PRODUCTION
POLY
OF
ETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE
8
(
PET.:: PET.
P-
~! .
•
. •
February Februa ry,, 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .......................................... .............................................................. ........................................ ......................................... ............................iv .......iv LIST OF T!LES ........................................ ............................................................ ........................................ ........................................... ...............................iv ........iv C"NO#LEDGE$ENTS ......................................... ............................................................. ........................................ ..................................... ................. v STTE$ENT OF T%E PRO&ECT...................... PRO&ECT.......................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................vi ....vi NO$ENCLTURE ........................................ ............................................................. ......................................... .......................................... ...........................vii .....vii !STRCT .......................................... .............................................................. ........................................ ........................................ .................................... ................ viii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1.%ISTORICL !C"GROUND ........................................ ............................................................ ........................................ ........................... ....... 2 1.1.Pr'(u)* Deve+'-e* ........................................ ............................................................ ........................................ ........................................ .................... 2 1.2.Te)/'+'y Deve+'-e* ........................................ ............................................................ ........................................ ................................. ............. 2 2.I$PORTNCE OF PET ND TP.................... TP ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ...................... .. 2.1.Ue '3 TP ....................................... ........................................................... ........................................ ........................................... ................................... ............ 2.2.Ue '3 PET...................................... PET.......................................................... ........................................ ........................................... ..................................... .............. 4 .PROPERTIES OF PET ND TP ...................................... .......................................................... ........................................... .......................... ... 4 .1.Pr'er*ie '3 TP.............................................. TP.................................................................. ........................................ ........................................ .................... 4 .2.Pr'er*ie '3 PET ..................................... .......................................................... ......................................... .......................................... ............................ ...... 4 4.%ELT%, SFET5, ND EN6IRON$ENTL CONSIDERTIONS ......................... 7 4.1.%SE '3 TP ......................................... ............................................................. ........................................ ......................................... ................................. ............ 4.2.%SE '3 PET................................... PET....................................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ .................... 7.STORGE ND TRNSPORTTION ...................................................... .......................................................................... ...................... 7.1.S*'rae a( a ( Tra'r*a*i' Tra'r *a*i' '3 TP ............................................. ................................................................. ................................. ............. 7.2.S*'rae a( Tra'r*a*i' Tra 'r*a*i' '3 PET ....................................... ........................................................... ........................................ .................... 9 .$NUFCTURING TEC%NOLOGIES.................. TEC%NOLOGIES...................................... ........................................ .................................... ................ 9 .1.TP $au3a)*uri $au3a) *uri Te)/'+'ie ...................................... .......................................................... .......................................... ...................... 9 .1.1.Dire)* 'i(a*i' 'i( a*i' '3 ;y+ee ; y+ee ...................................... .......................................................... ........................................ .......................... ...... 9 .1.1.1.-')' r')e ....................................... ........................................................... ........................................ ...................................... .................. 8 .1.1.2.T'ray r')e ....................................... ........................................................... ........................................ ...................................... .................. 10 .1.1..$i*ubi/i "aei r')e ...................................... .......................................................... ......................................... ..................... 12 i
.1.1.4.Ea*-a r')e ...................................... .......................................................... ........................................ ................................... ............... 1 .1.2.%y(r'+yi '3 D$T........................................... D$T............................................................... ........................................ ................................. ............. 14
i
.1.2.1.Dya-i*e N'be+ r')e ........................................ ............................................................ ........................................ .................... 1 .1.2.2.#i**e r')e................... r')e ....................................... ........................................ ........................................ ..................................... ................. 18 .1.2..Su+
G %e-a r')e .................................................. 1? .1..Oi(a*i' '3 *'+uee ....................................... ........................................................... ........................................ ................................... ............... 22 .1..1.%e@e+ II r')e ......................................... ............................................................. ........................................ .............................. .......... 2 .1..2.P/i++i= R/'e AP'u+e) r')e BPRP r')e .......................................... 27 .1.4.O*/er *e)/'+'ie ........................................ ............................................................ ........................................ ..................................... ................. 2 .1.4.1.Ni*ri) 'i(a*i' '3 ;y+ee BDu P'* r')e ............................................. 2 .1.4.2.--'i(a*i' '3 ;y+ee BLu--u r')e ............................................. 29 .1.4..Pr'(u)*i' 3r'- ';y+ee 'r a/*/a+ee B%e@e+ I r')e ....................... 29 .1.4.4.$i*ubi/i r')e ........................................ ............................................................ ........................................ ............................. ......... 2? .1.7.Pr'(u)*i' 3r'- re)y)+i re)y)+i '3 PET................................ PET.................................................... ......................................... ..................... 2? .1.7.1.