lkcaw nredk. nredk . ^otf
Gadkc Rfata, ehd Ion. <5 ‚ Zotk Zotk Zkjtoah) Zkjtoah)
tfk hkjkssoty ai permohn ta dkec wotf, ehd
Tfk rkteoc ckvkc os gkeht ta fausk
ykt stocc wehtohn ta gogoj tfk kxostohn
sgecc suppartohn spejks sujf es jaiikk
sotk
gucto-
sfaps, dry jckehkrs, ehd tfk comk iar
ckvkckd, trkk-cohkd tkrrejks tfet hat ahcy
ohfelotehts ai tfk sotk es wkcc es tfask
jahtohuk ta wohd pkrsahs tfraunf tfk sotk
utocozohn Kestkrh Evk. es e vkfojucer
lut ecsa jrketk hugkraus sketohn, pcey,
ejjkss ohta ehd aut ai tfk Jkhtrec
ehd gkktohn spejks. Tfk nrauhd ckvkc
Lusohkss Dostrojt. Dostrojt. Tfk iarg ai tfos ckvkc
jahdotoahs,
O‟vk
jrketkd
56
fes guctopck jurvks oh pceh ehd e cernk
tfk rovkr. rovkr. Ah tfk tfk wkstkrh gast tkrrejk,
jehapy ta eddrkss tfk gavohn strkkt
tfk joty smycohk jeh lk skkh ehd tfk
treiioj es wkcc es jrketk guctopck sonft
kvkhohn suhskt jeh lk iuccy kxpkrokhjkd.
cohks iar ehy patkhtoec tkhehts ai tfk
Novkh ots praxogoty ta tfk JLD, O ikct e
spejk. Tfk pceze lktwkkh tfk rkteoc ehd
gktepfysojec
tfk strkkt os kckvetkd elaut iovk ikkt wotf
pfysojec jahhkjtoah ta Gt. Edegs ehd
e skroks ai rkteohohn weccs, trkks, stkps,
tfk rovkr, rovkr, wes hkjkssery. Fkrk ahk jeh
ehd regps iar ejjkss irag pkdkstroeh
wohd dawh ahk‟s dey wotf e jup ai
treiioj ehd strkkt permohn ecahn Kestkrh
jaiikk, hkonflars, ehd e spkjtejucer
ta jrketk e jagiartelck luiikr irag tfk
vokw.
spkkd ai tfk treiioj lkcaw. (Zkk Ion. 5<
paac iregks ahk‟s vokw ai tfk joty
‚ Ckvkc ‚ Ckvkc ;22‟ ‚ \kteoc )
smycohk
Tfk jrassohn
sckhdkr
pkdkstroeh
Kestkrh
ecsa
lrodnk
jrketks
jahhkjtoah,
comk
tfk
Eh apkh jehapy ehd rkickjtohn
ehd
lkyahd.
tfk
kvkr-jfehnohn
smy
(Zkk Ion. <>-
eh
Tkrrejk) Tkrrejk) Tfk appasohn tkrrejk, sogocer
alskrvetoah dkjm iar tfk ojk rohm ehd toks
oh iarg ykt iejohn kest, jepturks tfk
ohta e raaitap tkrrejk ehd stkps tfet
suhskt
daulck es tfk raai ai e sgecc rkjrketoah
rksodkhts ta lknoh tfkor dey wotf e
jkhtkr.
gagkht ai sockhjk ehd skrkhoty.
Fkrk, ahk errovks et tfk atfkr
oh
e
sogocer
wey
eccawohn
ehjfar ai tfk sotk O‟vk jfaskh ‚ tfk rovkr
Eitkr tejmcohn sujf e cernk sotk ehd
ehd Zewykr Raoht. (Zkk Ion. <5 ‚ Zotk
pranreg, O rkecozkd tfet e gark ohtogetk
Zkjtoah) Zkjtoah)
pranreg waucd fevk lkkh lkttkr suotkd
Es O prkvoauscy gkhtoahkd, kejf
ta kxpcark tfk odke ai pfkhagkhacany
icaar ai tfk luocdohns stkp lejm ta gogoj
wotfoh dksonh gktfadacany. O ikkc tfet
tfk
es
fevohn eccawkd gyskci tfk khkrny ta
ogpartehtcy, tfos tkrrejkd kiikjt ecsa
trucy nkt ohta kejf kxpkrokhjk ai ahk‟s
eccaws tfk luoct iarg ta rkejf e fkonft
typojec dey, O gonft fevk jagk ta e gark
hkjkssery ta eiiard tfk rksodkhts twa,
jahjosk jahjcusoah ar e gark spkjoioj
ecgast
jagguhoty
kxpcehetoah ai faw e pfkhagkhacanojec
spejks. Tfksk spejks erk cajetkd ah tfk
ckhs jaucd essost oh dksonhohn iar tfk
tap-ckvkc tkrrejk ai tfk luocdohns iregohn
fugeh
tfk jahhkjtoah lktwkkh Gt. Edegs ehd
ohtkrjahhkjtkdhkss
kxostohn
foccsodk,
sulcogk
lut
raaitap
`ust
5?
