This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible.
http://books.google.com
TELUGU
GRAMMAR.
SECOND EDITION.
WORKS PUBLISHED BY MR BROWN.
A Grammar of the Telugu Language. First Edition, 1840. Second edition, 1857. English-Telugu Dictionary. Telugu-English Dictionary. Dictionary of Mixed Telugu, and the language used in business. Telugu Reader -. being a first book in the language : with English Translation, Grammatical Analysis, and Little Lexicon. English Irregular Verbs explained in Telugu. Telugu and English Dialogues, with Grammatical Analysis. These have also been printed in Tamil : and in Kannadi. The Vakyavali, or Exercises in Idioms : English and Telugu. This has also been translated into Hindustani. Telugu Disputations on Tillage business. NOTE—The above hooks are all that the learner requires. The volume of Histories must be added, when complete. The Verses of Vemana : with an English Version. Printed in 1829. Essay on Telugu Literature. Zillah Dictionary ; a Glossary in the English Character. The Proverbs of Solomon and the Book of Psalms : in Sanscrit metre : reprinted in the Telegu character from the Calcutta edition. Three Treatises on Mirasi Bight, by Ellis, Blackburne and Munro. The Tale of Nala : and the Adventures of Harischandra ; in Telugu metre. The Tales of Nala and of Savitri in Sanscrit : from the Mahabharat. Cyolic Tables of Hindu and Musulman Chronology. An Ephemeris, shewing the corresponding dates according to the English, Hindu (Telugu, Tamil, and Malayalam) and Mahomedan Calendars from A.D. 1751 until 1850, with Table of events : and explanatory Preface, 600 pages royal octavo. Memoirs of Hyder Ali Bahadar, and his son Tippoo Sultan, translated from Marata into English.
LEFT READY FOR PUBLICATION. Telugu Histories and Tales, with "a Translation : being a continuation of the Reader. A Telugu Translation of the Holy Bible. The Book of Common Prayer, in Telugu. Shasan' A'nus'asan Icam ; Chronological Tables, of Indian History : in Telugu. The Hitopadesa, in Sanscrit, with explanatory notes in Telugu. Various volumes for the School Book Society. Editions of Telugu Poems, with commentaries and Indexes.
A
GRAMMAR
OF THE
TELUGU
LANGUAGE
BY
CHARLES
PHILIP
BROWN,
Late of the Madras Civil Service, Teluou Translator to Government Member of the late College Board, Author of the Teluou Dictionart, and other works.
SECOND EDITION: Much Enlarged and Improved.
MADRAS:
PRINTED AT THE CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY'S PRESS, AND SOLD IN LONDON BY WH. H. ALLEN AND CO., 7, LEADENHALL STREET. 1857.
flHBI.!OTfflECA| RKGIA
PREFACE.
The English Government of Madras extends over various Hindu nations, each of which has its peculiar language. At the date of the Musulman invasion, eight centuries ago, while Canute ruled Britain, the Telugu, Karnataca (Carnatic), and Tamil countries were ruled by "Karnataca Razulu," Kings of the Carnatic, who took the title Tribhuvana Chacravarti (or Trailokya Malla), as " Lords of the Three Realms," in which these three languages were spoken. The last of these princes, named Betteda Raya, quitted the Jaina sect, and becoming a worshipper of Vishnu (in A.D. MCXI., about the time of Henry the First of England), took the title Betteda Vishnu Vardhana. He patronized the Bramhans, and in his days the first part of the Mahabharat (their sacred book) was translated from Sanscrit into Kannadi, Telugu, and Tamil metre. That work is to this day read in every village throughout the country. The earliest poems and philo logical treatises (now somewhat antiquated) are believed to have been written in the days of this raja. Actuated by a zeal for their hierarchy, the Bramhans of former ages translated this "Iliad of India," and also the Ramayan and Bhagavat, into every language. About the time when, in England, Queen Elizabeth's reign began, the Telugus were ruled by Krishna Riiyalu, who patro nized literature ; and the most eminent of the poets have sung his praises. But the Musulman power had gradually increased until about A.D. 1580, when the Telugus were finally conquered. From that time the languages of the three countries became more and more infested with foreign words ; the literature was, as far as possible, crushed ; and yet to this day every work of merit sur vives : these may be seen in a library which I collected, and pre sented to the Literary Society of Madras. It will, I hope, long remain in the College Library, although, while I write, the College has been dissolved. C. P. Brown's Telugu Grammar ; Second Edition.
ii
PREFACE.
The Musulman rulers strove to make their subjects learn Per sian and Hindustani, but with little success : and the fewHindus who managed to learn Hindustani (which they never could pronounce aright) altered its syntax, and hence arose the lan guage called Dakhini, which gives the words a peculiar arrange ment. Each language of Southern India has (like English) a poetical dialect, which uses the entire vocabulary ; and a colloquial style, which requires only.about one-fourth of the phrases. Some have fancied that the poets use a separate vocabulary ; but this is not the case. To exemplify this in English : the words " Horse, courser, steed, nag, palfrey, hunter, pony, barb, jade, hack, bay, roan, grey"—"To think, reflect, consider, ponder, muse, weigh" — are all one; but the Hindti, understanding the first word alone, may fancy the rest obsolete, merely because they are not used in ordinary life. While the language used in the poets is uniform, local dialects of Telugu vary ; and we may be able to speak that of Kadapa, while unable to understand that of Raja-mahendra-varam, or Condapilli, or Visakha-patnam. But, for the purposes of mere tuition, now that the " Reader" is printed, a native of any part of the Telugu country will suffice for a tutor : indeed at Chittoor, and even at Tanjaur and Trichinapali, in the heart of the Tamil country, I met with Telugu bramhans who were excellent assistants. But, while young in the study, we should, as soon as possible, get rid of a tutor who can speak English : such a munshi is apt to neglect teaching, while he eagerly learns English from his pupil. In hiring servants, also, though such as talk English abound, we should early obtain such as will speak to us in Telugu. After we speak the language correctly, it is an indulgence to those around us to converse with them in English, for this benefits them. Hindu grammarians, like those of China, neglect the colloquial dialect, which they suppose is already known to the student, and teach only the poetical peculiarities. They are willing to aid our studies, either in Telugu poetry or in Sanscrit ; they are reluctant to teach us the language of common business : but unless we first surmount this, the lowest step (which natives attain untaught) how can we climb to the highest ? A shrewd critic has observed,
PREFACE.
iii
that " those who explain the poets have in all ages fallen into one common error : they have illustrated and magnified themselves first, and have given less thought to the work in hand."* The same want ofjudgment is evident in the course which native tutors recommend. Instead ofordinary dialogues, tales, trials, letters, and histories, Telugu assistants counsel us to read the venerated Srj Bhagavat(as a pious act), and the prose Telugu Ramayan, one or two books of the Mahabharat, the Sanscrit vocabulary by Amara, the versified set of Telugu synonymes called Andhra-Bhasha-Bhushanam, or the treatises on grammar written by Nannaiia Bhatta and Appa Cavi.f Happily for me I never read one of these books until I had already (about the age of twenty-seven) acquired a command of the spoken Telugu. I will mention some of the poems which seem profitable to the proficient. He may begin with a perusal of the verses of Vemana. These are useful as teaching a variety of common expressions. Such a series of verses is called a Satacam, or Anthology. A few of these little volumes are the works of accurate poets: others are merely juvenile essays. Next he should read the Lila, written in (dwipada,) couplets, and the Chenna Basava Puranam, which is written in " padya-cavyam," or stanzas. These two are disagreeable to Bramhans, as being heretical. He may then proceed to the four different poems on Harischandra's adventures, quoted in the dictionary as HK, HN, UH, and HD. He may then read the Abhimanya Dwipada and the adventures of Kalapurna, finishing with the Dasavatara Charitra and the Pancha Tantram. These poems have all been carefully edited, and fitted with elaborate commentaries framed in Telugu under my directions. Silly prose abridgements of the Pancha Tantram, and of the Vicramarca Tales have long been read by students, but are unprofitable. Some who have not studied Hindu books speak of them as licentious ; but there is more vice in Ovid's Metamorphoses, in Congreve's plays, and in Lesage's romances, than will easily be found in all Hindu literature. * Huet, Preface to his Delphin edition of Virgil. t These unprofitable books are still, in 1856, taught to native pupils in the Madias University.
iv
PREFACE.
Our learned assistants will disapprove the course of reading I have marked out: they zealously recommend books (especially the Bhagavat) which would soon discourage the student. A perusal of the volumes they venerate is considered an act of homage to the gods, conferring merit on the teacher and on the learner. But the Bramhans are excellent instructors, patient, humble, and admi rably skilful. Until I had studied the poems with them for seven years, I did not perceive how perfect they are in learning. Students were formerly examined, at the Madras College, in a manner not quite fair. The papers laid before them were new, never before seen. This was done, I believe, by the native examiners, who are fond of tormenting the aspirant. In the Telugu Dialogues, Reader, Wars of the Rajas, Tales, and Village Dispu tations, I have endeavoured to furnish a series of exercises and examination papers for every grade. The student ought, I think to be examined in these books alone, until he has completely mastered them; and afterwards he should read Vemana. Native tutors urge us first to learn the very subjects which I have placed at the end of the work. The native method is followed by Mr. A. D. Campbell, in his " Teloogoo Grammar," an accurate, though very imperfect work, too intricate to aid the beginner. Mr. Campbell died in London, on the 23rd April, 1857. Some absurdities, very dear to native tutors, call for notice, because they obstruct the progress of the learner. The alphabet, if counted in one way, contains so many letters, and if counted in another way, so many ; certain letters are Sanscrit, and others are Telugu; some being common. These idle refinements furnish themes for wrangling. The verbs, also, are put through useless forms, thus ; 'pamputa' To send, and ' cheyuta', To do, make the passives pampabaduta, and cheya-baduta ; the causals being 'pampinpi', ' cheyingu' and the middle * pampu-co' ' chesu-co.' Thus far is useful, but the tutors next propose fanciful forms which never occur, such as ' pampin^u-co-baduta. When we object that such phrases are never heard, the absurd answer is that they are possible. In the alphabet, too, every native tutor is apt to teach combinations of letters, such as lkha, sba, vpha, yra, khpa; and when we have acquired them, we find we have taken fruitless
PREFACE.
v
trouble, for these never occur. But the art of tormenting is carried to its highest pitch in teaching prosody ; for they would gladly keep us at work for two years in learning as much as an English tutor would teach in a fortnight. We ask for grain : they give it us on the condition that we will, with it, submit to eat the straw. Their memory is well exercised, their judgment is fettered; and they counsel us to learn, as they do, long vocabularies by rote, whereas by reading the poets we can easily acquire an ample stock of all the words that are in use. Such unwise counsels have disheartened many a student; while others, more submissive, have stored their memories with all the tutor prescribed, and yel remained unable to use the language. Telugu has been called the Italian of India. In the poems, and as spoken in retired villages, it may merit this name ; but, like Italian, it has some rough and rude dialects, more or less mixed with foreign languages. In another point there is a resemblance. Learned men of Rome or Naples, who know English, prefer writing in English, because, according to the refined Della Cbusca rules, they cannot write Indian faultlessly. In like manner the learned Telugus of our days find a difficulty in writing correct ordinary prose, because, however well it may be composed, critics cavil at many expressions or modes of spelling. After some study, I found it best to neglect their refinements, but to imitate their example closely in speaking and writing. The models I have given in the Reader of a simple natural style will enable the learner to judge for himself. Many years have passed since the first edition of this Grammar was printed. In that period I have re-composed nearly every page; particularly attending to the remarks made by students. Let not the beginner be alarmed at the size of this Grammar. There is very little to be learnt by heart. The grammar terminates with the tenth book,* page 291. He should read it so as to be able to find such rules as are required whenever they are wanted, and few of these seem hard to remember. Some have urged me to simplify the grammar, by rectifying * The first book has heen already reprinted in large octavo, with improve ments, and prefixed to the Dictionary.
PREFACE. irregularities. But innovations can only be made by poets ; and even such as they make do not always become current. My province was merely to observe, record, arrange, and explain facts, and to produce quotations in proof of my statements. A few years ago I was shown a manuscript Grammar, which was professedly an improvement of that I first published; but in reading it I found that the author had merely inserted all that I had rejected, and excluded such rules as were new, restoring the arrangement which I disapproved. Failing health having obliged me to return to England while this work was in the press, the latter pages contain some errors ; but there are none which will impede the progress of the student.* If, in the arrangement of the rules, I have taken a new course, it is because my great object has been to facilitate self-instruction, making the learner independent of oral aid. " Every man (says Parkhurst, in the Preface to his Greek Dictionary), who has thought much upon so curious and extensive a subject as grammar, may justly claim some indulgence to his own notions, and be allowed his own peculiar method of communicating them to others." This discretion may be profitably exercised when we have to examine principles which are well understood by the commonalty, but are obscured by refinements invented by the learned. Our earliest English Grammars were arranged on the Latin system; and the oldest grammatical treatises on Telugu were con structed on the Sanscrit plan, though the two languages are radi cally different. The native grammarians of the present day are fond of the expression that " Sanscrit is the mother ;" but this does not allude to its origin; it merely denotes dependance, because we cannot speak Telugu without using Sanscrit words. Some learned or half-learned natives find fault with the arrange ment I introduced. Hitherto every path was overgrown with gay weeds of pedantry, w7hich I have cleared away. While preparing a second edition, I have been exhorted to replace some of the riddles which they venerate, and which, in their eyes, render the science mysterious. But it is to be observed that the learned * In London I prepared the preface and sent it printed to Madras ; but the packet was not received, and I therefore re-printed it, with some improvements.
PREFACE.
vii
have passed over in silence many points which called for clear elucidation. Some have wished me to exclude all notices of errors and blemishes in style ; but how is the sailor to shun shoals and sands unless they are pointed out in the chart? The poet (in 2 Henry IV., act 4, scene 4) observes that — " The prince but studies his companions Like a strange tongue ; wherein to gain the language, 'Tis needful that the most immodest word Be look'd upon, and learn'd: which once attain'd, Your highness knows, comes to no further use But to be known and hated." Unless we read their books, and have daily communications with the Hindus, what insight can we obtain into the minds of the people ? We have no intercourse with them in society : we live among them, as oil upon water, without mingling.* Many an English man has been acquainted with the natives for years, while remaining entirely ignorant of the peculiarities of the Hindu character. Missionaries seek and enjoy greater facilities ; and such as have studied the poems acknowledge that books are the best guides to an acquaintance with the mind of the people. Some have severely judged the Hindus from the stories contained in Sanscrit poems ; but these are obsolete, and widely different from modern traits of character. In like manner the prejudices of Hindus regarding ourselves, can only be removed by a course of English reading. We are well aware that an Englishman residing in France, Spain or Germany, must become acquainted with the favourite volumes of Rousseau, Calderon, or Goethe, before he can converse idiomatically, or enter into the feelings of those around him. And experience proves that the true key to those modes of thought, and peculiarities of expression which in India occur daily, can be found only in the classics of India. * This was written before the Sepoy mutiny broke out in 1857.
STAATSniDLIOTHKK I MUCNCHENv
CONTENTS OF GRAMMAR. BOOK FIRST. On Orthography p. 1. Alphabet 6. Vowels 8. Forms of initial vowels in Dictionary and in use 18. Consonants 19. On Sunna and Half Sunna 28. Caution to native tutors 32. Dialects 33. Accent 34. Mode of enunciation 35. Contractions used in writing 36. On Coromandel 36. Majors and Minors 39. Numerals 40. On Softening Initials 41. On lengthening final vowels 43. Elision 44. Changes in the last syllable, *&>£|o3sr'«o) Second Declension 53. Xi^sSn. ^o-g°5S» 54. &«!S£8&3 54. 8$sfa> 55. Third Declension 56. First class 57. Other nouns 58. sS-P^- 59. Second class 'a* 5$^ &c. 60. Third class &c. 62. Fourth class &c. 62. Neuter Numerals 63. Fifth class tct»om &c. 64. Sixth class 'Spk 64. Seventh fT[& 65. Eighth -5-»e» 65. Same plural used for two nouns/ 66. Foreign words 66. BOOK THIRD. Pronouns 68. Of First person 68. Second 69. Third person 69. Adjective Pronouns 74. Defective nouns 76. Adjectives 79.
CONTENTS. BOOK FOURTH. On the Verb 81. Principal parts 83. Radical forms 84. Silent Roots 84. Infinitive forms 85. Participles 86. Tenses 87. "Rules of Formation." Formation of the Negative verb 93. First Conjugation 94. *So^)t>. «s$)^)tj 97. »f*»*J 100. r°frii 103. Middle Voice *So^)§"jSofc> 105.
-jSooyj Can. 123. Second Conjugation 124. &cs&>fc>, £-«cs£ok, r*dSio*j &c. 127. Roots 127. ^o&)^> 128. t*r»cKMk> 131. 133. sSocssojAj must, should, ought 135. Third Conjugation 136. "mOtShj forming the root in CA "2>o<5 136. II Verbs which form it in VA as r°wKfcfc, ^ewS, Tt ew'&, "K*S &c- 137. Ill Verbs which use OA or VA, at plea sure: as -&d^ or -8»d*^ 137. IV Verbs which use 9a or pa at pleasure : as s&^pfj or Jfcp^osS 138. V. Irregulars, as sj-iS^, &c. which have a monosyllabic Root 139. Specimen of regular verbs. Conjugation of ^o-Efci> to rear 139. ribj»jpiS>*a to pardon 141. j66oLo-eS>4j to try 144. to come 147. s^*j to give 149. sS-^, W-Co^ 151. iS^-a^, "?»-»&^, TSFTSitj 152. General Rule for all the Conjugations on formation of Participles 152. Passive verb 153. *Jfc*J, sSoabw «S>*J to be sent. On change of Conjugation 154. Middle voice 154. in as a&o^jr'ffiiJ. Causal voice in Incu as ^Jo&o-Soij to have it sent 155. "5"* makes "s^i&ij 156. «a&X)t> makes 156. Irregular verbs causal 157. Conjugation of Causals a&ofcotfcij to have it sent 159. Compound Tenses 160. BOOK FIFTH. On Syntax 165. Arrangement of words 166. Words understood not expressed 166. On Brief expressions, 166. On Softening
CONTENTS. Initial Consonants 169. Conjunctions 169. On the Emphatic affixes A' E 0' 172. Changes in the first syllable 177. Elision of M. 178. Druta words 179. Cala words 180. BOOK SIXTH. Adjectives 181. Feminine affixes 184. Comparative and Super lative 184. On Plurals 187. On Pritchett's Telugu New Testa ment 188. Syntax of the Cases of the Noun. Nominative 192. Combination of Nouns and Pronouns 193. Genitive 198. Dative 199. Accusative 200. Vocative 202. Ablative 203. Instrumental 206. Locative 206. Compound Nouns 207. Bulesregarding Proper names 209. On Pronouns 213. BOOK SEVENTH. Syntax of the verb 219. Table of principal parts of Verbs 220. Syntax of the Verb 224. On Yes and No 225. On Kadu and Ledu 226. On the Infinitive 228. in TA, DAMU, DI. Monosyllabic verbs 230. The Boot in A. 231. and GA. On Sunna optionally inserted as Banga, Kaluganga 232. On the Infinitive in U 234. On Irregular Verbal Nouns 235. On the Negative Verbal in MI 239. On Verbs 239. in INCUTA, IMPUTA and ILLUTA. Syntax of Causal Verbs 240. On the Middle Voice 242. BOOK EIGHTH. On Participles 247. On the Present Participle 250. Od the Past Participle 250. On the Compound Negative Tenses 251. On the Past Belative Participle 252. On the Belative Aorist Participle 253. On the Negative Participle " AKA" 255. On the Negative Belative Participle in NI 256. On the Conditional Aorist 257. On the Imperative 259. BOOK NINTH. Syntax of the Tenses. The Aorist*261. The present Tense 267. Future Tense 268. The Past Tense 269. On the Poetical Dia lect 271. On Orthography 272. On Impersonal Verbs 273. De. fectives 275. On the form used in prayer 275.
CONTENTS. BOOK TENTH. On certain Verbs used as Auxiliaries 276. On the formation of Verbs from Nouns 278. On Keiteration 278. On Participles 284. On (Anucaranamu) Adverbial Particles 286. On some words used Idiomatically 289. On Kules for finding words in the Dic tionary 291. BOOK ELEVENTH. On Prosody 293. On the drawling style of reading 295. On Feet 295. Feet having two syllables in each 297. On the Uni form Metres 297. The Canda Padyam 301. On the Telugu chang ing Metres 305. On the Dwipada 310. On some unusual Metres 311. On Musical Metres 315. On the Kagada Metre 316. On the Dandacam 319. On the Taruvaja, Utsaha, and Accara 320. On Ehyme 323. CHAPTEB TWELFTH. On Etymology 325. On Druta words 326. On Cala words 328. On Softening Initial Consonants in Poetry 330. On Contraction in Poetry 332. On Elision and change of Vowels 333. On some Contractions 338. On Sanscrit Elision and Permutation 339. Permutation of Vowels 340. Exceptions and Anomalies 341. Coa lition of -Consonants 342. Mutations of Sibilants 342. Mutation of g Visargah 342. On Compound Words 343. APPENDIX. On Arithmetical Marks 346. On Divisions of Measures 350. Measures of Length 353. Points of the Compass 354. On Ety mology. Tatsamamu 355. Tadbhavamu 356. On Desyamu, Gramyamu 357. On some abbreviations 358. Examination Questions 359.
SECOND INDEX. M, MU, final, 45, 178, 322, 323, 334. Mahat and Amahat,39, 190, 191 . Man, how translated, 214, 217. Manners, 5, 69. Measures, 350, 351, 353. Melodies, 305, 316, 321. Metrical feet, 295, 296, 306. MI. Negative Verbal noun, 239, 283. Middle Voice, 154, 242—246. Mind, 216. Monosyllabic Imperatives, 231. Multiplication table 191. Musical metres, 315, 318, 319. Must, ought, should, 277. N : shapes of this letter, 239. N : final in nouns, 201. N : final in verbs, 85, 95, 163, 268 269. N, optional (adesa). 96, foot, 194. N, inserted to prevent elision, 333. N, inserted in the verb, 232, 267, 270. N, inserted for the sake of metre, 272. N, dropped, even in the middle of verbs, 112. Names, proper, 209, 213. Neuter verbs, 224. Nasals, 8, 30 ; (see circle.) Negative, 93, 95, 162, 163, 239, 251, 283. NI. or NU. conjunctions, 169, 170. No. 225-228, 275. Never, &c, 216.
xi
Nominative case, 50, 192, used adverbially, 280, 281. Numerals, 40. O, (short), 17. O, (the sign of doubt), 172, 173 Omission of words, 168. "One" is omitted, 168. Optative or Precatory forms, 266. Paddy, (rice), 190. Pagoda, (a coin), 347, 348. Palatals, 7. Particles, 284, 286, 288. Participles, 86, 94, 247-257, the present p.I|250,negative251, past relative p. || 252, 353, reiterated, 283. Passive verb, 83, 153, 224, 247. Past tense, 269, used for the present, 270. Pedantry, 295. See in Preface, People, 214, 217. Permutation of vowels 333, of initials, 18. Persons of the verb, how named, 83. Plurals, 97, 187—192. Poetical dialect, 325, 327, spelling, 30, 271 , in the verb, 113, 114. Points of the compass, 213, 254. Politeness 69, 97, 182, 218. Positively, 282, 283. Postpositions, 51. Potential f ms, 261. Prayer, 234, 259, 260, 275. Precatory forms, 234.
xii
SECOND INDEX.
Prepositions, 51. Present, habitual or occasional, 267, used for future, 268. Pretence, 282. Pronunciation 22, 212. Pronouns, 68, 193, 213. Proper names, 209, 213. Prosody, 295—320. PureTelugu, 25, 182. Quantity, 295. Question, 43. R, shapes of this letter, 3; dis putes regarding it, 24 ; ob solete, 24, 25, 258 ; inserted, 345. Reading, 295, 306. Reciprocal or reflective verb, 243 —245. Reiteration, 278. Relations, 290. Relative pronouns, 218. Rhyme, 298, 314, 315, 323, 344. Roots, 83, 84. Root in A, 230, 233. Rules, antiquated 266. Rupee, 346—350. Rustic forms of the verb, 159. S. On this letter, 26, 27, 126. Sanscrit, 5, 239, 339. Scriptures, translated, 188, 189. Self, 246. Semicircle, 28,29,232, 272,320. Senior and j unior, 21 1 , 215, 290. Shall and will, 269. Silent consonants, 296. Soft sounds, 6. Softening initials, 41, 169, 330, 344.
Sounds hard and soft, 6. Spelling 47, 126, 217, 330, note. Spittle, 5, 182, 218. Subjunctive, 261. Sumati, 254. Sunna, (see circle). Superlatives, 280, 281. Syntax, 165. Tadbhava and Tatsama, 335, 355, 356. Take, 246. Telugu, Tenugu, 13. Tenses, 82, 87, 152, 160. Therein, thereby, thereto, 72. Thou, 215 Though, although, 252. Tone in reading, 5, 295. Transitive, 224. Tutor, advice to a, 32. U, final, 333, 336. Uncertainty, 283. V is changed into W, or even is slurred, 95. Verb, 81 ; voices, 83. verbs are quoted in the preterite form, 83, 84; some are formed from nouns, 278, in incuta, 239. Verbals, 54, 86, 235 ; negative in MI., 239, 283. Vocative, 202. Vowels, 333. Vulgar forms, 56, 115, 357. Welsh initials changeable, 344. Woman, in pronouns, 215, 217. Y, inserted, 333. Yes and No, 225-228. Z, or J, 21.
ERRATA AND ADDENDA.
Page 57. The nouns ^o^Oaa a wife, rtfrasSw a clerk, iS^X** an actor, and OoJCkoKo (not 80?CjS» which would be wrong) are declined in the same manner : the genitive being the same as the nominative. 73. scSo is used for 'man' or 'person' as here shewn. But is never used in such compounds. Thus: J&oGwefc 'a good man-.' but 'this good man' is -&^oQsr»«fc. So in the feminine 6*-"3s that woman, -8i3> this woman: but 'this old woman' is -S*«fco !>«-•"&>. p 82. 1. 18 read "Thus from ^dtk" 'to do' 'to make' comes the past. p|| x3£ 'having done or made,' p. 85. 1. 15 read "Bought wood." 102. foot : read ' Palnati. p. 331.' 111. foot. The initials here used are explained in page 358. 116. line 3. 'q. v.' denotes a reference to this word in the Dictionary. 120. line 11. The mark § denotes that these shapes are pe culiar to poetry, p. 178. 1. 16 erase ^'B'ofloij'gJSew. 182. 1. 1 read, "may drop MU"—"fine cloth." line 12 read " foul" 1. 18 read " cloth ; and so on." 183. 1. 23 erase "(lime)." line 24 read "Telaga" line 27 read 184. 1. 15 read "W-ew forms the." line 27 read, "JToTi or S"rfj., than, added." 185. 1. 3 read, "meaning, she is." 186. foot note "Regarding Sanscrit comparatives and superlatives, see page 340."
13 read "let him go," not 'let I go,' 29 read, Bf». 29 read "uniting several" "the signs ,of case." 28 read " <^5$8§ to whom ?" 2 read "(incorrectly rendered £^o&)." 2. 3 and in page 255 line 14 and page 260, erase the ).
