Testing of Hypothesis Hypothesis: A statistical hypothesis is an assumption that we make about a population parameter, which may or may not be true concerning one or more variables. According to Pr...
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It is based on the juvenile delinquency of Faridpur district of Dhaka , Bangladesh.
Assignment on cooperative society.
Running head: Hypothesis Testing Testing
An assignment on Hypothesis Testing Nabeena Khatri LC00016000035 Third semester Nepa !usiness Coege !iratnagar"15# Nepa
Author Note
This This assign assignmen mentt $as prepare prepared d %or &uantit &uantitati ati'e 'e method# method# !!A"(5 !!A"(5(3 (3 departm department ent o% &uantitati'e method taught by )r* Ram !abu Ka%e
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Running head: Hypothesis Testing Abstract
Testing o% hypothesis is an important aspe+t o% theory o% de+ision ma,ing* -ne o% the most important +onsiderations $hen beginning your resear+h $or, and %ormuating the resear+h probem is +onstru+ting the hypothesis* .eneray# hypothesis pro'ides +arity so that you +an %o+us on a resear+h probem* Ho$e'er# this is not essentia %or a study or resear+h $or,* A resear+her +an +ondu+t a 'aid in'estigation $ithout +onstru+ting a hypothesis* Ho$e'er# it is a$ays good to +onstru+t a hypothesis as it $i hep to narro$ do$n your %o+us o% resear+h* The signi%i+an+e o% a hypothesis ies in its abiity to bring dire+tion and spe+i%i+ity to your resear+h $or,*
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Running head: Hypothesis Testing
Acknowledgement
This assignment is a $onder%u e/perien+e %or me be+ause it gi'es us ,no$edge o% di%%erent +on+eptua and pra+ti+abe +urri+uum o% our study* There is 'ery 'ast in saying and doing* 'ery study has +uriosity about their +on+eptua studies* $oud i,e to e/press my spe+ia than,s to my sub2e+t tea+her )r* Ramesh !abu Ka%ey $ho ga'e me su+h a goden opportunity to do this $onder%u assignment on the topi+ o% )easure o% o+ation $hi+h aso heps me in doing ots o% resear+h and +ome to ,no$ about so many things* am reay than,s to them %rom my inner heart that heps in this assignment* m ma,ing this assignment not ony %or the mar,s but aso %or in+reasing my ,no$edge* aso apoogies %or $ea,ness# speing# grammati+a error or any ,ind o% mista,e in this assignment
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Running head: Hypothesis Testing Introduction
4hat is Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis testing is an a+t in statisti+s $hereby an anayst tests an assumption regarding a popuation parameter* The methodoogy empoyed by the anayst depends on the nature o% the data used and the reason %or the anaysis* Hypothesis testing is used to in%er the resut o% a hypothesis per%ormed on sampe data %rom a arger popuation* or e*g* 7tudents $ho re+ei'e +ounseing $i sho$ a greater in+rease in +reati'ity than studen ts not re+ei'ing +ounseing
!RAKN. 8-4N Hypothesis Testing n hypothesis testing# an anayst tests a statisti+a sampe# $ith the goa o% a++epting or re2e+ting a nu hypothesis* The test tes the anayst $hether or not his primary hypothesis is true* % it isnt true# the anayst %ormuates a ne$ hypothesis to be tested# repeating the pro+ess unti data re'eas a true hypothesis** Characterticts of Hypothesis
Cear and pre+ise*
Capabe o% being tested*
7tated reationship bet$een 'ariabes*
Limited in s+ope and must be spe+i%i+*
7tated as %ar as possibe in most simpe terms so that the same is easiy understand by a +on+erned* !ut one must remember that simpi+ity o% hypothesis has nothing to do $ith its signi%i+an+e*
Consistent $ith most ,no$n %a+ts*
Responsi'e to testing $ithin a reasonabe time* -ne +a nt spend a i%e time +oe+ting data to test it*
/pain $hat it +aims to e/pain9 it shoud ha'e empiri+a re%eren+e*
Types of Hypothesis
* II.
Nu hypothesis Aternati'e hypothesis
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Running head: Hypothesis Testing
Null hypothesis
4hat is a Nu Hypothesis A nu hypothesis is a type o% hypothesis used in statisti+s that proposes that no statisti+a signi%i+an+e e/ists in a set o% gi'en obser'ations* The nu hypothesis attempts to sho$ that no 'ariation e/ists bet$een 'ariabes or that a singe 'ariabe is no di%%erent than its mean* t is presumed to be true unti statisti+a e'iden+e nui%ies it %or an aternati'e hypothesis*
!RAKN. 8-4N Nu Hypothesis The nu hypothesis# aso ,no$n as the +on2e+ture# assumes that any ,ind o% di%%eren+e or signi%i+an+e you see in a set o% data is due to +han+e* The opposite o% the nu hypothesis is ,no$n as the aternati'e hypothesis* Hypothesis is denoted by 0*% a popuation mean is eua to hypothesi;ed mean then Nu Hypothesis +an be $ritten as H0: = 0 Alternative hypothesis
The aternati'e hypothesis is the hypothesis used in hypothesis testing that is +ontrary to the nu hypothesis* t is usuay ta,en to be that the obser'ations are the resut o% a rea e%%e+t <$ith some amount o% +han+e 'ariation superposed=* The Aternati'e hypothesis is negation o% nu hypothesis and is denoted by . % Nu is gi'en as 0: > 0 Then aternati'e Hypothesis +an be $ritten as 0: > 0 : ? 0 : @ 0 : 0
Confidence levels
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Running head: Hypothesis Testing n sur'ey samping# di%%erent sampes +an be randomy see+ted %rom the same popuation9 and ea+h sampe +an o%ten produ+e a di%%erent +on%iden+e inter'a* 7ome +on%iden+e inter'as in+ude the true popuation parameter9 others do not* A +on%iden+e e'e re%ers to the per+entage o% a possibe sampes that +an be e/pe+ted to in+ude the true popuation parameter* or e/ampe# suppose a possibe sampes $ere see+ted %rom the same popuation# and a +on%iden+e inter'a $ere +omputed %or ea+h sampe* A B5 +on%iden+e e'e impies that B5 o% the +on%iden+e inter'as $oud in+ude the true popuation parameter**The +on%iden+e e'e indi+ates ho$ i,ey it is that the popuation parameter# su+h as the mean# is +ontained in the +on%iden+e inter'a* The +on%iden+e e'e represents the per+entage o% inter'as that $oud in+ude the popuation parameter i% you too, sampes %rom the same popuation again and again* Thus# i% you +oe+ted one hundred sampes# and made one hundred B5 +on%iden+e inter'as# you $oud e/pe+t appro/imatey B5 o% the inter'as to +ontain the popuation parameter# su+h as the mean o% the popuation# as sho$n in the %oo$ing %igure*
Here# the hori;onta ba+, ine represents the %i/ed 'aue o% the un,no$n popuation mean# D* The 'erti+a bue +on%iden+e inter'as that o'erap the hori;onta ine +ontain the 'aue o% the popuation mean* The red +on%iden+e inter'a that is +ompetey beo$ the hori;onta ine does not* A B5 +on%iden+e e'e indi+ates that 1B out o% (0 sampes
Significance evel
The nu hypothesis is re2e+ted i% the p"'aue is ess than a predetermined e'e# E* E is +aed the signi%i+an+e e'e# and is the probabiity o% re2e+ting the nu hypothesis gi'en that it is true
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