Aircraft Systems

AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS LAB MANUAL

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S.No 1 ! % * $

AIRCRAFT JACKING UP PROCEURE

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AIRCRAFT "E#E"ING PROCEURE

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AIRC AIRCRA RAFT FT CONT CONTRO RO" " S&ST S&STE' E' RIGG RIGGIN ING G C(E C(ECK CK PROC PROCE EUR URE E

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AIRCRAFT S&''ETR& C(ECK PROCEURE

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PRESSURE TEST PROCEURE ON FUE" S&STE'

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CO'PONENTS A STU& OF PRESSURE TEST IN (&RAU"IC S& S&STE'S

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'AINTENANCE AN RECTIFICATION OF SNAGS IN FUE"

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S&STE' 'AINTENANCE AN RECTIFICATION OF SNAGS IN

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(&RAU"IC S&STE' STU& OF F"O TEST/ ASSESS OF FI"TER E"E'ENT

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C"OGGING A STU& ON RAKE TOR2UE "OA TEST ON (EE" RAKE

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Name of the Experiment

UNIT

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Experiment 3 1

AIRCRAFT JACKING UP PROCEDURE

Introduction

"ifting of the air4raft a5o6e the gro7n8 9ith the he:p of ;JACKS< i= 4a::e8 a= ;JACKING<. It 4an 5e for =er6i4ing/ 9eighting/ 4hanging of 9hee:=/ :e6e:ing rigging an8 retra4tion te=t= of air4raft :an8ing gear.

Precaution before jacking

1.

Sma:: air4raft a:9a>= ?a4@e8 7p in=i8e the hangar. ig air4raft 4an 5e  ?a4@e8 7p o7t=i8e hanger =ometime= an8 the air4raft =ho7:8 5e po=itione8 no=e again=t 9in8 po=ition.

!.

En=7re that the gro7n8 f:oor 9here ?a4@ing ha= to 5e 8one =ho7:8 5e :e6e: an8 :ea8.

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Che4@ the =er6i4ea5i:it> an8 air4raft ?a4@= an8 tai: =7pport= tr7=tee=B.

*.

Che4@ the air4raft 9eight/ f7e: =tate an8 4entre of gra6it> are 9ithin :imit= a= =pe4ifie8 in the air4raft maintenan4e man7a:.

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Conne4t the earthen 4a5:e= to 5e earthing point= on the air4raft.

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En=7re the 7n8er 4arriage gro7n8 :o4@=.

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Che4@ the main 9hee:= front an8 rea: an8 re:ea=e the 5ra@e.

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Ta@e proper 4:earan4e for the ?a4@ing air4raft 9ith other air4raft an8 gro7n8 e7ipment.

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Ta@e 4:earan4e from the in 4harge of air4raft an8 hanger.

Jacking procedure %

1.

It the ?a4@ing pa8= to the air4raft ?a4@ing point= a= re7ire8.

!.

S:o9:> the po=ition of ?a4@= at ea4h ?a4@ing point= an8 rai=e them 7nti: the a8aptor= are :o4ate8 4entra::> in the ?a4@ing pa8=.

%.

Attain the tai: =7pport to the tai: =@i8 p:a4e approximate:> !$0 po7n8= of  5a::a=t on the 5a=e of the tai: =7pport to ho:8 8o9n the tai:.

*.

Remo6e the 9hee: :o4@=. The ?a4@= =ho7:8 5e operate8 =im7:taneo7=:> to @eep the air4raft a= :e6e: of po==i5:e an8 to a6oi8 o6er :oa8ing on an> of  ?a4@= or 9ing area.

$.

Ja4@ 7p =tea8i:> 7nti: the 7n8er 4arriage :eg= are f7::> exten8e8 an8 the 9hee:= are a fee: in4he= off the gro7n8.

,.

A= the =afet> mea=7re/ the :o4@ing n7t= on the ?a4@= ram =ho7:8 a:=o 5e tightene8 =im7:taneo7=:>.

).

After 4omp:etion of ?a4@ing/ en=7re a:: =afet> an8 =e47rit> of ?a4@ing  point= an8 ?a4@=.

Lowering of aircraft

1.

After 4omp:etion of re7ire8 9or@/ :o9ering of air4raft from ?a4@= a:=o  performe8.

!.

efore :o9ering/ a:: gro7n8 e7ipment/ 9or@ =tan8=/ =7pport= =ho7:8 5e mo6e8 4:ear of the air4raft.

%.

The 9hee:= =ho7:8 5e 4he4@e8 for it= free :o4ation.

*.

Tai: =7pport =ho7:8 5e =im7:taneo7=:> :o9ere8 9ith ?a4@=.

$.

The ?a4@= =ho7:8 5e :o9ere8 =:o9:> 5> opening their pre==7re re:ea=e 6a:7e an8 to g7ar8 again=t fai:7re of ?a4@/ the :o4@ing n7t= on the ?a4@  4am= =ho7:8 5e 7n=4re9e8.

,.

After :o9ering the air4raft re=ting on it= 9hee:=/ 4ho4@= =ho7:8 5e p:a4e8.

Use of bottle jack *

1.

A 5ott:e ha4@ an8 on a8apter are 7=e8 to rai=e =ing:e 7n8er 4arriage for  the p7rpo=e of 4hanging the 9hee:.

!.

The remaining =i8e 9hee:= are 4ho4@e8 in front an8 rear to pre=ent air4raft mo6ement. Sometime= tai: =7pport= a:=o 5e 7ti:iDe8.

%.

The ?a4@ =ho7:8 5e rai=e8 =7ffi4ient :e6e: for 4hanging the 9hee:.