254. 1. 26 read "meddling with quarrels." 260. 1. 3 read " a series of imperatives." 261. note; read ' arx alta' 'thou would'st still.' 'And in Ovid's Metam' fulva colre. 265, 1. 13 for "W. I" read 'Vishnu Puran.' 271. The . quotation from Plutarch should be placed at the head of the page, as a mottop. 273. 1. 9 read " and yet is used in Spenser."—line 30 read "by the present; equivalent." 274. 1. 1 read, " il ne." 278. lines 6 and 9 erase "(2. W. 580" and ' (2 W)." 282. line 15 'erase "(ADC 484)." 283. 1. 27 read "(in MI, see page 239)." 290. line 2. Instead of '121—122,' read '216.' 291. 1. 7 read "words are easily found." 296. lines 28 and 29 "read Maecenas," " Ymetto." 297. 1. 16 read "denotes the yati or pause." 298. 1. 20 read ^whatever :\ should.' 302. 1. 27 read J tacitaque.' 310. 1. 14 read 'pedantry.' 314. After line 12 place 'a new Title : " On RHYME." line 33 read " Alliteration :—and." 317. line 6 for ^234 read ' page'^Oe.' 318. line 22 erase "TT where are." 319. read "On the XO&Si&a DANDACAMU."
ERRATA. 320. line 2 Instead of 8853b read ^ff^s&). 322. line 20 read * an additional short syllable.' 323. note. For ' Assonants' read ' Asonantes.' 324. 1. 24 read ' dictionary are.' 325. 1. 2 and 3 read ' formulas.' 326. 1. 14 ' Here, &c.' must be erased. 327. 1. 7 read (A, see page 343). 1. 23 read + cfc + ffc, sir-acgs+ffc, sJr^ + ffc Sr*^ + ;S». And in line 30, a+g-, ss'assb+e-. Note : The Table of Verbs (p. 220, 221, 222, 223) should, in a future edition, be placed before the rule for the first Conju gation : which at present is in page 94.
THE GRAMMAR OF THE TELUGU LANGUAGE.
BOOK FIRST—On Oethogeaphy. The Teltjgu language is written from left to right, like English : and the best writing is upright : or sloping a little, (unlike Eng lish) towards the left. The words are in general pronounced, (as in Greek) precisely as they are spelt : thus the ear is a sufficient guide in orthography. In the round hand used in books every letter stands separate as in printing. In running hand the letters are shaped differently, and are combined, as in English ; the words not being divided from each other. To render the alphabet easy it will be requisite first to explain the principles on which it proceeds. Many letters have two forms : one appears in the alphabet as a capital or primary, and the other is secondary. Thus C5, Sj> 6l, are the alphabetical or capital forms of the vowels A, 1, 17, which are respectively called WfiSo, scs^ao, feT'o'o, Acaram, Icaram, and TJcaram ; because caram is equivalent to letter. Thus the consonants X, vS, are Ka, Ga, Cha ; the mark %^ aboTC each being the Talacattu or sign of A. §, J\, are Ki, G i, and Chi : and So, K>, are Ku, Gu, Chu. With this last vowel \), the talacattu is retained, though it is not pronounced. The letters if, X, ■£>, have as secondary shapes, (j—, (-3, and which are written under the line. Thus akka, agga, and »i5^ acca : which last is pronounced atsa, or as azza would be Bounded in Italian.
2
TELUGTT GEAMMAB.
The talacattu, or A, is thus attached to most letters. Thus Ea, £5 da, ta ; but some letters write talacattu and £) gudi, separately. Thus ft sa, si, £ pa, pi. Ten consonants never use the sign talacattu : for it is sounded though not written. These are 3) kha, St gna, 2S ja, 23 za, gf- jna, ta, C3 na, &} ba, O la, e*3 ra. Excepting these, it is not the custom to writi any letter, even in the alphabet, without the talacattu. In modern printings the Kannadi (or " Cannarese") types ft are used ; which remove all doubt. The mark I called jada, or ottu, or vottu, is a breathing, and being placed under some letters, makes them aspi rates. Thus i) Bi, £) Di, zx> Bu, £)0 Du, are not aspirated. But 2^1 Bhi, § Dhi, Jpo Bhu, (£3 Dhu, have the aspirate sound. A circle, o, is in some places used for N or M. Thus «osJ is anta, «*o» is amba, j6o^)4j is pamputa ' to send.' The circle (called sunna) is usually formed like the English letter o. Thus tsox'o is angam ; but, for the sake of clearness, the form O is frequently used in this grammar. As certain consonants have the vowel A " inherent" so the consonant cJ5o ya (of which ^ is the second form) has the vowel I, inherent. Eor if written without the letter OXj is i or yi. Thus d^=xo is po-yi (pronounced po-i) ' having gone.' "3<*»§ veyyi (ve-i) ' a thousand.' cheyyi (che-i) ' the hand.' The mark —° is called 6?»e"o dTrgham ; and is the common name for broad a. Thus S"T°tffe^E"o kakara-dTrgham signifies (IT™ ka) the consonant k with a added. As I is inherent in y, coct~d is yi ; sounded as I in machine, or ee in seen. The letter a £3 is called WT°ffo acaram or ' letter A' as in Amelia ; but the sign *S a is called talacattu or crest. The letter 0) I is called =}"S'"tfo i-caram : but the^s^re g) 1, is called gudi ' a whirl.' The letter 6s U is called & Vtf o Ucaram : but the sign \) is called commu ' a horn.'
ORTHOGRAPHY.
S
Instead of T" So caram, the word «$£o twain (a word likeness as dkatS^o stoutness, HoSoiS^o heaviness) is sometimes used. Thus these three vowels are at pleasure called **#§o, atwam, itwam, and utwam. If two consonants meet, one is written without a vowel, under aa a the other. Thus (5|_ n c, nacca 'a fox.' cue, kukka 'a dog.' c c e a '"m5*" b 1 mu, ballemu ' a spear.' Ko^_t5«i» gu r mu gurramu ' a 1 r horse.' Here we see that B ai is written without the vowel a ; and GU has the vowel a written above it, but not pronounced. In JfoUftio the mark l_ is R and comes between gu and ram. This mark shaped l__ or ^ > is called iTr't^sSS crara vadi. The letter v. j is used in writing : but in printing it is more convenient to use the ancient forms [_ or J) thus (Jf or §^ kra. This form is used in inscriptions on some ancient temples ; and is retained in many manuscripts, both Telugu and Cannadi. The letter that stands on the line is pronounced first ; then the one, or two, under it. Then the vowel above. Thus (^} is pra : o I and iftipi s, stri, a woman, also written 9(3~° ; that is, fj si with ^t V^fV r ai o t and r beneath. Thus also ^isL) s s that is, Sastri, t ' a learned man. ' r Sometimes a consonant is marked as " silent ;" no vowel being attached to it. The silent mark called *°^> pollu is cr~ or £~ added to the top of the letter instead of a vowel. Thus pridhac (i. e. separately,a part.) Here the mark written above k shows that it is silent. Thus also O is the letter La ; but by ad ding this sign it becomes as in the word S~ hal ; meaning a consonant. So &-<5~~ ach (t. e. a vowel). Thus e5 ta becomes cS~ as in the word wsSV*5~ avasJt ' unexpectedly.' The letter
4
TELUGU GKAMMAK.
sa becomes V as in the word "ies^T tejas ' lustre.' Thus "6 or pa becomes fo as fir ap i. e. water. These are Sanscrit words, and rarely occur in the free dialect. The letter ^ Na assumes the form T~ as in the word owoi^r" intan 'in the house;' er*!£e>r" lopalan ' within.' This mark is called £T*tf£r*to nacara-pollu. The letter K, when followed by another consonant adds it a beneath, as in the word area f tf_ ar or sometimes changes places c a a a with it and assumes the form E~ thus fc55"r- acr. So ¥J^o Dh r m, m ft ft ft ft dharmam, may also be written ijJs&e-o, dh m r m. So ^J* c r t ft ft ft carta ' a lord' may be written 5"Ss- c t r. Thus ^T^o p r m uv a purvam ' formerly' may be written ^r°ss e~o, p v r m. Either way u the pronunciation is the same. This mark is called fc^S" gilaca (literally a rattle,) from a fancied resemblance in shape) or more usually sSo^eftaS" valapala gilaka, which means, " the gilaca on the right hand," i. e. placed beyond the letter. The letters of the alphabet appear very numerous, but the rea son is that a separate character is used for each sound, instead of using the same letter with two or three different sounds, as hap pens in English. The consonants also are multiplied and have such a variety of forms, because they use a separate shape for each variety of sound. T has one form and Th another ; K has one form and Kh another. And this happens also in the Greek alphabet. This spelling is easy ; as the letters when correctly pronounced, never deviate from the sound given in the alphabet. But a difficulty (felt by those who have advanced far) arises from the liberty of spelling the same word in various wavs.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
5
The student should provide himself with the edition, latelyprinted in the Telugu character, of the Sanscrit Bhagavad GTtS. This will furnish a good key to the character if he already knows the Sanscrit alphabet. When we have occasion to write Hindu or Mahometan names in English letters, too great precision would he pedantic. It is usual to write Bramin for Brahman, or Bramhan : and Rajahmundry for Rajamahendra-varam. When a letter is written under the line it is usually larger than if written on the line. It is not the custom to separate the words. Thus a paragraph looks as if it was all one word. But in printing it will be found easy to separate words, as is done in English. The mark | is used as a comma ; and || as a period. The com ma is used at the end of each line in poetry except the last which is marked with the period. In some Telugu printing, the English comma, semicolon, pe riod and other stops have been introduced with good effect. A letter is called &<&*ti&a axaram. An aspirated letter is called &J*&.tfsS» or ffi£«i&»J5x> likewise means a syllable. Thus strl ' a woman' is considered to be S"T°1S-o'jS» §c axaram, a mo nosyllable : lit. one letter. Unless thoroughly acquainted with the principles of spelling and the variations therein allowed, we shall not be able to find words in the dictionary. The reader must therefore pardon what he may consider a tedious degree of preciseness regarding ortho graphy. The vowels cannot be correctly pronounced without opening the mouth wide, looking up, and using a loud tone. Natives complain that the English mumble their words.* The learner should write the letters on a slate, in a large flou rishing style : this is the easiest method of attaining fluency in writ ing. • The native tutors also complain that English pupils touch their mouths with their hands : and then defile books with hands thus dirtied. Hindus hold spittle in abomination. We should respect their prejudices, and treat them kindly.
6
TELUGF GRAMMAR. THE ALPHABET.
a (or
O" a
Vowels. £4 1
gI
u)
HS
(or e» n)
"if or OO 10
SO ai
5
Class 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th.
Consonants ; (in five classes.J g ca 4) kha X ga cfo gha ^ cha ^ chha 88 ja Givjha &> ta 5f tha & da ^ dha eMa <*> tha £ da $ dha pa ^, pha eo ba {{J bha
06 ya •S*
?a
£5
SCOT5 ru
^a
ra SS. sha
^e
Q ^e
27° au.
O la -j6 sa
la Kr° ha
;$
3t gna. gf- Jna. C3 na (hard.) $ na (soft.) ma.
va.
iSx xa.
The dots placed under the letters t ^h d dh n I and s denote that these letters are sounded hard. They are sometimes marked with accents, as I' t'h d' d'h n' 1' and s'.
o -o 3
Numerals. # £_ Z o~, 7 orr no, oo-dfo.
123456789 9 10 1850. The numerals three and seven are perpetually confounded in ma nuscript. The first 25 consonants are arranged in sets (called 5SSj&> vargamu) having five letters in each : and on arranging these in five lines, we shall observe that the first and third letter in each line, are sim ple : but the second and fourth are aspirated. For the sake of dis tinction the consonants that stand in the first column, being ?T,x<5, eJ, ^5, &c, are called *t£>sS. hard : and Kf 2S, C5, Ks, &c., in the third column are called $8$ soft. Thus G is the soft sound of k ; and P is the hard sound of B.
ALPHABET.
7
In some places a hard initial is softened : that is, T changes into D ; or P into B, &c. Thus eJs&^ifc Tammudu ' a younger brother' changes into SsSv^sfii dammudu, £r*Q&> p5vuta ' to go' becomes tf^iJ bovuta, ' to fall' becomes fc>«bi> baduta, and 5"e)otfi4j caluguta ' to be' becomes Xew&ti galuguta. But a soft letter is never changed into a hard one. The expressions dentals, palatals, labials, &c, which are used in Sanscrit Grammar are needless here : or belong only to the rules (at the close of the volume) regarding Sanscrit words. In expressing the sounds in English letters, the spelling used in the works of Colebrooke, Jones, Wilson, and Wilkins is the most convenient. The rules for spelling, which Native grammarians inculcate, are te diously minute, and widely different from those used in ordinary writing ; which they consider beneath their notice ; giving rules lor the poetical dialect alone. Accordingly their rules are of little use to a foreigner ; and my object being to assist the foreigner, the present grammar is so constructed as to meet his wants : the rules for the poetical dialect are therefore removed from the beginning to the end of the grammar. Indeed, we need notice no rules of permutation but those requisite for finding words in the dictionary. The alphabet exhibits the capitals or first forms. The secondary form of ^j) a being this is added to the consonants. In some grammars all the consonants are exhibited without vowels attached : but it seems useless to give forms that are not in use. Six consonants cpo, ^ 5$^ ^ £r°5 gha, pa, pha, sha, sa, ha, use this sign, as here shewn, above the letter; but written with out touching it. If they were joined, the letter itself would change ; thus, •£} -ft are pa, sa ; but S$ are va, na. The sound of £3 A is that used in about, around. Thus the name wejS'jSotf is pronounced Alacananda. Nala, the name of a cer tain prince, is sounded like the Latin Nulla. oJ^8 Han, a name of Vishnu, is pronounced like the English word hurry. ttsAVS^tf Amara cosha (the title of a Dictionary) is written Ummuru Koshu by those who prefer that mode of spelling. In common writing, the letters often take other shapes. Thus
~7\~° ga ^jj-0 gha ar° ja C£p~* jha of15 da dha £5" or da. dha "jj^ na
na
P» "^T0 pha ba 2j5"° bha Sjr«> ma . _ dSr-o ya XT" ra SfT0 ra ey* la IP t» o5"° va "ij-0 sa ^57 sha or -fi-o sa ^T6 ha tg^ xa. The vowel £1 is short I as in ' India.' Thus S}\_Q irri ' a fawn' SSl^u illu ' a house' icci ' having given.' The word English ig written S}oft sSs> Inglishu and England is «;o£o££> Inglandu. The £| is called itwam as S£o twatn is the name given to the vowels only; while caram as S3T*!Jo Acaram, cacaram is common to both vowels and consonants : the long sound is "&#£o itwam. The secondary shape O) is called gudi (like goody) and the long sound is §) Xo&&S»s-o gudi-dirgham. It is sounded i or ee like i in machine, ravine, Louisa. . Thus
(a woman) is
stri, or stree. fc« Lila (a comedy) is sounded Leeler. The sign for dlrgham or the longer sound is often omitted in writing. Added to various consonants this somewhat changes their shapes. Thus § ki I ki 4) khi |) khi. % gi §V gi |M ghi |w ghi or %XS~° ghi. Herein we see that instead of adding the accent above, they add the sign —0 dlrgham at the end. chi
formed by adding the —• to Here it will be observed that the letters pa pha and 5$ va add the vowel \} in a peculiar manner. This is done to distinguish them from c£>3 gha and 3$> ma. But in common hasty writing these distinctions are sometimes confounded. In like manner ^ 1 N' is often written for ^6 S ; and ^ V is often written for P. But over S and P, when thus written, a little up right dash is often placed to shew the difference, and to denote that the vowel ought to be separated from the consonant. Instead of the initial forms 65 and Csr^ the consonants 5^) vu and vtl are generally used. Thus the words uppu ' salt' <&<3o& uduta 'a squirrel' are in the dictionary spelt ••'^J and &sfc#; but in common life vuppu, and vuduta. But the V or W is not sounded and accordingly the sounds are uppu, uduta, or ooppoo, oodoota. The short fi when it is final is written indeed, but is very often (like the silent e in hare, ride) dropped in pronunciation. Thus ^ fS> chenu ' a field' is always called x3f~ chen ; «J*& batu 1 a duck* is pronounced «r»5~ bat ; stop ! stop ! is pronounced wf W F Tarl ! Tarl ! or Tal Tal ! sfciS^Sb ' a he buflalo' in like manner is calledifc $^p*&~ dunnapot. Words that end in ofo) mu as lSo'jS», beramu * merchandize' T^CsSa caramu ' acrid' are always pronounced iSso beram "s~*tSo caram. In such words the final U is necessary only in poetry : for in Telugu as in French verse each syllable is enunciated. In the words borrowed from Hindustani, English or other languages (and which have a final silent consonant) as firyad (a complaint) vakil (a pleader) book, major, line, number, (the English words)the Telugus do indeed add a final u, thus ^Tr^aS),
12
TELUGU GRAMMAR.
:Sf ex>, wSS , "&>a«o, J3jfc,;6owCd ; they write the vowel U, but do not pronounce it. At the end of a verse in poetry, the syllables eX5, p, pjj. often drop their vowels and are contracted into i-• Thus *rke" be comes AiSjcF, tSu^Sp and ^oi §6i& become fc»^f>?E", woSi But vulgar copyists instead of dropping the vowel, lengthen it; thus a&fkexr^ OS]0§^ wO&Soi&n.. Many Telugu words use the vowels A and U in the second sylla ble at pleasure; thus we if valaga, or rr>tx>X valuga, KoiSs&tu or KoaSosicexJ, ^tfKi or "SjooKo, Stfsic or SSSsto, tests' ataca, or fc?S»S" atuca. The same happens in verbs, thus a&ffi&ej paracuta, £r°lCe»4j, S&ejSeoi£>4-> may at pleasure be spelt &&&& parucuta, ^PKoeweo, i6t)oS'dO'&i->1 or dropping both vowels parcuta, i6e>_8o-Ekej palkarincuta. Accordingly if we do not find one form in the dic tionary we must look for the other. The short vowel 3000 is ti or roo as in the words rig, rich, trick, rook, brook. Thus zxotx. rishi ' a prophet' rutuvu ' a season' jjjoraska debt. The second form is ^ as in tripti 'satisfaction' 8\<& cripa ' favor' "j^o^ Sanscrit. In common writing, the letters ft" zu and &f"> zu are often shaped exactly like the vowels 300.") ri and rfi. And instead of the capital uoo they use &. Thus zjxi"jS» i8 written Oo"sS». But this is wrong. The vowel is also written (but not pronounced) along with Thus 6\ cri if\ gri &j pri sri, &c. But ^ tripti is generally, though not correctly spelt trupti and griham (a house) is wrongly written «^g-«!S»; while krushna or krishna, (a certain name) is vulgarly written and 2^)® vaicriti is written 2^6.* * The vowel 'J Lu as in will run, shall read, ie rarely used, and the learner may safely neglect it. Indeed 00 (that is, the consonant L) is generally substituted. Thus clripta 5" s6 (short) is written So S& and pronounced clupta. The word &if pluta ' extension' is written Plava -f6s5 the name of a year is pro nounced like the English word Plover. In fact "2 is peculiar to a few Sanscrit words, and ought to be pronounced lri as in bell-riuger.
do is almost invariably written TX°tiSi3eo; and x5oa&> (to arrive) tT°&Aj ; ritS cheta (by) chepa (a fish) are usually written tS*8, chata, chapa : because the illiterate spell by the ear alone. w£> batta-meka ' a bustard' is pronounced vulgarly butter-maker. ^>*j a suburb becomes p-yata, teta 'clear' becomes ^"S*"' t"J'*ta- So a name (instead of peru) becomes p-yaru. And (as vulgarism is capricious) the contrary happens : thus 9"6tfo sariram 'the body' is always written "36tfo serlram. This must be remedied in searching for a word in the dictionary. The correct spelling is uniform : the vulgar forms are devoid of rule; * It is high time to aholish the ahsurd name Gentoo which was introduced by the Portugueze, and is ignorantly used by some persons for the name ' Telugu.'
14
,
TELUGU GRAMMAR.
and various people use various spellings. They often know and ac knowledge these deviations to be wrong, and entirely approve the more correct mode of spelling. Among ourselves orthography has only in late years become fixed: our ancestors cared little for the spelling even of proper names. The final short a is sometimes written e. Thus ^8^, "SotSS", allica, pentica are written ^J*"?, ^°*3~§ allike, pentike. The second forms are -= e and —S e.
Thus ~§ ke g ke ~ip khS
^ khe ~~R ge ~% ge -^x> ghe ~jp> ghe, &c. The long vowel differs from the short only by adding the C mark above called sirup pollu; which in ordinary writing is omitted. Thus the long and short vowels are written alike. Sanscrit writing never uses the pollu ; but the sound is invariably long. In the copies of the Telugu Poems which have been transcrib ed for me (now amounting to some hundred volumes) the spelling has been left as it was in the original. To rectify the vulgar errors would have been an endless task: the spelling has been rectified only in those volumes which have been prepared for printing. The shapes -=> ~£ are drawn from right to left, (backwards) and —• the sign of a is drawn (forwards) the opposite way. Thus S • is ka, but ~§ is ke, and "I is ke. Accordingly we have these forms !p khg, ~7\ g§, -=^3 ghe, 13 gne, "3 che, £ je,
jhe, "?b te", I? thS, "3 dg, ~~q> 4h§,
"q5 the,
"3 de,
1j3 bhe,
~3j me,
~~3> ve,
chhe, gp jne,
~~% se,
"3 dhe,
~j3 ne,
"c3i ye,
~3 re,
she,
se,
"oj pe,
ne, ~§ te,
1p phe,
Ufa re, "^aT" he,
U le,
"~S> be, le,
xe. And if
the accent is added, thus "§ ke, IjB khe, ~f, ge, ghe, &c. the vowel becomes long. Instead of the initial form of o) e (which is confined to poems and dictionaries,) "c&j ye is in use. Thus for oJ^JSS evadu ' who' eccada 'where' enimidi 'eight' oioeSb^ enduku 'why' we write and pronounce Sj^sSo yevadu, yeccada, o&pxx>S, yenimidi, SaoSbSo yenduku. And the long vowels as k^o, eJe>( &-A-»e3 are always changed into csSr'yo or ^^o, &c.
ALPHABET.
15
The letter Y though thus written (the learned say) ought not af fect the pronunciation* The vowels A and E are in vulgar writing used for one another: chiefly in initial syllables. Thus o&pajS enimidi ' eight' is written jf_dS is spelt =*|L^; 63osS£0o evvaru becomes q &c. Q__ o— o_ "V) a_ 13 Q— q_L q— ~8> o_ qJ_ This vowel must always be expressed by AI in English—never by Y. Thus is nairruti, not nyruti ; 2>5"s&o is paicam, not py-cum ; S^8**5 is sain-yam, not synyam. If it is written Y, thia leads to uncertainty, as will be seen in the remarks on the conso nant Y. For the letter Y is, in Sanscrit and in Telugu, always a consonant ; and cannot be used without a vowel following it. The vowel is o as in Sophia, Police, produced, Moravia, poten tial, Located. Or the French words folle, monnoie, montagne. The longer sound hi is that which occurs in the Persian words shor, top, mor, or in the French words lorgner, monde, fosse. These initial forms are found in the dictionary, but are laid aside in common use. vo and vo being substituted.* * The alphabet is called L;6s
16
TELUGU GRAMMAR.
But the consonant V if followed by U or O is not pronounced. Thus "off) is simple o and "oy-0 is long 5. oppu ' right' is usually written ocati ' one' is written iJS'iS or even sS 5"*3. ottuta 'to press' is written &X> gho, ~3cpJ jho, mo, 55dO yo, P°» v°) &c. Tne second form is compounded of -ra e and \3 the sign of u. This compound form is used by all consonants : but all do not use the simple form. The simple forms are these ; r° 45*-" fT3
S*-" <&r°
tho fiT* do (jT* 4h° eT°
S~° ^f0 aST* bo 8^*° bho 5~° ro S~° lo. a peculiar shape "23"° po
pho
Four letters have
sho fd~° so.
All these may be made long by adding the accent, thus §~~ co, fT6 go, &c Some are elongated by adding —» (dirgham) to the second form, as ~§3-T3 co, "ipO-0 kho, &c. "^J-3 po, !$T~° v°noThus e and 5 compounded (like eau in French) become 5. But four letters omit the sign \) when the vowel is long. ~=?p3~o gho, Hp-o jho, ~5by> mo, 53T0 yo. Thus one commu is omitted : but uneducated persons often use two. It is a very common error to write the long 5, instead of the short o. Thus r*otS, r°o«Co are written r^oS, r'oaSi. This does not affect the pronunciation: which remains short. The vowel 57 au or ow, as in cow, out, mount ; but it is compounded of A and U ; and accordingly in common writing the initial
ALPHABET.
17
shape is never used; f^j avu or awu, being substituted; and the V or W being silent as already shewn, this is pronounced aw or au. Thus **$&4-> awta or avuta (to become) which in the dictionary is auta pronounced like the English word outer. Thus £°'wtf£o audaryam 'generosity' ^°f^?S° aunnatyam 'loftiness' are commonly written fc9£>"CT»Bgo) o^jS^Sigo, but the pronunciation remains unal tered. In these Sanscrit words this change is not approved.* The sign is (very needlessly) retained in combination with au as regards" some letters. Thus 5S?-0 mau, gSj* 0 yau, "o^^T3 hau. The following are the shapes used, jpT" x° $3 3^ zf W
W
fT*
3*
Tp
&° ^
^
^ f° ^° 3"™ & -&s> Throughout the grammar I have used the common forms of the initial vowels. For the sake of uniformity in the dictionary, how ever, monosyllabic forms of ai and au are used. Thus for the words t &oxiki payita (a woman's veil) and cavuzu (a partridge) we must, use the spelling ~^j&> and Sanscrit words invariably use the monosyllabic forms. Telugu words use these or the dissyllabic forms at pleasure. Poets adopt whichever form suits the metre ; thus IT"?. 8 cau-gi-li (an embrace) is a dactyl formed of a long sylla ble and two shorts. But this may be written 5"^*8 cavugili (four shorts) or by inserting O (that is N,) poets write £tg)0%Q cavfingili whereby the second syllable becomes long. Thus, besides the forms exhibited in the alphabet the vowels take the following forms; both in poems and in every day business. * Few of the Telugus are able to pronounce the short vowel o in the English ■words lost, hot, horse, top, God, law, lord, order, which they make w*y(x>>&s&x> 5S"«(&), eV^!). TT'dSb, er», er^iSb, eS-iJTiS&j, thus born becomes barn, God, guard, and former, farmer. In the Telugu newspapers Hong Kong is spelt 6*0 T*OXb Hangu-Kangu. In English neither sound is used unless in some districts as Derbyshire where honey and more are pronounced in the ancient manner ; the sounds are quite different from those of rod and rode. C
18
TELUGU GRAMMAR. a t?* 3
becomes
cS£>
* i
d63~» y3 CCO yi
1
C00~~° yi
u
j£)
n
«^
ya
ru (but sounded u or 56) vfl (sounded u or 55)
ri
&
rti or 5 ri
e
"<3:>
ye (or wrongly, ct£> ya)
o^i
ye (or wrongly, dsS3H>ya)
oJ
e
S3
ai
CJcou a-yi
3j
o
"^j
vo, wo, or 55oo yo
a.
e
sr*
vo, wo, or 53t° 5'5
StT*
au
C5q^)
a-vu, awu.
tOST"* rii and "2T lu are not in use. A short vowel is called Ijf*'^5*0 hraswamu, (sS-^-jfr-^Jko' o hraswaxaram, or e)£x>»2j laghuvu : each of which words literally means * (levis) light; as opposed to XbOo^ guruvu ' heavy' which is the same as fc$>s~o dirgham ' long :' a vowel which is long by nature as a, i, &c, is called 6$»e~o dirgham : but it is called guru if long either by nature or position ; that is by being followed by two con sonants. Thus in the words fc»otf anta 'all' ** ^ anna ' elder bro ther' eJtS»jiSo tammudu ' younger brother' &c. &c, the first vowel is short; but is guru being followed by two consonants. The v/ord guru is chiefly used in prosody.* • In the Rambler, No- 90, Johnson uses the preferable expressions strong and weak syllables. These words are referred to in various parts of Telugu Grammar and therefore are here noticed. They are also u»ed regarding the 7frsJJ&'Sr»t30 or Table of (jfras&oeM) Prosodial feet : wherein the sign | (a short upright line) is used for short, and yj (our mark for short) denotes long. As the quantity of every syllable is evident to the eye, scanning is perfectly easy, and the marks | and \j are rarely used. We may therefore without any inconvenience use the
ALPHABET.