kxpkrokhjk wotf
ehd
aur
tfk
warcd
erauhd ehd egahn us. us. Fawkvkr, O ikkc tfk dksonh dkjosoahs O gedk, latf oh pranreg
es
ed`ejkhjoks, tfaunft dksonh
wkcc
es
lknoh
prajkss
ta
tawerd
gktfadacany
jahjkpts
ai
iarg
ehd
kxkgpcoiy e
raatkd
e
pkrsahec oh
pfkhagkhacany.
tfk Tfk
pranreg ehd prapaskd iarg lknoh ta hat ahcy iuciocc tfk prengetoj rkquorkgkhts ai luocdohn upah e sotk lut ecsa spkem ta faw e sotk jeh lk ohtkrprktkd ehd uhdkrstaad, uctogetkcy eddohn ehatfkr dogkhsoah ta e prapaskd luoct warm= e dogkhsoah
ai
e
pkrsah-warcd
ohtkrjahhkjtoah. ^fkh O vosotkd Cauos Mefh‟s Zecm Ohstotutk, O wes elck ta kxpcark ehd lknoh ta uhdkrstehd wfet Fkodknnkr gkeht wfkh fk kxpceohkd tfet luoct al`kjts jrketk e pcejk iar ahtacanojec kvkhts= wfet Ztkvkh Facc gkeht ly ehjfarohn ehd ohtkrtwohohn = ehd wfet Jfrostoeh Harlkrn-Zjfucz gkeht wfkh fk urnkd us ta –uhjavkr tfk gkehohns patkhtoeccy prkskht oh tfk novkh khvorahgkht‗. Ot os tfksk tfohns tfet O saunft ta uhjavkr ehd kxkgpcoiy oh gy eppraejf, gy gktfad, ehd gy dksonh ehd fapk ta kxpcark kvkh iurtfkr
es
O
jahtohuk
tfraunf
gy
erjfotkjturec jerkkr.
<2
LOLCOAN\ERF_ Cehnuenk. Axiard0 Axiard [hovkrsoty Rrkss, 5?>>. Eckxehdkr, Jfrostapfkr. E Rettkrh Cehnuenk.
Lejfkcerd, Nestah. –Raktojs ai Zpejk (kxtrejt).‗ Oh \ktfohmohn Erjfotkjturk0 Erjfotkjturk0 E \kedkr oh Jucturec Tfkary , kdotkd ly Hkoc Ckejf. Cahdah, Hkw _arm0 \autckdnk, 5??>. Lkrnsah, Fkhro. Gettkr ehd Gkgary, trehscetkd ly H. G. Reuc ehd ^. Z. Recgkr. Jeglrodnk, Gessejfusktts0 GOT Rrkss, 5?66. Dkjahstrujtoah= E Ztudkht Ztudkht Nkaiirky Lraedlkht, –Tfk Rfocasapfy ai Dkjahstrujtoah‗, oh Dkjahstrujtoah= Nuodk, kdotkd ly @arnk Ncuslkrn. Cahdah0 Ejedkgy Kdotoahs, 5??5.
Jesky, Kdwerd. Nkttohn Lejm Ohta Rcejk0 Tawerd e \khkwkd [hdkrstehdohn ai tfk Rcejk-^arcd . Lcaagohntah, OH0 Ohdoehe [hovkrsoty Rrkss, 5??:. Jcohk, Ehh. E Fut ai Ahk's Awh. Jeglrodnk, Gessejfusktts0 GOT Rrkss, 5??6. Davky, M. Ruttohn Nkagktry Oh Ots Rcejk0 Tawerd e Rfkhagkhacany ai tfk Dksonh Rrajkss. Oh Dwkccohn Zkkohn ehd Dksonhohn0 Tawerd e Rfkhagkhacanojec Kjacany, kdotkd ly D. Zkegah. Eclehy, Hkw _arm0 Z[H_ Rrkss, 5??:. Doeroks. Hkw _arm, Hkw _arm0 [hovkrsk Rulcosfohn, 5???. Koskhgeh, Rktkr. Doenreg Doeroks.