%y(r'+yi '3 re)y)+e( re) y)+e( PET .............................................. .................................................................. ............................. ......... 2? .1.7.2.+)'/'+yi ........................................ ............................................................ ........................................ ........................................ .................... 0 .1..Pr'(u)*i' 3r'- )'a+ ....................................... ........................................................... ........................................ .................................. .............. 0 .1.9.Oi(a*i' '3 ;)y-ee Bbi';bae( Sy*/ei....................................................... 0 .1.8.E+e)*r'+yi '3 *ere/*/a+a*e *ere/ */a+a*e a+* a+* ........................................... ............................................................... ............................... ........... 1 .2.P'+y-eriG eay ea y u r')e ....................................... ........................................................... ........................................ ................................. ............. 4 .2..U(/e;Ive*a;Fi)/er .2..U(/e;Ive*a; Fi)/er B2R r')e BUIF BU IF ............................................ ............................................................. ................. 7 .2.4.Luri i--er D%I r')e ....................................... ........................................................... ........................................... ......................... 7 .2.7.Ea*-a I*eRe ...................................... .......................................................... ........................................ ........................................ .................... 9 .2..E*/'y+a*i' '3 TP ....................................... ........................................................... ........................................ ................................... ............... 8 .2.9.!u/+er r')e r')e BPET re)y)+e ....................................... ........................................................... ......................................... ..................... 40 9.$R"ET OF PET ........................................... ............................................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................ .... 41 9.1.G+'ba+ Pr'(u)*i' '3 PET ................................................... ....................................................................... ........................................ .................... 41 9.1.1.#'r+(i(e -a'r ...................................... .......................................................... ......................................... ......................................... .................... 41 9.1.2.G+'ba+ -ar@e* -ar@ e* 3're)a* 3're )a* 3'r PET ............................................ ................................................................ ................................. ............. 41 9.2.Ra $a*eria+ #'r+(i(e ....................................... ........................................................... ......................................... ............................... .......... 42 ii
9.2.1.P;y+ee ................................................................................................................. 42
ii
9.2.2.)e*i) a)i( ............................................................................................................. 4 9.2..$EG. ................................................................................................................. 4 9..L')a+ $ar@e* '3 PET................................................................................................... 4 9..1.L')a+ r'(u)*i' .................................................................................................... 44 9..2.L')a+ )'u-*i'................................................................................................. 44 9...L')a+ -ar@e* 3're)a* ............................................................................................ 44 9.4.Ra $a*eria+ i Ey*............................................................................................... 47 9.4.1.P;y+ee ................................................................................................................. 47 9.4.2.$EG. ................................................................................................................. 47 9.4..)e*i) a)i( ............................................................................................................. 47 9.7.Caa)i*y Re)'--e(a*i' ......................................................................................... 4 8.E6LUTION OF $NUFCTURING TEC%NOLOGIES ...................................... 49 8.1.Eva+ua*i' '3 $''-er $au3a)*uri Te)/'+'ie ............................................... 49 8.2.Eva+ua*i' '3 P'+y-eri
iii
LIST OF FIGURES Fiure 1: Geera+ Ue '3 PET .............................................................................................. Fiure 2: F+' S/ee* '3 -')' Pr')e .............................................................................11 Fiure : T'ray Pr')e 3'r Pr'(u)*i' '3 TP..................................................................12 Fiure 4: F+' S/ee* '3 Ea*-a Pr')e ...........................................................................17 Fiure 7: F+' S/ee* '3 Dya-i*e N'be+ Pr')e ..............................................................19 Fiure : %y(r'+yi Pr')e Deve+'e( by Deua G ..................................................18 Fiure 9: F+' S/ee* '3 #i**e Pr')e ..............................................................................20 Fiure 8: F+' S/ee* '3 %>G Pr')e ................................................................................21 Fiure ?: %>G %e-a=Su+G Pr')e 3'r Pr'(u)i PET......................................................................7 Fiure 14: U(/e;Ive*a;Fi)/er B2R Pr')e BUIF ......................................................... Fiure 17: D%I P'+y)'(ea*i' Pr')e by Luri i--er .............................................9 Fiure 1: C'-bie( E*eri3i)a*i' P'+y)'(ea*i' Pie Rea)*'r Deve+'e( by Ea*-a ;I*eRe ...........................................................................................................8 Fiure 19: Pr'(u)*i' '3 !%ET ..........................................................................................? Fiure 18: Pr'(u)*i' '3 PET 3r'- !%ET by Ui T' S*ae '3 Pie+ie Rea)*'r .....? Fiure 1?: !u/+er F'ur S*ae SSP PET Pr')e................................................................40 Fiure 20: G+'ba+ Ue '3 PET............................................................................................41 Fiure 21: Gr'*/ Ra*e '3 PET De-a(...........................................................................42 Fiure 22: C'u-*i' '3 PET !'**+e Gra(e i Ey* .....................................................44 Fiure 2: Di*ribu*i' '3 #ei/* 3'r Ea)/ Fa)*'r ............................................................48 Fiure 24: Re)'--e(e( F+' S/ee*.................................................................................7
LIST OF TABLES Tab+e 1: P/yi)a+ a( C/e-i)a+ Pr'er*ie '3 TP .............................................................. 4 Tab+e 2 Geera+ Pr'er*ie '3 PET ........................................................................................ 7 Tab+e : Eva+ua*i' Reu+* '3 Di33ere* Te)/'+'ie ........................................................71 iv
Tab+e 4: Ea-+e 3'r Ea)/ Tye '3 Te)/'+'ie ............................................................7
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT T/e PET r'e)* *ea- i/e *' ere i* (ee are)ia*i' *' a++ */'e /' /e+e( i reari */e re'r* a( i ar*i)u+ar *': ;Dr. Tare@ $'u*a3a a( Dr. /-e( S'+i-a, 3'r */eir e)'urae-e* a( u'r* ;Dr. Ree- E**'uy a( Dr. Ta-er Sa-ir, 3'r */eir ai*a)e ;C/e-i*, $'/ab %aa $'/a-e( BGeera+ $aaer i*a* '3 )'--er)ia+ a33air, Ey*ia Pe*r')/e-i)a+ %'+(i C'-ay, E)/e- 3'r /i e33'r* a( *i-e ;E. $'/a-e( Ga-a+, 3'r /i a(vi)e a( -'*iva*i' ;C/e-i*, $'/a-e( bu;%era B$aaer '3 C/e-i)a+ I(u*rie C/a-ber, Ey*ia I(u*rie Ui' 3'r /i eerie)e a( )''era*i' F'r a++ */e -e*i'e( a-e a( '*/er, */a@ y'u very -u)/.
