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O/9/./9/

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O/9/./H/

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"W)*=D)# D# =@% J'E% )( =@% -*%$#'#JA -)ED#$ ' *DEV ()* =@% C)=@%*gE @%'>=@F 0# E)C% J),#=*D%E 'W)*=D)# DE >%$'> D# J'E%E ?@%*% =@% J)#=D#,'=D)# )( =@% -*%$#'#JA DE E,E-%J=%& =) -)E% ' *DEV ()* =@% -*%$#'#= ?)C'#gE @%'>=@/ 2@DE DE J'>>%& Y=@%*'-%,=DJ 'W)*=D)#Z/ 2@% =%*C DE JA#DJ'> '#& CDE>%'&D#$/ "W)*=D)# DE #%R%* ' Y=@%*'-AZe W%J',E% -*%$#'#JA DE #)= ' &DE%'E%/ 67

;@D>% D# E)C% J),#=*D%E =@% D#=%*-*%='=D)# )( =@DE *%E=*DJ=D)# DE *'=@%* *%E=*DJ=DR% jD/%/ =@'= =@%*% C,E= W% ' R%*A E%*D),E =@*%'= ()* =@% C)=@%*gE @%'>=@ke )=@%* J),#=*D%E @'R% ' C)*% -%*CDEEDR% '--*)'J@ j=@% %L-%J='=D)# =@'= *'DED#$ '#& %&,J'=D#$ =@% J@D>& ?D>> J',E% E=*%EE '#& %L@',E=D)# DE E,((DJD%#= =) 'EE,C% ' Y@%'>=@ *DEVZ ()* =@% C)=@%*k/ 0# =@% >'==%* J'E%e Y=@%*'-%,=DJ 'W)*=D)#Z DE D# '>> W,= =%*CD#)>)$A 'EEDCD>'=%& =) Y'W)*=D)# )# &%C'#&Z/ 6>=DC'=%>Ae %'J@ '#& %R%*A -*%$#'#JA DE 'EE)JD'=%& ?D=@ @%'>=@ *DEVE ()* =@% C)=@%*e E) =@'= Y=@%*'-%,=DJZ '*$,C%#=E ?D>> '>?'AE W% %'ED>A 'R'D>'W>%/ 0= DE ()* =@DE *%'E)# =@'= E?%%-D#$ >%$'> -*)RDED)#E '>>)?D#$ 'W)*=D)# D# =@% J'E% )( ' -%*J%DR%& Y@%'>=@ *DEVZ ()* =@% -*%$#'#= ?)C'# '*% C)*'>>A D#'JJ%-='W>%/ 0( D#=%*-*%=%& >DW%*'>>Ae =@%A &% ('J=) J)C% J>)E% =) '>>)?D#$ 'W)*=D)# Y)# &%C'#&Z/ 2@% >D(% )( )#% -%*E)# DE ' $*%'=%* R'>,% =@'# =@% @%'>=@ )( '#)=@%* -%*E)#/ 2@% >%$'>DE'=D)# )( E)TJ'>>%& Y=@%*'-%,=DJZ 'W)*=D)# DE =@%*%()*% D# J)#=*'&DJ=D)# =) =@% -*D#JD->% )( =@% %c,'> &D$#D=A )( '>> @,C'# -%*E)#E/ " &D*%J=>A ?D>>%& 'W)*=D)# DE =@%*%()*% #%R%* >%$D=DC'=% D# E,J@ JD*J,CE='#J%E/ ]A J)#=*'E=e D( ' -*%$#'#= ?)C'# *%c,D*%E ' C%&DJ'> =*%'=C%#= =@'=e (% (' 1'=('4#8 0&))(4#$() #//#04 e C'A J',E% =@% >)EE )( =@% J@D>&e D= DE 'JJ%-='W>% =) '-->A =@DE =*%'=C%#= j%/$/ J@%C)=@%*'-A '$'D#E= J'#J%*k/ O/9/./N/