Result

Th7= ?a4@ing 7p pro4e87re of air4raft i= f7::> 7n8er=too8.

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Experiment 3 !

AIRCRAFT LEVELING PROCEDURE

Aim

To @no9 6ario7= pre4a7tionar> mea=7re= an8 pro4e87re= to 5e fo::o9e8 9hi:e :e6e:ing an air4raft 5oth :atera::> an8 :ongit78ina::> to en=7re/ ;Rigging< an8 ;9eighing< operation= are 4arrie8 o7t affe4ti6e:> an8 effi4ient:>.

Apparatus required •

Spirit :e6e:

•

P:7m5 5o5

•

Engineer tran=it metho8

Note

Air4raft i= to 5e ;Ja4@e8 7p< 5e 4arr>ing o7t the :e6e:ing pro4e87re=.

Procedure i. pirit le!el

'an> air4raft= are :e6e:e8 5> 7=e of a =pirit :e6e: 9hi4h i= p:a4e8 at ?igge8  po=ition= on the airframe =tr74t7re for :ight air4raft. The :ongit78ina: :e6e: po=ition i= genera::> o5taine8 5> p:a4ing the =pirit :e6e: on the t9o :eg= on the hea8= of t9o  partia::> 9ith 8ra9n =4re9= on the =i8e= of f7=e:age an8 a8?7=ting the ?a4@ 7nti: the =pirit :e6e: i= 4entere8. The :atera: :e6e: po=ition i= o5taine8 5> p:a4ing the =pirit :e6e: on the 4entre =e4tion =pa4e 5oom an8 again a8?7=ting ?a4@= or t>re pre==7re= 7nti: the :e6e: i= 4entere8/ 9ith =ome :arge air4raft a =pirit :e6e: ma> 5e 7=e8 in 4on?7n4tion 9ith =pe4ia: fitting= 9hi4h are =e47re8 to :o4ation= in the 4entre f7=e:age orB i= one of the 9hee: 5a>=. The=e fitting= m7=t 5e remo6e8 5efore f:ight

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an8 =ho7:8 ha6e 9arning =treamer= atta4he8. If a8?7=tment= ha6e 5een ne4e==ar> to :e6e: an air4raft :atera::>/ the :ongit78ina: :e6e: =ho7:8 5e re4he4@e8.

)

Note

In 4a=e 9here t>re pre==7re= are a8?7=te8 to :e6e: the air4raft/ 4are m7=t 5e ta@en not 5e o6er inf:ate or to 4omp:ete:> 8ef:ate a t>re.

ii. Plumb bob

On man> air4raft/ p:7m5 5o5 i= 7=e8 in 4on?7n4tion 9ith :e6e:ing p:ate. The  p:7m5 5o5 i= =7=pen8e8 from a fixe8 po=ition in the 4a5in :oof orB 7pper part of a 9hee: 5a> an8 hang= o6er a :e6e:ing p:ate 9hi4h ma> 5e permanent of mixt7re or  a =eparate fitting a447rate:> :o4ate8 on the 4a5in f:oor or a :o9er part of the 9hee:  5a>. The :e6e:ing p:ate i= mar@e8 9ith a Dero po=ition an8 =4a:e= in8i4ating the a8?7=tment re7ire8 a5o7t :atera: an8 :ongit78ina: axe= to 4entre the p:7m5 5o5.

iii. "ngineer transit met#od

The mo=t a447rate mean= of :e6e:ing an8 air4raft i= 5> the 7=e of an engineer<= tran=it theo8o:iteB in 4on?7n4tion 9ith a :ange po:e or =4a:e :o4ate8 on the air4raft in :atera: an8 :ongit78ina: axi=. The tran=it i= =et7p 5e:o9 the air4raft 4entre :ine an8 5et9een the :atera: :e6e:ing point= :e6e:e8 4omforta5:>. Range  po:e= or =4a:e= are then :o4ate8 at for4e mar@e8 :e6e:ing point= on the :o9er  =7rfa4e of the f7=e:age an8 9ing=. Sighting= are then ta@en on the :ongit78ina: :arge po:e= or =4a:e= an8 the no=e ?a4@ i= a8?7=te8 7nti: i8enti4a: rea8ing= are again o5taine8. The air4raft i= then 4on=i8ere8 :e6e: an8 the tran=it 4an 5e remo6e8.

Note

The tran=it metho8 i= a:=o emp:o>e8 9hen 4he4@ing a:ignment of the air4raft =tr74t7re gra87ation on the range po:e= 5eing 7=e8 to 4he4@ 8iagona: an8 in4i8en4e.

Result

Th7= the :e6e:ing pro4e87re of air4raft i= f7::> 7n8er=too8. -

Experiment 3 %

AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM RIGGING CHECK PROCEDURE

Aim

To @no9 the 6ario7= metho8= an8 pre4a7tion= to 5e a::o9e8 9hi:e rigging on air4raft to en=7re that the

a==em5:> 4he4@ing an8 a8?7=ting of an air4raft

4omponent= in4:78e= 4ontro: =>=temB to their 4orre4t po=ition= an8 ang:e a= per the air4raft<= han85oo@ an8 8e=igner= in=tr74tor=.

"quipments required •

Spirit :e6e:

•

ihe8ra: 4ontro: 5oar8

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In4i8en4e 5oar8

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P:7m5 5o5

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Stee: r7:e

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Fitter =7are

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Straight e8ge=

•

Ten=iometer

Procedure

Air4raft rigging in6o:6e= t9o prin4ipa: t>pe= of operation=. 1.