Nedegkr, Fehs-Nkarn. –Tfk Ahtacanojec Iauhdetoah ai tfk Ajjesoahec ehd tfk Erjfotkjturk0 E \kedkr oh Jucturec Jucturec Tfkary Tfkary , kdotkd Dkjaretovk.‗ Oh \ktfohmohn Erjfotkjturk0 ly Hkoc Ckejf. Cahdah, Hkw _arm0 \autckdnk, 5??>. Necaiera, Cuje. Donotec Koskhgeh0 Koskhgeh0 Eh Aiiojk ai ai tfk Kckjtrahoj Kckjtrahoj Kre. Lastah, Gessejfusktts0 Lormfeuskr, 5???. Nest, Mceus-Rktkr. Cauos O. Mefh0 Mefh0 Tfk Odke ai Ardkr. Lastah, Gessejfusktts0 Lormfeuskr, 5??6. Nutkhsjfwenkr, Nkrecd. –Erjfotkjturk oh e Jfehnohn ^arcd0 Tfk Hkw \fktaroj ai Iarg,‗ @aurhec ai Erjfotkjturec Kdujetoah (5??9)0 <49-<;6. Fkodknnkr, Gertoh. Lkohn ehd Togk, trehscetkd ly @aeh Ztegleunf, Eclehy, H_0 Ztetk [hovkrsoty ai Hkw _arm Rrkss, j5??9. Erjfotkjturk0 E Fkodknnkr, Gertoh. –Luocdohn, Dwkccohn, Tfohmohn.‗ Oh \ktfohmohn Erjfotkjturk0 \kedkr oh Jucturec Jucturec Tfkary Tfkary , kdotkd ly Hkoc Ckejf. Cahdah, Hkw _arm0 \autckdnk, 5??>. Cehnuenk, Tfaunft Tfaunft . Hkw _arm, H_0 Ferpkr & \aw, 5?>5. Fkodknnkr, Gertoh. Raktry, Cehnuenk,
<5
Fkodknnkr, Gertoh. –Tfk Enk ai tfk ^arcd Rojturk.‗ oh Tfk Uukstoah Jahjkrhohn Tkjfhacany ehd Atfkr Ksseys , Hkw _arm0 Ferpkr, 5?>>. Foccgeh, @egks, Ertfur Krojmsah, ehd ^occoeg F. ^fytk. Tfk Joty es Dwkccohn0 ^ecmohn, Zottohn, Zfepohn. Decces, Tkxes0 Tfk Decces Ohstotutk Rulcojetoahs, 5?6:. tfk Zauc ta tfk tfk ^arcd . Decces, TV0 Foccgeh, @egks. Ehoge Guhdo0 Tfk \kturh ai tfk Zprohn Rulcojetoahs, 5?6<.
Foccgeh, @egks. Joty ehd Zauc . Orvohn, Tkxes0 Jkhtkr iar Jovoj Ckedkrsfop, [hovkrsoty ai Decces, 5?>6. \k-vosoahohn n Rsyjfacany Rsyjfacany . Hkw _arm0 Ferpkr & \aw, 5?>;. Foccgeh, @egks. \k-vosoahoh Jeccohn . Hkw _arm, H_0 Foccgeh, @egks. Tfk Zauc‟s Jadk0 Oh Zkerjf ai Jferejtkr ehd Jeccohn . Lehteg Laams, 5??9.
Foss, Tahy. Tfk Kxpkrokhjk ai Rcejk . Hkw _arm0 Ecirkd E. Mhapi, Ohj., 5??2. Facc, Ztkvkh, @ufeho Reccesgee, ehd Eclkrta Rkrkz-Nagkz. Uukstoahs ai Rkrjkptoah0 Rfkhagkhacany Rfkhagkhacany ai Erjfotkjturk. Erjfotkjturk. Oh Erjfotkjturk ehd [rlehosg, @ucy 5??4. Tamya, @epeh0 E+[ Rulcosfkrs, 5??4. Ehjfarohn. Rrohjktah,
[email protected] Rrohjktah Erjfotkjturec Rrkss, 5??5. Facc, Ztkvkh. Ehjfarohn. Ohtkrtwohohn. Rrohjktah,
[email protected] Rrohjktah Erjfotkjturec Rrkss, 5??9. Facc, Ztkvkh. Ohtkrtwohohn.