"W)*=D)# D# =@% J'E% )( =@% -*%$#'#JA -)ED#$ ' *DEV ()* =@% C)=@%*gE >D(%F 7'E%E ?@%*% =@% >D(% )( ' -*%$#'#= ?)C'# J'# )#>A W% E'R%& =@*),$@ 'W)*=D)# '*% %L=*%C%>A *'*%/ 0# E,J@ J'E%E ?@%*% )#>A =@% >D(% )( =@% C)=@%* &$ =@'= =@'= )( =@% J@D>& J'# W% E'R%&e D= DEe (*)C =@% RD%?-)D#= )( 1'=,*'> :'?e -%*(%J=>A 'JJ%-='W>% =) E'R% =@% >D(% )( =@% C)=@%* *'=@%* =@'# =@'= )( =@% J@D>&/ 2@DE DE EDCD>'* =) =@% &D>%CC' &%EJ*DW%& WA =@% J>'EEDJ'> P*%%V -@D>)E)-@%* 7'*#%'&%Ea ?@%# =?) E@D-?*%JV%& E'D>)*E @)>& )# =) ' ->'#V =@'= ?D>> J'**A )#>A )#% )( =@%Ce D= DE >%$D=DC'=% ()* %'J@ )( =@%C =) -,E@ =@% )=@%* '?'A/ 1)W)&A DE C)*'>>A )W>D$%& =) E'J*D(DJ% @DE )?# >D(%e %R%# D( D= C'A W% @%*)DJ =) &) E)/ ],= %R%# @%*%e =@% D#=%*-*%='=D)# C,E= W% J',=D),E/ U)C%e ()* %L'C->%e @'R% '*$,%& =@'= ED=,'=D)#E ?@%*% ' ?)C'# =@*%'=%#E =) VD>> @%*E%>( D( #)= '>>)?%& =) @'R% 'W)*=D)# .. ?),>& J)#E=D=,=% E,J@ ' Y*DEV ()* =@% C)=@%*gE >D(%Z / ],= =@DE D#=%*-*%='=D)# DE =%C%*'*D),Ea D# E,J@ ' ED=,'=D)#e D= DE

11

Ireland 68

#)= =@% -*%$#'#JA =@'= -)E%E ' *DEVe W,= =@% C)=@%*gE '==D=,&%/ "#& =@%*% DE ' *DEV =@'= E,J@ E,DJD&% =@*%'=Ee '>W%D= D#ED#J%*%e CD$@= W%J)C% '# %'EA ?'A =) JD*J,CR%#= ' >%$'> W'# )# 'W)*=D)#/ O/9/./8/

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M6D6D6

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.9

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20

France: Perruche case 82

M6E6O6

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H#H#

I7D=C0449 -??=?17D B38C3701=8< ]A C%&DJ'>>A 'EEDE=%& -*)J*%'=D)# ?% &) #)= ,#&%*E='#& C%&DJ'> =*%'=C%#=E '$'D#E= D#(%*=D>D=A jD/%/ =*%'=C%#=E =@'= *%E=)*% =@% -*)J*%'=DR% ('J,>=A )( ' -%*E)# =@'=e ()* C%&DJ'> *%'E)#Ee @'E >)E= D=ke W,= -*)J%&,*%E =@'= @'R% =@% -,*-)E% )( YC'VD#$ ' W'WAZ ()* -%*E)#E ?@)e ()* ?@'=%R%* *%'E)#Ee E) *%c,%E=/ "#)=@%* =%*C (*%c,%#=>A j'#& '>C)E= EA#)#AC),E>Ak ,E%& D# =@DE J)#=%L= DE YD#TRD=*) (%*=D>D\'=D)#Z j0[Mke W%J',E% =@)E% -*)J%&,*%E =A-DJ'>>A D#R)>R% =@% (%*=D>D\'=D)# )( ' (%C'>% %$$ J%>> ),=ED&% =@% @,C'# W)&A D# ' =%E= =,W% j3' j3' <34$&k/ <34$&k/ +R%# D# ),* =DC% D= DE E=D>> ('D*>A %'EA =) J)#R%A =@'= VD>>D#$ '# D##)J%#= @,C'# W%D#$ DE ?*)#$/ ],= ?@'= 'W),= E,J@ 'J=E =@'= @'R% =@% -,*-)E% )( 0$#(43'2 ' 0$#(43'2 ' #%? @,C'# W%D#$ =@'= )=@%*?DE% ?),>& #%R%* @'R% J)C% D#=) W%D#$F 0( @,C'# >D(% DE =@% @D$@%E= )( R'>,%Ee DE D= #)= ' #)W>% J',E% =) J*%'=% #%? @,C'# >D(% '#& =) @%>- ?)C%# '#& C%# ?@) &%E-%*'=%>A >)#$ =) W%J)C% C)=@%*E '#& ('=@%*EF U@),>& #)= '>> ?@) ?'#= =) &%(%#& ('CD>A R'>,%E @'--D>A %CW*'J% 'EEDE=%& -*)J*%'=D)# 'E ' C%'#E =) C'V% ('CD>A >D(% -)EEDW>%F 2@%*% '*% '= >%'E= =@*%% -)D#=E =@'= CD$@= W% C'&% D# =@DE *%E-%J=a

