Akitu festival Akitu:
the Babylonian New year's festival, celebrated to honor the supreme god Marduk, his crown prince Nabû N abû and other gods. The name Akitu name Akitu is very ancient. In the third millennium BCE, the Sumerian population of southern Mesopotamia celebrated the áki-ti-še-gur 10 -ku5 , the festival festival of o f the sowing of barley. It was celebrated in the first month of the year, that that is in i n March/April. In the Babylonian calendar , this month was known as Nisannu (and in the modern Jewish calendar is still called Ni san). Since the festival was celebrated on the first days of the Babylonian year, we can call it a New year's festival. In fact, the ancient Babylonians already called it rêš šattim, šattim, 'beginning of the year'. The festival -better: conglomerate of festivitiesfestivities- was wa s celebrated on two locations in Babylon Babylon:: in the temple of the supreme god Marduk, the Esagila Esagila,, and the 'house of the New year' which was situated north of the city. The two gods who w ere in the center of the festival were Na bû and his father, the supreme god Marduk, who was i n the first first millenium BCE usually called 'Bêl', Lord, because his real name was considered too holy to be pronounced.
Babylon
Marduk and his snake dragon (from J. Black & A . Green, Green, Gods, demons and symbols ofancient Mesopotamia,1992; Mesopotamia,1992; ©!!!)) ©!!!
On 4 Nisannu, the high priest of the Esagila (šešgallu (šešgallu)) opened the festival, festival, saying saying that the new year had begun. To the popul ace, this meant the beginning of a holiday hol iday of a week. we ek. On the same day, the the king went to the temple of Nabû, where the high priest gave him the royal scepter. He then traveled to Borsippa, a city 17 kilometers downstream from Babylon that had a famous Nabû temple. Her e, e, he spent the night. night. At the same time, the šešgallu recited the Babylonian creation epic (Enûma (Enûma eliš) eliš) in the house of the New year.
The fifth of Nisannu saw the king's return to Babylon, accompanied by the statue of Nabû from Borsippa. The statue was left behind in the Uraš gate, and the king went to the Esagila to greet Marduk. He had to do this humbly, laying down his weapons, crown and scepter. The šešgallu listened to the king's words that he had not sinned against aga inst Marduk and hit him very hard on the cheek (the king had to have tears in hi s eyes). Perhaps, this was a punishment for sins that were unwillingly committed. Kneeling i n front of the statue of Marduk, Marduk, the king receives an oracle about the glorious future, and was given back his royal insignia. At sunset, the king and the šešgallu performed a not completely understood ritual with a white bull. Next day, the statue of Nabû visited the temple of Ni nurta, where it defeated two enemies (in (i n the form of golden statuettes). Then, it continued to the Esagil a, where it joined joi ned Marduk's statue. At the the same time, other statues of other gods arrived at Babylon.
, dresses. On the next day, the festival reached its climax when all statues were brought out from their rooms and shown to the Babylonian populace. All gods w ere now present to honor Marduk, and their 'parliament' announced its pol icy for the next year. (One is reminded of the 'state of the union' s peech by the American president.) As far as we know, this policy was alw ays The Akitu procession one of blessing, fortune and success. After these joyful tidings, the (From W. Andrae, gods started a tour through the city to the river. Here, they boarded Das a small fleet, that brought them to the house of the N ew year. The wiederentstandene king himself guided the supreme god. On the last part of the route, Assur , 1977, ©!!!) the ships were pl aced on chariots, so that the gods were driven to the house of the New year in ships. The people were singing all kinds of songs. Three of them can be reconstructed: a frivolous hymn to the goddess of sexual ity and love Ištar, a song in which Marduk's father Enlil was ridiculed as a god in the gutter, and an antiphonal hymn in which the gods were asked why they w ere not in their temples and replied that they had to be with Marduk. What happened in the house of the New year on 9-10 Nisannu, is not known, but it seems that sacrifices were made by the kin g and that the spoils of war were presented to the gods. On 11 Nisann u, the gods returned to the Esagila, where they repeated their parliament. After this, they saw N abû off, and went home. The Akitu festival continued for centuries, and not only in Babylon. In Palmyra, the temple of Baal was inaugurated on the same date as Akitu. At the beginning of the third century CE, it was still celebated in Emessa in Syria, to honor the god Elagabal; the Roman emperor Heliogabalus (218-222) even introduced the festival in Italy (cf. Herodian, Roman History , 5.6).