vi
STATEMENT OF THE PROJECT I* i */e 'be)*ive '3 */i re'r* *' /a(e +i/* ' */e i(u*ry '3 '+ye*/y+ee *ere/*/a+a*e a 'e '3 */e -'* i-'r*a* '+y-eri) i(u*rie i)+u(i -au3a)*uri *e)/'+'ie a+' i*/ '*/er *e)/i)a+ a( e)''-i)a+ re+a*e( ae)*. T/e re'r* )')er '+y */e -au3a)*uri '3 TP a a -''-er '3 PET a( ('e '* /a(+e */e -au3a)*uri '3 '*/er -''-er Bea-+e: EG. T/e )'e '3 */i 'r@ i *' re)'--e( */e -'* ui*ab+e *e)/'+'y 3'r r'(u)i PET i Ey*. ++ */e i3'r-a*i' i */i re'r* are bae( u' */e au-*i' */a* */e ra -a*eria+ i++ be 'b*aie( 3r'- */eir 'ur)e i*/ */e reHuire( uri*y, a( i++ '* ee( 3ur*/er r')ei 'r uri3i)a*i' i ay '3 */e r')ee reHuire(.
vi
NOMENCLATURE
!%ET
!i; /y(r'ye*/y+ Tere/*/a+a*e
OL
!P
!ri*i/ Pe*r'+eu-
OS%
C!
Carb'y;!e
P!T
CSD
Carb'a*e( S'3* Dri@
PCDT
CSTR
C'*iu'u S*irre( Ta@ Rea)*'r
PET
P'+ye*/y+ee Tere/*/a+a*e
CT
Cru(e Tere/*/a+i) )i(
PR
Pr'3i* Ra*i'
DEG
Die*/y+ee G+y)'+
PT
Puri3ie( Tere/*/a+i) )i(
D%I
Dire)* %i/ I*rii) 6i)'i*y
PTT
D$T
Di-e*/y+ Tere/*/+a*e
R>D
Reear)/ a( Deve+'-e*
E)/e-
Ey*ia Pe*r')/e-i)a+ %'+(i C'.
ROI
Re*ur ' Ive*-e*
EE
Ea* Eur'e
RPET
EG
E*/y+ee G+y)'+
S!IC
EPT
Ea*-a Puri3ie( Tere/*/a+i) )i(
SSP
S'+i( S*a*e P'+y-eri
EU
Eur'ea Ui'
T
Tere/*/a+i) )i(
I6
I*rii) 6i)'i*y
TEG
Trie*/y+ee G+y)'+
LCP
LiHui( Cry*a+ P'+y-er
TPC
T'*a+ Pr'(u)*i' C'*
$EG
$'' E*/y+ee G+y)'+
TP
Tere/*/a+i) )i(
$i((+e Ea* Oi+ Re3iery
TPN
Tere/*/a+'i*ri+e
$$T
$'' $e*/y+ Tere/*/a+a*e
#E
#e* Eur'e
$T
$e*ri) T' er u-
#RC
#a*er Re-'va+ C'+u-
NTP
Na*i'a+ T'i)'+'y Pr'ra-
$IDO R
vii
O-a r'-a*i) C'-ay O))ua*i'a+ Sa3e*y a( %ea+*/ (-ii*ra*i' P'+y !u*y+ee Tere/*/a+a*e P'+y;1, 4;Cy)+'/ey+ee; Di-e*y+ee Tere/*/a+a*e
P'+y Tri-e*/y+ee Tere/*/a+a*e
Re)y)+e( P'+ye*/y+ee Tere/*/a+a*e Sau(i !ai) I(u*rie C'r'ra*i'
ABSTRACT T/e -ai 'be)*ive '3 */i re'r* i *' (i)u */e PET '+y-er r'(u)*, a( *' re)'--e( a *e)/'+'y 3'r */e r'(u)*i' '3 PET rei. T/e *' -a*eria+ (i)ue( i (e*ai+ */r'u/'u* */e re'r* are TP a( PET */ee are ree)*ive+y */e i*er-e(ia*e r'(u)* a( r'(u)* '3 */e re)'--e(e( *e)/'+'y /i)/ i Ea*-a a( Ea*-a I*eRe. T/i re)'--e(a*i' i */e reu+* '3 a eva+ua*i' */a* i ('e bae( ' */e ei/*e( )'re -e*/'( be*ee */e (i33ere* *e)/'+'ie. * */e beii eera+ i3'r-a*i' ab'u* PET a( TP i (i+aye(. T/e */e r'(u)*i' *e)/'+'ie /i)/ are (ivi(e( i*' *' ar*, */e 3ir* i 3'r */e r'(u)*i' '3 TP 3r'- i* vari'u ra -a*eria+, */e */e r'(u)*i' '3 PET 3r'- TP /i)/ are */e '+y-eri
viii
INTRODUCTION PET i a '+y-er */a* 'ee rea* i-'r*a)e i */e )'*e-'rary 'r+( '3 +a*i). !ei a */er-'+a*i) i.e. re)y)+ab+e '+y-er -a(e i* */e u-ber 'e )/'i)e 3'r u-er'u a+i)a*i' /i)/ a*i3ie */e 'r+( ee( 3'r a reeer a( -'re e)'+'i)a+ a+*era*ive *' )'--'+y ue( +a*i) u)/ a '+ye*/y+ee a( '*/er. N'a(ay, T' PET ra(e ('-ia*e */e +'ba+ -ar@e* 3iber;ra(e PET a( b'**+e;ra(e PET. T/ey (i33er -ai+y i */e e( r'(u)* r'er*ie u)/ a '*i)a+ aeara)e a( r'(u)*i' *e)/'+'ie /ere */ee r'er*ie )a be )'*r'++e( by -'+e)u+ar ei/*, i*rii) vi)'i*y, a( a((i*ive e)i3i) *' ea)/ r')e 'r a+i)a*i'. O*/er ue i)+u(e 3i+- r'(u)*i' a( e)ia+*y y+'
[17]
.