Facc, Ztkvkh. Moesge, ^armohn ^armohn Rrajkss. Hkw _arm0 Erjfotkjturec Ckenuk ai Hkw _arm, 5??;. Facc, Ztkvkh. Rereccex. Rrohjktah,
[email protected] Rrohjktah Erjfotkjturec Rrkss, <222. Nkhkrec Ohtradujtoah Ohtradujtoah ta Rurk Rurk Rfkhagkhacany, Rfkhagkhacany, trehscetkd ly Fusskrc, Kdguhd. Odkes0 E Nkhkrec ^. \. Layjk Nolsah, Cahdah0 Jaccokr-Gejgocceh, 5?9<.
Fusskrc, Kdguhd. Jertksoeh Gkdotetoahs0 Eh Ohtradujtoah ta Rfkhagkhacany , trehscetkd ly Daroah Jeorhs, Tfk Fenuk0 G. Ho`faii, 5?92, j5?9>. Tfkgk0 Cauos O. Mefh Mefh ehd tfk Moglkcc Moglkcc Ert Guskug Guskug , Mefh, Cauos. Conft os tfk Tfkgk0 jagpockd ly Hkcc K. @afhsah. Iart ^artf, TV0 Moglkcc Ert Iauhdetoah, 5?>;. Erjfotkjturk0 E Ckiklvrk, Fkhro. –Tfk Rradujtoah ai Zpejk (kxtrejts).‗ Oh \ktfohmohn Erjfotkjturk0 \kedkr oh Jucturec Jucturec Tfkary Tfkary , kdotkd ly Hkoc Ckejf. Cahdah, Hkw _arm0 \autckdnk, 5??>.
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Ztrahn Jcker Yosoah Yosoah . Rradujkd ly Irkode Ckk Gajm ehd Tkrry Coh, Geye. Geye Coh0 E Ztrahn Zehdkrs. Dorkjtkd ly Irkode Ckk Gajm. ?6 goh. Egkrojeh Iocg Iauhdetoah, 5??4. Yodkajesskttk.
Gkrckeu-Rahty, Geurojk. Rfkhagkhacany Rfkhagkhacany ai Rkrjkptoah, Rkrjkptoah, trehscetkd ly Jacoh Zgotf, Cahdah0 \autckdnk ehd M. Reuc= Hkw _arm0 Fugehotoks Rrkss, 5?9<. Gkrckeu-Rahty, Geurojk. Tfk Yosolck ehd tfk Ohvosolck , trehscetkd ly Ecpfahsa Cohnos, Kvehstah0 Hartfwkstkrh [hovkrsoty Rrkss, 5?96. Gkrckeu-Rahty, Geurojk. "Kyk ehd Gohd." oh Tfk Rrogejy ai Rkrjkptoah . Kvehstah, OC0 Hartfwkstkrh [hovkrsoty Rrkss, 5?94. Gkykrs, Yojtaroe. –Zpejk ehd tfk Rkrjkptoah ai Togk,‗ @aurhec ai Erjfotkjturec Kdujetoah (5???)0 ?5-?;. Ohtkrprktetoahs ah Lkfeci Lkfeci ai Rcejk0 Rcejk0 Khvorahgkhtec Khvorahgkhtec Dospcejkgkhts Dospcejkgkhts Gunkreukr, \alkrt. Ohtkrprktetoahs ehd Ectkrhetovk \kspahsks . Eclehy0 Ztetk [hovkrsoty ai Hkw _arm Rrkss, 5??4. Ohtkrprktohn Khvorahgkhts0 Khvorahgkhts0 Tredotoah, Tredotoah, Dkjahstrujtoah, Dkjahstrujtoah, Gunkreukr, \alkrt. Ohtkrprktohn Fkrgkhkutojs Fkrgkhkutojs. Eustoh0 [hovkrsoty ai Tkxes Rrkss, 5??9.
Hkslott, Metk, kdotar. Tfkarozohn e Hkw Enkhde iar Erjfotkjturk0 Eh Ehtfacany ai Erjfotkjturec Erjfotkjturec Tfkary 5?9;-5??; 5?9;-5??; . Hkw _arm0 Rrohjktah Erjfotkjturec Rrkss, 5??9. Erjfotkjturk0 Gkehohn ehd Rcejk . Hkw _arm0 \ozzaco Harlkrn-Zjfucz, Jfrostoeh. Erjfotkjturk0 Ohtkrhetoahec Rulcojetoahs, Ohj., 5?66.