19
On the Consonants. The first 25 consonants, as shewn in the alphabet, stand in five lines, each df which contains four letters besides a nasal. The four letters which thus form one line are often looked upon as equivalent. This particularly happens as regards initials changed by grammatical rule; which will be explained elsewhere. The " Primary" letters £T cb «S "& ka, cha, ta, ta, pa, are changed in to " Secondaries" and respectively become X gS £5 Si ga. ja, da, da, ba, or X $ & S3 ga, sa, da, da, va. The sounds of many consonants require no explanation. Thus : if ka X ga -CS cha & ja ^ na pa. a) ba s£> ma c55o ya ra O la S5 va ^6 sa ha are usually pronounced like the cor responding English letters as sounded in Kate, Gate, chase, jackal, no, put, be, me, you, row, low, vale, sale, hale. The letter G is always hard, thus ft"^, ginneh 'a cup' and T?wiS> gelucu ' to con quer ;' but it is never pronounced soft as in George. The aspirates are the following. 2f) kha as in 'park-house;' 'buck-horn;' qj) gha as in ' loghouse,' ' stag-horn tJS chha as in ' coach-horse ;' Cop as in ' hedgebog ;' (if tha as in ' cart-horse ;' £j§ JJh, as in 1 bid-him ;' (j) tha as in ' but-him ;' ' not-here ;'" (fi tha as in ' ad-here ;' J{3 pha as in ' up-here ;' fff bha as in ' club house.' The learned affirm that aspirates are peculiar to Sanscrit, and never should be used in native Telugu words. Thus they wish us to write those words without the aspirates : TT* i58S«50 V The student will find it useful to read the first two sections CO of the chapter on Prosody.
20
TELUGU GKAMMAK.
gali ' wind' gatti ' strong' S"*"^0' kobbera ' cocoanut ker nel' «S>sS»&t> dumukuta ' to leap,' «oSo&> zancuta ' to fear,' e>*3 datti ' a girdle:' but in this the}' are not countenanced by general use, which gives the aspirate to these words ; viz., sS»K>4j dhumukuta, cc^olo i&fc> jhankincuta (HD. 2. 901) also co^oSSAj jhancuta, and dhatti. The capital shapes of the consonants are given in the alphabet. But some of them take another form, without Talacaltu, when writ ten beneath the line. Thus g" is the capital form, and or ~rj— is the second form of ka ; in the words "35" lecca (an account) ^5" palcu (a word.) Thus 55b is ma; but the second shape is —£ as in the name ^ii^ Manmathudu (Cupid) or s&tf^o marmam 1 a secret.' The following are the letters with their second shapes. Some of which (as £) Ba) are nearly the same as the capital shapes. f
In some of these combinations the upper letter is different from the lower as ( Bi) because the other combinations (as are wrong; though they sometimes occur in writing. Native tutors would teach us about a hundred more combinations, though well aware that they are never used. The pronunciation of some consonants is peculiar. Thus £f cha and 23 ja are sometimes softened into 9a (or tsa, as in hot-sun, Bet sy) and z or ds (as in swordsman.) The softer sounds 9a and za are peculiar to Telngu, and the harder sounds cha, ja, originate in Sanscrit : no Sanscrit word can use the soft sounds.
In the rustic or ancient pronunciation, the Telugus use the soft sounds alone. Thus we frequently hear the words Oj5j,chinna, cheppu, sStnfo jilugu, ^sfaotta jemudu pronounced cinna, ceppu, zilugu, zemudu. They in like manner mispronounce Sanscrit words. The soft sounds are common in Irish, where true, dry Sec, are pronounced thrue, dhry, &c. The nasal sound & gna or ng of the first varga or class is like n in the word mignionetle or in opinion. It occurs in the common words ■sj-»#>£^t>o£x> vang-mu-lamu ' a recorded deposition or statement.' Like all other nasals, it is usually changed into O as in the word woXo angam ' the body.' The nasal of the second varga or class is g^- and never appears alone : being always written under the letter j, as in the word ar'a&s'sSxi jnapacamu 'recollection' and jnanamu 4 know ledge' $o«_ san-jna, ' a sign.' These words are usually though not correctly pronounced TV*jgAS-sSaa gyapa-camu, TCojiifco gya-namu, "fr*X§ savtgya. In teaching Sanscrit or Telugu the teacher is obliged continually to make his pupils pronounce harder than they fancy requisite. The letters Ta, £S Da, and C3 Na, are harder, and the letters e$ Ta, £ Da, and $ Na are softer, than the sound they have in English* The hard D is often pronounced nearly like R, thus 13z;c"»£ Bezavada becomes Bezoara. The distinction between the hard and soft T is perceived in these words. a stab a beast cutting a fort ■ir-(S old a song the bark of a tree a grandfather &04j strange on a bow ^3 _4# rubbish evil to ♦ The soft D and the soft T are used in modern Greek : as is shewn in Dalitway's Constantinople.
ALPHABET. s&4» u
limit a bundle ten millions "3teex> ^3ix> evils 60 u **S •a «j 1643
23 intoxication, prid* a cover a monkey bands friendship a rag a wick a bag silk a sword soft D is important. a bush a pouch bed of a tree blame, reproach vulture correcting a blow with the fist sense the udder a flock battle, quarrel to blow ten a bit
Q abos a pig having fruited In the negative verbs some masculines end in the hard sound, some feminines or neuters in the soft sound. Thus, she becomes not he becomes not -?!«& she lives not he lives not she comes not he comes not she will not stay he will not stay
24 i6e>5'{Sj
TELUGIT GRAMMAR. he speaks not
S&aS'aS)
she speaks not
he hears not • S>$ei> she hears not. This aorist form is used in all verbs. The following call for par ticular attention ; s-JSa^jsr-cKS^JSo he cannot write [CT«cs6l5i£> he did not write sr-SSoffsSsSlSiSb he cannot read ■fJeSsS"^^ he did not read The difference between the following words is equally important, •^rasSw crimson fHfS a waterfall. And between soft and hard L. ^ew
lice
names
tT»tu
to flow
stones
S~"exi a leg "5""°^ legs. The hard sound of £3 is exemplified in the words 5^8 kaniti ' an elk' and S"cM3f> canuzu 'a partridge.' The letters P Ph B Bh M call for no remarks in addition to what is stated already regarding aspirates. \ The letter Y is always a consonant, and requires the addition of a . vowel. Thus t3c»»&j che-yu-ta ' to do' ^S00^ che-yyi ' the hand' §"*csfc£ co-yya 'wood' &<*&g£x> bi-yya-mu 'rice' a-yy-a 'sir.' Likewise in Sanscrit words as 36«^!&)D pad-ya-mu ' stanza' F^cssisSxi nya-ya-mu 'justice' can-ya 'a virgin' r&n>Bo£i£> sur-yudu 'the sun.'. When yy occurs in a name we may conveniently express it by ii. Thus ~3o££ Venk-ayya and r*r°ti<&£ Su-rayya (certain names) may be written Venkiia and Suriia. The letter ^ ' y' is denominated IcSSjj or §cSSr=s5a. The letter R is a fruitful source of idle disputation among the learned: some of whom assert that in certain words, as t&dcsSo^ j&5&, S"L?, &c, we ought to use the obsolete form «Sie^dBoo; sfceaS, S"g. It is sufficient to point out that the shape e*9 is obsolete, and we may safely neglect it. In ancient times the two letters varied so far in sound that they were not allowed to rhyme together : and the excellent poet who wrote the Telugu version of the Sri Bhagavat is
English dictionaries. While the consonants were classed separately, in the Telugu dictionary, this uncertainty regarding the initial often rendered it requisite to search for a word in three or four places be fore it came to light. By mingling the initials, and excluding the optional R, all the various modes of spelling usually appear in the same page. This arrangement diminishes the size of the dictionary ; as formerly two or more forms were inserted ; and were explained separately or referred to another page. The expediency of the present arrangement of the dictionary will be hourly felt in reading: a native assistant or instructor, when asked whether we are to look for the word in question, under the pri mary initial K or the secondary G; under Oh or J (^f£, and are all the same word, meaning mischief, harm) under T or D ; under P or B; under s or $ s, is very apt to reply that either spell ing is equally good. The letter O is L as in "e$e«Xo Telugu. The letter # is the same pronounced harshly, turning the tongue upwards : thus pellu 'names' S"*^ collu 'birds.' Certain Sanscrit words always use O and others always use The letter 35 V or W ; this is generally sounded V ; thus, ■sr°d3o vadu 'that man' vidu 'this man' ao^JSo evadu 'who.' In Sanscrit words it ought to be pronounced V as sSdS>$J vayasu 'age' vina ' a lute ;' but in many Telugu words the sound is more like W, thus vatti 'mere' is usually sounded watti. The learn ed generally use the sound V, the illiterate often use the sound W. In English words the Telugus find V hard to pronounce; usually changing it into W. When it is doubled, as in puvvu 'a flower' S"*^ covvu 'fat' davvuna 'afar' it is usually pro nounced as W, thus pu-wu, co-wu, da-wuna. In common talking the V is often dropt: thus veta (hunting, the chase, venison, a goat) is generally changed into ^*-> yeta and yata. Else where V changes into O. Thus vagce (vut-cheh) ' he came,' is pronounced o§Qe. The three letters sa ox sha and ^6 sa are as different in sound as the English words sharp, action, soul. They are exemplified in
ALPHABET.
27
the names * Psr»Si&>, eu$wBr»o'«S>3, pr*i&«r»6'sS» Sanivaramu 'Satur day' Laxmivaramu ' Thursday' Somavaramu 'Monday.' As distinct names are convenient, some call these '5"°o85''5"»8'ji» santi-sacaramu, K'£j&.T,tftf» cashta-shacaramu, f5o«^r^>"arBJJi5» sulabha-sacaramu : others use the words Sa, Any three words in a simi lar order are more easily remembered than the grammatical phrases ' labial, dental, and palatal.' The learned state that $ Santi-Sacaramu, belongs solely to words of Sanscrit origin : and wish us to exclude it from all Telugu words. Thus they think £e$$G> 'must' ought to be written 2Se)£>jSe: and St, should be But the voice of the nation is against them : and common usage is the best guide in this matter. The word or " blest, happy, auspicious" is superstitiously placed at the beginning of papers and books; but in government business at Calcutta this is forbidden : and books printed at Madras omit it at pleasure. The consonant 'Sj-o H takes peculiar forms with the various vow els ; thus £r° ha "^r6 ha £r° or hi £r* or %3~° hi £r°o \ hu
"£n>\ hri "=S3~° he
-!§X"> he
hai ~^J~°0 ho a
"^Sy6 ho or ~^S^T° hO '^0° hau. The interjection 63-6* aha denotes yes. The letter Sj-t> H is sometimes pronounced as F. Thus Jihva, pronounced jifva, (ignorantly written 2?° sS"^ Jimha) is the Sanscrit name for the tongue. es-^Ko ahladam (afladam) delight. It sometimes changes places, in pronunciation, with the letter written under it. Thus the name ^§§5 Bramha (a name of God) is written Brahma. And the name for a bramin is written |_p'jSj>FWiSb brahmanudu but pronounced bramhanudu.* When the letter H is silent (that is, is without a vowel) it is ex pressed by two dots or circles, viz. g which is called e» visargalu. * Thus in Danish Hval is the name for a whale. In Swedish Hvad is what and Hvar is where. See Rae Wilson's Norway and Sweden 182C, page [60] Appendix.
28
TELTJGTJ GEAMMAE.
And it is the custom to repeat after this the vowel that precedes it ; thus swatah is voluntarily, pronounced t»S^^* swataha, -tys&S Ramah (a proper name) is pronounced Ramaha ; as if it was writ ten "CPsS)^-». The word &>%4p£x> duhkhamu, pain is pronounced Dukhamu. The letter (Sx csha, more conveniently expressed by X, is a com pound of Jf ka and sS. sha; and is sounded like ct in action, di rection, section. Thus axi 'the eye' ^6- parixa 'examina tion' axaramu 'a letter of the alphabet.'* The letter X is placed by the native authors at the end of the alphabet. In Wilson's Sanscrit Lexicon it is placed with the letter k. The Telugus are as negligent in spelling as the English vfere be fore the days of Johnson. The words borrowed from Sanscrit are often misspelt. Thus \^ stri ' a woman' is often written l_§ Sri ' fortune' and vice versa. The word ts ;Sjo annam ' food' is constantly written and pronounced 3F3;£>. The word [^^exl£o Bramhanudu is frequently mispronounced sr^s&fSjSo Biamanudu. On the Sunna and Half Sunna. It has already been stated that the circle or cipher o called sunna is used as a substitute for a nasal letter. But it is wrong, though customary, to place it in conjunction with ^ N or jSb M. When N or M occurs double, as ^i^i, 43 ^ the vulgar write "o^ «o;Sj 0r even ^o^Jl, and ^Qj^, When sunna is followed by a consonant of the first four classes (varga) it is N ; but the remaining letters (pa, pha, ba, bha, ma, ya, ra, la, va, sa, sha, sa, ha, xa,) sound it as M; and it likewise is M whenever it stands at the end of a word. Thus the word Sanscrit -fiar6 ^
ALPHABET.
6o£oa£>. Thus, (Lila XI. 83.) ^i^o^a for ' he disap proves :' ^oSosSo for ^offiasb. This spelling is rustic ; and is used in verse merely to lengthen the preceding short vowel.* Also in other parts of the verb, as Se>SoeJ, 8ejo5Sej ; ST'vXS, §T°ooKS"; S"o XoiJ ' to grieve' may become 5"e>oXbej. It seems to be prefixed to the letters K G D and B alone. It is even inserted in pronouns, o^Sb becomes o^oSb (M. XII. 6. 615 here evadu. becomes evvandu.) And <^^*3, oJ^\o*S the ge nitive of »>^^>.t In such places the N is used or dropt at pleasure: like U in honour or favour. Practice alone can determine where we must use it. In the ancient pronunciation of Telugu, (which the rustic classes still retain) the nasal sound was very prevalent : but the educated classes have laid aside this disagreeable accent. In England the rus tic pronunciation, particularly in Derbyshire, is more antique and nasal than that of the higher ranks. The nasal (following a long syllable) is preserved among the illi terate in many Telugu words: as vadu 'he' "^*-> veta 'hunt ing, the chase' i>£ vika 'strength' StS toka 'a tail' "^"S" kaka ' heat' zada ' trace,' ~£&>, ~5~°e£> he is not : which the rustic classes write ■zT'Olfo, "3o4j, Sog"; eT6off, T'oS', eT'oSS, "goesb, ~&*o&>. The verb "S"°-&>ej js written T"oSbi> which properly is another verb. is the spelling in the dictionary, but SS-o-Sbej in ordinary writing, though condemned. 63-£«S is written &9-oJ»8; * It is sometimes omitted to suit the metre. HoSoO becomes Hb8£>, 'wSoej-* «3 becomes ~titS&r°vd. In M. 4. 2. 169. we find de?,, ^>8o5\ erigi, eringi, here the same word is used twice ; with and without sunna, to suit the metre. See quotations in the dictionary. t The poets (like Homer) sometimes alter the spelling of words to suit the metre. Thus da&^So eppudu "when" is—\j \j a dactyl: but may change into oi^J)J5b epudu £a tribrach \j \j \jj or even dsg-° SSo epudu \j \j 'an amphibrach' or epdu, \j a trochee. Cf
by experience, that both these are unknown to all bat pedants. Yet as few students continue the study after acquiring a smattering of Telugu, the emptiness of these instructions generally remains unde tected.* Some modern pedants among the Telugus have attempted (in imi tation of some Devanagari printing to abolish the O ; thus instead of Wossk), and they affect to write and e3-|j) sic. This idle whim appears in 6ome recent publications both Sanscrit and Telugu. It is an empty innovation and is not likely to become popular. From what has been stated the reader will observe that there are (as in some other languages) two or even three modes of spelling : one in daily use and indispensable ; this alone is used in the present grammar ; the second mode is poetical, and uses particular forms of certain initial and final letters, as £.3^5SsSc for (in common spelling) V)«jS», and ^-"p?^ for ■sr-pip ; and a third, which is pedantic, using the obsolete R and the obsolete semi-nasal. * The ordinary teachers are apt to speak to students on some learned subjects which are ill suited to beginners. The tutor should on such occasions be desired to read the following caution. s^o?it);js>ar»I5o S3-o|Jj>sSx> t5sSSS "jT°SO
c&fiijD^JjSSS j6X"8[g^oD"^i5Sb, In reading any manuscript with a learned Brarain, we shall find him object to the spelling in almost every line : asserting that the ignorance of the transcribers has vitiated the book. But our business is to study the language as it is ; to take it as we find it : and errors that do not injure the souse or the metre may safely be left unaltered. Much that is pressed upon our notice as highly momentous, is in truth mere learned trifling.
DIALECTS.
83
In poetry a word may sometimes stand part in one line, and part in the next: thus NalaDwip. 2. 831, + and in 2, 166, the word fQM& + 2> ' thou becamest' is thus divided. It will be seen in the chapter on Elision that the final M is often dropped in Sanscrit words. Thus (X'oJfo + eS-o'Cip'o grandham— arambham becomes \jKo-qr°tiotfo grandh'a-rambham : the Elision be ing the same as occurs in Latin. But with Telugu words the rule is different ; thus ^Kt&a an actress, play, may form iS^Xtiyte bogam-ata 'the actress's play' never jr*~7r°t>. And S'Sntio caranamu-anna ' the clerk's brother' may become ^ts^s&>^caranamanna but cannot become StSnQ^ caran'anna. In Sanscrit in such places a long vowel would be used. But in Telugu this never is allowed. On Dialects. Just as happens in English and French, certain forms of expres sion and of spelling are in common use; others are found only inpoems. Most words belong to the common stock ; and those pecu liar to the higher and lower dialect are altogether but few in num ber. Such occur even in the verb ; thus " shalt not, wilt not," would be the poetical form ; " shall not, will not," is the common form, and shan't, won't is the colloquial. Native grammarians condemn and neglect the colloquial forms, which they consider vulgar; though it is easy to prove their occurrence, (as in English) even in the writings of the best authors. We are aware how totally the rules for Elision used in French,, differ from those of Latin : and the difference between Sanscrit and Telugu in this respect is yet wider. What is right in one language is, sometimes, wrong in the other. The rules for elision, permutation and softening initials are re quired in poetry ; but not in the common Telugu we talk or write : and these poetical refinements are not admissible in books written to teach either a language or a creed. Our native teachers would willingly reject common Telugu altogether, and teach us the poeti cal dialect alone : which they themselves however cannot use in dailjr talking and writing.
34
TELUGU GEAMMAE.
In ordinary sentences, as [X'oJjJsSn^j^S grandhamu unnadi 'there is a book' ^pScojjbp vaniki istini ' to him I gave it' $o 7T» &>Sx> chhandamu anagd yemi ' what is Prosody ?' they would di rect us to spell these words thus; \Xo$sS>Dj6^S grandham'unnadi, ■sr°pl%p vdnik'istini, ^o«ow;Sox'"^»c> chhandamVanangan emi. This mode of spelling would be correct in poetry ; but in com mon life no one uses it ; and if we wish to be intelligible, we must use the common dialect. The two dialects differ almost as much as ancient and modern Greek : and were a resident in Athens, to attempt to transact business in ancient Greek (using likewise poetical elision!) lie would not easily be understood : nor will the Telugus understand us, unless we speak and write as they do. These remarks are made in consequence of the publication, by natives at Madras, of some small works on Grammar and on religion, which by using poetical rules are rendered hard to understand.* On Accent. The accent accords with the spelling ; and is easily understood. Iu words that consist of short syllables the accent falls on the first, thus puli 'a tiger' &S>padi ' ten' <^ps» 8 enimidi 'eight' pani ' work' would in English spelling be pulley, puddy, ennitniddi, punny. When a long and short syllable come together, the accent falls on the long : thus osr»~&> Iteh • a spear' "3"°sS» pamu ' a snake.' When long syllables come together the accent falls on the last. Thus St*"5o° kuda 'together.' The following instances of the ac cent may suffice : and to each is appended an English or Latin word of similar sound. "^8 sari (Surrey) ' right.' ~P&> sama(summa) 'even.' es*-> ata (utter) ' they say.' sfcrf mani (money) ' a jewel.' hari (hurry) ' a certain name.' 5"^ cala (colour) ' a ray.' pusi (pussey) 'rheum.' ^8 cheri (cherry) 'each, apiece,' madi (mud dy) ' a field.' "35 tera (terror) ' a curtain.' ^9 puli (pulley) ' a ti ger.' ¥ S5"s&> satacam (shuttercome) ' a set of one hundred stanzas.' * Writers regarding China have noticed that a similar pedantry prevails there ; grammarians considering the language of common life wholly beneath their no tice.
ACCENTS.
35
Tn all these we perceive that the vowels are short in both syllables and the accent falls on the first. These words also shew that in English we express the first vowel (short a) sometimes by u and else where by other vowels. But a double consonant as o or or «^ has a different accent; as is perceived in English when the two con sonants are in separate words thus ; royal-lady, begin-now, unnamed, unnumbered. No student I ever saw, though well educated in grammar could pronounce Telugu, Sanscrit, or Hindustani intelligibly on arrival in India. But I acknowledge that the grammatical knowledge conveyed by a tutor in England is of greater importance than pronunciation. In reading aloud, it is the custom to open the mouth wide and to raise the voice to a high pitch. In fact they inculcate the rules used by music masters in England.* * " Those who wish to make themselves understood by a foreigner in his own " language should speak with much noise and vociferation, opening their mouths " wide. The English are in general, the worst linguists in the world; they pur" sue a system diametrically opposite. For example, &c." See Borrow's Bible in Spain, Chapter 1. The spelling of some Sanscrit words is retained, as ^-»6 Hari (for 5x^8 S Harih) a name of Vishnu. if£> Kavi (for Sfag Kavih) a poet, &c. wherein the termina tion is but slightly altered : these are denominated gi\sSi>s4» Tatsamamu,aword more fully explained in the appendix : as well as S$s?\a5sS» Tadbhavamu or Per mutations. v After making some progress in Telugu or Canarese, the student should read over those chapters of Sanscrit Grammar which treat of (Sandhi, Vriddhi and Samasa) Elision, augment, and compound words. Doubtless many read Telugu without this : but if we ever make any real progress in the language the student will re quire the aid of the Sanscrit Dictionary, and cannot even talk or write Telugu with any ease or precision, unless he masters the first principles of Sanscrit or thography. Hindus and Musulmans usually mispronounce English names : and both the English and French, particularly in names of places, have equally corrupted the pronunciation used in India. The accent is misplaced in almost every proper name. We call Muh'ammad, Mahomet, and Goo-da-loor, Cuddalore. "We change Tee-pu into Tippoo, and Tiruvalikedi (a suburb in Madras) into Triplicane. CanchTpuram gotf^DtiO or S"cS is changed into Conjeveram; and Tirupati be comes Tripetty; Eranaoor Soff p^^ytSa becomes Ennore. Pudicheri becomes Pondicherry. Bengi-lti-ru becomes Bangalore: and the name SfOo&ra^T" Carimanal, (a small insignificant village north of Pulicat near Madras) has been
TELUGTT GEAMMAE. When reading verse the Telugus like all other Hindus use a sort of vociferous chant; (the papists call it "intonation,") and at the end of every stanza they are taught to drawl out the last syllable in a kin'd of quaver which to our ears is absurd. It is needless for us to imitate this method which a native tutor will lay aside when he finds that it does not please the English ear. Though the learner must enunciate loudly, he need not do so after he has obtained some familiarity with the sounds. Contractions. The common contractions of words, (whether Sanscrit, Telugu, Hindustani or English) used in letter writing and accounts are as follows : —The Hindustani words are marked (H.) Sunday. e-fu ok Acting. Anno Domini. fell II n
(H.) «'. e.
XX || *l *n *| *|| tfoff
all
(H.) Ko«ye&(H.) Co.i£(H.)
Answer. Cusbah ' a town.' Candy or Indian ton. A Garise, or measure. A pagoda or gold^'coin. Thursday. Respecting. Gumashta, ' a writer'or agent.' In charge of. (Persian, on date) as fJo||_»_a«^ on the 22d of June. According to, at (the rate of.) By. Tuesday.
changed into Coromandel ; and is applied to the entire coast. It bas been furnish ed (by English ingenuity) with a Sanscrit root " Cholamandal or Land of the Chola grain !" a name unknown to natives ; who assert that the Curu race (which name some Europeans imagine to be the root of Coromandel) was iu th« north of India, not in the Peninsula.
CONTRACTIONS.
37
E3<5 or 8(SsS» (H.) People. &||
£»^tu
^|| ■^°||
Afterwards. ywS (H.) Appertaining or belonging to.
^5~°||
«r°exr'-s^ (H.) A division of a district.
W°\\ or
Pence.
f\\ ^-afSoo (H ) Postscript.
£5 ||
s^^~ (H )
fr|| J5||
S3 pSo^sSx
(Tne Persian word dastkhat) ' sig nature.' A day. On account of.
~j3o[| "Number"—•'. e. Case, letter, field, trial, &c. >^)||
^SJCs (H.)
Pergunnah." ' a division or district.' Question.
(j^||
\&$&
First.
j^ll
^T'O'sSo
According to.
|| ■gj-D||
w£tw# sywab (H.)
The dark fortnight, or wane. An ltem, or belonging to.
3j-t>|J ***|| s^cifiSo st^ojS) (H.) Be it known (to you.) ||
jx>$sr«o':S»
Wednesday.
jJjqJI j5oo?C§'sj'o'sS» Tuesday. SS>o|| or !^|| sfc-o"^ (H.) A village. S5cr°||
s£r»6^(S~ (H.) By the hand of; in charge of.
gj-jQ j| ■^^11
Stoo^s&^^H.) Out of. "S»T*o (H.) A station ; also, ' Dated at.'
qd||
a»^o (H.)
An Individual.
ecu || e3-J| ox>a^>,^S--^S> (H.) Izzat-i-dsar,
'Reverence to the
Traditions'. This is a Sectarial exclamation among Mussul mans of the Sheea creed. But it is used by Hindus without any idea of the meaning.
38
TELUGU GRAMMAR
"5"° || ^ll"01"!! Signifies TPs^j^T^a^ggo^i^BlJ " His Ho
' Wa' (P.)
»o||
(H-) SjSjsGsbaejO
nour" the common salutation at the beginning of a letter. And. Etceetera. Letter, statements. Saturday.* Friday.