T/e )'e '3 */i re'r* i++ 3')u ' b'**+e;ra(e PET be)aue '3 i* /i/ (e-a( ee)ia++y i */e Ey*ia -ar@e*. T/e re'r* (i)ue */e /i*'ri)a+ (eve+'-e* '3 PET, i* i-'r*a)e, r'er*ie a( -a*eria+ /a(+i )'i(era*i'. */
Ever i)e i* (i)'very i */e beii '3 20 )e*ury evera+ )'-aie ere i*ere*e( i r'vi(i r'(u)*i' *e)/'+'ie *' u+y */e i)reai ee( 3'r +are a-'u* '3 PET. Te)/'+'ie a( */eir )urre* +i)e'r are (i)ue( i (e*ai+ i*/ */eir 3+' /ee*, )/e-i*ry a( e)i3i) r'er*ie. T/e re'r* +i* */e PET r'(u)*i' r')ee i*' *' -ai ar* -''-er reara*i' a( '+y-eri
1
1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND P'+ye*er a i(e+y @' a y*/e*i) 3iber (erive( 3r'- e*r'+eu- r'(u)* i*/ air a( a*er, */a* a 3ir* (eve+'e( i a +ab'ra*'ry (uri */e *e*ie*/ )e*ury. P'+ye*er a a '+y-er i 3'r-e( 3r'- */e )/e-i)a+ rea)*i' '3 a a)i( a( a+)'/'+, /ere *' 'r -'re -'+e)u+e )'-bie *' -a@e a +are -'+e)u+e /'e *ru)*ure reea* */r'u/'u* i* +e*/.K2 1.1. Produ! D"#"$o%&"'!
I */e Ui*e( S*a*e a* 1?2 E.I Du P'* (e Ne-'ur a( C'. *ar*e( */eir reear)/ ab'u* very +are -'+e)u+e a( r'(u)e( y+' a */e very 3ir* y*/e*i) 3iber. b'u* *e year +a*er reear)/ *ar*e( *' )rea*e '+ye*er 3iber, /i)/ a 3ir* r'(u)e( i */e Ui*e( S*a*e. T/ere are *' *ye '3 '+ye*er PET a( PCDT, /ere PET i -'re 'u+ar a( -'*+y ue( '. Duri */e 3i3*ie */e PET 3iber a 3ir* i*r'(u)e( *' */e -ar@e* u(er */e a-e Da)r'. Due *' i* a(va*ae '3 '* ee(i *' be ir'e(, */e 3iber '' be)a-e 3a-'u. T/i i)reae( */e (e-a( a( ' */e r'(u)*i' '3 PET 3iber /i)/ ea(e( rai(+y i */e eve*ie. K22 PET r'(u)*i' (i( '* *' a* */e 3iber /ae, i* a (i)'vere( +a*er */a* i* )a be -a(e i*' 3i+- ue( i -ay a+i)a*i' u)/ a 3''( a)@ai -a*eria+, vi(e' *ae a( r'3ei'a+ /'*'ra/i 3i+-. +' (uri */e +a* *e year PET a i*r'(u)e( a( a))e*e( a b'**+e -a*eria+ 3'r beverae e++i a( *'ri, */i 3ur*/er i-r've( */e PET r'(u)*i' a( ' */e i(u*ry. K2 1.(. T")'o$o*+ D"#"$o%&"'!
Duri */e eri'( 1?42;1?44 #/i3ie+(, Di)@' a( %ar(y -a(e TP by (e/y(r'ea*i (ie*ee i*/ u+3ur *' 3'r- P;)y-ee BP;i'r'y+ *'+uee,/i)/ */ey 'i(i
Ui a)e*i) a)i( a a '+ve* a( 'ye a a 'i(a* i*ea( '3 air '+ve( */i r'b+eeab+i */e ue '3 TP i '+y-eri
(. IMPORTANCE OF PET AND TPA T/e i-'r*a)e '3 PET )'-e 3r'- */e 3a)* */a* i* i i(e+y ue( i -ay r'(u)* ei*/er a+'e 'r a a )';-''-er. +' */e PET re;'+y-eri
MEG
TA
F,$& 0'd .%",0$,!,".
B"#"r0*" o'!0,'"r.
Food o'!0,'"r.
PET
R,*,d %030*,'*
E'*,'""r,'* r",' F$",-$" P030*,'*
4,d"o 2 0ud,o /,$&
F,*ur" 15 G"'"r0$ U" o/ PET
[(6]
(.1. U" o/ TPA
3ii/, i* /a evera+ ue. #e )a a+' 3i( i */e be+' *ab+e '-e '3 r'er*ie '3 b'**+e ra(e PET. K28 TP )a be */e (i;a)i( i e)ia+*y y+' a( e)ia+*y 3iber, i)+u(i )er*ai /i/ -'(u+u ara-i( 3iber.
