UNIVERSITATEA DE VEST TIMIŞOARA FACULTATEA DE GEOGRAFIE
IGIENA ANALIZATORILOR
PROFESOR
STUDENT
RODICA TOROK-OANCE
SLUSARCIUC ANDREI
ANUL 2012
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CUPRINS
Capitolul 1. Introducere…………………………… Introducere……………………………………………… …………………….....5 ….....5 1.1. Analizatorii………………………………………………………....5 1.2. Segmentele Segmentele unui analizator…….................................... analizator…….......................................................5 ...................5 Capitolul 2. Analizatorul vizual………………………………………… vizual……………………………………………7 …7 2.1. Segmentele Segmentele analizatorului vizual…………………………………..9 vizual…………………………………..9 2.2. Fiziologia analizatorului visual…………………………… visual……………………………………10 ………10 Capitolul 3. Analizatorul acustico – vestibular………………………… vestibular……………………………13 …13 3.1. Segmentele Segmentele analizatorului auditiv…………………………………15 auditiv…………………………………15 3.2. Fiziologia analizatorului acustic…………………………… acustic…………………………………...16 ……...16 3.3. Segmentele Segmentele analizatorului vestibular………………………………16 vestibular………………………………16 3.4. Fiziologia analizatorului vestibular………………………… vestibular………………………………..17 ……..17 Capitolul 4. Analizatorul cutanat………………………………………… cutanat…………………………………………..18 ..18 4.1. Segmentele Segmentele analizatorului cutanat…………………………………19 cutanat…………………………………19 4.2. Fiziologia analizatorului cutanat…………………………… cutanat…………………………………...20 ……...20 Capitolul 5. Analizatorul olfactiv………………………………………… olfactiv………………………………………….22 .22 5.1. Segmentele Segmentele analizatorului olfactiv…………………………………23 olfactiv…………………………………23 5.2. Fiziologia analizatorului olfactiv…………………………… olfactiv…………………………………..24 ……..24 Capitolul 6. Analizatorul gustativ………………………
.25
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Capitolul 7. Analizatorul kinestezic……………………………………… kinestezic……………………………………….28 .28 7.1. Structura analizatorului kinestezic………………………… kinestezic………………………………...29 ……...29 7.2. Segmentele Segmentele analizatorului kinestezic...............................................31 kinestezic...............................................31 Capitolul 8. Noţuni elementare de igienă şi patologie…………………….32 patologie…………………….32 8.1. Analizatorul vizual…………………………………………………33 8.2. Analizatorul acustico-vestibular……………………… acustico-vestibular…………………………………...34 …………...34 8.3. Analizatorul olfactiv……………………………………………….37 8.4. Analizatorul cutanat………………………………………………..39 Concluzie………………………………………………………………….41 Bibliografie………………………………………………………………..42
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Capitolul 1. Introducere Introducere
1.1 Analizatorii
Analizatorii sunt sisteme morfofuncţionale complexe şi unitare care au rolul de a recepţiona, conduce şi transforma in senzaţii specifice excitaţiile primate din mediul extern sau intern. Analizatorii sunt alcătuiţi din punct de vedere anatomic din trei segmente: periferic, intermediar şi central.
1.2. Segmentele unui analizator A.) Segmentul periferic (receptorul):
este reprezentat de structuri specializate ale organelor de simţ; - este stimulat de variaţia unei anumite forme de energie; - determină formarea potenţialului de receptor care se poate transforma în potenţial de acţiune. b.) Clasificarea receptorilor în funcţie funcţie de topografie (localizare): (localizare): - exteroceptori – localizaţi în piele; răspândiţi în sistemul locomotor; locomotor; - proprioceptori – răspândiţi - interoceptori (visceroceptori) – situaţi în peretele organelor interne. b.) Clasificarea receptorilor după natura excitantului: - mecanoreceptori mecanoreceptori – stimulaţi de atingere, presiune, lovire, distensie; -
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chemoreceptori – stimulaţi de modificarea concentraţiilor unor substanţe; - receptori electromagnetici – stimulaţi de radiaţiile electromagnetice electromagnetice luminoase. c.) Clasificarea receptorilor după distanţa de la care acţionează stimulul: - de contact – ex. receptorii tactili; - de distanţă – ex. receptorii auditivi. -
B.) Segmentul intermediar (de conducere): - este alcătuit din căile nervoase prin care potenţialele de acţiune formate la nivelul receptorilor ajung la centrii nervoşi superiori; - conduce de la receptori mesaje sub formă de impulsuri nervoase. C.) Segmentul central: - este reprezentat de aria din scoarţa cerebrală la care ajunge calea de conducere; - transformă în senzaţii specifice informaţiile primite.