The air4raft =tr74t7re m7=t 5e rigge8 for 4orre4t a:ignment of a:: fixe8 4omponent=. The f7=e:age i= a:igne8 at the time of man7fa4t7re in the a==em5:> ?ig=. A:: pa4t= are 4orre4t:> po=itione8 in the a==em5:> ?ig. Some t>pe= of f7=e:age re7ire rea:ignment at ma?or o6erha7: perio8= or  after 8amage 9ing= an8 other :arge =tr74t7re= are a:igne8 an8 a==em5:e8 in ?ig= an8 fixt7re= to a==7re 4orre4t =hape an8 po=itioning of atta4hment

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fitting= 9hen the ma?or 4omponent= are a==em5:e8/ the> are a:igne8 9ith ea4h other. !.

The =e4on8 t>pe of rigging i= the a:ignment of 4ontro: =7rfa4e= an8 the 4ontro:= that mo6e the =7rfa4e=. The=e operator= re7ire the a8?7=tment= of 4a5:e :ength/ 4a5:e ten=ion/ p7=h p7:: part=. Ang7:ar 8ef:e4tion of  4ontro: =7rfa4e= m7=t 5e mea=7re8 9ith protra4tor= or their mea=7ring 8e6i4e= to a==7re that the mo6ement= 4omp:> 9ith the appropriate =pe4ifi4ation=.

Note

The p7rpo=e of 6ario7= rigging too:= are gi6en 5e:o9 1.

To 4he4@ an8 :e6e: =traight part= ma8e 9or8 or meta:B.

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U=e8 in 4on?7n4tion 9ith =traight e8ge= to en=7re that =7rfa4e= are 4antona:.

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U=e8 9ith an or8inar> =pirit :e6e: to 4he4@ the 8ihe8ra: ang:e of the part i= at 4orre4t ang:e 9hi4h 4an 5e =ho9n 9hen :e6e: i= Dero.

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To mea=7re ang:e of in4i8en4e of a p:ane.

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To mea=7re the 4orre4t ten=ion on 4a5:e.

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P:7m5 5o5 4on=i=t of 9eight= =7=pen8e8 on a thin 4o:8 an8 one 7=e8 for  gi6ing a tr7e 6erti4a: :ine or for 4he4@ing the 6erti4a: mem5er=.

).

Tramme:= 4on=i=t= to t9o a8?7=ta5:e point= on a :ong 5eam an8 one 7=e8 for 4omparing 8i=tan4e= that =ho7:8 5e e7a: =74h a= the 8iagona: of   5ra4e8 frame. For mea=7ring p7rpo=e=/ =tee: r7:e an8 Fitter S7are are 7=e8.

Result

The rigging pro4e87re of on air4raft i= f7::> 7n8er=too8.

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Experiment 3 *

AIRCRAFT SYMMETRY CHECK  PROCEDURE

Aim

To @no9 the 6ario7= metho8= an8 pro4e87re= to 5e fo::o9e8 87ring =>mmetr> 4he4@ to en=7re that a proper a:ignment of f7::> a==em5:e8 ne9 air4raft or after repair=er6i4ingmo8ifi4ationhea6> :an8ing of an air4raft there5> the air9orthine== of an air4raft i= a=4ertaine8.

Note

The pre4i=e fig7re= to:eran4e= an8 4he4@ point= for a parti47:ar= air4raft 9i::  5e fo7n8 in app:i4a5:e =er6i4e or maintenan4e man7a:.

$et#od % &

On =ma:: air4raft/ the mea=7rement= 5et9een point= are 7=7a::> ta@en 7=ing a =tee: tape. hen mea=7ring :ong 8i=tan4e/ it i= =7gge=te8 that a =pring =4a:e 5e 7=e8 9ith the tape to o5tain e7a: ten=ion. A fi6e po7n8  l  5B p7:: i= 7=7a::> =7ffi4ient.

$et#od ' (

here :arge air4raft= 4on4erne8/ their po=ition= 9hen 8imen=ion= are to 5e ta@en are 7=7a::> 4he4@e8 on the f:oor. Thi= i= 8one 5> =7=pen8ing a p:7m5 5o5 from the 4he4@point= an8 ma@ing the f:oor imme8iate:> 7n8er the point of ea4h  p:7m5 5o5. The mea=7rement= are then ta@en 5et9een the 4orner of ea4h ma@ing.

Procedure •

To 4he4@ the =>mmetr> of an a4/ pro4ee8 a= fo::o9=.

•

Ta@e 8iagona: mea=7rement from the 4entre of the =pira: or an> other point at the for9ar8 en8 of the f7=e:age =pe4ifie8 in the 11

re:e6ant air4raft han8 5oo@ to the o7ter tinge of ea4h ai:eron. The=e mea=7rement= =ho7:8 5e e7a: or 9ithin the :ai8 8o9n :imit=. •

Ta@e mea=7rement= from ea4h ai:eron o7ter :7nge point to the 4788:e top hinge. The=e mea=7rement= =ho7:8 5e e7a: or 9ithin :ai8 8o9n :imit=.

•

Ta@e 8iagona: mea=7rement= form 4788:e top to e:e6ator o7ter  hinge. The=e mea=7rement= =ho7:8 5e e7a: or 9ithin :ai8 8o9n :imit=.

•

Ta@e 8iagona: mea=7rement= from the main 9hee: axia: tip to o7ter hinge of ea4h e:e6ator. Then the=e mea=7rement= =ho7:8 5e e7a: or 9ith :ai8 8o9n :imit=.