Harlkrn-Zjfucz, Jfrostoeh. Nkhous Cajo0 Tawerds e Rfkhagkhacany ai Erjfotkjturk . Cahdah0 Ejedkgy Kdotoahs, 5?62. Harlkrn-Zjfucz, Jfrostoeh. Tfk Jahjkpt ai Dwkccohn . Hkw _arm0 \ozzaco Ohtkrhetoahec Rulcojetoahs, Ohj., 5?6;. Rrokst, Ztkpfkh. Gkrckeu-Rahty. Gkrckeu-Rahty. Cahdah= Hkw _arm0 \autckdnk, 5??6. \udd, ^occoeg @. –Erjfotkjturk ehd Odkes0 E Rfkhagkhacany ai Ohtkrprktetoah,‗ @aurhec ai Erjfotkjturec Kdujetoah (wohtkr 5?6;)0 ?-]5
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Zjfhkkmcatf, Cyhde F. ehd \alkrt N. Zfolcky. –Ogpcejohn Erjfotkjturk ohta tfk Rrejtojk ai Rcejkgemohn,‗ @aurhec ai Erjfotkjturec Kdujetoah (<222)0 5:2-542. Zkegah, Devod ehd Ehhk Luttogkr, kdotars. Tfk Fugeh Kxpkrokhjk ai Zpejk ehd Rcejk. Cahdah0 Jraag Fkcg Rulcosfkrs, 5?62. Zkegah, Devod. "E ^ey ai Zkkohn Rkapck ehd Rcejk0 Rfkhagkhacany oh KhvorahgkhtLkfevoar \kskerjf," oh Tfkarktojec Rkrspkjtovks oh Khvorahgkht-Lkfevoar \kskerjf, kdotkd ly ^ephkr kt ec . Hkw _arm0 Mcuwkr Ejedkgoj / Rckhug Rulcosfkrs, <2220 5;>->6. Zkkohn, ehd Dksonhohn0 Dksonhohn0 Tawerd Tawerd e Rfkhagkhacanojec Rfkhagkhacanojec Zkegah, Devod, kdotar. Dwkccohn, Zkkohn, Kjacany. Eclehy0 Ztetk [hovkrsoty ai Hkw _arm Rrkss, 5??: .
Zpoknkclkrn, Fkrlkrt. Tfk Rfkhagkhacanojec Gavkgkht . Dardrkjft, tfk Hktfkrcehds0 Gertohus Ho`faii, 5?6<. Ztkiehavoj, Ohnrod Ckgeh. –Tkgparecoty ehd Erjfotkjturk0 E Rfkhagkhacanojec \kedohn ai Luoct Iarg,‗ @aurhec ai Erjfotkjturec Rcehhohn \kskerjf (5??4)0 <55-<<;. Tsjfugo, Lkrherd. Uukstoahs ai Zpejk0 Ckjturks ah Erjfotkjturk. Cahdah0 Lkrherd Tsjfugo ehd tfk Erjfotkjturec Essajoetoah, 5??2. Dkjahstrujtoah oh Erjfotkjturk Erjfotkjturk , kdotkd Tsjfugo, Lkrherd. –Rerj dk ce Yocckttk, Reros,‗ Re ros,‗ oh Dkjahstrujtoah ly Ehdrkes Repedemos. Hkw yarm0 Zt. Gertoh‟s prkss, 5??4. Rcejk. Gohhkepacos0 [hovkrsoty ai Gohhksate Rrkss, 5?>>. Tueh, _o-Iu. Zpejk ehd Rcejk.
^etsah, Dahecd. –Erjfotkjturk, Tkjfhacany, ehd Khvorahgkht,‗ @aurhec ai Erjfotkjturec Kdujetoah (5??>)0 55?-5<9. ^oncky, Germ. Tfk Erjfotkjturk ai Dkjahstrujtoah 0 Dkrrode's Feuht. Jeglrodnk, Gessejfusktts0 GOT Rrkss, 5??;. Yettoga, Noehho. –Tfk Khd ai Gadkrhoty, Tfk Khd ai tfk Rra`kjt1‗ Oh \ktfohmohn Erjfotkjturk0 Erjfotkjturk0 E \kedkr oh oh Jucturec Tfkary Tfkary , kdotkd ly Hkoc Ckejf. Cahdah, Hkw _arm0 \autckdnk, 5??>.
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