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Capitolul 2. Analizatorul vizual
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Rolul analizatorului vizual îl reprezintă diferenţierea luminozităţii, formei şi culorii obiectelor, orientarea în spaţiu, menţinerea echilibrului şi a tonusului cortical. Globul ocular este alcătuit din trei tunici, sistemul optic şi sitemul fotoreceptor. A.) Tunicile globului ocular: – a.) Tunica externă - prezintă: –- sclerotica - porţiunea posterioară; – - opacă, alb-sidefie; - rol protector. - corneea – porţiunea anterioară; - transparentă, avasculară; - cu fibre nervoase amielinice. b.) Tunica medie – are trei porţiuni: - coroida – membrana pigmentată, pigmentată, vasculară; - rol în nutriţia globului ocular. - corpul ciliar – format din: - muşchiul ciliar – alcătuit din fibre musculare netede dispuse radiar şi circular; - procesele ciliare – ghemuri vasculare care secretă umoarea apoasă şi umoarea sticloasă. - irisul – alcătuit din fibre musculare netede circulare şi radiare;
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- are în centru o depresiune, fovea centralis, în care se găsesc numai conuri şi reprezintă zona cu acuitatea vizuală maximă. - pata oarbă – nu conţine celule fotoreceptore; - este locul pe unde iese nervul optic din retină. B.) Sistemul optic - este format din mediile transparente ale–globului ale–globului ocular. a.) Corneea b.) Umoarea apoasă – lichidul transparent, secretat de procesele ciliare; - are compoziţie asemănătoare asemănătoare lichidului cefalorahidian; - se află în camera anterioară (între cornee şi iris) şi în camera posterioară (între iris şi cristalin). c.) Cristalinul – este o lentilă biconvexă; biconvexă; - se află într-o capsulă elastică, numită cristaloidă; - la extremităţi se leagă de muşchiul ciliar prin ligamentul suspensor; - focalizează razele luminoase pătrunse prin pupilă. d.) Corpul vitros (umoarea vitroasă) – se găseşte între cristalin şi retină; - este transparent, cu consistenţă de gel.
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- sunt receptori pentru vederea diurnă şi perceperea culorilor. b.) celulele cu bastonaşe – sunt în număr de 125-130 milioane; milioane; - conţin pigmentul fotosensibil numit rodospina (purpulul retinian); - au prag de sensibilitate scăzut; - sunt receptori pentru vederea nocturnă şi crepusculară. B.) Segmentul intermediar (de conducere) – este format din trei neuroni: - primul neuron (protoneuronul) – este un neuron bipolar din retină; - al doilea neuron (deutoneuronul) – este un neuron multipolar din retină; - al treilea neuron (trironeuronul) – este în corpul geniculat lateral din metatalamus. C.) Segmentul central – este localizat în aria vizuală din lobul occipital, pe marginile scizurii calcarine.
2.2. Fiziologia analizatorului vizual Procesele prin care se realizează vederea sunt: recepţia vizuală, transmiterea mesajelor vizuale, formarea senzaţiilor vizuale. Recepţia vizuală se realizează la nivelul celulelor fotoreceptoare din
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- fasciculul de raze focalizează în spatele retinei; - imaginea formată este neclară; - se corectează cu lentile convergente (biconvexe). Reflexul pupilar fotomotor – irisul reglează reflex (prin variaţia diametrului pupilar) cantitatea de lumină proiectată pe retină. - lumină puternică – se contractă fibrele musculare circulare ale irisului (inervaţie de fibre nervoase parasimpatice); - pupila se micşorează = pupiloconstricţie pupiloconstricţie = mioză. - lumină slabă – se contractă fibrele musculare radiare; (inervate de fibre nervoase parasimpatice) - pupila se măreşte = pupilodilataţie pupilodilataţie = midriază. Acomodarea – este un proces automat de adaptare a ochiului pent11nspirierea clară a obiectelor obiectelor situate între punctul punctul proxim şi punctual punctual remotum. 11nspirit - punctual proxim – punctual cel mai apropriat de ochi la care vederea clară a obiectului se face cu efort maxim de acomodare. - punctul remotum (6 m) – punctul cel mai apropriat de ochi la care vederea clară a obiectului se face fără acomodare. În procesul de acomodare apar mai multe modificări: - rotirea internă a globilor oculari datorită contracţiei
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adaptarea la întuneric durează 30-40 minute; adaptarea la lumină durează 5 minute. Mecanismul vederii cromatice – teoria tricromatică Young-Helmholtz - consideră: - retina alcătuită din trei tipuri de celule cu conuri – ce conţin pigmenţi pentru pentru culorile roşu, verde şi albastru; albastru; - stimularea unei singure categorii de conuri determină senzaţia culorii absorbite; concomitentă şi inegală a celor trei categorii de - stimularea concomitentă conuri dă diferitele senzaţii cromatice; concomintentă şi egală a celor trei categorii de - stimularea concomintentă conuri dă senzaţia de lumină albă; - în lipsa stimulării luminoase se produce senzaţia de negru. -
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Capitolul 3. Analizatorul acustico-vestibular
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Urechea este formată din: - urechea internă – formată din pavilionul urechii şi conductul auditiv extern; - urechea medie (camera timpanică) – situată în osul temporal. - prezintă la exterior timpanul, iar spre interior fereastra ovală şi fereastra rotundă; - comunică cu nasofaringele prin trompa lui Eustachio; - conţine aer la presiune atmosferică; - între timpan şi membrana ferestrei ovale se află lanţul de trei oscioare: ciocanul, nicovala şi scăriţa. - urechea internă – este formată din labirintul osos în care se află labirintul membranos. - labirintul osos: - conţine perilimfă; - alcătuit din trei canale
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pentru auz.