•

Che4@ the tra4@ of the air4raft from tra8e 4entre= of 9hee:=. Thi= 8imen=ion =ho7:8 5e a= =pe4ifie8 in the air4raft han8 5oo@.

Result

S>mmetr> 4he4@ pro4e87re of an air4raft i= f7::> 7n8er=too8.

1!

Experiment 3 $

PRESSURE TEST PROCEDURE ON FUEL SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Aim

To @no9 the 6ario7= te=t= to 5e 4a::e8 o7t on the f7e: =>=tem of an air4raft to a=4ertain the air 9orthine== of a:: f7e: =>=tem 4omponent=.

"quipments required

F7e: te=t rig. Procedure 1. Vent system pressure test 

For thi= te=t/ the 6ent =>=tem on ea4h =i8e of the air4raft =ho7:8 5e te=te8 =eparate:>. A:: 6ent opening= =ho7:8 5e 5:an@ an8 it 9i:: often 5e ne4e==ar> to  5:an@ f:oat operate8 6a:6e= or to rep:a4e them 9ith 87nning 4omponent=. A:ternati6e mean= of 6enting the tan@= 87ring the te=t =ho7:8 5e app:ie8 to the =>=tem either thro7gh 8rain or thro7gh an a8opte8 fi::e8 to one of the 5:an@=. The  pre==7re =hare i= =:o9:> rai=e8 to the pre==7re 7ote8 in the re:e6ant maintenan4e man7a:.

hen the air pre==7re =7pp:> :o4@ i= t7rne8 off/ an> 8epre==ion in pre==7re 9ith in8i4ate :ea@age an8 the 8rop in pre==7re o6er a pre=4ri5e8 time =ho7:8 5e note8 the =o7r4e of an> :ea@age in ex4e== that permitte8 =ho7:8 5e 4ra4@e8 an8 re4tifi4ation a4tion =ho7:8 5e ta@en.

2. Feed system pressure test 

The fee8 =>=tem from a tan@ to it= a==o4iate8 engine =ho7:8 5e te=te8 in8ire4t:> 4ro== fe8 an8 6a:7e= =ho7:8 5e 4:o=e8 an8 the :o9 pre==7re 4:o4@ =ho7:8  5e opene8 on =ome air4raft. The fee8 =>=tem are pre==7re8 5> =9it4hing ;ON< 5oth  p7mp= in the tan@ 4on4erne8 9hi4h on other/ the 5oo=t p7mp= are rep:a4e8 5> 87mm> 4omponent. The f7e: pre==7re i= app:ie8 5> mean= of an externa: te=ting. 1%

In =ome =>=tem=/ the 5:ee8 ho:e on the externa:  interna: f7e: :ea@/ a:: pipe 4onne4tion= an8 6a:6e= =ho7:8 5e 4he4@e8 6i=7a::> for =ign= of :ea@age 7n8er   pre==7re. No :ea@age i= norma::> permitte8.

3. Transfer system pressure test

The pipe= an8 4o7p:ing= in the f7e: tran=fer =>=tem ma> 5e pre==7riDe8 in a =imitar manner to the f7e: =>=tem. Pipe= =ho7:8 5e 8i=4onne4te8 an8 5:o4@e8 at the po=ition= =pe4ifie8 in re:e6ant maintenan4e man7a: an8 f7e: pre==7re =ho7:8 5e app:ie8 5> mean= of tran=fer p7mp= or 5> 7=e of an externa: te=t rig =7pp:ie8 thro7gh 8ri6ing p7mp. No :ea@= =ho7:8 5e i8entifie8 an8 no f7e: f:o9 =ho7:8 5e re4or8e8 on te=t rig f:o9 meter.

Note

Pre==7re te=t= are norma::> re7ire8 at the reg7:ar inter6a:= after repair. 'aintenan4e= an8 rep:a4ement of 4omponent= an8 9hene6er :ea@age i= fo7n8 in tho=e 6ent =>=tem 9hi4h 7ti:iDe= part of the 9ing =tr74t7re= top an8 5ottom =e4tion to form the 6ent 874ti6:ent pre==7re te=t ma> a:=o 5e re7ire8 after =tr74t7ra: repair=. The te=t re7ire8 9i:: 5e =pe4ifie8 in the re:e6ant maintenan4e an8 =ho7:8  5e 4aref7::> 4arrie8 o7t. Te=t rig= 4apa5:e of =7pp:>ing f7e: or air pre==7re are re7ire8 an8 =ho7:8 in4:78e an a447rate pre==7re ga7ge/ a re:ief 6a:6e an8 in the 4a=e of f7e: p7mp rig.

)low meters

A:: the rig= =ho7:8 5e 4:ear:> in8i4ate8 orB i8entifie8 9ith the 4itifi4ation 8ate. In a88ition/ =pe4ia: 5:an@ p:7g= 4o6er p:ate= an8 87mm> 4omponent= ma> 5e re7ire8. The 6ent fee8 an8 tran=fer =>=tem= are 7=7a::> te=te8 repeate8:>. Sin4e 8ifferent te=t pre==7re are genera::> pre=4ri5e8.

Result

1*

#ario7= pre==7re te=t= are 4arrie8 o7t on an air4raft= f7e: =>=tem an8 if i= 7n8er=too8 4omp:ete:>.

1$

A STUDY OF PRESSURE TEST IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

Experiment 3 ,

Aim

To @no9 the 6ario7= 4he4@ to 5e 4arrie8 o7t to a==7me externa:  interna: :ea@age in h>8ra7:i4 =>=tem of an air4raft.