~% || or
is! 55 2?*
Your humble servant.
sin 9 ■(fesso-ln- (H.)
The light fortnight.
9"
" San" (P.)
Year.
n ^or^||
Abovementioned.
A year. Of a year. is -^osS^TPexj Years. ^Sr- (H.) ■P^w
Sakin ' Inhabitant of.'
(H.) Sahib (a gentleman.) Monday. ^oTfsfcr* (H.) Temporary.
"^^11 +
(H.) Hunn ' a pagoda.' caretf ; deuotin g omission of a word.
* In poetry it is customary to designate metres in the same manner. Thus ?ll 111 ^11 5S-|| ~^|| *|| II "'HI denote the metres called So«aS», |>-j& ej-ej-aeS, "^fc>^9, &i^e>£Sr>e>> iJos5S'5Sn>e)) ^(Xj-oE-ejsfc^ ife "S^faS» and s5|| stands for s5tf jSsSco i. e. prose ; which (as in Lalla Rookh) is mingled with -perse. The letter £■} vu and eyen will often be found written by mistake for <& || i. e. TJtpalamala. Further details regarding metres are con sidered in the chapter on Prosody.
Thus all masculines are major, all neuters are minor ; while femi nine words are minor in the singular, but are reckoned as masculines in the plural. In Ordinals as first, second, &c, there are no major forms. Thus "Soijr6 second, sfofiS^ third are used with all gen ders. The sun and moon (Surya and Chandra) are always spoken of as (mahat) majors ; being the gods Apollo and Adonis. Likewise the names of Dhruva, Sucra and some other stars. Thus in English we still say he for the planet Mars and she for Venus though the word ' star' is neuter.* This principle pervades every part of Telugu Grammar and will be exemplified in the numerals : of which the original names are neuter. These remarks are necessary to the following rules. On Numerals. 1 is o called The vowel & not being used except in poetry this is spelt "^>5", ^5" or even Hence come the nouns 1^*3 (neuter) one; ~§)£e£> one man, "S>5"3 one woman. In Sanscrit sS» is the neuter word for one ; and is commonly used in Telugu. 2 is -3 for which the neuter name is ~3o«S ; (vulgarly ~3o£a be comes 6™os£> just as Resin is pronounced Rosin.) It is a noun sub stantive ; of which the genitive form is ~?Soe3. The major form (that is the masculine or feminine form) is always written cx»«ffi OJ ; Infl. qm«8 CO and accusative cxoK6 CO p. The word ~S»«eS (in v Sanscrit) (j£$a&sto is first ; and second is 'SoS^6 which (in Sanscrit) is ££&cBjsS». The affix 5 changes the sense ; thus k£"e3 one, ir* the first. "r3oa& two, "Bo^ second. sSxr>s&> three, sfer-^ third, &c. See chapter on the affixes A'E'O'. The sign 6 is usually, with numerals, written thus; 3
41
NUMEBALS.
4 is b* ; rJ'ooKb ; neut. jSwHoSo (m. f.) F°e»5T* fourth, which in Sanscrit is ■3'SS$e~8&>. By adding S the ordinals become minor nouns: viz. fT,«ojrea the fourth thing : *2ox>&*d the fifth woman. The names of the remaining numbers are as follows: —
5, yt
Minors. tsoMi£>
Majors. eox)e5b?(o«o or
Ordinals. 5th &ax>&*
6, £-
63- &
e3-8o*>t£> or
6th 63-5^
7, a
^j«b
^oSbKoS&or
7th oSoS^8
Seven is often called 69-&"^glS't3 arunnokati or yellu, to distinguish it from Wox>a6 five. The two words aidu five and edu seven are so nearly alike in sound that they are daily mistaken from one another. 8, o— SajbSoQ S3^sfi>ojSb«o8o or 8th o&ijDSciS'* 9, P~
§Tsx> 8
^°^o5Sb«bSo or
9th <5f
10, oo a&a
j6sSo«o<3o or 10th i6
The rules regarding softening Initials are to be passed over for the present. The student will afterwards study them. The letters r, are called s6&^e» "Hard:" when they stand at the beginning of words they are liable to being soften ed respectively into X 83 (or £S CS 81 or S$ : which are call ed "^8 "soft" the K becoming G, &c. Thus, i^+r'koAj becomes £*?r4»4j. T becomes D ; #s&3,«o tammudu is a ' younger brother,' but when combined with Wji^anna " elder brother" the compound is WfSjess&v^eu anna-dammulu ' bro thers.'
In like manner 8o[& tandri is ' father' but combined with
42
TELUGTJ GEAMMAE.
tal-li 1 mother' it makes the word «o[&bto talli-dandrulu, i. e. parents. Thus "3 chellelu is ' a younger sister,' and acca is ' an elder sister,' but €S^_^^0^ acca-jellendlu is ' sisters.' Elsewhere (only in poetry) a similar change affects other nouns or verbs following a nominative case. Thus &tS& + &*&v atadupoe ' he went' may become (never but in verse) *3iil£>~5rc&> ataduvoe. Thus HD. 2. 2442. a&o-OKoe»?>sto , i. e. fis&^, and HD. 1. 2199 -$r°a meaning to die* This change is denominated -fiti18~°~z&o sarala-desam. It fre quently occurs in Telugu poetry and (but rarely) is used in common prose. The few instances given above are in frequent use, and these are all we need at present consider. In Welsh poetry as also in Irish, Gaelic and other languages of the Celtic family, as will he shewn in a future page, this principle oc curs. It is wholly unknown to Sanscrit Etymology. This change is evident in the verb : where the auxiliar &t&&> paduta ' to fall' is continually spelt w£fcfc> baduta ; which we hourly use in speaking and writing. The same principle appears in other languages. In Spanish a cat is gato. Littleton in his Latin dictionary says Thrill and Drill are the same words. In a few instances an initial consonant is dropped. Thus "=§cJ&5&> veyuta 'to cast' "^fk nenu ' the pronoun I' f>& nlvu 'Thou' memu ' we' are spelt &cs&>eo, £i pfc, eyuta, enu, Ivu, emu. The pronoun "^ifk nenu ' I' can even become & e.f The letter K G is sometimes changed at pleasure into 5S V. Thus S^«o or ^6 ' an earring' 2&X"£s&> or *:5£sS» ' coral' "^Jf infinitive of er>Xoi> (to drink) may become On the same principle T» So becomes he, as ^"°X'f6o"sr0Sb a handsome fellow, S^*osr,«S a gardener. In some places T'sfc also becomes Tr-JSo as fc?t$"7viSb that man. * Learned natives are fond of altering the spelling in some poems without any authority : indeed their propensity to tamper with the text is greater than their respect for any author. t Occasionally rude contractions occur; thus in Pal. 198. ^*ejOTSb[jjS5-»^Str' o'&X'Sjor'^-Sr'ajS^ySo gavanik'occi for X&pi + gavaniki vacci.
LENGTHENING EINAL VOWELS.
43
After we become familiar with Telugu spelling we are often apt, in transcribing a passage of poetry to change a soft into ajhard, or a hard into a soft initial : elsewhere we unintentionally use or omit an aspirate, writing X"|3 or 5»*3 ' strong' Gr° C or ' a master.' Theserchanges are not of any consequence, and the natives them selves are equally careless. Thus in English we write connection or connexion, honor or honour, and either spelling is admissible. Some learned men inculcate more exactitude than they themselves use: for by observing their conduct we shall perceive that in writ ing down from dictation, and in preparing a common letter, they de viate from the principles which they teach. A century ago the English and the French disregarded errors in spelling; and the Hin dus are at present equally careless. But unless we know the proper mode we cannot trace a word in the Telugu dictionary : and this consideration has led me to give rules so numerous and so minute. Eurther rules on this subject will be placed at the end of the grammar. On Lengthening Final Vowels. The three vowels ^ Q \), when they are final are often length ened. Thus ' sister' becomes in the vocative acca. ' brother' becomes WF*^. &o\% ' father,' s£> mother become &o|& 1 O father! and ! O mother! "3 [& 'fool' in the vocative case be comes ; and "^sSMJSb ' a proper name,' makes rr>!&o&r° O Ramudu ! Of this the proper form tt>sS»T3» is a vocative, but is used only in poetry. This is a license peculiar to a few words which colloquially retain \Jt) the long vowel U. Again the final \} or is changed into fcj" to denote question. Thus 'sf'&> ' he' becomes ■sr'i»° He ? Sometimes this is used to denote conjunction ; thus ■sr-&r*~$fiy° ' He and I.' And emphasis is marked by adding E.' Thus ■sr'ifc vadu, ' he ;' •sr»"c! vade ' that very man : he himself.' At present it is only re quisite to point out that the final vowel is often lengthened without affecting the meaning. This particularly happens in compound
Telugu, as regards Sanscrit words alone, they will be placed at the end of this grammar for the use of those who have not learnt that part of Sanscrit Grammar. And as the principal Telugu rules are used in poetry, but much neglected in common life, I have placed them at the end of this Grammar to be referred to when questions arise in Telugu poetry. Among the natives these rules are known to few but poets ; who use them (and often break them) in writing verse. On Changes in the last Syllable. Many nouns end in Mu. Thus gS^jSx), (jfo^sSo, f)5cH$sS», tftf^ «£» which are Sanscrit; and *oj$sS», -&*Jsio, ^k^sSo, a.^os:S» which are Telugu. All these are in poetry occasionally changed into MMU or MBU as gS5'«S» or "^ooo, )6o<$5&^ or a&o&oso, "^^^4 or '°3^0»M- But the original form in MU, as ^c&jSo is obvious and requires no rule. Sanscrit words are classed without reference to this final MU. Thus TS«" |sS», |tfo$US», pg d*|sk>, $ e^|sS» wherein the final MU is optional: being changeable into nj^lo, t§S'sfo^1 tH&ow, or " ai^" that is, in composition. Thus c!#|j»>e, |x'o$'j3"»j£5S». Accordingly in searching ,for a Sanscrit noun of this class the final mu is to be disregarded. In the dictionary a doubt may arise. Thus sSbjSsSxi, if it is the Telugu word for ' we' retains the s£o : whereas if it is the Sanscrit word for (manas) ' mind' it is printed 5&;5|3x>* and the Mu not being reckoned, the word is sought for as sfctf. Accordingly these two words 5So(5|!&3 * and sfc(S*S» are far removed from each other, in the dictionary : the Sanscrit word is placed next after J&^s&iiJoj whereas the Telugu word is next after s&s£s&>~u*ex> with the interval of a page. The mark I is used when the added is not reckoned. But when this *S» does not interfere with the alphabetical arrangement I generally omit that mark ; which is used only with Sanscrit words. In printing it has sometimes been inserted erroneously ; thus Xb^slsSn which ought to be ?&UtJsS».
Examples ; mannu ' earth' ollu ' the body' make the inflec tions sfco43 manti, 3-043 (or "?)o43) 0nti. Accordingly the dative is 5fc°*3§ mantiki, 1)045§ ontiki; accusative sfco43p mantini, "DoiSp ontini. In like manner 'the eye' ' a tooth' s^wj ' a house' make the inflexions 5"o*3, a&oiS, go43 and the datives 3"o4S§, afcc«S§, a(ot3?. Also the accusatives ro4Sf>, *o*3p, apiSp. In these words the inflection adds the vowel I, and accordingly the dative adds KI, and the accusative NI. But if the inflexion is not in I, then these cases end in KU and NU. Thus in the plural 5"o«E> « eyes' *°*f> « teeth' auofifc ' houses' make the dative o-uo^Sj and the accusative 8&o£ffc 5ocS>jS>, cxoo^?6. So those nouns which, having no inflexion, retain the nominative shape, if they end in 9, add KI, and NI ; but if they end in any other vowel they add KU and NU. Examples; 5" ' a knife or sword.' Genitive, the same. Dative SS_§. Accusative Z&V. Plural. S" ' a table' makes the G. wo. D. wu 5b ; Acc.w«i&. Thus&pS 'an abode;' D. <&p§§. Acc. <&plp ; but plural N. SSe», D. &;S>Soe>S5. The > words SDso kalimi ' wealth, possession' makes the dative 5"8Sto§ and the Accusative S"9S»p. But the plural is 5"eMsS»ew ; the plural Da tive is S"e»sS»e>§S and the plural Acc. 5"eo«S»e>ffc. Thus aiS&co « the front' D. cfc>£>e§, Acc. oSoSsap. Thus S>8 ' a cat.' D. b OS ; Acc. S>8 P, Plural. S>eMeo. D. ixwaSS. Acc. *>e»e>rfc. Thus 5» ' a poet.' D. 5a§. Acc. S"ap. Plu.N. 5"€>«», D. S"$e)K3, Acc. S'S'MfSi. Also Hindustani words, thus *>^°S tupaki, ' a gun.' D. 8oi*»§§ Plural. &-^§oe» 'guns.' D. SsirrSjoSS. The same principle appears in the conjunction. Added to nouns in I it is NI : but added to any others it is tf). Thus D. ato45§ intiki ' to the house :' with the conjunction 3)0438^ intikinni ' and to the house.' But in the plural ^ofiiSo indlaku 'to the houses' which by adding the conjunction becomes owoafSc1?^ indlakunnu ' and to the houses.'
BOOK SECOND. ON THE NOUN. Ancient grammarians describe the nouns in three Declensions. There are two numbers; singular and plural. The Latin cases will be found to embrace all the shapes of the noun : and this ar rangement is preferable to the native mode wherein Telugu gramma rians have made fruitless efforts to mould the noun on the Sanscrit model. In one respect the Sanscrit model is preferable : as discriminating the third case or Instrumental Ablative (By, with) from the Locative case (or 7th case) " In." a
NOUNS.
50
Accordingly the cases found in Telugu are the Nominative, Geni tive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, Instrumental and Locative.* The Genitive case, if it differs from the nominative is often called the inflection: thus o^>o(S is the inflection of a house. The Genitive often uses " of." Thus wSjo^Oo and &$P oix>£_~ii& equally signify " his name." The Genitive plural changes the yo LU of the Nona. plu. into O LA. Thus N. Plu. ti&^o* ; G. ^^"u of the brothers. The Dative, as already pointed out, adds § to the inflection if it ends in C) or &) ; as N. ^«So he, G. ^P, his, D. s^pS to him.—N. a woman, D.
to a woman. But if the inflection ends in
any other syllable it takes Sb. Thus NG. S£ a child. D. £)£3o to a child. As regards some words the inflection ending in ]^) takes at pleasure ^ Na before §o in the Dative Singular. Thus NG. ?-e>. D. fo[SsSx> to words that end in O) or S) ; but j»Jj to other words. Thus N. S>8 a cat. Accusative N. \^) a woman. Accusative, ^P. But the plural N. cats, Accu sative Zstxiofr. N. (4;^", Accus. ^vfr. Masculine nouns ending in "Q UDU or DU make the accu sative singular by changing the termination into ^ NI. Thus N. SsSMjjfc a brother A. ti^P. N. Wewsfc a son-in-law. A. &£>P. N. a husband, A. s&xp. N. "535" «o a person. A. ~&ZP. N. S-qr°t^!Sb. A. ST^^p. But Sanscrit masculines in \) drop at pleasure altogether: as N. KotfcdSb a teacher. A. KoSS or TfoOop. * Sanscrit grammarians (from whom Telugu authors borrow their rules) call the nominative $i£r»S>i[r_l First case; the Accusative 8£§cSfr°Si{r I Se cond case; the Instrumental {J»§dS3r-a$^| Third case ; the Genitive and Dative are included in 5S-^-S!jr_l the Sixth case ; and the Locative is called *^ i6 J3in>azp'_i the Seventh case. The Ablative is called either {^&d33 Instrumental or (6 Locative. Singular is called &££t5$sSx> and plural «sS-Dj^ty»5«Sio.
The Inflection singular of the nouns of this Declension is formed by changing X)^t or * of the nominative singular into jS. Thus N. Sstofifc. G. a^,?). Plural.
Singular. N. tfJ&^ao or S^oiSb
N. Ss&^ew,
oaC), Ss&^^T or
G. tfsS» p or 8sfc0j& or —i jboSuS*u->, {JjS»,&53»s' —* ird. #^p§ or e^ai
G. #sSx> o. iSs^olS.
—i 'j- 3 D. Cf^ejSo, &ofo,o&§3 or 8s&>
A. tfsk^P, Ss^Sp or d^wrf^
CO A. 8^je))Ss&je)|&) or &sS*>oS[-f
V. tfjjjitf or ef«S»"ro°
V. tJs£oer»o', or tfjSa«r»TJ*.
or
I. tfsS»jt>3tf or tf^jcS^ I. ^ are formed by affixes added L. j to the Inflection, L. SsS^jOer4 or 8;S»,PcSjog& good man, plu. sfcoOwoafc good «r*t& He, a man, s&o-Osr,2So a people. Plural.
G. &OQ?r*pt sSboa«r»a
N. sSi>oa'sr»o«o) ££>o&tt>05 G. sSboO-sroOSs, s£o£);r»a D. s&>o£«r<>ctf CO So.' sS>ofi=r»8S A. 5&ofisr>o^(ai) i3boa«r>8j6
V. •5ooCsr»T3» I. aoofisr»jt>^# or SjOOwjOy8
V. «&ofisr«oTj' or «S>Ofis»Tj» I. sfcoSfS-oS^tf, CO I jSboasr>8^StJ or sSboOsnofi
The noun WwSSo a son-in-law is declined in the same manner. All Genitives singular and plural can at pleasure add 53oo S_ " OF" in all declensions.
Plural. N. Holtfsfeoa, *>[Tr»ex>, «o[tfo »we», or 7&\tizSx>eii
NOUNS. Singular. G. «o\S^), or Xo[«s£»oix>?r_
(jroj»^SS)«oljr'jt)g or KoL? A. «o^»sS»+rS>, or Kolp'JJj. V. 7&\tSsh°, or i?fo[»o I. Xo\_tf5S»^CJ or 7&[ti£x>&*
Plural. v, or Xbjjp'e). D. Kol^sSMfSS, xb^ojMejSo, s£o oSS, or Xo^JpuSo A. «olCfsS»e> + fS> or XolxPej+rSj V. XoL?s>»er»-tr" or J^lTyer'Tr' I. X>|S5k>e>^5tf, KiljJ'u^a or
L. !fjl»5S»e>ciS30«6 or Ko[jr°e> «o[TT'i6 or Ko[tfsfcoer* csfio5$> or ^LP'e'W*. tio-^sSx) a wife, (vulgarly "w^sSxi) is the only Feminine noun in this Declension. Singular. G. ^jOis'sSco or ^5jO"cr°s&Dc&»!f on ro ^— D. ^5>o"E^"sSx)so or ^SjOTJ'jOS A . "wO"u»»s£>Dp& or ^oTjr*^
N. "SiO-cr'ejo (vulg. 'Sg'eu.) G. "wO"^ej D "»> CGo'eSS o-> A. "t)OTT°£>Sb on 1
T. ^SjOT^'Sbo or ~"Z>o~zzXtsSx>&' m on on 1 J on sfcoasb or '^iots-'sSbov^
I. "S)OTT°a^55 or "S)0"cj'e§^ On CV> L. ^SiOi^ejdSjojS) or ^ioxpo 00 on
The verbal nouns or Infinitives ending in ADAMU are declined in the same manner. Thus from sb"*$sj*J to go, £r*£&&x> going, departure,. Singular. N. «fr«s5tfjS» or s2r«:S£o G. 6-6*5 4£rf»55x>S'vD. d*sStfsS»iS55 or sr«s5-re'r5go or E^rf^p?
N. &*S)£sfcoe» or s^sSx^ex) G. 6*S!S5S»e>oJx>5' , or 6*55 trD. 6*85tftf»«S6 or s^tf-G^aSS
SECOND DECLENSION. Singular. A. A*sS£«s»p& or iir«ss-ss»j6^ I. or sPsSSjSso^S
A. s**:5£8S»e>;!S> or &esS-cs°v}S> or s&^sSSsSxie) t^S S^sS£s&De>dKiOi£>, or sir* 3
The Sanscrit nouns which take the Telugu termination «^sS» are declined in the same manner. Thus tf£sSx> a chariot, e^s&o a horse. 8J$jsS» a jewel. Singular. « N. N. 85>sS», tJ$«fc ! or k¥os» G. D. D. 8$sS»;6sS, or STjr°!t>§ A. A. B^sfoDjai, or ^Tp-0?^ V. "V. 8$s*r° I. 8$!&o^a or StfsSx.S*
8$s&»ew, or tf-g5-°e» 8#sScoe>, or 8-zp-»e> SbJsSxiejso, or.8-zpr°e>55 tJ$rfxe' + i3b, or «Tjr»e> + f6 S!fi3x«r°Tr,J or S-^r°er»8'
r6. L. KJp'&otf, 87p-»jS,8c?iSKeJ>** or ejcSSoSfe, or 8Tjj-»e)dSoOd& 8 g>sS»?S °&> In like manner are declined tr^sSa, tStf" sS», (jfoJfsSx), sSjc&s&j, jSmS^sSm and many other words borrowed from Sanscrit. Nouns in emu ; as ~a»o"3s&i a corpse ; s&> a camp ; pf^iSx) ^fineness make the dative "S»iO'3sS»;63o or "S^o^pS ; sS»j6 So or •^•'epi and the plural ~3coo"3sS>aex> or ~&»ocle» ; ■ir»"5;S»eo) 0I ■ir>~4vi1 &c* • The second form exhibited above inserts o»X> as ?f5iTr"5' the fever of youth: elsewhere a6e35'0'!^)ojrEii a wall of crystal. In such instances grammarians look upon the genitive as an epithet. This will be explained in re marks on Druta words.
66
NOUNS.
Words denoting inanimate things and ending in U, of this Declen sion, take ^ in the Locative case ; either in the regular manner, by adding NA to the singular inflection, as, T°MS&x>$ in the paper, eS-T*? 6»(6 in the sky, sSO(5 in the country ; or by changing the SSx> of the inflection into ^ and lengthening the preceding vowel: thus T»VCT*jS, M-T^iS, oST'iS. The form aniki, as Ko^pg for 7fc|tf *>x$&, (also anni as *>t?'?)c5. for Xo[8tf»fS» in the accusative) are considered vulgar; and so is the ablative form (in the country) from ~$&o country ; yet we meet with these expressions even in standard poems. Thus our English poets, even Pope and Milton, use expressions or forms which modern ta6te condemns. Native tutors are apt to reject some good forms as vulgarities. (Thus instead of <&-*5 sS»?S&. H. K. 5. 76.) Some indeed have urged me to omit such in this grammar. But whether the forms are right or wrong, we must learn them if we wish to under stand and to be understood. Sanscrit Neuter nouns, when they fall under this declension fre quently use the Sanscrit shape of the Instrumental case. Thus fygcBio Justice makes rr",§^>Sj3"pr°££>.) The proper and usual Telugu shapes would be S>S*$sSx>'3<$, •fr»^dSisSv)^,S'oS'tJ^jS»^ but, the pure Sans crit forms are often used ; just as we often use the pure Latin forms ex parte, ab initio, afortiori, &c. Nouns of this declension make the nominative plural either by adding t» to the nominative singular ; or by changing the final *S» into *» and lengthening its penultimate syllable if it is not long. Thus N. Sing. Xol»sS». Plu. or no^ew. N. Sing. "5o Plu. ~%ozgtx>. THIRD DECLENSION. The third Declension includes all regular nouns that have no in flection in the Singular.* Also irregular nouns ; which will after wards be described. * Those verbal nouns that end in as |_p^dSa3eo writing, can form the plural in |jrr»d3ajejt», but this is not usual.
THIRD DECLENSION.
57
Thus WjSj. elder brother, elder sister, £>g a child, moIher, 8o{& father, use the Nominative form in the Genitive ; but the Genitive can at pleasure add the word 55»Sf_- Thus tfol&"$CS or 8olSK»r_'4& the father's name. S"l» wood, 6"(tf£"r5j. or S"|t>3» the colour of the wood. An elder brother, Singular. N. ejfj, G. or W^oluif, D. «i^95 A. V. W?^ I. or w^tf L. tSfSjeJ^ orts^d^oiJ)
Plural. N. G. «r^L« or fc^ooSwif. D. WfS^SS A. t*^"3* V. Wr^er»TT= I. w^e"^ or w^e^S L. es^eer6 0r WjS^esKSoaa
a tiger, Singular. Plural. N. N. ^e»e» G. or ^S55Mr_ G. i&oxu 0r ^be»e>53»r_ D. D. ^«o»So A. 4)®P A. ^e»e>i& V. i&£> V. i^e»er»T7» I. or I. ^ are formed (as in the L. ^Ser* or i^)8cSSo«b L. r singular) by affixes add3 ed to the inflection. The cases are formed by adding the usual affixes to the Nomina tive or Inflection. In the plural the Locative case, frequently is contracted ; thus ^osSj sandu, 'interstice' -(tofiSbeep-* sandulalo ' in the spaces' is written itfoeSbej"6 sandullo. Some nouns of inanimate things of this Declension, ending in C) , \},) A, I, U, and E, use ^ N in the Locative singular : as 5r*tfiS "on the wall," PlS^ "in the shade," "on high ground;"
58
NOUNS.
^SiS in the ear, "ct°6^ on the road : £ on the nose, S^s&tfb on the breast: on the stick.* Nouns of this Declension make the plural by adding OO LU to the nominative singular. Nouns that end in I, form the plural in ULU ; those terminating in I in the two last syllables, also change these into U in the plural. The plural inflection may be formed by changing the final Op into O.f Nom. and Gen. Sing. Nom. Plural. a master r^w a frog a calf a bone a mountain rosso wealth the ear HbSbew or Xo& a temple Xo& 09-95 a leaf a spoon K8"& Also some nouns derived from Sanscrit as, feStJS, a forest 6S-& the beginning ?.«5 fc8 a hill ;5Q a river JSoj&oSssWO a man Some few Telugu nouns add §" at pleasure; thus 0r P&$£ fire. Jr*o»3 or ST'oSbS" the throat. So *r>e>&,£r,e>&s'j -=3(y# or -^eg&g■sr»e>oe3 or ^oofas?, &ct Sanscrit feminines ending in long A or I, as bhasha "lan guage," fortune (not monosyllables,) shorten that letter, thus * But the £ added to words ending in I is vulgarly changed into p ; thus, ijap, •uT'bp, &c. This is not considered right. t T» The letter K ; 2y» the letter B, plurals T"ejo> Tytw. X Bannaya, Chap. 68.
T
THIKD DECLENSION.
59
bhasha, WiS^ laxmi. But if the next word be Sanscrit forming (samasa) a compound, the broad A, or I', is generally retained. Thus V^?sSree-iS description of a language. 4) and being monosyllables do not drop the long vowel. They are declined thus ; 4) a woman, Plural. Singular. N. 4»ew n. 4, g. 4> °r 4,55w£-
g. 4;w or 4>e,53M£-
d. 4;s
D. 4»w5i
A. (JojP
A. 4)e,'ai
v. ^.4,
v. 4i*r*"a' °r ^4|*M
i, 4^^ °r 4,<^6
i. 4>e>^ °r 4,wS^
L. 4)u>'* or 4*^°^
l. 4/ser* or 4^e>dSiois;>
The word J* also is declined like this by adding the usual affixes.* &pt>- a man, derived from (which is seldom used.) Singular. N. *S>?>2>G. sSbpS*. or «SbjoS».5i»5f_ D. sSbj02»-S A. s5bjbSi-P V. i.55bj&&. I. sfcfbl^tf or *&pfl>.S^ L. s&^Ler*
Plural. N. a&jj>s»e» G. jfcj&sSsio D. jSbjS>s3sie>S5 A. 55bfS>&e)pS> V. s5oj3j«3iPer»-a' I. sS>jS>A>e>^tf or s&(5>5«ie>S^ L. s&rfcsjsoer*
0» Irregular Nouns/ Class First. All the irregular nouns are primitive Telugu words borrowed from no foreign source, and they proceed on principles peculiar to the lan guage so remarkable that they alone furnish a sufficient proof that the language is entirely original. * The two words stri and sri (or shree) are continually misused : each being ■written in lieu of the other.