3.1. Segmentele analizatorului auditiv A.) Segmentul periferic (receptorul) – se află în melcul osos (cohlee). Cohleea – este un canal osos răsucit de două ori şi jumătate în jurul unui ax central – columela. - este împărţită de lama spirală osoasă, membrana bazilară, membrana vestibulară în: - două rampe: rampa vestibulară şi rampa timpanică care comunică prin helicotremă; - canalul cohlear – delimitat de membrana bazilară, membrana vestibulară şi peretele extern al cohleei. - conţine receptorii auditivi – în organul Corti. Organul Corti – situat între faţa internă a membranei bazilare şi membrana tectoria. - format din: - celule de susţinere – delimitează tunelul lui Corti;
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3.2. Fiziologia analizatorului acustic Urechea umană percepe sunete cu frecvenţa cuprinsă între 16-20000 Hz şi intensitatea de 1-120 dB. Pavilionul captează undele sonore, conductul auditiv extern le transmite la membrana timpanică, care vibrează. Sistemul de oscioare transmite vibraţiile la fereastra ovală de unde sunt preluate de perilimfa din rampa vestibulară vestibulară şi timpanică. timpanică. Oscilaţiile perilimfei perilimfei determină şi oscilaţii ale endolimfei, deoarece membrana vestibulară este extrem de subţire. Oscilaţiile perilimfei determină deformarea membranei bazilare pe care se află organul Corti. Cilii celulelor auditive se îndoaie faţă de membrana tectoria şi se declanşează un potenţial de acţiune, transmis sub formă de impuls nervos, prin calea auditivă, la segmentul central, unde se transformă în senzaţia de auz. La baza melcului se percep sunetele înalte, iar la vârful acestuia se percep sunetele joase.
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dinamice. B.) Segmentul intermediar (de conducere) – este alcătuit din trei neuroni: - primul neuron (protoneuronul) – se află în ganglionul vestibular Scarpa; - dendritele sunt conectate cu celulele senzoriale; - axonii formează ramura vestibulară din bulbul rahidian. - al doilea neuron (deutoneuronul) – se află în nucleii vestibulari din bulbul rahidian. - al treilea neuron – se află în talamus. C.) Segmentul central – se află în girusul temporal superior.
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Capitolul 4. Analizatorul cutanat
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Analizatorul cutanat conţine receptorii tactili, termici, durerosi, de presiune şi vibratorii, situaţi situaţi în piele. Pielea este formată din trei straturi: epiderm, derm, hipoderm. Epidermul – ţesut epitelial pluristratificat, keratinizat, aşezat pe membrana bazală. Dermul – ţesut conjunctiv dens; - prezintă papile dermice. Hipodermul – ţesut conjunctiv lax, cu celule adipoase; - este rezerva de grăsime subcutanată a organismului.
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dureroasă; - anterior – pentru sensibilitatea tactilă grosieră şi protopatică. - primul neuron – neoronul somatosenzitiv din ganglionul spinal; - al doilea neuron – în cornul posterior al măduvei spinării; - al treilea neuron – în talamus. se înrucişează la nivelul măduvei spinării. b.) spinobulbare – pentru sensibilitatea tactilă fină; - primul neuron – neuronul somatosenzitiv din ganglionul spinal; - al doilea neuron – în nucleii Goll şi Burdah din bulbul •
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- intensitatea senzaţiei depinde de mărimea suprafeţei excitante şi de distanţa de temperatură dintre tegument şi excitant. Sensibilitatea Sensibilitatea dureroasă – este determinată de excitanţi care produc leziuni celulare; - zone cu sensibilitate mare: degete, buze, vârful limbii; - durerea tegumentară se manifestă cu o mare capacitate de discriminare; - algoreceptorii sunt mai rari în viscere; - durerea viscerală nu se poate localiza precis.
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Capitolul 5. Analizatorul olfactiv
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5.2. Fiziologia analizatorul olfactiv:
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Capitolul 6. Analizatorul gustativ
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Analizatorul gustativ recepţionează şi prelucrează excitaţiile determinate de proprietăţile chimice ale substanţelor sapide solubile care intră în contact cu mucoasa bucală.
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C.) Segmentul central - este reprezentat de aria gustativă, situată la baza girusului parietal parietal ascendent, unde se integrează integrează sensibilitatea gustativă gustativă cu cea tactilă, termică şi dureroasă a limbii, transmisă prin fibrele
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