[]
I a((i*i', -'(er (e*ere* are r'vi(e( i*/ -i*ure '3
ai'i) a( 'i'i) '+y-er u)/ a '+y-er 3r'- '+yEG a( TP. P!T i r'(u)e( by */e rea)*i' '3 TP i*/ 1, 4;bu*ae(i'+, P!T i i(e+y ue( a iu+a*i -a*eria+ i
e+e)*ri)a+ a( e+e)*r'i) a+ia)e. K9
4
(.(. U" o/ PET
T/e b'**+e ra(e PET )a be 3'r-e( i*' ei*/er b'**+e 'r )'*aier. T/ee are ue( 3'r */e a)@ai '3 (ri@ab+e a( e(ib+e r'(u)* u)/ a '3* (ri@, a*er, ui)e, baby 3''(, eau* bu**er, a+a( (rei, 'i+ a( viear. +' ue( 3'r '*/er )/e-i)a+ r'(u)* */a* i 3reHue*+y ue( by )'u-er, u)/ a )'-e*i), /ar-a)eu*i)a+ a( /'ue/'+( )+eaer. K7, K27
8. PROPERTIES OF PET AND TPA 8.1. Pro%"r!," o/ TPA
TP r'er*ie, a a PET r'(u)*i' i*er-e(ia*e, are /' i */e *ab+e be+' -e*i'i '-e /yi)a+ a( )/e-i)a+ r'er*ie.
K
T0-$" 15 P)+,0$ 0'd C)"&,0$ Pro%"r!," o/ TPA
[9]
Pro%"r!,"
40$u"
eara)e
#/i*e )ry*a+ 'r '(er
$e+*i 'i*, °C
429 3'r ea+e( *ube
Tri+e 'i*, MC
429
Se)i3i) ravi*y a* 27 MC
1.722
Se)i3i) /ea*, &=" M"
1202
Sub+i-a*i' 'i*, MC
404
%ea* '3 )'-bu*i' a* 27 MC, "&=-'+
;1?8
%ea* '3 3'r-a*i' a* 27MC, "&=-'+
;81
%ea* '3 ub+i-a*i', "&=-'+
142
8.(. Pro%"r!," o/ PET
PET ei* i *' *a*e, a /i*e e-i;)ry*a++ie *a*e a( a *raare* a-'r/'u *a*e /ere */e PET i ee a +a )+ear. PET /a /i/ /ar(e, *i33e a( *re*/, ''( *'u/e eve a* +' *e-era*ure a( ''( )ree rei*a)e. PET /a */e a(va*ae '3 /avi ''( e+e)*ri)a+ iu+a*i r'er*ie a( /i/ rei*a)e 3'r (i33ere* )/e-i)a+. K10 S'-e '*/er /yi)a+, )/e-i)a+ a( -e)/ai)a+ r'er*ie are (i+aye( i */e *ab+e be+' 3'r PET i eera+. K2, K29 PET Bb'**+e ra(e i a @i( '3 *raare*, ear;rei*i a( )'rr'i';rei*i +a*i) i*/ /i/ *re*/ a( -''*/
7
T0-$" (5 G"'"r0$ Pro%"r!," o/ PET
P)+,0$ Pro%"r!,"
40$u" ;
1.;1.4 Dei*y B )- F+a--abi+i*y Se+3 E*iui/i Li-i*i 'ye 21 i(e Re3ra)*ive i(e 1.78;1.4 Rei*a)e *' G''( U+*ra;vi'+e* #a*er ab'r*i' A 0.9 eHui+ibriu-
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6. HEALTH: SAFET; AND EN4IRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS Savi /ea+*/, a3e*y, a( evir'-e* are i-'r*a* 3'r ay 3a)*'ry, */e i-'r*a)e '3 */'e are '* +e */a */e i-'r*a)e '3 */e r'3i*abi+i*y '3 */e 3a)*'ry. S' i*J i-'r*a* *' @' -'re ab'u* %SE '3 */e i*er-e(ia*e a( 3ia+ r'(u)*.
6.1. HSE o/ TPA
Eye )'*a)* i*/ TP -ay )aue +i/* irri*a*i', i*/ ai 'r u)+ear vii'. I/a+a*i' -ay )aue irri*a*i' '3 -u)'a+ ur3a)e. !ae( ' ai-a+ *u(ie, /i/ 'r r'+'e( 'ra+ e'ure -ay +ea( *' @i(ey )/ae, ree)e '3 b+''( i */e urie 'r a++*'e i b+a((er. TP a* )')e*ra*i' eHua+ *' 'r rea*er */a 0.1 i +i*e( by NTP a( OS% a a )ar)i'e. TP )'*aier are @e* *i/*+y )+'e( a( u33i)ie* ve*i+a*i' -u* be ue( *' @ee e-+'yee e'ure be+' re)'--e(e( e'ure +i-i*. K2? 6.(. HSE o/ PET
$'+*e '+y-er i++ a(/ere *' */e @i a( )a )aue evere bur. Eye )'*a)* i*/ PET ar*i)+e -ay )aue irri*a*i' i*/ ai 'r u)+ear vii'. TP )aue ' @i irri*a*i' 'r @i ei*i
. STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION .1. S!or0*" 0'd Tr0'%or!0!,o' o/ TPA
T/e re+a*ive+y +' e++i ri)e '3 TP u*i3ie */e )')e* '3 +are +a* be)aue e)''-i) '3 )a+e )a be rea+i
.(. S!or0*" 0'd Tr0'%or!0!,o' o/ PET