– &67 K0C1 1601 62;0< 4=K7 =? 8<7 8K 167 6=>67?1 30 R0427? D87? <81 ;70< 1601 7R739 061 L3=<> 0 <75 62;0< L7=<> 83

=<18 7W=?17>A D#'JJ%-='W>% =) *'-% ' ?)C'# j%R%# D( =@DE J'##)= W% E%%# 'E ' h,E=D(DJ'=D)# ()* VD>>D#$ VD>>D#$ ' J@D>& =@'= @'E W%%# J)#J%DR%& 'E ' *%E,>= *%E,>= )( *'-%k/ – 0= DE #'tR% '#& ('J=,'>>A D#'JJ,*'=% =) -*%=%#& =@'= -*)J%&,*%E *%>'=%& =) C%&DJ'>>A 'EEDE=%& -*)J*%'=D)# >%'& )#>A =) =@% J*%'=D)# )( #%? >D(%/ 0# 'J=,'> ('J=e =@%E% -*)J%&,*%E =A-DJ'>>A DC->A =@% J*%'=D)# )( C)*% %CW*A)E =@'# '*% #%%&%&/ 4#% C'A W% J'**D%& =) =%*Ce W,= =@% )=@%*E '*% &%%-T (*)\%# '#&e '(=%* ' J%*='D# =DC% @'E >'-E%&e &%E=*)A%&/ I7D=C0449 0??=?17D M38C3701=8< J=44? ;0<9 ;837 62;0< L7=<>? 160< =1 674M? 18 L7 L83< / – 0( -*)J*%'=D)# DE &DEE)JD'=%& (*)C =@% E%L,'> 'J=e =@%# =@% J*%'=D)# )( ' @,C'# W%D#$ DE =,*#%& D#=) '# 'J= )( WD)T=%J@#)>)$DJ'> %#$D#%%*D#$/ 2@% J@D>& DE #) >)#$%* ' 23/4 =) =) =@% -'*%#=E =@'= C,E= W% 'JJ%-=%& 'E D= DEe W,= D= DE =,*#%& D#=) ' >$&8104 =@'= C,E= C%%= =@% %L-%J='=D)#E )( =@)E% ?@) @'R% )*&%*%& D=/ 0( =@)E% %L-%J='=D)#E '*% #)= C%=e =@% -*)&,J= C'A W% *%h%J=%& '#& '#)=@%* )*&%*%&/ -??=?17D M38C3701=8< 162? 2<=19 8K 044 62;0< L7=<>? e DC->AD#$ =@'= E)C% @,C'# W%D#$E @'R% =@% *D$@= =) YC'V%Z )=@%* @,C'# W%D#$E 'JJ)*&D#$ =) =@%D* ='E=%E '#& -*%(%*%#J%E/ M6M6F6

-% V%%3%4#8 "$&0$#(43&' ( Q:#$(>*f 0# C'#A J),#=*D%Ee 'EEDE=%& -*)J*%'=D)# DE j'= >%'E= -'*=D'>>Ak (,#&%& WA -,W>DJ @%'>=@ D#E,*'#J%/ ;D=@),= =@DE (,#&D#$e D= ?),>& W% ,E%& C,J@ >%EE (*%c,%#=>A/ 2@% ,E% )( @%'>=@ D#E,*'#J% (,#&E =) (D#'#J% 'EEDE=%& -*)J*%'=D)# -*)J%&,*%E DE '# 'WE,*&D=A ()* '= >%'E= =@% ()>>)?D#$ *%'E)#Ea