"quipments required

Externa: te=t rig or h>8ra7:i4 =er6ing tro::e>.

Procedure 1. Check for system deterioration

S:7ggi=h orB entire operation of h>8ra7:i4= =>=tem ma> 5e 4a7=e8 5> externa: :ea@age from 4omponent= of ?oint= or 5> interna: :ea@age re=7:ting from ero=ion or fa7:t> :oa8=. A =ma:: amo7nt of externa: :ea@age ma> not =erio7=:> affe4t =>=tem operation an8 =ome maintenan4e man7a:= =pe4ifi4a::> a44epta5:e :imit=/ temperat7re in8i4ator in=ta::e8 in =ome air4raft =>=tem 9i:: =in4e f:o9  pro4e87re= heat/ gi6e =ome 9arning off in4ipient fai:7re=/ 57t interna: :ea@age te=t= are genera::> 4on874te8 at =pe4ifi4 inter6a:= or 9hen fa7:t> =>=tem operation i= repeate8. epen8ing on the t>pe of =>=tem in=ta::e8/ either f:o9 :ate or :ea@ =:ate 4he4@ are 4arrie8 o7t/ an externa: h>8ra7:i4 te=t rig 7=7a::> 5eing 4ompete8/ the air4raft an8 h>8ra7:i4 =>=tem 7=7a::> 5ring prepare8 for norma: operation.

2. Flow rate check

Thi= 4he4@ i= 4arrie8 o7t 9ith a f:o9 in8i4ator in=ta::e8 in the :ine 9ith the externa: te=t rig.

The h>8ra7:i4 =>=tem 5eing =>=temati4a::> operate8 in the

manner pre=4ri5e8 in the re:e6ant maintenan4e man7a: an8 the f:o9 rate 5eing re4or8e8. F:o9 thro7gh a parti47:ar 4omponent ma> 5e 4he4@e8 5> 4omparing the f:o9 rea8ing at 6ario7= a4t7ator po=ition= te=t =ome air4raft= are fitte8 9ith maintenan4e h>8ra7:i4 oi: 9hi4h 7=e= =eparate pipe:ine an8 i=o:ation po=it= of  1,

fa4i:itate f:o9 :ate 4he4@= 4omponent= 9ith interna: :ea@age greater than the maxim7m permitte8 =ho7:8 5e remo6e8 for in6e=tigation.

3. Leak rate check

For thi= 4he4@/ the =>=tem =ho7:8 5e pre==7re8 to norma: operation pre==7re/ 9hen the te=t rig =ho7:8 5e 7i4@:> t7rne8 off an8 the tr7e ta@en for =>=tem  pre==7re to 8e4a> 5> pre=4ri5e8 amo7nt =ho7:8 5e re4o6ere8. If the :ea@age :ate i= ex4e==i6e:> high part of =>=tem ma> 5e 4he4@e8 in8i6i87a::> 5> 5:an@ing appropriate 4onne4tor= an8 re4or8ing the :ea@age :ate thro7gh parti47:ar  4omponent= orB gro7p 4omponent=.

In =ome 4a=e=/ :ea@age thro7gh 4omponent= =74h a= a4t7ator ma> 5e 4he4@e8 if 8i=4onne4ting a pipe:ine. App:>ing =>=tem pre==7re to the oppo=ite 4onne4tion an8 mea=7ring the 7antit> of f:7i8 8i=4harge thro7gh open part o6er a =pe4ifie8 time. Component= =ho9ing ex4e==i6e :ea@age =ho7:8 5e remo6e8 for  examination= an8 po==i5:e rep:a4ement of =ea:=.

Result

A==e==ment= of h>8ra7:i4 :ea@age interna: or externa:B 5> pre==7re te=t i=  5eing 7n8er=too8.

1)

Experiment 3 )

MAINTENANCE AND RECTIFICATION OF SNAGS IN FUEL SYSTEM

Aim

To @no9 a5o7t 6ario7= tro75:e= =nag=B in an air4raft f7e: =>=tem an8 their  re=pe4ti6e reme8> a4tion.

)uel s*stem

Piper 4he4@er PA  !-  1*0 f7e: =>=tem 4on=i=t of f7e: tan@=/ =e:e4tor  6a:6e=/ fi:er =4reen= an8 f7e: p7mp.

Thi= air4raft i= e7ippe8 9ith a:7min7m f7e: tan@= are in ea4h =i8e in5oar8 :ea4hing e8ge of 9ing=. Ea4h tan@ 4apa4it> i= !$ ga::on=.

F7e: from the tan@ o7t:et thro7gh a =trainer i= ro7te8 to 4ar57retor in?e4tor  in:et port 5> the =e:e4tion of f7e: =e:e4tor 6a:6e.

hi:e maintaining/ =er6i4ing/ repairing/ the =er6i4e man7a: in=tr74tion =ho7:8 5e fo::o9e8.

Snag= an8 their re4tifi4ation of PA!-1*0 air4raft f7e: =>=tem are gi6en  5e:o9 l. No. 1

+rouble

Fai:7re of f7e: of f:o9

,ause

Remedies

i. :o4@age in f7e: :ine  5:o4@age in 4ap 6ent.

i.

F:a=h f7e: =>=tem 4he4@ an8 4:ean 6ent ho:e in 4ap.

ii. Fai:7re to f7e: =e:e4tion to 5e in proper po=ition.

ii. Che4@ po=ition of =e:e4tor an8 a8?7=t if re7ire8.

1-

iii. Fai:7re of me4hani4a: or

iii. Che4@ an8 rep:a4e if

e:e4tri4a: f7e: p7mp. i6. amage of f7e: =e:e4tor !