60
HOUNS.
Although considered as Irregular these nouns evidently form the cases on certain principles which I will endeavour to render apparent by classing together such as proceed on one mode.* Some nouns whichare regular in the singular, form an irregular plural.f Thus, N. and G. Singular. N. Plu. bta a note, billet CO trouble CO a blow CO a net CO 6J a tree CO eo 2)0#0 90O& a bottle CO Ca a beast CO an egg r«8o a fowl CO powder a wild *a a pint a carriage "?3sS>8 a peacock S a crocodile an old man leather, skin ~5oS> marriage CO SXn>f& a fish a louse «■« a cow
CO fO *°1%0SP» or, ^o&o& &p>?fcex>, or, &t»wj "Sew W-iJjew or S3-e»
Second Class. The Inflection singular of the following nouns is formed by chang ing the last syllable of the nominative singular into d3 and the plural * The rule given in the ancient grammars is that only such nouns as end in S tf t «, take 43 in the Infl.. . .See the Bhattiyam, Chap. 30. + A few of these words assume a Eegular plural form in poetry.
THIRD DECLENSION.
61
nominative into or ofiS. In poetry some of them use regular plu ral by adding to the nominative singular, but in ordinary busi ness those forms are never used. The plural Infl. changes the Nom. LU into LA. The Instrumental and Locative cases singular usually change the final G) of the Iafiection into A. But these two cases are very ge nerally laid aside, and instead of them the Inflection (Singular or Plural) is used, to which the signs x33 <5f* 'with' and a** 'in' are added. Infl.
N. Sing. a lodge a cord a yard a city waste land, common a country, a day food a nest fuller's earth the leg of a bed-stead the west the mouth
I.
L. tT°3Aj
N. Plural.
■^43 CO ^0-43 &*s t*s
6* Si)
CO
fata
CO CO
r*43
CO
or "r>r"5
*3§Tr- 0
the fore head £>*3 a river an embrace ^""ftS the cheek a handful a plough
£>c£>eu." £>#> CO CO 7j—co Vco
NOUNS.
02 N. Sing. sS»oaD the court yard a pestle
"3e»
L.
Inn.
6^s"4j « 4& .ct^aj
the interior eJ^fc^ a door «r»8*3 the outside 2a
er'AAj w§4j 13 Aj
N. Plural.
6^r^> or 5^rQ (So m er*?v^ or ej^jvO^) -sr-i^ or-sr«lo«3 2uoejoi2^
Cfass. Nouns noted below change the last syllable of the nominative sin gular into o43 to form the singular inflection and os£i», o&) or o*£ to form the plural nominative. Some of these nouns also take gjj in the regular manner to form the plural. N. Sing.
CO (too
G. rots S&043
the eye sand the sky a female's breast S063 a bow s5»c43 a thorn 8\c43 a house a6043 a tooth
I.
sot)
L. Sot)
Plural N. S'j&jew or So«6
£»0A> tfOt)
tfjj^eu or «o«a
aoij
s6o4j
aewew, CO 7 aojsb CI ' Sotfc CI s&>oJSb or «S»o^ abo«b
Fourth Class. The following use the nominative singular for the singular inflec tion : or change the nominative singular into d3. Tbey make the plural nominative either regularly by adding eX) to the Norn. Sing, or by changing the final syllable of the Nom. Sing, into & or 026, Thus, N. Infl. I. L. N. Plural. ■iS^te) a place -
THIRD DECLENSION.
N.
Infl.
I.
L.
N. Plural.
a pair, a none CV) pair of shoes ^Jo^> or ^oSi a boil a fruit a&oJSo CO or a&o&> CO &a a village CO ?C*i3 a nail Jr*tfooo or ST6^) blood none water rose water no plural the sea -373^ moonlight 63- 3"^ w-s'oao.es-rsu hunger 05' CO 6-<*s5o4j r°£$oi> §-*£s>o«& a sickle CO or §"£sSo43 or, r*&Xo& oJoxIfc or «io?>o&b spittle !)6oSAj a shed an axe pudding pick-axe ca s3o c3e» a hare
CO
Sooc543
CO XoK«3e», Kotfo«c> Soo-^$u or 55 0^ Pit tXJ »11 fcAJ
"S»ese» the begin ■S»SS43 to ning £T«t» a mortar a tortoise CO the body CO Some neuter numerals are declined in the same manner. Thus N. r^* a hundred ; G. r&™43 ; D. f^43§ ; A. }S?°63p ; L. (&r»*o or j&n>*3dSos£>; Plu. J&*«>e», N. "60M0 two ; G. ~3o43 ; D. "3o«3§; A. *^063p ■ L. Tlo4f* or "^o4o orTSoSok; Plu. "6o«o;
* In poetry there occur other spellings; the letter G being changed into VThus owOo^Oo two, tfjog^Co three, jSoOi*)& four.
THIED DECLENSION N. Sing.
Inflec.
N. Flu. s£r"jS>e» or str»SS«j r"e>j3owo, or Soto
L.
a tree a tank the body a village S5"«8oJ5o a daughter ■toa
-*5S
a name
-£r»ex>
thread a share
G5
^p«bew or Scr»»bt6oo or Scr»»oo no ^at> or ^>Ooew or ■** none
*»0 or
Seventh Class. Words ending in form the inflec. singular in The Norn. plu. either adds t» to the Nom. Sing, or changes the last syllable of the Nom. Sing, into thus N. r[Co t sowing machine; G. R^J* ; N. Plu. JT^eu or tT&. N. a plough share ; G. * N. Plu. r(Ooe» or S"£. N. the neck; G. «_6 ; N. Plu. fc»l«>ew or »<£ &c. ~° Eighth Class. Some nouns form the inflection singular in Q and the nominative plu. in % og>, or o\&. N. Sing. "S~°ex> "Sew 63-e» sSb^;&)Xr° «» S^tftw
I. G. the leg "B^O the finger "30 a wife none a grand J&jSao-u*
daughter 0 a daughter 6^«S in-law •fctftfttj a cousin j&tJesS
L.
N. Plu. on
none
63-o«o oreS-o(ffio sS>f5aSo"CT»ofi£> or r^Sogi or^tfo I* Kfofftfosfc or iSbtf
66
NOUNS
N. Sing. ^l^o a sister
G. ^jgS
N. Plu. ■&Bog> or ^go
I.
a town L^68 The word ~^e» the hand makes the G. in ~^£>, but it has no plu ral. Sometimes the same plural is used for two or more different nouns : thus Singular. ~cy°i& a day
"Sew
CO
8&e»
a country a nerve a name a splinter a root a finger the eye a stone a fowl a leg or post a rivulet a fruit a tooth
Plural. TT>#> I IT)
days, lands, nerves
names, splinters roots, fingers eyes, stones
fowls, legs, streams
S&0«0
fruits, teeth
Foreign Words. Both in speaking and writing, the Telugus generally retain many foreign words untranslated. The words Doctor, Captain, Gene ral ; coat, ice, glass, wine, beer, brandy, cup, saucer, bottle, court, book, receipt, pen, ink, bureau, &c, and perhaps a hundred Hindus tani expressions in daily use as Kharch 5"cotS> expence, outlay, zuNoie.—A grammar of this language written in Telugu and printed in 1835 is arranged somewhat in the method preferred by the English. But besides much that is omitted it gives some false statements. Regarding many of the words described in this page, it exhibits regular as well as irregular plurals. But those regular plurals are fictitious.
Sing. Plu. slttw a minister ministers rfio3S»r. of a 8cc. sSlaoSS to a minister *slewf$» sSt^M* Colonel, General, &c. S"?5 e-
68
NOUNS
It may be worth while to remark that house-hold servants at Madras talk a broken English with fluency; but the learner will find it profitable to employ only those domesticks who will speak to him in the language he is studying : such are always to be had. Our initiatory native instructors also speak English, but we should as soon as possible lay aside such aid and employ a teacher who speaks Telugu alone. ON PEONOUNS. The pronouns may be divided into two kinds, viz. the personal and the adjective pronouns. There are no Relative pronouns. Personal pronouns have two numbers like those of substantive nouns, and three persons in each number, as ~ri&> I, fc^j thou, sr>«6 he. Plu. ~&sS» we, sxr»«b y0Uj ■5J-.tf, they. The Gender of the 1st and 2d person is always clear. But the 3d person calls for distinction. Thus Mas. ^r»afc he, Fem. and Neut. &G>she, it, and Plu. Mas. and Fem. 'sr-Co those persons. Neut. those things. The pronouns have all the cases of nouns except the Vocative, which, however, is used in compound words, as &*&>»t>~gso O Gar dener.' Jf'wTT'-iT0 O milk maid &c. On The First Person. The first person (/, myself) has two modes of forming the plural, viz. we and ^jS*3 thou and J, or you and we, or thou and toe ; for this includes the person addressed. Singular. N. "^i* * I G. Vi T^o^o ?T_, fr°s5b my D. f^So to me A. me
Plural. N. "3osS» we G. sS^S»^_, s£r»a£> our D. to us A. sfcsfco £>«i>&3| sSjsfe^o or sfesSgjej^fc us.
wjiVA us me L. T^oer*, 7T«cSfio«Sb in me L. &r>&*} s$r>d*osS> in us The other form which may be called the dual, runs thus, N. sfe(5sS» Thou and I ; you and we. G. s&tSSJm^, s&(6 cS> Thine and mine ; Our and your. D. *£>iS 55 7b wee and /Aee ; to you and us. A. sS>;SsS»j6; sS)^ej> j&^sSko Cs ^e ; «s and you. The Instrumental and Locative are compounded as s&i4^J$ us, 3a;Sd6oe£) in ms.
N. G. D. A.
Om (he iSecond Person. Sing. Plu. thou N. sxr*t>voyou fc, fro^^., thy, thine G. £xr=o3MSf_, sxr>& yo«r to thee D. S*r°S5 to yoa P fk, Pr%l <7iee A. £osS», Sosfo^, Sos^y, S»s&^
I. fr^tf, frS^ hy thee, with I. &r»^3, s*r» thee you L. Ptfr', {bd&oasb in thee L. So^er*, &r»d&osS> in you This word forms the Dative singular and plural in £>SS and txy& in opposition to the general rules of the Dative case of the nouns: which would require the termination to be not Jfc but §. The peculiar politeness observed in the use of the pronouns among the Hindus requires caution. In speaking to equals or inferiors with some esteem, it is not proper to make use of the pronouns Pi£) thou ; but Sxr>& you is used. And so when a person of authority speaks concerning himself toe is used instead of /. A Telugu when speaking to his master, uses the phrase ^^Cfi your honor .■ or
Pronouns of the Third Person. and Wtfsfc (each meaning He) are nouns of the 1st declen sion.
70
PBONOUNS Masc. Singular. N. ~sns£> he, that man he, this man G. ■bt'P, -ar-Si his £>P, D. sr-pi, *r>&$ to him A. -sr-P, Aiw
Masc. Sing. Masc. and Fein. Plural. N. oDs>«o, oi^JSb* wAo, which dsS&, oiw^tSo which man ? men G. °^?>, whose, which cisSofis man's D. cisSjoS, oi^ai to whom c5s$6§, ois$oS5S A. «^?>, ois$E|^ whom dsSep, oSsSoSspfc I. JsSp^iJ, ois> p&* by whom, dsSd^tf, oteogS'* with whom L, oJsSjoer*, «5;$&ej"« in whom dsSQeP-*, o^oiSer* • When the long initial vowel is shortened the next consonant is doubled, as here shewn. From ■sr»a4o he, is formed £>a-»fia what man, by contraction o^s5£iSo who? So in the feminine &9 edi becomes <^8 eddi.
PEONOUNS
71
*r»So He, that man, §>t& this man, are used only of inferiors ; but when we speak of any man with respect w&iSb and Tv°t& or s^S or %{z$~ir°&>* are the proper words to be used, and when much res pect is shewn the word S5-cs£>;S is used: when still more respect is to be shewn, plurals are used, as *r»Jfc they for «r»4So he. w&JSo, t5eJ-7T"(5So and 5S^cjSf5^£, I. W-dtSbpS^g, or -&<&fi^& or &$^& or 8* L. es-dSjjSer* -S*css5;Ser« Sxsfi^«r« These words have no plural, but borrow from ^r»23o and lt><3b fo, /Aa* man and this man; and from d:Si£> N» G. D. A. I. L.
Feminine and Neuter Singular. 653 i7, that *Aw woman, it, this thing, -nr°p,-5r»po3»Sf_ £>p, £>p53»|f_ T5"j&§ £>p§ -ra*p, Tr-p^ &p, &p^ T5*p^#, -CTopiT6, -t;r»^ fep^tf, &p§^, ■ra'PeP-*, (wog^) Spep-*, (&o6S"«)
Observe, that and &o45"* are disapproved as vulgar. They are therefore included in brackets. The feminine plural of W8 she, that woman and 3)9 this woman is the same as the masculine plural of vr»j»o he, that man, and ItHSo this man. Thus ■sr-'Cfc, ■sr»tfew ^Aostf women, £>Cfs(S)tJeu Mese wo>wcm &c. But the neuter plural of MS it, thai thing and S[S this thing runs thus, Neuter Plural. N. WB fAey, rfAose things ss(2>
PKONOUNS
72
Neuter Plural. D. •sr**3§, sr-^So, or ^F>§ S*S8,
0r !>?>§
A. -ST«4Sp, sr-lofc, or f>*3p, &kj3», or Sp I. ■sr.e3*3t£, -sfij^S, «p>43^, hiSS4, or or ■sr»f)^6 L weSer* «r*4JeJ"*. or sr-P SfieJ^, SiJer8, or S?d*0«£) Inlerrogaiives. Fern, and Neu. Sing. N. »>S,^S, oi a* which woman, which ?
A. Sp, -&P£. I. Sp^ss, -GpS* L. "^Per6, ("^°£5"*,) S-Byjae)^
In the feminine singular the word ds513 is generally used for which woman ? The feminine plural interrogative of is the same as the mascu line plural interrogative of eirfiSo which man? Thus, Sing. which woman ? Plu. ds55&, ds$o£S which women'? &c. 69-^,59- S# TAatf reoman or woman and e9-"&>, 0r ■&"3o that lady, this lady. The word or self, is translated He, She, It. Sing. N. G. D. A. I. L.
* Some words peculiar to poetry are needless in the Grammar, and will be found in the Dictionary : such are c*C
PRONOUNS.
73
The plural is used for your honor, a respectful mode of address. Thus SsS>a»04SS to your honor's home. From these pronouns are formed many compound nouns, which are declined in the same manner, by adding (to adjectives) xr»i£> for the masc. and t»6 or 59-^, $3-£)~& and ftS-'Sj for the fern, and f8 for the neuter. Thus masc. sing. 8 «r»4fc a potter. ■=r°5Sb an old tnan.®$£F°& a child. Plu. §£«S>s8sr*ogSb;—"?>g^x'>od£>, ■B;S^«^osCj. Pern. sing. Ac^SS, J5»"^er»"w, or tfw^er^Sl'S or ow old woman. a child, a girl. plu. aS»£9sj-»o«fc or "^93T°eS old women. ■S>rQ^r°o^> children. Neu. 2Ae foro/e owe. plu. fAe Zarye owe*. These compound words form the vocative by changing the final vowel U into A' if they end in &> for the masc. or by adding —°F° if they end in £5 for the fern. Thus Nom. fCojsr>& o cow herd. Voc. fT°o-sr°"W 0 cowherd! Nom. &f&8 a girl. Voc. fifSj, Tsr"?r» O fnaiaf / &c. S (From t51^ ^) and & (from those things) are also added to the infl. sing, and plu. of all the pronouns, to denote posses sion or connection : and are declined like fft. Thus 71*8 orF° cKi8 mine. or £>c*CS thine- •p'SS fo's. s£r»£> or sSj^Q oars. S»rS> yours. theirs; and so things. £>S> /7iy things- D. 7T" 'EyjbS tfo wiree. ■jr"^r>43§ To mine (Latine ad mea.) A. r^^Si, L. fr°'wF)«'**, (or 'F0"CT'04r*) in mine. sS^'wpS to ours, &c. They are also added to the interrogatives : thus, SjS&Q whose (is) it ? ^3^83 whose {are) these things? "^pO to which (does) it (belong) ? ~^?>3 to which do they belong ? fyc. The masc. and fem. plurals are s&^sr'CS) my people. <&p>«t»c£> your people. £>o5&o5^6sr>o whose people are these ? whose Jcinsmen are they ? The pronoun is defective, and is used only in the nomina tive, genitive and dative : Thus N. what ? G. 0/ ?o£a£? D. £>&>43S, for what* f 05& (adverb) There, is declined as a defective Tronoun ; thus ;
74,
ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. D. woBbSS, or, woBbe>& thereto. Ins. woBo^a or Wo&sSo thereby. L. tsoaSber* therein. In the same manner £)oBb here is declined. D. sstoa&Sa hereto. Ins. s;o«b\3& or SjosSbsSo hereby. L. goBber* herein. And also ^o&i where: thus. D. oioc&SS wherefore? Ins. ^oBbt3e£ or ^osfcsso whereby. Loc. oiosSber* wherein ? See also in page 79.
ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. Adjective pronouns have no singular ; and are thus declined. Masculine and Feminine. N.sjos&so »}«;n^| ^os&allper-^ Josffi how j persons
sons
many per sons ?
G. Slo«8,or 3°Bd } woaa 53m5" IT" «*\ D. ajoesi eoeses A. sjoaep tsoaep I. sioae^Se, sjoa } wobS^,
L- siosflep-*
^o«e§ oSoa9j& "\ oioae^,
or^oae^j orcioae^ eoaSer* loader*
r»oe8i r"oa6j8
or r'oae^ r°oaOy^
Aerate". N, s^, so many
tfiP^
oija^ how many ?
trf&afcw
ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.
75
Neuter. G. 81&.43 or q&tf *
^« !
D. BiP^i A. s^p i. m^a^tf
e1^433 fcspj^p
r^ap
i >
)
or
or e^8
)
or
L. stl^8«r« The word connected.
being
Sing. Neuter Wotf $otS <^o3 S"°oS
or so much the following words Neuter Plural. All, so much as that tsp^ So many, all, All, so much as this so many, all, how much ? oip^ how many ? some ^fe. some
DEFECTIVE NOUNS. e&osSoa Sucli as that. afzoXotS such as this (talis) ete»sSo*3 tohat
sort ? (qualis.) So So many Bo3, So much
<^$x How many. J>o
Instead of the initial vowels A, I, E, the syllables TA, TI, TE are perpetually written. Thus ^^J*, ^%J^> there, here, where, are written <*&^_S, o*5^^ This mode of spell ing is not inconvenient. But by an error in which all persist (and the same appears in copies of poems) the letter Ye (denoting ■which) is almost always written <*» Ta meaning that. Thus &>o$ how much ? becomes cSooS thus much. A little practice will enable'us to recollect this perversion ; which otherwise may sometimes create a doubt. We merely have to recollect that instead of ye it is customary, though wrong, to write ya.
DEFECTIVE NOUNS. Some nouns have no singular nominative ; and are placed in the plural form in the Dictionary. Thus, ^ew, ' milk.' Many names of particular kinds of grain are thus defective. Thus The word t>& water is used in the plural : unless in poems, which at pleasure use the singular r>t&, as is already explained. Thus
a little water: literally a few waters.
Irregular Defective Nouns and Adverbial Declension. Some adverbs and other parts of speech are capable of declen sion as defective nouns of the third declension. Thus Sxnis above, S°S beneath, er* within are properly mere adverbs ; and though they have no nominative they have a genitive, and sometimes other cases. But it will be perceived that in translation these cases become other parts of speech,
cr*, er^iy or adv. In, inside, within. G. B^jD, er^^S, er*s643 adj. inner. D. «"*?>?, er*§, e^a&Si, adv. inwards, in. 2^ adv. (Loc. case) outside. G. adj. Exterior, outer. D. 2*3§ adv. o«tf, outwards, -zr>&*> adv. 0» <6£) adj. tfto ty7iic7? is on the left hand. D. •Er°<68i adv. towards the left hand. 3e>a&e> adv. On the right hand. adj. D. sSaofcSi. •Saafcej adv. Outwards, Gr. "3e>3&£>, ■3e>s&S§, "Se^'iSi outwards. Oo34j adv. Afterwards. G. wo&t3 adj. sweS. «oS43§ <>» ffe w>7;ofe. ^otJij adv. Hereafter, henceforwards. G. t^o&43 adj. such. D. ^oe£ *3S hereafter, after all. pi^L adv. Yesterday, Gr. p?$^3 as r>;^2i6p yesterday's tvorfc. D. P^d.4^ WP ^° yesterday. L. f5^^* within yesterday. adv. Jay Je/cre yesterday. Gr. ~a»;5^3 Of that day : thus ~&y*$^82T,zx> the letter that came the day before yesterday. D. "Sx^iSS until the day before yesterday. ciewoS adv. The day after to-morrow. G. cieuoS Thus &<6?> the work to be done the day after to-morrow. D. <^eoo&§ adv. the day after to-morrow L. Sit»o4j ; as TSs&*j^>$»o*j to morrow or day after to-morrow. adv. There. G. ^^.^ adj. of that place, or country D. fc»Sf_&§ to that place, thither, thereto. Si^_S adv. Sere. G. adj. of this p>lace. D. S[Sf_&S this place, hither. oi?r_£adv. Where? G. =i£_2> adj. of what place? D.
to
what place, whither ? wfc^ Jm eaery i7w'«y. G. t5JB^s3 universal. D. ^^35 o» the whole. In like manner ^ere, stfS^k £ere, ^tf^*1 where, make the genitives thus ^tf^3 of that place, 3^43 of this place, «^*3
DEFECTIVE ADJECTIVES.
79
of what place ? D. «*t^*S8, s^43§, ^«^§ to that place, to this place, to which place. A few adverbs have nominative forms, Thus this day. G. of this day, present. ~f>£sr«i£> the man of to-day, the present man. D. ~^tS% to-day. * fc9*3«S Then, ^*$<& now, when ? These form the G. ts^tf, sv^a, «^«._D. <^*3§, si^*3S, oia&jai.* The defective pronoun ^osa ^ere or that, is used in forming a noun (or gerund) and is added to participles: thus s&^ooofSoixisS for going. L. £s*$ in, or hy, going r>6*cBo:S»"e5jSoaSb jS y0Jwanf o/" ait?. The acc. of this ends in $ IfA. Thus oSs&^osj^oel^^Soa regarding his going. It even may take a plural form as sb^X'sjoae^S for going. tpX" ejoaSjoSSyor coming. £Sro£X'ejoSjie>KS for staying. Even some Sanscrit adverbs can in Telugu take an inflected form. Thus the adverb at present. G. (adjective) (jS^ or l^jvuSo^J) present, existing, current. L. Jj^j&.'&s&oafc af present.
ON THE ADJECTIVE. The Telugu adjective like that used in English, is devoid of nnmber, gender, (unless what affixes supply) and case. Compara tives and Superlatives are formed merely by adding the words more, less, most or very. Some adjectives add Wa»jS the rela tive participle of «>iSt> to become : thus ^o-^) or ^"oJ&omjS pret ty. But this will be placed under the Relative participle. * These three words fcSS&^ab appudu, Si^Sfc ippudu, ds6^«So eppudu, are sometimes (in poetry) contracted : being written fcS^i) SS^ oi?^ ap'du, c» c» & ip'du, cp'du. But litis is not used in common life.
80
Or THE VERB. Some few Sanscrit adjectives are used in the Sanscrit compara
tive or superlative forms: just as in English we use the Latin forms superior, inferior, prior ; supreme, extreme, maximum. Other particulars regarding adjectives are placed in the Syn tax.
INTERJECTIONS are fully described in the Dictionary.
THE VEEB.
81
BOOK FOURTH.
ON THE VEEB. All verbs appear in my Dictionary in the Infinitive form, end ing in *j Ta. Thus *o^4j pamputa to send rJfifcS^ caduvuta to read. The ancient Telugu Grammarians have with good judgment dis tinguished three conjugations of verbs. The Second contains such Roots as end in T or S, likewise some few verbs in TT, or SS ; such as t5cs&>*j chey-uta or ches-uta to do: Lp-»cS3o4j vray-uta or \_st»^iAj vras-uta to write : si^cskiij poy-utaor S^fol) pos-uta topour: &> toy-uta or ® tos-uta to push : ljScj£o£ 4j vrayy-uta or Ij^ta vrass-uta to break : #otS» pen9-uta to rear, &f£piSit3 manninc-uta, toforgive. Or in ecu as "aj^i) me99-uta, to approve .- *JtS>^*i ^afc-uta, to die. Most of the verbs which are derived from other languages are placed in this conjugation. Thus tf&-o*S>4j raxin9-uta to protect, f>"a*oMO'iS>4j phirai^-uta, from Hindustani, phirana, to turn. All verbs that do not belong to the second and third conjuga tions, appertain to the first conjugation. Accordingly i6o^i> pamp-uta, to send, iS«£>i&k> 9aduv-uta to read, pov-uta to go, are verbs of the first conjugation. Each conjugation contains several classes of verbs, and instead of the numerical signs First, Second, or Third conjugation, the expression is, A verb ending in du, in yu in cu, &c. But natives never use such expressions among themselves. L
82
THE VERB.
The first and second conjugations contain chiefly verbs that originate in Telugu :* the third, (besides numerous native verbs) embraces all verbs derived from Sanscrit, Hindustani and other languages. A verb may change out of one conjugation into another : thus t3cs&>*j chey-uta ending in Y is of the 2d conjugation. But in its Causal shape "^owoiSiij cheyinguta it becomes a verb of the 3d conjugation : and in its passive shape t5cC5w«S4j it is a verb of the 1st conjugation.
And the same changes take place in al
most every verb. Verbs ending in **> are of the 3d conjugation ; thus a Some of these have the liberty of changing «k cu into &g ppu thus s>^*° which falls within the 1st Conjugation. This will be afterwards explained. Thus the termination of the Boot alone shews the conjugation. Certain changes made in the root make the participles : and then by adding personal affixes with some particles, the tenses are made. Thus from t33&> makes the past p|| »* chesi having done: and from this comes T%pfr°i£> chesinadu, he did, "So^t^So tec/jinadu, he brought, <£o£>"fr>£b pampinadu, he sent. Again ^ JF'iS* chesinanu I did, UO^ffk teccinanu, I brought, *oijr"fS, pampinanu I sent. Here the terminations are uniform, though the verbs belong to three different conjugations. These personal affixes are the same in all verhs whatever ; both active and passive just as have, had, hast, are equally appli cable to all English verbs. Accordingly if we know the affixes of one verb, we know those of all. And (as in English, Latin or Erench) it often is sufficient to mention the first person of a
• Many of these are likewise found in the Kannadi language which appears to be more ancient than Telugu.
THE VERB.