– ;@D>% D#(%*=D>D=A C'A W% E%%# 'E ' &DE%'E%e J@D>&>%EE#%EE J'##)= W% J)#ED&%*%& 'E E,J@/ 0= C'A =@%*%()*% '--*)-*D'=% ()* ' -,W>DJ @%'>=@ D#E,*'#J% =) (D#'#J% =*%'=C%#=E '$'D#E= D#(%*=D>D=A/ ],= '# 'EEDE=%& -*)J*%'=D)# -*)J%&,*% DE #)= ' ^=*%'=C%#= '$'D#E= D#(%*=D>D=A^/ – PDR%# =@% ?D&%E-*%'& C)*'> *%E%*R'=D)#E '$'D#E= 'EEDE=%& -*)J*%'=D)#e =@% (D#'#JD#$ )( E,J@ -*)J%&,*%E WA -,W>DJ @%'>=@ D#E,*'#J% ()*J%E =@% J)#EJD%#J% )( -%)->% ?@)e =@*),$@ =@%D* J)#=*DW,=D)#E =) =@% EJ@%C%e '*% )W>D$%& =) (D#'#JD'>>A E,--)*= 'J=DRD=D%E =@%A (D#& C)*'>>A D#'JJ%-='W>%/ ;@%*% ' -,W>DJ @%'>=@ D#E,*'#J% EJ@%C% (D#'#J%E 'EEDE=%& -*)J*%'=D)# -*)J%&,*%Ee E,J@ (,#&D#$ E@),>& W% E=)--%&/ M6M6D6

N&.&)&2&1% V%%3%4#8 "$&0$#(43&' ;% &DE=D#$,DE@ Y@)C)>)$),EZ (*)C Y@%=%*)>)$),EZ 'EEDE=%& -*)J*%'=D)#/ YB)C)>)$),EZ C%'#E =@'= =@% C'# '#& =@% ?)C%# ?@)E% $'C%=%E jE-%*C '#& )R,>'* J%>>Ek '*% ,E%& =) ^C'V%^ =@% J@D>& '*% =@)E% ?@) 'J=,'>>A ?'#= =) W% =@% J@D>&lE E)JD'> -'*%#=E/ ]A 84

J)#=*'E=e Y@%=%*)>)$),EZ C%'#E =@% D#R)>R%C%#= )( =@% $'C%=%E )( ' =@D*& )* %R%# ' (),*=@ -%*E)# j?@) '*% J'>>%& ^&)#)*E^k/ B)C)>)$),E 'EEDE=%& -*)J*%'=D)# DE ?@%*% =@% -*)J%&,*% E%%CD#$>A J)C%E J>)E%E= =) =@% #'=,*'> -*)J%EE )( -*)J*%'=D)#e %LJ%-= =@'= J)#J%-=D)# ='V%E ->'J% 3' <34$& <34$& *'=@%* =@'# D# =@% C)=@%*lE ?)CW/ 2@% '&&D=D)#'> C)*'> )Wh%J=D)#E =@'= J'# W% C'&% '$'D#E= @%=%*)>)$),E '*=D(DJD'> -*)J*%'=D)# &) #)= '-->A =) =@% @)C)>)$),E -*)J%&,*%e ?@DJ@ #%R%*=@%>%EE *%C'D#E =)='>>A ,#'JJ%-='W>% ()* =@% ()>>)?D#$ *%'E)#Ea