F7e: ga7ge tai: to operate

6a:7e. i. ro@en 9ire an8 ga7ge

ne4e==ar>. i6. Rep:a4e f7e: 6a:7e. i.

Che4@ an8 repair/

inoperati6e.

rep:a4e.

ii. F:oat partia::> or

ii.

Rep:a4e f:oat.

4omp:ete:> fi::e8 9ith f7e:. iii. Cir47it 5rea@er open or

iii. Che4@ an8 repair or

f7=e 5:o9n.

rep:a4e.

i6. In4omp:ete gro7n8.

i6.

Che4@ gro7n8 4onne4tion at f7e: tran=mitte8 in 9ing=.

6. F:oat an8 arm= a==em5:> f7e: tran=mitter in 9ing %

6.

Che4@ f7e: tran=mitter in 9ing= an8 rep:a4e

F7e: ga7ge

=ti4@ing. Comp:ete gro7n8 on

or repair. Che4@ gro7n8 4onne4tion= at

in8i4ate f7::

tran=mitter 9ire.

f7e: tran=mitting 9ing=.

are not f7::. No f7e:

i. F7e: 6a:7e =t74@.

i. Che4@ 6a:6e.

 pre==7re

ii. No f7e: in tan@=.

ii. Che4@ f7e: :e6e: an8 fi::

in8i4ation

iii. efe4ti6e f7e: p7mp.

iii.Che4@ p7mp for pre==7re

9hen tan@= *

i6. Air in inta@e :ine=.

 57i:8 7p 4he4@ 8iaphragm re:ief 6a:6e= in engine  p7mp. Che4@ for o5=tr74tion in e:e4tri4  p7mp. Che4@ 5>pa== 6a:6e air :ea@ in inta@e :ine=.

1+

i6. Che4@ O ring= for 8amage an8 in:et fitting for proper  $

Pre==7re

i. efe4ti6e ga7ge.

in=ta::ation. i. Rep:a4e ga7ge.

:o9 or

ii. Fai:7re of f7e: =e:e4tion

ii.

 pre==7re =7rge= Uni8entifie8

,

:ea@ )

F7e: 6a:6e

to 5e in proper po=ition i. O5=tr74tion in in:et =i8e

Che4@ po=ition of =e:e4tor an8 a8?7=t if

i.

of p7mp.

re7ire8. Tra4e :ine= an8 :o4ate o5=tr74tion.

ii. Fa7:t> 5>pa== 6a:6e. i. Fa7:t> 8iaphragm.

ii. i.

:ea@=

Rep:a4e Rep:a4e or re57i:8  p7mp.

ii. F7e: :ine 8amage8 or improper:> in=ta::e8. iii. orn ;O< ring=.

ii.

"o4ate an8 repair or tighter.

iii. Rep:a4e ;O< ring= or 6a:6e.

Result

The 6ario7= tro75:e= in air4raft an8 re=pe4ti6e reme8ia: mea=7re= 9a= =t78ie8 =744e==f7::>.

!0

Experiment 3 -

MAINTENANCE AND RECTIFICATION OF SNAGS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Introduction

(>8ra7:i4 =>=tem in air4raft pro6i8e= a mean for the operation of :arge air4raft 4omponent=. The 7=e= of h>8ra7:i4 =>=tem in aero=pa4e 6ehi4:e =>=tem= are the operation of :an8ing gear an8 gear 8oor=/ f:ight 4ontro:=/ 5rea@=/ f:ap=/ =teering =>=tem an8 9ore.

a=i4a::> h>8ra7:i4 =>=tem re7ire= a =o7r4e of h>8ra7:i4 po9er p7mpB a 6a:6e me4hani=m to 4ontro: the f:o9 an8 8ire4tion of h>8ra7:i4 f:7i8/ a 8e6i4e for  4on6erting f:7i8 po9er to mo6ement a4t7ating 4>:in8erB.

+roubles#ooting of #*draulic s*stem •

"a4@ of pre==7re in a =>=tem 4an 5e 4a7=e8 5> 8efe4ti6e re:ief  6a:6e/ pre==7re reg7:ator= ta@e 7p.

•

S>=tem fai:= to ho:8 pre==7re 4a7=e i= :ea@ing re:ief 6a:6e an8 :ea@  in h>8ra7:i4 pipe :ine.

•

Un7=7a: noi=e in the h>8ra7:i4 =>=tem ma> 5e 4a7=e8 5> trapping of air or 4ontamination in the =>=tem an8 a:=o 5e 4a7=e8 5> :a4@ of   proper a447m7:ator a4tion.

•

(igh pre==7re on the =>=tem ma> 5e 4a7=e8 87e to improper  =etting of pre==7re reg7:ator.

-*draulic s*stem of PA%(R aircraft

PA!-R h>8ra7:i4 =>=tem 4omponent= are 4on=i=ting of h>8ra7:i4 =>=tem ha6ing 4om5ination of h>8ra7:i4 p7mp an8 re=er6oir/ a4t7ator a==em5:>/ gear 5a4@  7p exten8er/ a4t7ating 4>:in8er an8 h>8ra7:i4 :ine=.

!1

l. No. 1

+rouble

,ause

Remedies

"an8ing gear   i. "an8ing gear a4t7ator refra4tion

an8 =e:e4tion 4ir47it

=>=tem fai:=

 5rea@er open.

to operate.

ii. Safet> =9it4he= o7t of

i.

Re=et 4ir47it 5rea@er=.

ii.