Duri *'rae a( *ra'r*a*i' '3 '+ye*er, e'ure *' -'i*ure a( *e-era*ure ab've 120 MC -u* be reve*e( *' av'i( u(eirab+e e33e)*. T/e r'(u)* are ei*/er *'re( i ea+e(, air *i/* (ru- a* a-bie* *e-era*ure 'r i /ea*e(, iu+a*e( )'*aier u(er i*r'e a* 90 A 110 MC. I */e +iHui( *a*e PET )a be *ra'r*e( i barre+ 'r i /ea*e(, iu+a*e( bu+@ )'*aier. I */e '+i( *a*e PET i *ra'r*e( i (ru-. Turbi(i*y i '-e*i-e 'berve( i '+ye*er */a* are +iHui( a* a-bie* *e-era*ure bu* /ave bee *'re( 3'r +' eri'( '3 *i-e a* +' *e-era*ure */i )a be veri3ie( i*/'u* a33e)*i */e Hua+i*y '3 */e r'(u)* by /ea*i */e '+ye*er brie3+y *' 80 MC. E*ra Re)'--e(a*i' 3'r *'rae a( *ra'r*a*i' )'(i*i' '3 '+ye*er are r'vi(e( by -au3a)*urer. K7
9. MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES $au3a)*uri '3 PET )a be (ivi(e( i*' *' -ai e)*i' */e 3ir* i TP -au3a)*uri, /i+e */e '*/er i */e '+y-eri
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TP i r'(u)e( by 'i(a*i' '3 ;y+ee. T/ere are (i33ere* *e)/'+'ie *' r'(u)e TP a))'r(i *' 'i(a*i' r')e a 3'++': 1. -')' 'i(a*i' r')e 2. T'ray )';'i(a*i' r')e . $i*ubi/i "aie -u+*i*ae 'i(a*i' r')e 4. Ea*-a -u+*i*ae 'i(a*i' r')e P;y+ee i */e 3ee(*')@ 3'r -'* '3 TP r')ee /i+e a)e*i) a)i( i a*er i */e rea)*i' '+ve*. ir i )'-ree( *' u+y 'ye *' */e rea)*i' a( i a((e( i e)e *' -ii-i
re+eai 210 @& er @i+'ra- ;y+ee rea)*e(, */a* i re-'ve( by a++'i */e a)e*i)
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Puri3ie( TP be)a-e )'--er)ia++y avai+ab+e 3r'- -')' C/e-i)a+ C'. i 1?7. -')' r')e iv'+ve uri3i)a*i' '3 )ru(e TP by a eara*e *e *' a**ai */e /i/ r'(u)* uri*y reHuire( 3'r PET -au3a)*ure. T/i *e)/'+'y i */e -'* ue( 'r+(i(e, bu* '*/er r')ee /ave bee (eve+'e( a( are 'era*i )'--er)ia++y. K7, K /' i 3iure 2 */e 3ee( ae *' */e 'i(a*i' rea)*'r a* /i)/ 'i(a*i' '))ur. $'* '3 TP re)ii*a*e, be)aue '3 i* +' '+ubi+i*y i */e '+ve*. T/i yie+( a */ree; /ae y*e- '+i( TP )ry*a+ '+ve* i*/ '-e (i'+ve( TP a( va'r )'i*i '3 i*r'e, a)e*i) a)i(, a*er, a( a -a++ a-'u* '3 'ye. T/e 'ver /ea( va'r 3r'*/e rea)*'r are )'(ee( i /ea* e)/aer, a( */e )'(ea*e i re3+ue( *' */e rea)*'r. S*ea-, /i)/ i eera*e( by )'(ea*i', ue( a /ea*i 'ur)e i '*/er ar* '3 */e r')e. Oye (e+e*e( a 3r'- */e )'(eer i )rubbe( *' re-'ve -'* u)'(ee( va'r. K7 ⁰
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ab'u* 90 '3 */e ;y+ee 'i(a*i' r')ee, a( */i er)e*ae i)reae a e +a* e-+'y i*. K7, K T/e e33+ue* *rea- 3r'- */e rea)*'r )'*ai TP a +urry. T/i +urry ae */r'u/ a ure vee+ */a* 'era*e a* a +'er reure */a */e rea)*'r. $'re TP )ry*a++i
TP. T/e -'re '+ub+e ;*'+ui) a)i( 3'r-e( i */e rea)*'r, a( '*/er i-uri*ie, re-ai i */e -'*/er +iHu'r. 3*er +eavi */e 3ia+ )ry*a++i
T'ray r')e, /i)/ (eve+'e( i */e +a*e 0, i )'i(ere( a a -'(i3i)a*i' ' -')' r')e. I* a e*ab+i/e( i *' -ai 3a)*'rie a++ 'ver */e 'r+( 'e '3 */e- i "'(a@J ubi(iary i */e US a( */e '*/er i &aa. I* i ' +'er )'--er)ia+i
T/e T'ray r')e i )/ara)*eri
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rea)*'r /i)/ 'era*e a* 200 A 270 C. K? T/e e33+ue* i e* *' a erie '3 (i*i++a*i'. T/e 3ir* eara*e -e*/a'+=a*er -i*ure a* */e *' /i)/ i */e e* *' a (e/y(ra*i' *'er, /i+e */e b'**'- i e* *' a )'+u- /ere */e e*er i 3ra)*i'a*e( u(er va)uu-. $e*/y+ ;*'+ua*e a( e)e ;y+ee +eave a* */e *' a( are re)y)+e( *' */e 'i(a*i' rea)*'r.