– 2@% &DEE)JD'=D)# W%=?%%# =@% J)#h,$'> 'J= '#& D=E -*)J*%'=DR% -,*-)E%p – 2@% J*%'=D)# )( Ê,*->,E %CW*A)E^ ?@DJ@ '*% (*)\%# '#&e '= ' >'=%* E='$% &%E=*)A%&p – 2@% ,E% )( %,$%#DJ -*'J=DJ%E jD/%/ =@% E%>%J=D)# )( =@% ^W%E=^ )( E%R%*'> '*=D(DJD'>>A J*%'=%& %CW*A)Ee ?@D>% =@% )=@%* )#%E '*% &DE-)E%& )(e 'JJ)*&D#$ =) J*D=%*D' E,J@ 'E E%L )* J%*='D# $%#%=DJ c,'>D=D%Ek 0# =@% >D$@= )( =@% >'E= =?) -)D#=Ee @)C)>)$),E 'EEDE=%& -*)J*%'=D)# DE 'EEDCD>'=%& =) 'W)*=D)# jD# =@% E%#E% =@'= D= DC->D%E =@% &%E=*,J=D)# )( '# D##)J%#= @,C'# W%D#$k/ ],= %R%# ?@%*% #) YE,*->,E %CW*A)EZ '*% J*%'=%& '#& &%E=*)A%&e D= *%C'D#E =@'= C%&DJ'>>A 'EEDE=%& -*)J*%'=D)# -*)J%&,*%E =,*# =@% J@D>& D#=) '# )Wh%J= =@'= DE ZC'&%Ze '#& ?@DJ@ C,E= J)**%E-)#& =) =@% c,'>D=A J*D=%*D' E%= WA D=E C'V%*Ee ?D=@ '>> =@% C)*'> '#& >%$'> DC->DJ'=D)#E =@DE C'A @'R% jE,J@ 'E Y$,'*'#=%% J>'DCEZ '$'D#E= =@% *%-*)&,J=DR% &)J=)*///k/ 0= ()>>)?E =@'= =30R749 =;;8304 2& W% -*)@DWD=%& WA >'?/ M6M6E6

N#4#$&)&2&1% V%%3%4#8 "$&0$#(43&' 0( C%&DJ'>>A 'EEDE=%& -*)J*%'=D)# DE C)*'>>A ,#'JJ%-='W>% ,#&%* '>> '#& '#A JD*J,CE='#J%Ee =@% C)*'> R%*&DJ= ('>>D#$ ,-)# D= DE E=D>> %L'J%*W'=%& D# =@% J'E% )( =@% D#R)>R%C%#= )( =@D*& -%*E)#E/ 2@DE D#R)>R%C%#= J'# J)#EDE= D# =@% ,E% )( &)#'=%& %$$ J%>>Ee )* E-%*C J%>>Ee )* W)=@/ 2@% J@D>& =@'= DE J*%'=%& D# =@DE ?'A DE =@,E #)= =@% J@D>& )( =@)E% ?@) )*&%* D=E J*%'=D)#/ 4#% CD$@= 'E ?%>> 'EV '#)=@%* ?)C'# =) @'R% E%L,'> D#=%*J),*E% ?D=@ )#%gE @,EW'#&e )* '#)=@%* C'# =) @'R% D#=%*J),*E% ?D=@ )#%gE ?D(%e )* '# '>=)$%=@%* '>D%# J),->% =) @'R% D#=%*J),*E% ?D=@ %'J@ )=@%*e h,E= =) $%= ' J@D>&a D= E%%CE '>> =@% E'C%/ 2@DE DE #)= R%*A ('* (*)C $)D#$ =) ' E@)- '#& W,AD#$ ' J@D>& 'E )#% ?),>& W,A ' $,D#%' -D$/ 85

"#& )( J),*E%e )#% ?'#=E =) @'R% ' J@D>& C'&% )( =@% YW%E=Z $%#%=DJ C'=%*D'>e ?@DJ@ DE ?@A )#% ?),>& C'V% E,*% =) $%= @)>& )( =@% %$$ J%>>E '#& E-%*C )( Y$))&Z &)#)*E j$))& >))VD#$e @%'>=@A 'J'&%CDJE ?D=@ #) J*DCD#'> *%J)*&e %=J/k/ 0= E@),>& W% E%>(T%RD&%#= =@'= =@%E% -*'J=DJ%E E%R%*%>A ,#&%*CD#% @,C'# &D$#D=Aa