Rea8?7=t =afet> =9it4h.

a8?7=tment. iii. (>8ra7:i4 p7mp

iii. Rep:a4e or o6erha7: the

inoperati6e.

 p7mp.

i6. (>8ra7:i4 f:7i8 in

i6. Fi:: re=er6oir 9ith

re=er6oir 5e:o9

h>8ra7:i4 f:7i8.

operating :e6e:. 6. atter> :o9 or 8ea8. !

%

"an8ing gear   i.

Re=tri4tion in h>8ra7:i4

retra4tion

:ine=.

6.

Che4@ 4on8ition of

i.

 5atter>. I=o:ate an8 4he4@ h>8ra7:i4 :ine=.

extreme:>

ii. Sh7tt:e 6a:6e =ti4@ing in

=:o9. P7mp =top=

 p7mp 5a=e. i. "an8ing gear a4t7ator   i.

87ring gear

an8 =e:e4tor 4ir47it

retra4tion

 5rea@er= open.

orB

ii.

'e4hani4a:

exten=ion

ii.

ii.

Che4@7p =h7tt:e 6a:6e. Re=et 4ir47it 5rea@er=.

Ja4@ 7p the air4raft an8

re=tri4tion in h>8ra7:i4

 perform f7n4tiona:

=>=tem= to a::o9

4he4@ an8 fin8 o7t the

 pre==7re to 57i:8 7p

4a7=e.

 5efore gear ha= operate8. iii.

Sh7tt:e 6a:7e =ti4@ing in p7mp 5a=e.

!!

iii. Che4@ the =h7tt:e 6a:7e.

*

P7mp

Interna: :ea@age of

i.

Che4@ a7xi:iar>

r7nning

=>=tem.

retra4tion 7nit 6a:6e for 

intermittent:> ii.

"ea@age of high

interna: :ea@age.

after gear ha= $

i.

 pre==7re 4he4@ 6a:6e.

ii.

Remo6e p7mp an8

retra4te8. A:: gear= fai:

a4@ 7p exten=ion 7nit

rep:a4e 4he4@ 6a:7e. Che4@ 7nit 6a:7e an8

to free fa::

6a:7e fai:= to open.

rep:a4e.

Result

Th7= 6ario7= tro75:e= in air4raft h>8ra7:i4 =>=tem a:ong 9ith reme8ie= 9ere =t78ie8.

!%

Experiment 3 +

STUDY OF FLOW TEST, ASSESS OF FILTER ELEMENT CLOGGING

Introduction

If fitter i= an important part in an> t>pe of air4raft =>=tem=. Fi:ter= ma> 5e :o4ate8 9ithin re=er6oir/ in pre==7re :ine/ in ret7rn :ine or in an> other :o4ation 9here the 8e=igner= of =>=tem 8e4i8e that the> are nee8e8 to =afeg7ar8e8 =>=tem again=t imp7ritie=.

ifferent t>pe= of fitter= an8 fitter e:ement= are poro7= meta:/ magneti4 t>pe/ meteori4 an8 9o6e. The p7rpo=e= of the fitter= are to pre6ent 8irt an8 other 8e5ri=/ foreign parti4:e= an8 4ontaminating =75=tan4e= from entering into the =>=tem.

$aintenance of filter

It in6o:6e= 4:eaning of the fi:ter an8 it= e:ement= perio8i4a::>. Some fi:ter= are p7t on ;ON 4on8ition maintenan4e< an8 in=pe4tion= are 8one ro7tine:>. 'an> 8ifferent 8efe4t=  ma:f7n4tion= of =>=tem= 4an 5e o447rre8 87e to fi:ter=. For the entire 8efe4t 9ith fi:ter=/ the main 4a7=e i= the fi:ter= 4:ogging.

C:ogging fi:ter= affe4t the f:7i8 pre==7re= an8 f:o9 rate=.

)ilter clogging

IF the fi:ter= are 8epo=ite8 9ith 8e5ri= an8 imp7ritie=/ the =:o9:> the o7t:et f:o9 form the fi:ter= are re=tri4te8. Thi= i= 4a::e8 a= fi:ter= 4:ogging. Sign= an8 =>mptom= of fi:ter 4:ogging are i.

Errati4 =>=tem performan4e

ii.

No =7pp:> of oi:f7e:air.

iii.

"e== or no pre==7re 57i:8ing 7p.

i6.

S>=tem 4o::ap=e !*

+esting on filter clogging

There are 8ifferent metho8= of 4he4@ing the fi:ter 4:ogging in air4raft =>=tem=. 1.

#i=7a: in=pe4tion

!.

> me4hani4a: in8i4ation

%.

E:e4tri4a: in8i4ation

*.

F:o9 te=t

One t>pe of the =>=tem ha= 5een e7ippe8 9ith an in8i4ator pin that 9i:: 6i=7a::> in8i4ate a 4:ogge8 e:ement. hen the =pin protr78e= from fi:ter ho7=ing/ the fi:ter e:ement= =ho7:8 5e remo6e8 or 4:ean. In =ome =>=tem= :i@e e:e4troni4 fi:ter=/ e:e4tri4a: 9ea6ing in8i4ation= 9i:: 5e ;ON< 9ith the he:p of fi:ter 4:ogging =en=or=.

)low test

Stan8ar8 4:ogging in8i4ator= are rep:a4e8 9ith 8ifferentia: pre==7re ga7ge= or tran=874er= an8 pro6i8e 4ontin7o7= monitoring of fi:ter e:ement. In f:o9 te=t/  57i:8 7p 7pto the operating pre==7re of the =>=tem an8 mea=7re the pre==7re at the in:et an8 o7t:et of the fi:ter.