83
tense, because all the rest of the persons merely change the termination according to one rule. There are properly only two voices : the affirmative and nega tive. The Passive voice is compounded with c6a£&> to fall: the Middle voice with ^fkk) to take : and the Causal voice inserts SjoBa incu. But all the terminations continue unchanged. Thus (as in English) the Passive uses the active endings. The tenses of the verb are Present, Past, Future, Aorist and the Imperative. * The numbers are the Singular and the Plural ; and the persons* are the first, second, and the third. In the Singular, the third person feminine has the neuter termination, but it takes mascu line terminations in the plural.
Principal parts op the Verb. These are the Eoot, the Infinitives, and the Participles. The Hoots end in Q}] " U" as pampu, 'send,' poru, 1 go;' to which by adding i> (the infinitive sign To) as a&o^yij, ir'ifiej the verbs to send, to go, are formed; as they appear in the Dictionary. The Root (t?*&&) has been differently defined by various writers. Some say that ^o^Aj pampu-ta is formed from s&oi^J pampu, adding fc> ta. Others say (with the author of the Dipica) that the root is ifeo^) pampu. Others exhibit the verb as o&oabS 3» pamp-adamu : but the oldest authors quote verbs in one form of the third person singluar past tense of the verb : *o"S pampe,
• When we converse with a native who knows Sanscrit but not English we must remember that I, We, are called &J|s&>^yBc>&. : Thou, You, are called sSb^sfc^^S- ; and He, she, it, they, are called sfc^ccsS, the first person.
84
EADICAL FOEMS.
he sent,
cheppe he said, &o"3 unde, he was.
This is the
form in which verbs appear in the lexicons of Hebrew and Arabic: languages of which the bramins are not likely to have heard.
EADICAL FOEMS. The following roots are included in the First conjugation which contains more than half the verbs in the language. &>e»i> to rule, &*wo&> to drive, w«b!64j to ask, d*t6_t> to tread, fcssfo^fc) to sell, "S-S>Xo*3 to grow, efcskoSSk to leap, sS>oi£&> to flame, i6£ofc> to fall, e3-s$b*J to play,,s&ew&i> to speak, *■> to mount, -in&t> to sing, t5(fc*J to say, SooKoAj to walk, SfSok to hear, r-f&Aj to buy. The verb S"°?S>4j Konuta when it means to buy is Eegular : but when used as a sign of the Middle voice, it is irregular.
Silent Roots. Mand. ' Flame.'' This is the root of s£>o£o4j mand-uta toJlame. i£r>r&££io&(6£) the wood flamed. Und'. ' Be.' &oj£4j To be, stay, dwell, stop, remain. fr^eso he is in the village. Ami. 'Sell' esto^ To sell. M-ii^a^a she sold it. A'd. 'P%.' pronounced Ard. To play, e3-S«r»o«b65-& the women danced. Pa'd. 'Sing.' (pronounced pard.) "£r»Sak To sing. &ti&a-in&$& she sang a stanza. Pad. ' Fall' (pronounced pud) To fall. !£$8> the time is past; or
t& he told his brother. Koi*. ' Get.' r'jfcAj To get. r*dt6gSr,?r^LJ6 he got or bought a wood. These forms jSjo&SAj, &ojSo&> &c. being the Infinitive forms exhibited in the dictionary, the silent roots are Maud, Und, &c as now shewn.
INFINITIVE FOEMS. These are the Infinitive in A as pampa : the Infin. in Damu as ^oa&SsSo pampadamu: Inf. in TA. as ^)o^)t> pamputa : Inf. in
E^di as s&o^jS pampedi. In my Telugu Diction
ary, the Inf. in TA alone is used. The " Moot in A" or " Infinitive in A" is made by changing the final U of the Root into A. Thus out of the root i6o^j) pampu comes )6oi6 pampa to send, and then by adding l**03 Damu to this, makes the Inf. in Damu" a>o^)a»sto pampadamu. Some grammarians are of opinion that this infinitive ought to end in ^ffc thus afcoijfcffc, TS&lpt pampanu, gaduvanu, or by con
86
PARTICIPLES.
traction sSoa&r", ■Cs&;$r~ pompan, gaduvan, which by a further contraction become *>oa&,
pampa, gaduva. It appears how
ever reasonable to look upon this NU or N as an affix not affect ing the sense. Certain affixes change the sense of the Moot in A. The letter75"* is also added as "*"*, *J «s5~7T> pampa ga, gadavaga. This is at pleasure spelled &b&o~K°, ■tfs£>s$o"7r» pampanga, gaduvanga. It is also called the adverbial form. The Inf. in TA adds the letter ^ to the Root ; thus out of i&°^>) comes &o-^)L> pamputa : and the Inf. in -53 E'DI changes the final \) of the Root into -53 : thus out of &cy&) comes *o *>S pampedi. The Infinitives in TA and DAMU are declined as nouns: Thus 8&o^)iJ is a noun of the third declension : and &o*s£zix> is a noun of the second declension.- Some call them verbal nouns.
ON PARTICIPLES. The Participles in the affirmative Verb are the present, the past, the relative and the aorist. I shall use the sign P|| or p|| for the word Participle. The present p|| is made by adding to the Root «i or #b ; thus s&o^y makes ^o^^ or s&o<£)8S. To these the affix (out of the auxiliary verb is also add ed: thus ^So^iS)^ pampug-unnu and do-^sfopy^pamput-unnu sending.
But «k and t&I&Ql being used chiefly in poetry, the
colloquial shapes ^> and Sbi*^. alone are exhibited in the following pages. Verbs that end in *» T'T'U as S"**^ ' to strike' <■ t0 place' S^3^ ' to revile or abuse' can in the present participle and past tense change |» TTU into &>Sb or i& ; thus s^toSo, or r*so and the past tense S"*43S 0r 0r ^ S. The past p|| is formed by changing the final U of the Root in
TENSES. to " £)" '• I :" thus out of &ci£) pampu comes ing sent.
87 pampi hav
•
If a verb has three syllables, and the second is short U, as ** s&Ko adiigu, (to ask) t5s£>£) cadiivu to read, S'cfi-efo cariiqu to bite, 5"cfc?«o carugu to melt ; this U changes into I when the termination changes into £), -*=>, -5 (i, e, e) : this happens in the past p|| the 3d pers. sing, of the past tense, and one aorist p[|. Thus iJSa cadivi (having read) US) "3 cadive he read, and CQ"^ ^adive, who reads. And these verbs have also the liberty of changing the middle 13 U into a when the final vowel \) of the Eoot ends in a: thus i5e£>sS paduva or 9adava to read. The Relative participle is formed by adding ^ NA to the past participle: thus froin<6o& pampi having sent comes *ot>!$ pampina that sent. The aorist participle is derived from the Root either by using the root itself; or changing the final X) (TT) of it into -^5, -^563, (e, eti) or-^=«» or -=>& (edu, edi) : thus, j6oa6)( a&ot.,!6o-^43, <6o"£)Ss, &oti& that sends.
ON TENSES. The tenses are formed by adding the personal terminations to the root or else to the present and past participles. [The following rules on formation, marked with inverted commas ['] in the margin, were framed by a native tutor in the College. They may perhaps be useful to those who study Telugu in Europe : these principles may be occasionally referred to when a doubt arises. Such as read the language in India will seldom require these rules : which will be easily acquired without being studied in this method.]
S8
" ON TENSES."
' The principal personal terminations in verbs are borrowed from the pronouns. * ' The terminations of the 1st and 2d persons are these. ' Sing. 1st pers. fS» from ~^f& I, as ;6o^5)&i> f^fr I send. Plu.
' But one shape of the past tense changes the \) (TJ) of these terminations into £) (I) i. e. fi>, <&, s*», & mi, vu, mu, ru, are changed into P, Sx>, Q ni, vi, mi, ri. Thus i^o&Sp I sent, £o 2j33 thou sentest, £ol,%&> we sent, ^ctSa you sent. ' The Terminations of the 3d person Sing. ' Masc. z& from *r"&> and he, this man. For the pres. tense as ^o^Safs^ffio he sends ; also for one shape of the past tense, as i6o°>iiT»#a he sent and for the negative aorist, as he does not send. ' jSj For one shape of the past tense as s6o"S>ffi he sent, and for the affirmative aorist as * 0^)34 he will send. ' p For the future tense, as a£)o^&j&, a&o^f>. 'Fern, and Neut. Q from f£> or Si9 She or it. For the pres. tense, as AoiQ&fap she or it sends and for one shape of the past tense as i£oS>;Sa she or it sent. 'j^j For one shape of the past tense, as aSo'wfli she or it sent and for the affirmative aorist, as i6o^f)ffc she or it will send. '£) For the future tense, as &o^>&p) g^o^p, 0r s&oL?) she or it will send. ' <5b For the neg. aorist,'as !6o<£ijS> sjie or g
M0£ sengm
'Plural. ' Masc. and Fern. & from ^03 and They, these persons. For all tenses, as ^OT^J&F^eS, £7«ey send 8&o»)rr°SS they sent, &o "S>«tf>, ^o'wcfi, they will send, ^o^ysfctfc
m«y seni, s&oa&tCi tffoy
" ON TENSES."
89
send not, but one shape of the past tense changes "Q (U) into Q (I; Thus They sent. 'Neuter Si from and 9fi They, these things. For the pres. tense as *S)o^i)3Z>t^a they send and for one shape of the past tense, as a&o?>i6a they sent. * j3j For one shape of the past tense as &o-z>& they sent, and for the affirmative aorist as £oi*L)?S> they will send. ' p For the future tense as S&o^Sf), abot,?), &o%p they mill send. ' s£) For the neg. aorist as *6o*$j they will not send. ' These terminations take before them certain intermediate par ticles to make the affirmative tenses ; and are added either to the root or to the present and past participles. Thus, 'In the pres. tense —0 a is inserted for the 1st and 2d persons in the sing, and plu. For the masc- in the 3d pers. sing, and for the Masc. and fem. in 3d pers. plu. while jS^ is inserted for the fern, and neut. in the 3d pers. sing, and for the neut. in the 3d pers. plu. ' In the 1st shape of the past tense & is inserted for the 1st and 2d pers. sing, and plu. while -=> E^ interposes for the masc. fem. and neut. in the 3d pers. sing, and for the neut, in the 3d pers. plu. And in the 2d shape "P" is inserted for the 1st and 2d persons sing, and plu. and for the masc. in the 3d pers. sing., and for the masc. and fem. in the 3d pers. plu. while $ interposes for the fem. and neut. in the 3d pers. sing, and for the neut. in the 3d pers. plu. •In the 1st shape of the future tense -=» E^DA is inserted for the 1st and 2d persons sing, and plu. and for the masc. and fem. in the 3d pers. plu. while -=>* EDI is interposed for the masc. fem. and neut. in the 3d pers. sing, and for the neut. in the 3d pers. plu. And in the 2d shape -5 E' is inserted for the 1st and 2d persons in the sing, and plu. and for the masc. and fem. in the x
90
"ON TENSES."
3d pers. plu. while -5 or S) (E'F) is interposed for all genders in the 3d pers- plu. ' In the Aorist & is inserted for the 1 st and 2d persons sing, and plu. and for the masc. and fem. in the 3d pers. plu. But for the masc. fem. and neut. in the 3d pers. sing, and for the neut. in the 3d pers. plu. no particles are inserted. ' When these particles are connected with the personal termi nations, they stand thus :
' Pbisent Tense. Sing.
Plu.
' 1st pers. —°fS> ami 2d —°$5 avu 3d Masc. — adu 3d f. n. or oa nnadi,
1st pers. '— imu 2d —°cfe aru 3d m. f. — aru 3d «. ?S^a nnavi.
ndi. The affixes 5$jQ or oS and jSja are added to the p|| ending in So but not in
Tense. Sing.
Plu.
■ 1st pers. BP or 73"*i&
1st pers. SS» or "F°S»
2d 8a or ~F°>& 3d m. —^fSi enu or 7** ^ 3d /. n. i$e or o£>
'Ettttjbe Tense. Sing. ' 1st pers. -5>sSP& edanu or enu
Plu. 1st pers. emu
edamu
91
*' ON TENSES." ' F0TUBE TeSSE. 2d
Plu.
Sing. or
2d
or -t5&
3d m. -=>&p or -£p or §>P
3d ot./ -=«&or-£&
3d /. n. -=>&p or -^Sp or S)p
3d
n.
-=apor-5por
i Aohist. Sing. ' 1st pers. 2d 3d 3d /. n.
Plu. 1st pers. 2d 3d m. f. 3d n.
i*
1 Impeeatiye. Sing. 2d perB. or Ecr»
Plu. 1st pers.
or "sj»tiba
2d *> or &. ' The present and past tenses are derived from the present and past participles ; and the future and the aorist from the root in U. By adding therefore the affixes to these participles, the affir mative tenses are regularly made. Thus, from the present parti ciples i6o^«ofl^_ and ^o^SS comes, by adding the affix —°#> A'NU &c. to them, the present tense ^o^Sbfr^ and &°'4>) "a'ffc I send. So ^o^ga^a, 6o^)-y$ thou sendest. denote ■pr^go, *o^)«r°sib he sends, afcoT^Jab^Q or ific^igioa she or it Bends &c. ' The final \) U of the present p|] is dropped by elision, when the affixes —■ <& A'NU &c. are added to it. Thus ^o^JSb + ^F^. ?S> pamputu + unnanu=& oi£)&>~(r°<^&> pampuf tinnanu. There are also two other shapes of the present tense as iSoi^Jifcfr^tfj or *o •fy o^ffc which are not used in the following pages, the one being
92
" ON TENSES "
poetical and the other being vulgar. They are formed by merely changing e$ ta into i& qa. ' From the past participle i£o& comes the past tense, by adding the affixes dp or r^fk &c. to it, as a&o&SSS or s&o5>fr°?$> I sent: *6o or a&ofc-jjr^j thou sentest : Ao^fc or <&oS>tt»!6 he sent &c. In one shape of the 3d pers. sing. £ot>fc the final G) of the past p|| is dropped when the affix —=>!& is added to it. Thus ^°S> makes £o~^>$>. * From the root ^ comes the future tense by adding the af fixes —=>&ffc edanu or enu &c. to it, thus ^o^SKjfc or*6o"£;& I will send. *o"wsJiS or Ao'fj^) thou wilt send &c. the final \) of the root being as usual dropt. ' The reader must not confound this word a&o^jfc with E' long pampenu with the word 6o"wSfc with E' short pampenu, which is the 3d pers. sing, of the past tense of this verb. ' By adding the affix ekffc &c. to the root, the aorist is made : thus from a&o^J comes a&o^&jSi I will send &c. s&o^ssbg) thou wilt Bend &c. 4 Out of the two shapes of the future tense, the use of the shape stSfb (edanu) ^o^csfr pampedanu is strictly confined to poetry; and the shape Sfr (enu) a&o^^ pampenu is seldom used : but the present tense and the aorist are used instead of the future tense. Thus instead of &o'fi$>t they say &c'£)'&°r&. 1 From the root ^o-^) comes also the affirmative imperative : either by using simply the root itself or by adding to it the affixes «S» or s*r» for the 2d pers. sing, as &oi£) or i6o^)jS» 0r <£o^y&r» send thou and K*S» 0r for the 1st pers. plu. as a&ct^CiSo or *o-^-cr°£i» let us send and or & or commonly oa added to the Infinitive in A for the 2d pers. plu. as ^c^)& or &o-£)h or ^o^oS send ye.
93
« ON TENSES."
Formation of the Negative Verb. ' The Negative Verb is derived from the Boot in A, and by add ing certain affixes to this, the Negative participles, the Verbal noun, and the aorist with the imperative are formed. 'Thus a&oaS which is the Eoot in A of *o^fc> takes the affix g" K to form the " negative p|] in KA" as *oj6S" without sending. 'And to this ^otf [the Eoot in A of is at pleasure added. Thus s&os&S" and a&o* SSotf equally mean without sending. ' Likewise the Eodt in A adds the affixes £) NI to form the Neg. rel. p|| and g» Mi to form the verbal noun. Thus i6o<6p pampani that did not send, and *o^sx> the not sending. ' In the Negative verb, the aorist is the only tense, and it is formed simply by adding to the Eoot in A the pronominal affixes already explained. Thus ; ' Sing. Plu. ' 1st pers. i6oa6f£>
1st pers. *6oi£sS»
2d 3d 3d
2d 3d 3d
m. f.m.
«> t& ' Kb
m. f. n.
& oj «
' To form the Negative imperative, (the Prohibitive) the Eoot jn A takes the affixes Ka or 35 KU or 5b*S» Kumu or Kuma or 5oj*t» Kumee for the 2d pers. sing, as ^o^S" or js&os&SS or a&oi6S5sS» o*gS«S or «&os6So& send not ye'Elsewhere instead of these forms, the verb sSucs&jia is used. Thus as in the affir. verb $®&o& means (il fant remettio) you must send, so in the negative, the verb s5«4& or ssg~ may be added. Thus <&o&£ei> do not send, thou shalt not send.' The passages here marked with (') inverted commas may be oc
94
FIKST CONJUGATION.
casionally referred to, if a doubt should arise ; but those who study in India will not require these rules.
FIKST CONJUGATION. For the purpose of exhibiting the terminations, the verb ^o'sg) *> pamputa To send will now be conjugated throughout.
This
is a regular verb of this conjugation. Also 'OafcijSj&j to read, because it is a verb of three syllables and undergo some changes in the formation of tenses, as was already explained. Also the verbs vinu-ta, To hear ^"ffciJ Konu-ta to buy and &&>±> padu-ta to fall. These are given because verbs ending in NU and DU are contracted in a peculiar way. Also the verb ^T6 povu-ta to go because that lias some pecu liarities. And to these will be added the Irregular Auxiliary Verbs &oJSb4j to dwell ; to become ; XtxXii), to occur. Affikmatiye Vbbb. Infinitive in TA
*o^t> To send.
Infinitive in A Infinitive in Damu
£0*6 )fco;6&sS»
Infinitive in E^DI
*ot,B. Pabticiples.
Pres. p|| Past p|| Eel. p|| Aorist p||
&e>-4)& or do^g)^ Sending *o») Having sent «6o?)^ Which sent afcO", i6ot>t3, aSo^sSo or <6oT,3, a&o^ "Which sends.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
95
NEGATIVE PAETICIPLES. Negative P|| in Kel. p|| Verbal noun
Ka &o&$ Without sending ifeos&p Who sends not «6oa&j» The not sending.
Pbeseitt Tense.* I send, I am sending. Sing. 1 ^o^yso-ir^-f-sfc, «&o^l)^*+ 2 «6o^)sj(T^&, s£>c^y^*#. 3 m. Ao^jsbjT^aso, &o-£)ws&. 3 /. n. 160^80^, !fco^)gooa. Plu. 1 a6o<6)«)-j3^LsiD) ifeoi6;^*ss». 2 a£>o^ys»(3-»^0o, )6o-4)«rOo. 3 «. /. abo^ijgb-jo-^oo, ^o^^oo, 3 «. a&o^y&j^a, abo^j&s. Here we perceive that the verb &ot£> ia added, as in English ' to be' is added to all verbs. The Present Tense has two forms: the longer, ^o^SaF^fS), pamput mnanu is ' I send, I am sending.' But the shorter form a6o^J' pamputanu is used with afuture sense : as in English " I send it to-morrow." This rule applies to all verbsThe final syllable NU ((&) is in all the tenses dropped at plea sure : Even the letter » which terminates the 2d person sing ular is frequently dropped : thus M. 1. 1. 174, where tS^Q is written for t3^Sj>. Throughout the verb the mark + denotes that the final sylla ble NI or NU is frequently dropt. Thus in Greek the final N is often dropt, and £"« or ia™, i»wn or iwartv may be used at the poet's pleasure. Observe: in speaking Telugu, the final V (VU or VI) is often (vulgarly) slurred. Thus ®F^5& unnavu, unnavi, aetata vintunnavi, ao*»& vintavi, Sf*>s&>i& vinuduvu, StfSS vinavu are often pronounced soft, thus ; unna'u, unna'i, vintunua'i, vinta'i, vinudu'u, vina'u. But this is not elegant. • In the following pages numerals are used to denote the first, second, and third persons.
FIRST CONJUGATION,
96
Sing. 1 3 3 Plu. 1 2 3 3
Past Tense. I sent, I have sent. a&o&a+p, a6 0^70^4.^ »»■ /. «.
Affirmative. I send. i6o^y + 9. I 2 3 «. /. n. a&o^);S> P. 1 2 8 3
afeo-^ft)
AORIST. Negative. ' I send not. a&oa&jfc S. 1 2 3 08. 3 /. n. P. 1 2 3
». /.
3
».
a&oa&Sa
* This has the liberty of inserting N (for the sake of metre) before £a, Thus <&oS&oifi he sends not. In Bhasc. Sat. XII. roetri gratia S"e»S^*f58So is ■pelt S"|»§r,(io'B.
Send not thou. a&oa&ro&g, a&oa&Soeso, a&oS&SooSo, «&o<6&!s§.
Courtesy requires, as in English, the use of the plural Impera tive instead of the singular. But in prayer and addresses to the deity, they generally use the singular shape alone. Those persona that end in N, (whether ni or nu) drop this ter mination at pleasure. This is denoted by the mark + , as J&o^ysb The mark § is added to such shapes as are peculiar to poets. The sigu [ ] denotes such as are inelegant-
Infinitive Infinitive Infinitive Infinitive
in TA in A in Damu in E*DI
4&S>ij
To read.
AriflEHATIVE Paetictples. Present p]| Past p||
«&^>^> or tf«b ■tfSa having read
reading
llel p|j Aoristp||
r5fi>8^ which read CS"i,iJSs4S,«S-3a§,«a-3JSb§,tfd&g)§ which reads.
STAAT3-
|
FIRST CONJUGATION.
98
Negative Pabticiples. Neg. P|| in §" Ka Cases', or tffi&sSSSo-ra* Neg. Rel. P|| esbsSp Neg. Verbal Noun fS&Xsa
Verbs ending in j^j, NTJ such as affck to hear, G^fcb to buy, DfS>i> to eat. and t»fk4j to say, form their present p|| in the usual
100
FIRST CONJUGATION.
way by adding ; as 3|S>t£> ; or by changing the'^fk into O sunna as aotfb. Or when they take they change fk&> into c&a aa ao4». Likewise in the past tense apop becomes ao^Jp. In the affirmative aorist 3fS»iS>fS> becomes aojfc;S>. In the 2d and 3d person plural a,&«i>Go becomes aoi&So or S>o\&> • vulgarly ac£). Here the soft D changes into hard D. The form o[e& is used on ly in poetry. Thus wo (So. M. XIV. 2. 94. and 2. 169. Some grammarians direct us to write these verbs with ^ N, not with O. Thus aottj becomes a<*y But this,is a refinement ap proved only by grammarians ; not by the people at large. The verbs affcfc> to hear, to go, s&«&t> to fall, ^afcio to be spoiled, to fit, ftxbio to descend &c. change at pleasure the affix -= E1 into £)c33 in forming the past and future tenses. Thus 3"i3iS» or aPSsrfc; and a"^«fS) or apssjffi^. And they have also the liberty of being contracted in the relative participle- Thus aPiS or or and Q^fS or Many verbs ending in NU and £So DTJ (as mentioned above) contract tho second shape of the past tense. Thus apF*fS> becomes ^F^fk, ^J&T3"»i& becomes ^"^°fS>.
Infinitive in TA Infinitive in A Infinitive in DAMU Infinitive iu E*DI
ajfrtj To hear. S>;5 a-StfsSw a"j§a.
Affirmative Participles. Pres. p|| 3oi» or aofcoffc^ Hearing Past p|| ap Having heard Eel. p|] »P?S or a^ Which heard Aorist p|| a^, a"^, a^a§, a 7=i*>§, S£§ Which hears.
TO HEAE.
101
Negative Pakticim.es. Neg. P|| iu £ Ka Eel. p|| Yerhal noun
325', 3£&o-r>* 3j6f> ajSKo
Pkesent Tense. Sing. 1 2 3 m. 3 f, ». Plu. i 2 3 »». /! 3 ??.
Sing. 1 ao43 + p, 355^ + ,* 2 ac*ja, a-pr^ 3 m. a^ + jS), apeaH-Ffc, af^fss 3 /. n. a"?rS>, apsag+iai, »jsjs, ap;sa, apoa Plu. l ao*3so, aF"^^ 2 30438, ajj^io 3 «J. /. 3f>6, atT^Sj 3 n. 3Pi6a, 3^3. The form 3p6fc>, in tlie third person singular is peculiar to poetry. Note, tffkej to go and sfci&ij to live never use the form Oo43f>
FIRST CONJUGATION.
102
Futube Teitbe. Sing. 1 2 3 m.f. ». Plu. 1 2 3 m.f. 3 ».
Peohibitite. Hear not thou. Sing. 2 a^s", ajSSS, 3jSSSs&=§, atfSSsSHj, aj$5Socr»§ Plu. 2 ajSSoa, a;SSSa£§, a;ssSo«o§, 3iS3S&§, Sr^Aj Sometimes forms the Imperative irregularly. Thus ; Soifc or ajkoJfe. • Thus in Palnati, D. 361 sfo*55e>!S»B!-es£>!r»5Sieua
TO TAKE. Infinitive in TA Infinitive in A Infinitive in DAM U Infinitive in EVDI
The verb as the sign of the middle voice deviates some what from the regular verb to take or buy. The middle voice is thus conjugated. The irregular portions are marked But in the middle voice this verb is often written SSffcti kunuta instead of §"*i&*o Jconuta. Gejtebal Note. In all verbs it is hard to express the Infini tives and Participles in English, without misleading the learner. The true import is explained in the Syntax.
Infinitive in TA Infinitive in A Infinitive in DAMU Infinitive in E'DI
a&o^rv&tj v. a. To send %gT ^o^r5, ,6o^s~j4§ a&o^jr'jjtfato, 4o4)r*flitte% a&oi&r* -=§e.
a&o^J^cto, a!) o^)r*o Sending a&o^r*p Having sent «6o^r«f>^§, j6o^jr»jS>L "Who sent *o4)fr% 4o4)tr-$e, s6o^r-^a§, a6o^r-^*,§ *o^r*;S>§ Sending. Negative Paeticiples.
Neg. p|| in * Ka a&o^S-jSSg, (j^- s&o-^je^r Without sending Neg. Rel. p|| a6o^r°^?)§, g^- ^c^^p Un-sending Neg. Verbalnoun «&o^8"*ji£o§, (jdr i6o^;rca> The not sending. o
106
FIEST CONJUGATION.
Sing. 1
Pkesent tense. I send. doi&s-oto^+ffr, i6o^r"o&r» -f-
a&o^r'fsroa, «&oi^r',i6S5«£§, a&c^r,issSoi£§, a&c^y When is added, contraction sometimes is allowed ; tfe^csSi^p having sat may become Sr»fl^p but this is vulgar. If a verb ending in NIT is in the middle voice the k is doubled : thus to view from to see; §"*ffc §7 fkk> to purchase from §"°r&4J to buy, yet in some other verbs it is left single ; thus a?S>S"",r&4j from ai*t> to hear. The past negative tense of fffciJ has two forms, of which one ib contracted, viz. §~jS"^;£> and r*"3i&. The longer r"j$"^«S> ja I (thou, he, &c.) did not buy. The shorter is the middle form as fcSife r^ea I (thou he, &c.) did not sell. But the longer form t9«sv^r*iS"3'5£> js a]a0 admissible. Thus in the notes on the Bhascara Satacam § 41. ^>*jss»5'&»§'",j$_gsj> he did not crown himself. The form w^T^S^ is used for ^^r^p^cfe* and r^aafSi for ^tf^r*jSs£r«o&>rfc. See the Syntax of the Past P|| in UKA.