– 2@%A &%-*DR% =@% J@D>& )( D=E )?# D&%#=D=Ae '#& )( D=E *D$@= =) V#)?e $*)? ,- ?D=@e '#& W% %&,J'=%& WAe D=E *%'> jRD\/ WD)>)$DJ'>k -'*%#=E/ – 2@)E% -'*%#=Ee D# =,*#e '*% &%-*DR%& )( =@%D* *)>% 'E -'*%#=E/ – 0#E=%'& =@% Y&)#)*EZ '*% *%&,J%& =) =@% *)>% )( YW*%%&D#$ W,>>EZe ?@DJ@ D# D=E%>( DE ' E%*D),E RD)>'=D)# )( @,C'# &D$#D=A/ – 0= '>E) C,E= W% E,E-%J=%& =@'=e &%E-D=% 'EE%*=D)#E =) =@% J)#=*'*Ae E,J@ %$$ )* E-%*C &)#'=D)#E '*% ,E,'>>A #)= (*%% )( J@'*$%e W,= =@'= =@%A *%E,>= D# ' =*'&% D# @,C'# $'C%=%E/ 2@DE ,#&%*CD#%E =@% &D$#D=A )( =@% &)#)*Ee W,= '>E) )( @,C'# VD#& D# $%#%*'>a =@% $'C%=%E '*% =,*#%& D#=) ' =*'&'W>% J)CC)&D=A/ 4#% J),>& &%EJ*DW% =@DE 'E ' C)&%*# ()*C )( E>'R% =*'&%/ M6M6M6

\1$$&2(4# G&4:#$:&&8 ]%ED&%E ,ED#$ =@% $'C%=%E )( =@D*& &)#)*Ee )#% J'# '>E) ,E% =@% E%*RDJ%E )( ' E,**)$'=% C)=@%* D( )#% DE )#%E%>( ,#?D>>D#$ )* ,#'W>% =) W%J)C% -*%$#'#=/ 4#% J),>& D#&%%& DC'$D#% ED=,'=D)#E D# ?@DJ@ " $)%E =) ' *%-*)&,J=D)# J>D#DJ ?@%*% @% -,*J@'E%E ' J@D>& =@'= DE J*%'=%& (*)C =@% $'C%=%E )( ] '#& 7 '#& =@%# W)*# WA 5/ 0( =@% E,**)$'=% C)=@%* *%J%DR%E ' -'AC%#=e )#% E-%'VE )( YJ)CC%*JD'>Ze )=@%*?DE% )( Y'>=*,DE=DJZe E,**)$'JA/ 0= DE E%>( %RD&%#= =@'=e @)?%R%* =@% J)C-%#E'=D)# -'D& ),= =) =@% E,**)$'=% C)=@%* C'A W% #'C%&e E,**)$'=% C)=@%*@))& DE ' ()*C )( J)CC%*JD'>D\D#$ =@% (%C'>% W)&A/ 0= DE ' ()*C )( %L->)D=D#$ R,>#%*'W>% -%*E)#Ee EDCD>'* =) E>'R% =*'&%e )* =) -*)E=D=,=D)#/

M6M6O6

]12#'30 "$(0430#% O/O/N/./

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1.

21

That prohibition was, however, overturned by an extremely ill-argued decision of the InterAmerican Human Rights Court in 2012 (case of Gretel Artavia Murillo and Others ('Fecundacion In Vitro') v Costa Rica)

89

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T6D6F6

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C'&% WA =@DE J)#E=D=,%#JAe W,= j=) ' R%*A >'*$% %L=%#=k )# )-%*'=DR% $*'#=E C'&% WA =@% +,*)-%'# 7)CCDEED)# '#& j=) ' ('* >%EE%* %L=%#=k )# &)#'=D)#E WA ' R%*A EC'>> #,CW%* )( ?%'>=@A D#&DRD&,'>E E,J@ 'E P%)*$% U)*)E/ 2@% ('J= =@'= 0:P"T+,*)-% *%J%DR%E @,$% E,WED&D%E (*)C =@% +6 W,&$%= DE '>E) %RD&%#J% =@'= D= *%-*%E%#=Ee C)*% =@'# '#A=@D#$ %>E%e ' E)JD)T-)>D=DJ'> -*)h%J= =@'= DE &%'* =) =@% @%'*=E )( J%*='D# -)>D=DJD'#E/ 8/9/./H/

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8/9/./O/

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109

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22

Kirk/Madsen, After the Ball, p.15

23

Nathanson 112

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134

Agenda Europe - Restoring the Natural Order

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