Procedure •

Conne4t the externa: po9er =o7r4e to 57i:8 7p the pre==7re.

•

Conne4t the 8ifferentia: ga7ge= pre==7reB at in:et an8 o7t:et atta4hment point= of the fi:ter pipe:ine.

•

Start the externa: po9er =o7r4e an8 57i:8 7p the =>=tem pre==7re.

•

After attaining the 4orre4t pre==7re/ mea=7re the 8ifferent pre==7re= at in:et an8 o7t:et of fi:ter.

•

Compare 5oth pre==7re=.

If the fi:ter 4:ogging i= more than

 permitte8 ga7ge/ then 6ariation 5et9een pre==7re= 9i:: 5e more.

!$

•

A44or8ing:> a==e== the 4on8ition of fi:ter an8 fina:iDe the 4on8ition of fi:ter e:ement 4:ogging.

•

Remo6e the fi:ter an8 4:ean/ or rep:a4e the fi:ter e:ement if  4:ogging ga7ge i= more than permitte8.

Result

Th7= the =t78> of f:o9 te=t to a==e== the 4:ogging of fi:ter e:ement i= 7n8er=too8.

!,

Experiment 3 10

A STUDY ON BRAKE TORQUE LOAD  TEST ON WHEEL BRAKE UNIT

Introduction

Air4raft 5ra@e =>=tem= are 6er> m74h important to 5ring air4raft =pee8 7n8er  4ontro: to permit taxiing.

In 5ra@ing pro4e==/ the air4raft @ineti4 energ> i=

4on6erte8 to heat energ> in the 5ra@e=.

So the app:ie8 5ra@e tor7e i= the

important fa4tor to 5e 4on=i8ere8 9hi:e 8e=igning an8 in the app:i4ation of 5ra@e =>=tem=.

/rake torque

ra@e tor7e i= a f7n4tion of 5ra@e pre==7re an8 air4raft 6e:o4it> or 9hee: =pee8.

ith the in4rea=ing :an8ing =pee8 an8 exi=ting r7n9a> :ength=/ the pi:ot fa4e= the pro5:em of app:>ing 5ra@e=. If the 5ra@ing i= a :itt:e in ex4e== of the re7irement= of 9hee:= get :o4ate8 an8 re=7:t in o6ert7rning the air4raft or  4:ogging the 9hee:= 4a::e8 =@i88ing. S@i88ing of a t>re 9hi:e :an8ing 4a7=e= t>re  57r=t.

To o6er4ome the 8iffi47:t:> an8 to ena5:e the pi:ot to operate the 5ra@e= :i5era::>/ anti=@i8 8e6i4e= :i@e maxa4t/ mini=top/ goo8 >ear =@i8 an8 9oo8en tran=874er =>=tem are app:ie8.

/rake torque load testing

In m7:tip:e 8i=4 5ra@e a==em5:> an8 ex4e==i6e 5ra@e tor7e 4an 5e experien4e8 87ring 4:a> 4on8ition=. To :imit the 5ra@e tor7e a for4e 8etermine8/  5ra@e pi=ton a==em5:ie= an8 mo8ifie8 to pro6i8e pre==7re repre==i6e =7rfa4e area.

!)

hen a pre8etermine8 amo7nt of 5ra@ing tor7e i= experien4e8/ =train ga7ge =en=or= 4ontro: a =o:enoi8 6a:6e to 6ent pre==7riDe8 5ra@e f:7i8 to the oppo=ing =7rfa4e area there5> re874ing the 5ra@ing tor7e experien4e8 5> 5ra@e a==em5:> to 4ertain amo7nt. The 5ra@e pre==7re i= not affe4te8 5> thi= =>=tem.

One t>pe of 5ra@e tor7e :oa8 te=ting are air4raft 8>namometer. Air4raft 8>namometer= =im7:ate 4on6entiona: an8 emergen4> 5ra@ing 4on8ition= an8 :an8ing= at pre8etermine8 =pee8.

Thi= e7ipment i= 7ni7e that it 4om5ine=

me4hani4a: an8 e:e4tri4a: energ> to pro6i8e maxim7m te=ting 4apa5i:itie= an8 4an =im7:ate air4raft 9eight/ 4:ag/ thr7=t/ 9in8 age an8 thee 8>nami4 4hara4teri=ti4=.

A =tati4 tor7e =>=tem to =im7:ate par@ing 5ra@e for4e= an8 high re=pon=e =er6o 4ontro::e8 h>8ra7:i4 =75=>=tem=.

The 8>namometer 4o6er= an area approx $0 feet 5> $0 feet an8 ha= a tota: ma== of ,/00/000 l  5=.

The pro6in4e =oft9are pa4@age integrator 8>nami4 meter operation=/ 8ate a47i=ition/ 8ata ana:>=i= an8 reporting.

The =>=tem a:=o pro6i8e= f7e: =afe

 prote4tion of me4hani4a: an8 e:e4tri4a: 4ir47it= 5> monitoring the 4on8ition=.

The 7=e of =mart 4a=trator= in a mo87:e 5ra@ing =>=tem ar4hite4t7re=/ offer= the po==i5i:it> of =imp:if>ing 4entra: 5ra@ing 4ontro:. Thi= app:i4ation i= 7=ef7: 9ith te4hni7e= or 4ontro: of 5ra@e tor7e in=tea8 of 5ra@e pre==7re.

Result

Th7= a =t78> on 5ra@e tor7e :oa8 te=t, on 5ra@e 7nit i= 4omp:ete8 =744e==f7::>.

!-