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T/e TP 3'r-e( i eara*e( by re)ii*a*i' a( )e*ri3ui. 3*er (ryi i* i e*eri3ie( °
by -e*/a'+ a* 170 C i */e ree)e '3 u+3uri) a)i( )a*a+y*. +*/'u/ */e *'*a+ yie+( i ?0 -'+ar, */e ree)e '3 i*r'e )'-'u( -a@e uri3i)a*i' (i33i)u+* a( i*r'e 'i(e re)'very e)u-ber */e e)''-i) '3 */e y*e-. K11
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K11
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[11]
))'r(i *' */i r')e /*/a+i) a/y(ri(e, /i)/ i -ai+y r'(u)e( */r'u/ va'r; /ae )a*a+y
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T/e aHue'u '+u*i' '3 */e a)i( '*aiu- /*/a+a*e 'b*aie( by 2 *e rea)*i' i *
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T/e reu+*a* '+u*i' )a be re)y)+e( a( reue( 3'r reara*i' '3 */e aHue'u '+u*i' )'*aii )ru(e '*aiu- *ere/*/a+a*e a( '*aiu- /*/a+a*e, /i)/ i *' be ubeHue*+y )')e*ra*e(. K72 9.1.6.6. M,!u-,), %ro"
T/i r')e i bae( ' */e Ga**er-a = "')/ rea)*i', /i)/ (ee( ' )arb'y+a*i °
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S-a++er a-'u* '3 ';*'+ui) a+(e/y(e are a+' 3'r-e( a( )a be eara*e( 3r'- ;*'+ui) a+(e/y(e by )ry*a++i
*e)/iHue e-+'ye( 3'r ;y+ee ar'u( 200 C, u(er 2000 @Pa a( i */e ree)e '3 -aaee a)e*a*e, )'ba+* a)e*a*e a( '(iu- br'-i(e *' ive TP a))'r(i *' */e 3'++'i rea)*i': K11
9.1.. Produ!,o' /ro& r"+$,'* o/ PET
PET )a be re)y)+e( ba)@ *' i* ii*ia+ ra -a*eria+ PT 'r D$T a( $EG /ere */e '+y-er *ru)*ure i (e*r'ye( )'-+e*e+y, 'r )a be re)y)+e( ba)@ i*' i* r')e i*er-e(ia*e +i@e !%ET. T/e 3'++'i ar* /a(e +i/* ' (i33ere* *e)/iHue *' r'(u)e TP 3r'- PET. 9.1..1. H+dro$+, o/ r"+$"d PET
I */i re)y)+i r')e, PET;a*e i (ire)*+y /y(r'+y
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T/i ree *e)/'+'y )a be )'--er)ia+i
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PET -ay be r'(u)e( 3r'- EG a( ei*/er D$T 'r TP. %i/ uri*y i reHuire( '3 a++ ra -a*eria+. I ei*/er )ae, */e 3ir* *e '3 */e rea)*i' i */e 3'r-a*i' '3 !%ET a a re; '+y-er. SubeHue* '+y-eri
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'+y)'(ea*i'. !'*/ */e /i/ *e-era*ure, reHuire( *' @ee */e '+y-er i a -'+*e *a*e, a( */e /i/ vi)'i*y '3 */e '+y-er -ay )aue (era(a*i' ' *ri/ey+/'/i*e i */e re3erre( *abi+i
K
!e)aue */e (i33ui' ra*e '3 by;r'(u)* EG 3r'- */e -'+*e '+y-er i ra*e +i-i*i ear */e e( '3 */e rea)*i', */e EG -u* be eara*e( a Hui)@+y a 'ib+e. T/i i a))'-+i/e( by /i/ va)uu- a( by -ii */e -e+* ' a *' )'*iu'u+y e'e a +are a-'u* '3 ur3a)e. T/e *i-e '3 */e rea)*i' i a* +ea* *' /'ur a* 2?0 °C, (ee(i u' */e *ye '3 rea)*'r ue(. Severa+ rea)*'r ere (eie( 3'r */i ur'e a i++u*ra*e( i */e 3'++'i ar*. K19 $ay )a*a+y* /ave bee (eve+'e( */a* are e33e)*ive (uri */e '+y)'(ea*i' a e++ a (uri */e ii*ia+ e*eri3i)a*i' 'r *rae*eri3i)a*i'. O3 */ee, a*i-'y )'-'u(, u)/ a *ri'i(e 'r *ria)e*a*e, are */e -'* )'--'. K T/e 3'++'i r')ee ue rea)*'r '3 (i33ere* (ei a( '-e '3 */e- -ai+y (ee( ' -e+* /ae, /i+e '*/er (ee( ' SSP. $e+*;/ae '+y-eri
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K42
T/e TP -ar@e* i i-i+ar be)aue TP )'u-*i' i e*i-a*e( *' i)reae by 4.8 i 2008 a( i* i ee)*e( *' r' a averae 7.4 er year 3r'- 2008 *' 201 a( ar'u( .? er year 3r'- 201 *' 2018. TP i a+' ue( *' -a@e '+y*ri-e*/y+ee *ere/*/a+a*e BPTT, '+ybu*y+ee *ere/*/a+a*e BP!T, ara-i( 3iber, '+ya)ry+a*e rei, +iHui( )ry*a+ '+y-er BLCP, a( e)ia+*y '+ye*er. K4 !ae( ' */e i3'r-a*i' -e*i'e( ab've, */e re)'--e(e( er)e*ae '3 b'*/ PET a( TP *' be e'r*e( i /i/er */a */e +')a++y )'u-e(. T/e (e-a( '3 PET i Ey* i 200? i ee)*e( *' be 88000 $T, /i)/ reree* 27 '3 */e re)'--e(e( )aa)i*y '3 PET r'e)* re3erri *' E)/e-J *u(y. T/e (e-a( r'*/ '3 PET i ear+y 7 ' */e
)'u-*i' '3 PET i Ey* a* */e ee)*e( (e)'--ii'i /ae '3 */e PET r'e)*, /i)/ i au-e( *' be i 17 year, 'u+( be 177000 $T /i)/ i++ reree* 40 '3 *'*a+ )aa)i*y '3 */e r'e)*. S' */e re)'--e(e( )aa)i*y '3 PET +a* /'u+( be 87000 $T PET. T/e a-'u* '3 TP ee(e( 3'r 87000 $T PET i 280000 $T a))'r(i *' */e ra*i' */a* 1 *' TP ive 1.9 *' PET. !y /i3*i */e 0 e'r* er)e*ae */e re)'--e(e( )aa)i*y '3 TP /'u+( be 900000 $T.