Infinitive in TA Infinitive in A Infinitive in D AMU Infinitive in E\DI
*«o4j To fall. a6S &8t£tix> The falling *>3o Falling.
TO FALL.
109
Affirmative ParticiplesPres. p||
a&JSoSo or *&Sb«ijSgL[*«fc]
Falling
Past p|| Eel. p|| Aorist p||
& Having fallen afciii or Which fell sb^, a&^a, a&'Sag, ae,3sSo§, s6e&§ Which falls. Negative Participles.
AEFIBMATIVE PARTICIPLES. £*«o or Going si^txu Having gone a*o»jS "Which went **5&>g, ir>^)§43, *"6kg&§, s£»6&>§«o§, sfr«3§
Pres. p|| Past p|| Rel. p|| Aorist p||
Which goes. Negative Paeticiples. Neg. P|| in g" Ka or ^*5Sots» "Without going Neg. Eel. p|| "Who goes not, Un-going Neg. Verbal noun The not going. Present Tense. I go, I am going. Sing. 1 a** 80 75^4. ft, &iF> + (Sif 2 3
m.
So £*^>%) s^SbF^sfe,
• This verb is sometimes pronounced sJr*SJS)TS5ej ; and accordingly belongs to the 3d Conjugation. This is an ancient form. But in modern days it is considered obsolete and is avoided by educated persons. t The following instances are found in various poems. d^^T&jr^lSg) DRAyo. 384. jJOSSotfcTsr^gj D. R. Y. 2248. Zjy^rS&n we have seen Spr»jS&a we have heard. B. VIII. 445.
112
FIEST CONJUGATION. Plu. 1
s^SoF^sSm, is^w&a
3 3
m. f. n.
&*#>V£&, s^eT'Bo ^a [**^».]
Past Tense. Sing. 1
I went, I have gone. p, t^oaifT' + fii, ir*oc»a4-!6§
• At the town of Madras this verb is often mispronounced. For frScxnfy 2So becomes &> a vulgarism that should be shunned. Another error in pronunciation is, that N is dropped .• thus poinadu becomes po-i-adu. t It has been printed out in the alphabet that cSfi ya and oil ye are often wrongly sounded and written for one another. Thus o^oSOffc poenu is written d"*a»Sja» poyanu and even •^•oSofk and -iycSSo,
113
TO GO.
Affirmative, 8.1
AOEIST. Negative I go.
d*£jsSb + ?fc§ S. 1 2 2 3 «t.y^ ». d^Ak, sfr*s§jS>.§ 3 m.
P. 1 3 m.f. 3 «.
Sing. 2 Plu. 1
I go not.
+
S^iSbaaa, d-*$4&sSs3§ d*gsarfc§ &*?b,
sireSi, s^s55fe§1 or
3 /. n. P. 1 statin, ^6sS&r>§ 2 6*85, d-esSS§ 3 m.f. d^c&, sb^sSeSog 3 n. ir*s$^)§.
Impebative. Go thou. ^*^§, ^^§, ^"GiS^§, d-^5*^, d*^S5^§ irG"CT"«s», str«
Peohibitiye. Go thou not. Sing. 2 sfr«3o, *»S5«Sb§, ^T6§3^§, dr*g6c^§ (or d*&s)f Plu. 2 ^S'oS, d*SoSfc§, i^SSoJSifj, sfr*S3&§. Verba in any double consonant (V among the rest) as navv-uta, To laugh^ 8£&4j tavv-uta to dig, ^~°$>$p> covv-uta to be comefat are entirely regular. But those in single V as ifr*€ji> poTuta to go, w^t> avuta to become, vary in a peculiar manner. Of these
forms the Infinitive in Damu, thus; Tr":S£rfy>.
• A few words as d*iS&x>l£*Ty>sSxil (let us go, come along) are considered irregular ; as mere exclamations. t The form sfr*3S"^, pokuve, Oh go not'J (intensive) occurs in the Bhagavat, VIII. 474, when Siya uses the \yord in addressing^Mohini. P
114
FIRST CONJUGATION.
The irregular verb &oJfc*J To ' Be, dwell, stay' enters into tlie composition of all other verbs (just as in English) and there fore will be given here throughout. Infinitive in TA * ot&k To be ; being Infinitive in A Infinitive in DAMU Infinitive in E*DI
&o££sSu &o"Sa.
The being
Affirmative Participles. Pres. p|| Past p|j Eel. p|| Aorist p||
&otx>fb^
Being
Having been ^oa^ Which was (feo^, &o"343, &o <8«b§, &o"B&§, 6oifc§ Which is. Negative Participles.
Neg. P|| in Z Ka Neg. Rel. p|| Neg. Verbal noun
ekofir or 6o£&o-t*= &oSjb &ojs£o
Present Tense. Sing. 1 2 3 m. 3 f_ M, Plu. 1 2 3 m.f. 3 71.
Some poetical forms, are found in all the conjugations. These are, in the Present Tense, ^ofcofr^S-i-ffc I stay, ^o&x>fT^^) thou stayest, &o&»frisks we stay. And in the Past Tense ^7^? + ffc and &o57r>S-f- fS> I dwelt. &0&fr°tss5x, ^tj^ssSw we stayed.
TO BE, DWELL, STAT.
US
There are some other forms of this which are more or less vul gar: such as ^*ok>&, &oAt»&, &o6»iTi»jj?) &o£fr, &o~cs°&! &o &r»3; A^j*, ^pT^J>. And, in every person, we sometimes meet with the inelegant contraction Aots*^ ^oT^^j-and &o ;e»"<£> &c. The following is used both in the present and past tenses. Sing. Plu. 2 3
* Some forms of the Past Tense are peculiar to poetry. Thus i?)o&S*p 1 was, 5S)oS»&qg) unditlm (not »S>) thou wast, <3f°S?v;S£a ' She wore' is written £T° &*dScoiS>Lc«>£> in M. 11. 112. f This form if put as a question would be &0&3^t«. But in poems &o3"3 is substituted. Thus &*QTr° becomes jS"6!? didst thou go ? d"T>!)^8«T*) Suca. 3. 276. This contraction is used in no other person or tense. This is often used by poets : but condemned by criticks as vulgar. Thus in English " beest thou" is considered a vulgar form of ' if thou be '•' and yet the best poets use it. In all languages some forms are in course of time laid aside by the educated but retained by the vulgar.
116
FIRST CONJUGATION. Plu. 1 6o&0£c§, 6c*3»o, 6o5fr° jSm 2 &o&08§, <3c43d, <&oSir«ab 3 m. f. 6o&8, &o&rT'&1 &o{h q. t.*
3 m.f. n. 6o«o,S> 3 m. P. 1 <&0«oS£>s&v:§,&o£jiS» 3 / ». 2 AoaoSaJfij, ^oiSbSS, P. 1 &o[e£§ 2 3 m.f. &ci£>«i«;§, ^oabOo, 3 ^oL«b§
eaoSab, "g£S 6o£aS>,
3
These two forms have different meanings. &o&&> is 'I will not stay.' It generally has a future sense. But implies ' I was not,' and generally has a past sense: P;S>j3jS» denotes "I was not here yesterday."
• Thus in Pal. 227. r'XSlkn he perhaps will smite. VjfatSQhp beau ty perhaps will fail.
Infinitive in TA Infinitive in A Infinitive in DAMU Infinitive in EVDI
Pres. p|| Past pi| Rel. p|| Aorist p||
&&h-f w»oe.§ To BECOME. TT° Tr»5Stfs$» ec&g&.
The becoming That which becomes.
Affirmative Participles. or w^jS^, Becoming Wa» Having become w^g, «^43,
Which became or wevgSg, Which becomes.
Negative Participles. Neg. P|| in £ Ka T"f or T'Sfco-GS* Without becoming Neg. Rel. p|| T»f> Who becomes not Neg. Verbal noun "■"■»> The not becoming.• The forms &o&~5~°, ^o^»Sir«) &ot&£o~rz°} ^oUSoh are in com mon use as intensives; ' remain not thou, stay not ye.' t The ancient form t9iiit> is seldom used unless in poetry, f^jej is at pleasure written 37ej auta : hut either way it is pronounced a-u la resembling the English word outer.
PIEST CONJUGATION.
118
Peesbnt Tense. I shall or will become, I am becoming. Sing. 1 2 3 m,
In this Tense we see the principle so frequently occurring that a short vowel followed by a double consonant is equivalent to a long. Thus < aye' or ' a-ye' is the same as fc&g ' ayye,' which last is chiefly used in poetry.
* The final £> is often dropt particularly in verse; as "3 88, SjS^S, f eS-c&jSi is vulgarly written 6?- cSSffc -which is wrong. And in careless talk ing the middle N is often omitted. Thus -&r>fi-pr»sr» did you see it is pronoun ced -EST* 5T»«r») or even -&r°^$. So al^So he wasfound, becomes
TO BECOME.
119
Future Tense. I will or shall become. Sing. 1 eawjB+jftJ}, eso&Kjja 2 tSSo£«?5>§, WoSogJg) 3 m. f. n. «o3c§ajD§, «9S&k|», Woco-^p Plu. 1 W6fcyesss»§, eo^tfaa 2 waagscftf), woSogSS 3 m. f. fofc^aOog, OoSogtC) 3 n. e63og&|6§, fcS^gP, fc5oar»g!&. AORIST. Affirmative. I will become. Negative. I shall not become. S. 1 e^ab-i- pi S. 1 2 e>$sS>3 2 3 m. 3 f. ». fc9£,s£t£> P. 1 »». /. f^'So* 2 3 3 n. There is a poetical form fc»*i«fcffc &c. There is a rude inelegant form wsSeSS, instead of T"«6, and t#3ai for*5^2S>. 3m.f.n.
3 m.f. S*B*8, S'S^fT'So, jfSa, X§rp»& 3 n. tfBTtffc, rDftjSa, x-S^a, ?TB3>. In the other tenses, in like manner two syllables may at plea sure be made one. Thus holigenu, may become kal'genu Ac. And in like manner ^8* becomes f% Future Tense. It will accrue. Sing. 3 m. f. n. SG-X*P§, fO^P, *MP piu. 3 n. ro-5?ap§, re^p, re&p.
Singular. The first and second persons are wanting. 3. m. 5"ei6 He is, or was : thus there was a cer tain King. Negative he is not as he is not here. 3. /. S"e«b She is. Negative ~$<&>. 3. ». 5"esS>, or S'g' There is : thus a-S^antf 5"e& there is a (cer tain) proverb. Plural. First and second persons wanting. 3. m f. 5"e>t& There are: as «(ff_tf«Sjgsot»8'e(S there are mer chants here. Neg. they are not. Thus t*o«6 oa>&£&"€cfi they are not here now. 3. «. Se& They are. Thus «otfcSjf&x'e»S'e# there are ele phants so large. Neg. ~$
S. 1
These words are used as auxiliaries thus, iS» I can fSjfc^s&iX»^» I can say •^A>^^"Sj6 I cannot say
ea^S tfyCei£> She or it can say p, 1 £"««&> We can "iaAo^i&^tf »4o We can say ^iS&'3&y§tSx> We cannot say 2 £e»0o You can sxr»Sbi3)6^>fe(fi You can say Uar»t£>iS^"joo You cannot say 3m.fZv& They can tr'oabTifyxviSa They can say woefc xJ^^ai They cannot say 3 n. See They can &s>&o&r® Those can remain e>»$otf"3§ They cannot remain.
123
'* CAN." g. 1
The verbs *r"euej to suffice is likewise used : thus, xr"e»«£>i8» lean ■^fc^aSyJ" I can say* 'fifr'fityxFoiS*
stay *s£>$)o!£tS°*>& She, it, cannot "&>*s»":3«^*J,,ew&«S» We can say "£a«Si»^i6yEr»e>iS» We cannot say a^oVa*yJ,'t»«S>* Te can
e9-»Bo^a&ya*«>& Ye cannot 3 m./. CoJ&cS They can w»o«&^j*,j«r«M&8& They can woa6^i6ij^r°»3» They cannot 3 „. ^re»fj» They can ead^xreuft They can go e»d*xi*w^ They cannot go.
The verb "^a&tf>ej or S. 1 ^3a«)+ia»§,
to Can, or " be able" is thus used, + & i can. TfcV^i&l* I can say ■^fSj^S^^tffi I cannot say
can say "§j sS»^33£^"^tf8S» "VVe cannot say ■^SoSoCSb§) "^tfbe-oo You can. O^So^is&^C&So Tou can
say Sji.Bo'aa&y^tyDli You cannot 3 m.f. l33o8o3o§, ^c&bS They can. ^o*3^l3c&Bc> They
3 n.
"jS^*
can woab^^^oJfi They cannot They can. WO'B a^TS^S* They can wa^^y^tf^j
say They cannot say.
The reader may think the rules tediously minute regarding the first verbs of the first conjugation : but the great difficulty of the language •will be removed if they are thoroughly understood. The remaining verbs are treated with more brevity. The termination* being entirely uniform, those of a single verb will suffice for the whole language. Thus in English shall, did, should, &c. are. uni form in all verbs, but they vary in the root.
SECOND CONJUGATION. This contains verbs the root of which ends in
SECOND CONJUGATION.
125
33&t> chesuta to do. Isp>cj&4j or L*r%*J to write. yScSfisgk or IjS &^k> to split. cSagia or to be fatigued. Either form is used indiscriminately. Some verbs of two syllables have a liberty of being spelt in two ways. If T is single, the vowel preceding it is long : if dou ble the vowel is made short. Thus ^cs&Aj cheyuta and S^cJ^ij may be also written ^cJfcgi) cheyyuta and 6"*c8Eogfc>. The Inf. in A ^<*6 and S^aA become T3c«3g and S"°T»cs&>ij v. a. to write is distinct from lSc3»£*o y. n. to split. Yerbs of this conjugation deviate from the first conjugation ; for when they take the affixes beginning with the vowel g) I to make the past p|| or —=> E* to make the future tense or S Eu to make the aorist p|| they change the syllable ci&> YU into & SU. Thus from ^dSSa "to do" comes having made, ^"^Bfk I shall or will do ; ~$^f> that does &c. They can likewise change at pleasure the cJfi: into fc> SU in the Infin. in TA and in the 3d pers. sing, of the affirmative aorist. Thus t3cxSx>4j or x3£>k> to do and tScj^JS) or *J;3oi& he, she or it will or, shall do. In the affirmative aorist and imperative the usual terminations are added to the root. Thus from t3cs& comes and ■ScSMeSJSM. Or, changing cSx>«£> and cs6>« into & and # ; thus x3&bf& and ^tfsto. In verbs of three syllables of this conjugation, if the middle syllable be £) I, it is changed into \) U in one shape of the affir mative aorist and imperative : and in the Infin. in *j TA. Thus from &&cxSx>te to be damp, makes £*Sc&waS>;£> or £JJfcJfi>?£ and #5 cs£oari» or eJs&tfiSw and S4dKM?£> or eJcso f6ofS* and tf&coajij or
126
SECOND CONJUGATION.
In the Imperative the root of verbs of two syllables changes into °». Thus from t3cS6j comes or •Eowg do thou. In other respects it presents no novelty. The present p|| is formed by adding to the root in U as ^ csfij or by changing cs&cB into Thus doing. So also in the past tense "$1>$?, I did, thou didst, become ^_*?>, ^ &c. The letter £S being pronounced ts as ^dtfijiSb cheyutsu, these letters change places in forming i3 chestu. The letter S is written either c1 or *, ~V or at pleasure. And as the initial frequently is softened into « or the word ^* (having done) may at pleasure be written 35j> or "f>?>. Some learned men wish to discard 5 (the santi-sacaram) and substitute the ft (or sulabha-sacaram) in every place : but this is a refinement that never will generally be countenanced. Some places alone of the second conjugation admit the (santi) T where as all may use the ^6 (sulabha). A few accurate scholars who wish to exclude # (santi) altogether declare (with the grammari an Appa Cavi) that this letter ^ (Siva) ought to be used in Sans crit words alone. But in the common mode of spelling some places admit one letter, some the other, and some both : this is unobjectionable : and is countenanced by the oldest manuscripts, and by nearly all the soundest scholars : for even among the learned a few alone wish for any peculiarities in spelling. Tho difference indeed is as trifling as between the French words avait and avoit ; allais, and allois ; duaii and disois ; and the mat ter deserves notice only because our native instructors are apt to dwell much on such trifling points and condemn the use of the (Siva) $ though themselves use it daily. In apology for this inconsistency they alledge that all persons (themselves included) are in the wrong and they urge us there
SECOND CONJUGATION.
127
fore to write in a manner which has no advantage to compensate for its peculiarity. The following, as well as the other verbs which belong to this conjugation proceed according to the rules given above. fedS»4> or fe&tJ to take sir*dHSo*j or &*;&>*j to pour r'dt&t) or r'&t) to cut *&soofc> or "2SA>4j to bhrow ~&><5&3&> or "fcf&>i> to graze tsudKooij or <*t>jS»to to become fatigued ■ajtf dt&ii or to gleam, lighten BoOdtfisto or HoOc^ofcj to rain c&d&>t> or k«So^o*j to fear f DdSotj or f«JO/&*J to mix k)Dcj3co*j or wtM$)i> to grow. And :Secsk>*j or ts*>&ti which denotes (in Latin, debet ; in French, il faut,) « Must.' Roots. Chey, cheyy or ches. Eoot of "SctfuiJ, ^3 or ^^i> To do. (Facere.) The vulgar spelling ^T"e«fij4j or T°es6>±i must be avoided, though in general use. Coy, coyy or cos. Eoot of S^ccki), sr*dB3og*j or r'&ij To cut, (secare.) Poy, poyy or pos. Eoot of sfr'caSato, fifdtfijgli or To pour (fundere.) Talay or valas. Eoot of 3«>cflfc*J or (Debere) to owe : whence sS»c>jsa must, ought, should, as "Ctfo^jiS you must come (debet venire, il faut venir.) Tady or Tadus. Boot of or OSaj&to to be wet (madere in Latin.) Dayy. Weary tfd3a*ji> or &fc^b> To be tired, (langueo.) Vrayy. Split (jScsa^ij 0r l^^tj To be broken, to split, to be shivered (Dissilio.)
128
SECOND CONJUGATION.
The ancient grammarians might have reasonably defined the verbs of the second conjugation as ending both in T and in S. Of the verbs here given the first three are quite regular. Valayu 'must' is irregular. The neit 3&cs£oi> is slightly irregular and the two last are peculiar in changing TT into SS (thus l^ctSu§*-> to split p|] U^f$) whereas other verbs though they use at pleasure, do not use SS. Thus §^cs£oi> or r'csftjgtj to cut : p]| r6^ never The conjugation will now be given at full length, although it uses precisely the same terminations as are used in the first con jugation : the only deviations are in the radical syllables which have now been given.
Infinitive in TA Infinitive in A Infinitive in DAMU Infinitive in E'Dl
^a£ofc>, or To do t3c<6* or vS<36g iScsSiiisSx),^ ^ScSS^SsSm Doing ^"fift The doing.
The roots in J?DI are made from the termination in S alone— thus ljj-^a, sJr6"So.
Pres. p||
ArriEMATIVE Paeticiplis. ^dSwtiafj, 3& or ^Af^J.
Past p|| Rel. p|| Aorist p||
^* or Having done or Which did ^"?), xS^iiS, 3-?i5§,3 TJ«So§, or ^csfc§ "Which does.
Doing
* Vulgarly spelt T°d£t a form which we must avoid. Thus jT'cBSoXejSl TQ&t&otX) &c. t The student must be aware of the common erroneous spelling, wherein ^d&liiSxi^d&ito^d&p are written ECdfiSlfa, 'uT>cCcoej,!vr«ci3ifo, This must he cautiously avoided as well as the similar vulgarism VdfiSo, T"c&» i) Ac
TO DO.
129
The shape x3i^ is in daily use: it is contracted from tStiSii & which is used only in poetry.
Neg. P|| in Sf Ka Neg. Rel. p|| Neg. Verbal noun
Negative Pabticiples. tSdSjg", ^dS^S" or ^csssSSots", ^dSJgSSoS ^
"Without doing Who does not • The not doing.
Pbesknt Tense. I do, I am doing. ^o&M-fc-^-j-p&fj, •^AiF^+fi, or
The second and third of these forms are in common use : the first is peculiar to poems. The forms appear very numerous: but in fact are merely different modes of spelling. Past Tense. I did. 3f» + P§, 3_§ + P, 3?>p* + #,or:*f*7r- + jS>,
3 m./ ^"^«ISo§, ^3"?>0o 3 «. ^&?)§, ^i>j6, ^P, ^IjD. It will here be observed that * and are used at pleasure in the past and future tenses. AOEIST. Affirmative. I do.
3 »»./«. ^csaMj&g, 3&;3» P. 1 2
iScHijefcOo?), t3«oOo
Negative.
I do not.
S. 1 ^cBSffc, ^d*g,S» 2 ^dS^, S££>, ^=sfigs& P. 1 ^cSfiiSxa, 'BcBSgJfoa 2 *5dS83, ^dtfigOo 3 m. f. '-SoSSSa, ^SdB^Oo 3 «. ^dtC*, ^cJfcgiSj.
3 ffi. /. ^c8x>«fC£>§, ^Jfceo 3 ». ^d3»^>§( ^&;s>. Some other forms are rarely used : these are ^$i«£>f&, rS^i&>^)
Sing. 2
Impebative. Do thou &c. tSom, xSowgj xSdBojiSMg, ^<*5oS&'§)
Peohibitive. "Write not. Sing. 2 ljT»d3jf)ljr»d35SS) ljr«cS5j55^!»§,L5r»
Infinitive in TA
^ScKxii), or To be moistened. 8&<*6, «3"e» s5 8SbSjj£«S»( SS:S£sSx>.
Infinitive in A Infinitive in DAMU Infinitive in E*DI
Pres. p|| Past p|| Eel. p|| Aorist p||
To get wet.
APFIBMATIVE PaBTICIPI.ES. 8ad&>£Sb§, OSo^j or &&&&&
Being wet Being wet 5J5f>iS Moistened »*i>, «&i>*3, «&"7>3§, ^a-?)«*§) 0Scs&§.
Negative Paeticiples. Neg. P|| in r Ka e&dsr, Stfasf Neg. Eel. p|| 8&<&f>, &££p Neg- Verbal noun 8&eK»«to, {SeS:s&5, Peesent Tense. I am wetted. Sing. 1 ti^^T^X+fr, 2 OSo&nr^g, g«o^»$& 3 f. n. sa&^u^a, &s£> 4uoft
3 m.f. ^a&^jF^S, asso-^ss 3
».
tfefc^a.
134
SECOND CONJUGATION, TO BE WET.
Besides these forms others are occasionally found as, i* aas« ■Si'jT^.f ffc, dScSM-ab pr^iS &c, which appear in poems. Past Tense. Sing. 1 2 3 w». 3 / «. Plu. 1 2 3 m./
is a defective auxiliary and has few tenses. Past p|| tfe>$!$ Irregular Neg. Eel. p|| ^ei^P§, "o»P 3
Sing. «.
Past tense ^■8fS> or sSf^iia
3 Plu. n. sSo^a Affir. aor. 3 ». sSocssi^ Neg.
aor.
3 ft.
It must They must Must
3e>5Sfik§, sS
To understand this, it will be useful to consider the verb in phrases. ^cBSsSejS^afep what should or must be done. t&c&Tr'p&p what ought not to be done. ~zr>P is the neg. p|| of sstfv^> to come«3Ar»^ciS>3e>ffjSa (you) must do so. wfa^cSi-tT'iS) (you, he) must not do so.
13G
THIKD CONJUGATION.
THIRD CONJUGATION. The Third Conjugation contains such verba as end in ■££> <;u or ecu, as woi&t) to rear. sSopj^O'dbAj to excuse. *6&.otS5*j to examine. "SjtSj^*j to approve. Some of these are verbs forming the causal in gotfc incu or ^ to bind, to build : S"*3o<£>ij to have it bound, get it built, ^Jcs&jia to make, ^omoOjAj to have it made, get it done, cause it to be done. ljr»aSo4j to write : (p^oajotfoi) to get it written, have it written. Nearly all such verbs as are borrowed from Sanscrit or Hin dustani, as afaS&ockii to try, S"^otS4j to contrive, SSoiX>i> to compose, SjO-jvaoSfcej to adorn, »5T»ocoo-tfb4j (from Hind, ba nana) to fabricate, -^oafoMotkAj (from Samjhana) to pacify, belong to this conjugation. These form the affirmative aorist and imperative either accord ing to the rules of the First Conjugation as "^oiftjSb J shan rear and ^o&tsi&z let us rear : or by changing and into So and S. Thus ^°»ifS>, "^o«sS». Verbs ending in double likewise change the ®a and 3 into & and Jj. Thus 's»-SS^afcfs> or ~&>&>$> I shall or will approve; and 'Sj^i^JJsSvj or "&> J|«sm let us approve. As many verbs in this conjugation make the Infin. in A and the imperative in a peculiar manner they may conveniently be arranged in five classes. I. Tjo«fct> To rear. S&otfck to divide. to owe, oSot&fc to think, to reckon, "tnxkfcj to rub.^"*^^ to attend, e -Sikto ima gine,^ think. KtXiiJ to scrape, to scratch-ek""**)^ to weigh. *-> to increase. "ajt&^ej to approve. wl**S^*J to say. ?6*fi^> to string (pearls &c.) li5^** to break in pieces. S^ta to settle. th* tw^ij to burn. T3-Sie"Aj to join. So&4j to think. s£K5o^*j to change. £r»o^*J to join, to sew &c.
THIED CONJUGATION.
137
These form the Eoot in A in the usual way according to the First Conjugation. Thus "^otf, «6otf, wtf^, g^tui, r'esS, or r>°^,
Serve, mea sure conquer grow stand cry call bite walk suck pass weep
none P*»Z,
P°S
SSSbsS, SS£s>, So££ none
Verbs of two syllables. TS^, "€iS or "3 rise. Verbs which have three syllables in the root as fctutkij to call, sSot&abtJ to forget, £e»tfci> to love, 2>Sotf>4j to break, use at plea sure either A or TJ in the middle syllable, thus these may be written S>e>t£>4j, p&tfsfck, :Se)tf>i>( 3tf Accordingly if one form is not found in the Dictionary, we must look for the other. III. Some Verbs make the Eoot in A, in i$ or sS at pleasure. Thus,
■&Sat&4o or
, -&«otf,
In/In. in A. -A -&MSsS,
*j, feaoff, (S4^, ;5e»v&i>, or |S«o^*J, ;SeMtf, i$e>^, 3
<£*s*b:S, jSex>o5, jSe>^
s To draw sweep crush
THIRD CONJUGATION;
13S
Infin. in A. churn grieve thresh Loo bear ervyp, s"W, s'V, ^55, bore east fesS blow These make the imperative either in or at pleasure. Thus -&j£-iSj«&), or -^a^>s2>sfco, but more usually in 3> alone as *«, plural -&£$o&. art?
They form the JRootf i'» Damn in the usual manner, adding it to the Root in A. Thus -&«6sSasS», -&i%Ssfc>. IV. Some make the Eoot in A in either Thus, sfcjB^otf or £kf>jod& "8 I otf, fS$ os6
to In the Present Participle these use either
or
at pleasure.
To forgive count bless deliver double yawn. or Thui
The same change takes place in some parts of the Affirmative Aorist : as sSbp^ptfca&fb 0r P^p~4)t&fb, ~3§_oJ&>&&>, or T3%_oi&) Also in the Affir. Imperative, as »S>^p-BosS», or jSo^o^IsSb. V. Irregular Verbs. These form the Root in A, the Present Participle, the Imperative and the Root in Damu in peculiar ■ways. Pres. Pari. Imp. Root in Damu. A T7»^ 1£&X> Come ■a bring
"TO EEAE, INCREASE." Pre*. Part.
139
Jotjj. JRootf in Damu.
give die enter none "p»?£!SjS» pain Bee ao-tfc, ao^i), sous ss», soi6£;£» tear count place *ot5oti> divide string scratch. As examples of this conjugation, the regular verbs "^otSi*j to rear and s&>p^oi£>k> to forgive, a£:8&.oiS>t> to examine may be conjugated throughout as follows.
Infinitive in TA Infinitive in A Infinitive in DAMU Infinitive in E'DI
Hoi&fc ~%otf "Sotf&!S» "So^a
To EEAE, INCREASE. Rearing The rearing That which rear*.
Affirmative Pabticiples. Pres. p|| ^otfcgb or "^o'&'BafxV^ Past pll "^°a Eel. pll "^0 6(5 Aorist pll Xo^*3§,rS>oi3a§,^>o:3ao§J",&o§
Bearing Having reared Who reared Which rears-
Negative Pakticiples. Neg. pll in ?f Ka wotTS" or "«o155So-ra» Without rearing Neg. Rel. pll "^oiJj& Which rears not Neg. Yerbal noun "wOtf£» The not rearing.
140
THIKD CONJUGATION. Pbesent Tense. I rear, increase. Sing. 1
Ijo
3 m.
"^>ocS5^r,4- j&
"^otfcgi-jr^as, "SoOs's^JSo
3f.n. "^oabSbjS^a, "SjOCSoSooS, Plu. 1
^.oiSiSoTT^diD, "aoifc-^sfoj
3 m. f. ~o«o&-pr£LoS) "^o-Efc-^ffi
Other forma such as '^o-cfc-vfci'js^jfc &c. are occasionally found j as noticed with regard to some verbs already explained. Past Tense. Sing. 1 2
Trying Having tried "Who examined afcSoLo^tf, a£6&.o3a£§, a&S&orJ&g, i66&.o-Efo§, Examining.
Negative Participles. Neg. p|| in S' Ka ^S&otfr^S&oiSSoo-ci.* "Without trying Neg. Eel. p|| *6i>-o-f5p Untried Neg. Verbal noun i66«S>-ot5sx>, ;£S£>.orfiS» The leaving without ,
Sing. 1
trial.
Present Tense. I examine. ^S&oifcgaiT^-t- ffc, j66^oiS5-3'f3i) S&6i».^)fr»^L+3aJ
«to come; Irregular Verbs. Infinitive in TA 3^t> Infinitive in A "c^ Infinitive in DAMU -u*$ti Infinitive in E'DI
To COMK
«s^».
Affirmative Participles. Pres. p|| Past p|| Eel. p|| Aoriat p||
jSifc^Sjl, 55j^,
Coming Having come "Who came i^,a^4S§, 5J3^a§,tf ^efc§, ss*^§ Coming.
Negative Participles. Neg. p|| in Ka Neg. Eel. p|| Neg. Verbal noun
t^S", "t^Kio"^ tJ»p ~^°^>
Without coming Which comes not The not coming.
Present Tense, I come. Sing. 1 *4>lTb.+lb> +&
3/ «. i^^S, ssAioft. Plu. 1 iS^7jr^jS», ^^°«Su 2 °^r^L&, rf^C& 3 sSt6»TTJjO&, :S^»c£> 3 «. s5 ^<%ls, The longer forms already noticed are seldom used : such as 3tf>^ ^W^fr, Z^&T^tb. &c. The forms X4$> thou comest are erroneous, We must shun the gross vulgarism of ^tt^ij voccuta.
THIED CONJUGATION.
148
Sing. 1
Plu. 1
Past Tense. I came. ^ + ^a^ + ffc, [:5^rfc]
Sfi^Ssk, sJjSj, S^^r*^ [sSct^^J
3 m.f. sso^e, 550^*, [3^*] 3 «. i5^f&, rfs^s. Future Tense. I shall come. Sing. 1 5S^k + ffc§, sS^ffc 2 S^e^, ss^ 3m.f.n. S^&F>§, *^f>. Plu. 1 s5'3^e5sSx§, s5^sfo> 3 m.f. Si3^«cs;-§, ss^cfi 3 n. £%?ip§, sb^p. AORIST. Affirmative. 1 come. S. 1 :S«fc|3i 2 iS&S 3 m.f. n. sS*£>^r&. P. 1 sSSosfca
Negative Participles. ^Soots", s^SSo-gs*, ■& cssr§, Without giving Neg. Eel. p|| s^p, sicsfigp, -#p§ Not giving Neg. Verbal noun s^^. zi,<&£Sx, The not giving. Neg. p|| in §" Ka
The principal parts and tenses of the remaining irregular verbs of this Conjugation, will be given, with a few phrases to assist the memory. UtSy^t) To bring. Eoot ~tb, as"^"^^ he did not bring.—Present. "3*^*Fti + fJ», ■S^F'.i "35*+!*; Aor. &c. Past "3SjjS + f>, "3ai-?r> + fS>, "3_?> + f>. Imperative "3, "3sfet,"3oa. Neg. "S>*>. St-e&^fc To give. Eoot ; as ei^"S«fo or «id«§"£sa he did not give. Pres. 3*^*"?^+ 3^1^ + Sj^»+;ai. Aor. ssig + Past 31*^8 + p, si_^-f P, s\ayfr> + jS>. Imper. 3*% Kiss^oS, [-&oi.] Neg. sfs^a,, sjcjCgiSfc, -8*jd». Past tense v,Q~i<&, or BldSSg^sfc, -8*"i3e£> he did not give. aSfS>\*» To come. Eoot "a* as Tr°"«5e>a he did not come. —Pres. S^Oa fir»cj_fS>§,!S;Ai + ffc. Aor. 4- fS>, + ?*>] &c. Past sSS^O + IO, :Sj!> + ?>. Imperat. -a*, tfsS», KoSo, tfo&( [tt>o&.] Neg. ~c°fb. Past tense tt» i5-iS^t) To die, expire. Eoot tT", or ^*sS as tT°5$"^«S> he did not die. Pres. ■5J«^iS5fT'^fc§, « t6j P^Sa , C Aor. -iJ-S^iS» &c Past tfa^a+jo, + iS^-^-ri^, c^i*. Imp. *TS>, t3,»4£>sS»)%t»5S«3o§, O'^oaj o»^a§ Neg. xyrf/fc.Wrfsfc.
152
GENERAL RULE.
iS^iSjvij y. n. To enter. Root -iS^tf as ■arsSith. pres. iS^e^ta TS^fog, tT» iS^SolJ^* or ir*-^afo. Aor. -iT0^^. Past S^S^S + p, ■jrc^-i-flb, ,5^vT^+ xT*_^ + jD, Imperative -iS^Bisto, -^tfoS, Neg. %r"3«o Past tense ■^TtS'ii&. "^>iSj^*j To pain or ache ; this being a neuter verb is only used in the third person ; as, it aches, they ache, "rw^^, Root "Skt»5S, aa "^>.)^l5«& it did not ache. "^wssS" without aching. "^wexiSSiJ to speak painfully —Pres. ?»^^r^§,~^^}';5>Li?,"?>i> ^jofi or vulgarly Plu. "^tS^Sofy* &c. Aor. !Jo'"^iS>, Past Tjo&^S, Plu. l&oO^a. Neg. "rw^ ■sSt»tS>4j To see. Root -tSpJS as -i£r"5»"3 he did not see. Pres. ■s£r-&rT']~n> + fS>- Aor- ^Sj-"*^^ 4- pS>, xSr-«b + sS> &c. Past ■iSj^aS-t- ?>, -;St»0 yr» + -iSr-^ -f p. Imperat. iSr*J<-, iSr-iSoSias, iir* n£p'j£;£r"1 0£r°,2oa, i$r»jSi&. Neg. -iS^ii'fSi, iiT»d£(!jo.
GENERAL RULE The affirmative and negative relative participles form the basis of the tenses and will be best understood from examples. In these we shall perceive that the Affirmatives end in INA and the negatives in AN I. First Conjugation. sold To sell p unsold who played play unplaying sing sung unsung become done undone. Second Conjugation. Do done cat cut pour poured "must" sScj-SjS be wet #4*?S wetted
boil call love bring die have called have done place bend count
s5o*j5 Uo^iS ija^iS
T°tff> unboiled Zititip uncalled called s$e)S5j& or loved lip who brought xT«5p undying dead
e^ofi^
sSotf? ^otJp uncounted.
reckoned
PASSIVE VERB. The Passive Verb is formed by adding a&efcij 'to suffer' to the Infin. in A of any verb ; the initial P being softened becomes B. Thus from rio^fc the passive forms are as follows, a&oi£»«oi> TO BE SENT. Present tense 1 a&oa&MJfcSoF^X+i3* I am sent 2 *&oaS»Sb So73^5$ 3 m. dJoa&waagoF*,^ ■if. n. HboS&BabBajSjft &c. &c> Past tense Future tense
1 1
Aorist 1 Negative Aorist 1 The Imperative
*o!6»S8 + Jb, <6o^»SF» + i«>) atc^u^^-^> I was sent afroa&w'3«ffc) aSoS&M^fJ* I shall or will be sent <6oa&«So«fcj£ rfso^wSffc I Bhall or will not be sent. might be formed on the same mode, but it
needless in the Passive voice. T
154
CHANGE OF CONJUGATION.
As * ' to fall' baa already been conjugated, we need not here give more than the first person. Some intransitive verbs can at pleasure adopt a passive form. Thus from &o4So4j < Be' &oSw"Er°£b (a rustic phrase) he was, &c. So in English, we say he is gone, he was gone (which are Passive forms) instead of has gone, Sac? gone. Some parts of the verb to be heard are commonly used in the active sense, as 8 ;5w&oSo I am heard, a;S*>&Op I was heard for Sofcop^i/k and 3o*3f> I hear and I have heard. Further details will be given in the syntax.
ON CHANGE OE CONJUGATION. It has been seen that the verb to fall is the sign of the passive voice in all verbs. It belongs to the first Conjugation and accordingly in the passive voice all verbs fall under this conju gation. And the causal voice ends in cu. Accordingly whenever a verb, whatever its conjugation uses the causal voice ending in cu, it appertains to the third Conjugation. The verb Ijst'csSm vrayu to write is originally of the 2d conjuga tion ending in Tu : but its passive is |_«r,c»i»«bAj which belongs to the first Conjugation and its causal is l_p-»
MIDDLE VOICE. The Middle voice is formed by adding r*frb to take either to the Eoot in U, as has already been conjugated or to the past participle. Thus rio^r*^ or afeo^r0 j&k.
MIDDLE VOICE. §~°&>ti as meaning 'To take, or buy' is a regular verb.
155 But
as an affix of the middle voice it is in some places irregular. Some verbs use the middle voice ; others (as in Greek) do not. In those verbs which use it, the conjugation is uniform.
Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense Aorist
Examples. 1 &ci&) or a&oSj^c&o-pr^ + fr, s&o&r-ofa* + j& 1 *o>6 or <6otr*o43j!>J a&ofbr" fS^jS* 1 *°<^ or a&ofcr^ssfco, a!)oir°"^i& 1 or a&o?>r,;S)s£>;&) &o&S~°o&fr.
And all other persons are in like manner conjugated as in * ° T&Vfbki to send. The form &o\>£~°& pampi-conu is rarely used. Verbs in the Second Conjugation form the Middle voice with SU or f> SI but not with cS» YU or <*» TI. Thus 3;&r*ffc*j 0r ^6~>k> to do, L^rkr'ffcAj or i£r.^g^fi*j to write, never ^ Further explanation on the mode in which the Middle voice is formed and alters the sense of words will be given in the Syntax.
THE CAUSAL VOICE. The Causal Voice is made in various modes. Some verbs have no causal. The simplest mode is this ; QoiSs jncu is added to the Rooting. Thus from j6o^)4j to send, ^o&ot&ij ^0 cause him to be sent, v. a- to build becomes £"<3o-&Aj to cause to be built, v. a. to tell, '3&^oiS>fc> to have it told, ^^^> v. a. to beat, 6"°63oiX>&> to have (him) beaten, xSdtfioij v. a. to do, *3 oMoi&k) to get it done, 6"**> y. a. to cut, S^ouoifck to have it cut, Ijst» to pour, ^o»oao4j to have it poured, "^csfe;k to throw, "3c»oot6 *J to get it thrown, S9-#ci> y. n. to play, 63-&otS>fcj y. a. to play.
156
CAUSAL YEEB.
In English we often use the same verb for both voices : thus thfoto is to turn, v. n. as »s>j? <4B it turned: and 5fc&otfbi> v. a. to turn, as ^j^P I turned it, T. a. to play. Some verbs in GU make the causal in *k cu. Thus "T'XoA) v. n. to boil, t,t&*j, to boil, v. a. ts*XsI> v. n. to hide, t&°tS>Ij v. a. to hide, j£r»Hbt» v. n. to weigh, &r>-&tj or &r°fcoik&> v. a. to weigh, -prosit} v. n. to extend, stretch,Tji-'-&>4o)-(5-°&otf!4j)to stretch, extend, S4*^ v. n. to swing, S*iS>*J v. a. to swing, S>t£>Xo4j v. n. to break, Oootfcij v. a. to break, sS ssik v. n. to bend, ssotfcij y. a. to bend. Some verbs are contracted as follows : — Ci5>Xii> v. n. To tear, -OoEfck 0r £°^4j v. a. to tear, sks/fctfi** v. n. to sink, «s»o-££>4> y. a. to sink, to drown, ~ v. n. to grow, "'£>oi5a*j v. a- to increase, Si?fc?6i> v. n. to break, &>c-s£>Aj v. a. to break, s«ot> v. n. to descend, 8o*£4j or So^)*j y, a. to take down, ~%&b v. n. to break, "3 0 or "3o^ 4j v. a. to break. Some verbs change Xo GU into ^) PU. Thus, tsBE>*o4o v. n. To pass, ssSo^f)*J or e8ftoxk*j y. a. to carry on, "B»!&Nii> y. n. to be tamed, "S>«Sb^!)i> y. a. to tame, 8&Xok> y. n. to turn, v. a. to turn. Some verbs in DU, & EU and <*> LU add Thus, t$r»iSot) y. n. To fade, be scorched, tSr»i£>TS>Aj or t&nt^^k3 v. a. to dry up. ■ct'iScAj v. n. to fade, w«£ifci> or *r»«^k to make fade, jgps&ii y. n. to be buried, sgpabifciJ or jgr°«£^4o y. a. to bury. «&* oo*j v. n. to change, tSr*SSi5ai>, £fer»t£>^ij or s£r»Bo^i)4j v. a. to change. ■^Co*j y. n. to arrive, ^Sb^i> y. a. to join. &J-**j v. n. to be extinguished, e*-8o-&fc, es-cJV^, or £9-coi4)&> y. a. to extinguish. gr»eot> y. n.to sink, &r»ex)t&4j or Sbn-ejo^fa to ruin. Tr°uo4J v. n. to burn, T'ewtfoAj or T*t»^ v. a. to burn. S'saifo v. n. to move, 8" etxt&ti, 5"t^*J or 5f«So«jfc> v. a. to move. Trwto y. n. to flow,
CAUSAL VERB.
157
fall, TrettfciJ, tt»«m^*j or xre«^)4j v. a. to make fall. "6ei;fc> to float, "€5ewiS>4j "tkw^4o 0r "§3o-ukfc> v. a. to make it float. Some verbs in *6 DTJ, iS> NXJ and
YU are still more irre
gular. Thus, a«S4j v. n. To be loosed, aao«afc>,
atfc^io v. a. to loose,
afc«Sfc. v. n. to fall, S&stfctj to spread, Pct&to T. n. to fill, PoiS)fc>, Po"4)^> or po&OTibi) v. a. to fill, make visible,
CAUSAL VEEBS. Ok Monosyllabic Boots and their Causal Forms.
"T» That is «5S^> ' to become' forms in the Causal ir>&o&l>t -B-»SoiJSsS», T»aoa, too^ meaning to effect, make, perform. But this verb ~5~°aoiS>4j ig only used in poetry. rr That is sStti^ < To come,' forms in the Causal es^oifcij, ts -S* That is
' To give' forms in the Causal s^otfbij, q
«j That is
' To bring' forms in the Causal HS^oflbto, "3
Those verbs that form the causal in, INCU or & CU are of course included in the Third Conjugation,but those that form it in other terminations, are placed in the first : and various verbs take various forms ; which indeed are generally placed in the Dictionary as separate verbs. Thus ~dfo&> v. n. to break, "3oiS>k> or "So^aj v. a. to break, &c. The Causal tenses are formed exactly according to the simple verb "^>oiS>*J to rear. Yet it may be useful to conjugate one re gular verb throughout.
Infinitive in TA
afcofco-ffcij
To have it sent, cause it to be sent
Infinitive in A a6oSotJ Infinitive in DAMU «&oS> Infinitive in E'DI <£ o & o 3 a . There is a form <£o?>oi6 DUt it is used only in verse.
Plu. i6of!>o«So&§. The various forms here omitted are the same as those used in the verb ^ocfcij < to rear' which is already conjugated. The Middle and Passive voices are as usual formed from the Boot in TJ and in A. Thus a&ofco-Skr'jfck, a£>os>oijwj6fc> and these are conjugated like S^f'Aj and On IjT"sag j&aew Rustic Phkases. Some forms used in common talking are considered vulgar. Thus fcSSi^ for fces^F^ifc I will call him. This contraction
160
COMPOUND TENSES.
is equivalent to the English ' J7J give it ;' 'you're going:' 'he'a coming :' which rarely occur in writing. Learned natives (though they often talk thus) wish such phrases to be excluded from a Grammar : but a foreigner requires information regarding them. They are in daily use, even among men of education, and also occur in some poems.
ON COMPOUND TENSES. Having now gone through all the various conjugations and the irregular verbs, it is requisite to notice Borne forms which are ap plicable to all verbs :—some other forms will be noticed in the Syntax. Indeed they all appertain to the construction of senten ces. Compound tenses being formed from a pronoun joined to a re lative participle (thus, he who was, ^oi^ar-jfe) these forms are some times used. £>o&iSw&i!S> 'Iwas.' Lit. 'I am he who was' ^>oh$m&%i ' Thou art he who was' which by contraction as already shewn become ^o&7T»^£)) ®o&jr°$) I was, thou wast. The following are the compound forms of the past tense and are similar to those already given under the simple verbs. The negative affixes are applied as already shewn. ArriHMATIVE. Masc. Pern, and Neut. S. 1 ~fifii&o&$-zr°S+ ffc I am he who was 1 rj5$>&o&$Tr>$ + & I am she who was 2 £>#£)oajS'sr'£$ 3 m. ■sr«afcsoajSCT»«s. P. 1 m. f. ~0aiSx>'&o2i$zr>tS tSsa 2 m,f. £cr>tf^oS^u-»c£) 3 m.f. sr«&$O&jS sr. Bo.
2 $$&o&$s>°£& 3 wa^oa^s.
COMPOUND TENSES.
161
The neuter has no peculiarities. ^S^oa^S it was. t?s®oS^a those things were. The first and second persons singular have a feminine form bor rowed as usual from the pronoun. And in the first person sin gular the r*> NTT as usual may be dropped : thus €)0&jS-cy>;$ -|- ffc becomes S&oSjS-cj'jS,* And instead of the Rel. p|| the aorist p|| may be used. Thus, in the Mahabharat (X. 2. 275.) &iSf>fre)i>\K&>&-zr>VsSx> we serve (him) and live. Or by adding fc9<»>sp &c, the following compound tenses are made which are in daily use. Masculine.
Negatiye. The two forms ^oS-fr" ji> or &tP£S> ' I stopped, stayed or dwelt' and "S^ffc ' I am not' are often combined thus, S. I $&tfoafT»ja»vjS> I did not stay.
(a) Thus Si^Qa Surabh 1 14. 1*138 Balram VI. 278. (J) -^jST^-raoSork (Katam Kaz, page 494) he was not in sight, pe^-sr'cfcfk Radha. 3. 103. (c) The compound form "SjoSf_"gua£o occurs iD a stanza of the Vedanta Rasayan describing the appearance of our Lord to the Marys after the resurrection. This poem is described in the Madras Journal of Literature (July 1840) in " Notices of some Roman Catholic Books existing in the Telugu Language," page 55. a'rf^S c^^555s5cp>Co2S/a.tfc5ji)j6sSxi'So
164
COMPOUND TENSES.
3 n. «a$oS5Saa£.f;S> (d)
-tXabg+fr
These are all conjugated like the verb to become, but the sense is negative. There is also another form as ^o^i^^fT^ife he is about to send. The verbs kSoi^JAj to send, ^&cs£uii to do, "^>o**j to rear &c, take the same forms ; and these forms are applicable to nearly all verbs. Thus, 1st Conju. 2d Conju. 3d Conju. 1 ;£o!S&2a+P I did not send ^.13b + P I did not do ^>osT3& + p I did not rear j6oa&"383 thou ^dsi"3S3 tiotfasa o— a— a— s6o*6653g + i3i he l&css>i& + ^.ofisa^ -f j& *oa&«Sjg-f fit she ^ctfi«Sog +- ffc "wotfaoSog -f r& Or else or or i6oi£-c5i>ofc> + ?J» ho *§c«s-cF'ak> + js> 'tjoiJ-cr'Sj+iai a£>Oi6-ra*a3-)-rJ» she x3dtfi-!T°6fc) j& "aotf-GPSj-i-rfc &c. &c. &c. Some pedants assure us that jfio^^sp is not negative but af firmative : ' I sent.' But this is absurd. Some forms are also mentioned which we may reject as wrong, such as ^oa&^^f3* T"fS> I did not send. Those who advocate such phrases ought to produce proofs of their assertions.
Herefrom (Js>=Ki_*j to adore, L?«!f_|!o&sx> is tee omitted to adore. So in G. X. 158. !65"^iGa«oS^rS).o^Tr6"?>oS' &e>6fc>» (Ko^O (d) In B. X. § 10. 391. «*6f£3r»r£o«3ex>a^s56fc>£r- the word» of the hermit did not fail.
SYNTAX.
165
BOOK FIFTH.
ON SYNTAX. Optimi ad vulgus hi sunt concionatores, qui pueriliter, trivialiter, populariter et simplicissime docent. IiUTHEB. Nobis prima sit virtus perspicuitas. Qtjihctiliajt. Till. 2.
The Syntax uses an arrangement of words which is common to the Peninsular languages (as Tamil and Canarese) but entirelydifferent from that of Sanscrit and that of Hindustani. The Telugus are a people quite as highly civilized as any in Europe : occasionally their modes of speech resemble those of Italy. Thus instead of 'Sir you told me to do so' the phrase is ssiS ^(SkiabjO (S"e-7r»eb *t>§ oaafi^tfi (this do saying lordships order gave) My lords (plural) gave me directions to do this. When the Telugus or Tamils speak 'English, the syntax they use is Btrange, because they think in their own language : and in like manner in speaking their language we cannot without taking much pains use the correct syntax. The Hindus, even those who are uneducated, are generally quite correct in speaking their own language ; and certainly never err in number and gender, as the English often do in talking English. The dialect used in Telugu towns is somewhat corrupted : that used in the town of Madras is objectionable : for Madras is a Tamil town : but in retired hamlets the language is'spoken very purely : and the style used in Temana, the Lila, the'Tales of Nala, Hariscbandra, and Abhimanya ought to furnish a complete key to those niceties of Syntax which daily occur in speaking and writing. Sentences or paragraphs run into one another as is the custom in English Acts of Parliament: being linked by past partici
166
SYNTAX.
pies (having so done) or gerunds (by so doing) instead of verbs and conjunctions : thus instead of he arose and went the phrase is "^®oir6ooo^»sSb having arisen, he went: or else £>3&jSoa£>i$;S_S>p hy (his) calling (me) I came, that is he called me and I came. Thus resembles the Latin Gerund. "When a long paragraph is composed of several smaller portions* it is often requisite to reverse their order. Indeed in a long in tricate paragraph I have often been obliged to read the first line or member, and place the translation low down the page ; the next line over it ; the third above that ; and so on until I reached the final member, and placed it as the commencement of the Eng lish paragraph. Numerous instances of this may be seen in the Telugu Reader, and in theWars of the Rajas. From the peculiarities of the southern languages it is hard to translate into them from Sanscrit, or English, without a very great change of arrangement. In poetry and in ordinary talking (as happens in English) the order of words is sometimes reversed : and the arrangement used in the poetry of the one language is used in the prose of the other. Thus instead of Gr°iSrn>poa»$y>j$Gs the lady gave (it to me) we hear ^^^S^s-^p she gave (it me,) the lady. For 7T»8^o«6 •S6^F**fc my brother is come &£^TT°t£>'tr° (S&s^ *6 he is come, my brother : 3"g^£»S>|f_rS> tie him up, the dog : which would correctly be SSS" fhte-Zka,
ON BRIEF EXPRESSIONS. Telugu like Tamil and Cannadi is as laconic as English and we collect the meaning from circumstances : thus s;^?* " Give say" means tell (him) to give (it to the man.) Or it may mean desire (them) to give (you the things.) trpf^p^&^d ' come let said they,' that is, they said ' permit him to come.' fSQ adj. cold i. e. * See Langhornes observations in his preface to Plutarch : on that author's lengthened periods,
BRIEF EXPRESSIONS.
167
' It is very cold.' s£s «S» fever i. e. he has got a fever. ^L? sic horse ! may mean, I want my horse; or the horse is come. 5f»sr» leave ? that is will you permit me ? or may I go ? to which the reply may be yes. wa&xpjf sS» Error ! i. e- pardon me. £>T»fi&(jicss*»s» your favour ! meaning thank you, OT^wgtfo I entreat you : thus a sin gle noun or a short phrase is often used in speaking to convey a sentence, In the ordinary language used in letters, the style is not difficult ; but the spoken language is often obscure, because the natives often use a single word or a short phrase, perhaps aided by " suiting the action to the word" a motion of the hand, head or eye ; which are not easily understood by a foreigner. Indeed silent motions or (fc^iScSisk:) gestures often convey the phrases " I will come ;" " quite impossible ;" " I do not know" " he is gone" " admirable" " shocking" " tall and thin" " large and fat" " he is gone to eat his dinner." These and many other phrases are conveyed in a manner perfectly intelligible to natives. "With peculiar gestures the single word a&oifcx' ' a feast' denotes To-day is a feast day and I request permission to go home.* But in writing Telugu letters and statements such brevity is not used : indeed the style is often verbose and lengthy. A pri soner or witness often gives his statements very briefly : which the clerk will write down in a diffuse style supplying dates, hours, ages and numbers according to his own knowledge. Even in written Telugu the brevity of the dialect often makes it obscure : thus es& T5^r<*^^^-(ff*<>Lr'ti6"& 'Let come if say anger : go if say anger:' that is, ' If we call (you, you) are angry ; if told to go you are equally displeased.' ^*^«foi6«otx3po-Dr>T7'(Q 5"° o^asfco ' now day full, night little :' i. e. At present the day is longer than the night : This brevity often renders it hard to translate with precision. In the comedies the following phrase is common fcs^a&-cr°;& Co^£&o'^5S>fS>*"f5nc<^i (Sugriva Vija) Then Ramachandra spoke * See the remarks made by Montaigne in his apology for Ray mond de Sebonde ; where he quotes Plin. N. H. VI. 30.