. E4ALUATION OF MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES Eva+ua*i' i ('e bae( ' )'-ari a++ )'--er)ia+i
T/e )/'i)e '3 eva+ua*i' 3a)*'r a ('e bae( ' )/e-i)a+ eieeri ri)i+e, e)''-y, a( a3e*y. T/e TPC '3 ea)/ *e)/'+'y i ue( a a -eaure 3'r i* 3eaibi+i*y. ReHuire( ra -a*eria+J a-'u*, '+ve* -a@eu a( '*/er -a*eria+ ue( are )a+)u+a*e(, au-e( 'r 'b*aie( 3r'- +i*era*ure. Pri)e '3 )/e-i)a+ ere 'b*aie( 3r'- '+y 'e 'ur)e *' uara*ee eHui*y '3 )'-ari'. T/e 3a)*'r a( */eir (e*ai+ are: •
T'*a+ r'(u)*i' )'* i)+u(i r'3i* ra*i' a( u*i+i*ie B*ea-, )''+i a*er, 3ue+ a( e+e)*ri)i*y /i)/ ere *abu+a*e( 3'r ea)/ )'-e*i *e)/'+'y a a ee*ia+ ar* '3 */e 'era*i )'*.
•
•
Ra -a*eria+J *ye, a-'u* a( avai+abi+i*y i */e +')a+ -ar@e* a bu+@ )/e-i)a+. Fie( )'* 'r */e ba**ery ive*-e* i reree*e( i b'*/ *ye a( u-ber '3 rea)*'r, eara*'r, a( /ea* e)/aer bei(e */e ee( '3 e)ia+ -a*eria+ (ue *' )'rr'i' r'b+e-.
•
Sa3e*y )'i(era*i' a( re*ri)*i' /i)/ reree* by rea)*i' )'(i*i'.
•
Tye a( a-'u* '3 a*e B'+i(, +iHui( 'r a ere *a@e a -eaure '3 */e evir'-e*a+ i-a)*.
•
T/e ui*abi+i*y '3 */e r'(u)*i' )aa)i*y +i-i* *' */e re)'--e(e( )aa)i*y by */e -ar@e* *u(y a33e)*i */e )/'i)e a( */e reHuire( u-ber '3 +ab'r.
•
T/e avai+abi+i*y '3 */e @';/' '3 */e r')e i '*/er i(u*ria+ ra)*i)e )'--ii'e( i Ey* 'r i */e $i((+e Ea*.
aree-e* ' */e ei/* aie( *' ea)/ 3a)*'r i ('e by */e eva+ua*i' )'--i**ee be3're *ar*i eva+ua*i' *' uara*ee eHua+i*y. Di*ribu*i' '3 ei/* ' ea)/ 3a)*'r i ('e bae( ' +i*era*ure re)'--e(a*i' a( revi'u re'r* ('e ' */e a-e 3ie+(.
[66]
/' i 3iure B2, 'ver a *'*a+ '3 1000 'i*, */e r'3i* ra*i' 3a)*'r a ive 00 'i* a i* (ire)*+y -eaure */e )'e '3 */e r'e)* a( /e)e i* 3'r- */e -'* i-'r*a* )ri*eri'. U*i+i*ie )'u-*i' er *' '3 r'(u)* a ive 100 'i* a( b'*/ ere )'++e)*e( i 'e 3a)*'r )a++e( BTPC. %e)e TPC reree* */e -'* i-'r*a* )ri*eri'. T/e 3ie( )'* Bu-ber '3 eara*'r, rea)*'r a( /ea* e)/aer a ive a ei/* '3 200 'i*, a( */e avai+abi+i*y '3 ra -a*eria+ a ive 100 'i*. Sa3e*y )'i(era*i' Breree*e( by rea)*i' )'(i*i' 3a)*'r a ive 90 'i* (ue *' */e 3a)*'rJ e33e)* ' 'era*i' i-+i)i*y, /i+e */e evir'-e*a+ i-a)* '3 */e +a* i ive 70 'i*. T/e re* i (i*ribu*e( be*ee +ab'r, )aa)i*y a( @';/' avai+abi+i*y *' -ai*ai */eir re+a*ive i-'r*a)e a */e 3'++'i +ab'r 0 'i*, )aa)i*y 70 'i*, a( @';/' avai+abi+i*y 100 'i*.
3%
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ui */i *e)/'+'y i '+y i i+'* )a+e. Dya-i*e 'b+e BOi(a*i';E*eri3i)a*i' a e+i-ia*e( a */e %>G *e)/'+'y
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Re)y)+e '3 PET i i(e+y )'--er)ia+i
•
T/e r'3i* ra*i' PR i )a+)u+a*e( 3'r ea)/ *e)/'+'y by @'i */e ra -a*eria+ )'u-*i' a-'u* a( ri)e '3 bu+@ )/e-i)a+.
∑ ∑
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REFERENCES •
Or*0',=0!,o'5
1. E)/e- Ey*ia Pe*r')/e-i)a+ %'+(i C'-ay 2. I(u*ria+ Deve+'-e*a+ ')ia*i'BID h fg [ e d _ c \ [ a ^_` ] \ [ . Per'a+ )'--ui)a*i' i*/ C/e-i*=$'/a-e( bu;%ira, $aaer '3 C/e-i)a+ I(u*rie C/a-ber, Ey*ia i(u*rie Ui' q [ e ^ _ ` ] ` k e p f c no \ [;b dmn l e ^ _` ] ` k e c j i \ [ 4. Per'a+ )'--ui)a*i' i*/ C/e-i*=$'/ab %aa $'/a-e(, i*a* Geera+ $aaer, C'--er)ia+ 33air, E)/e•
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