A Concise Grammar of Middle Egyptian.PDF

Boyo G. Ockinga

A ConciseGrammarof Middle Egyptian AN OUTLINE OF MIDDLE EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR by Hellmut Brunnerreviscdand cxpanded

/. / ^Second.revisededition

VERLAG PHILIPP VON ZABERN . MAINZ AM RHEIN

CoNrnNrs XI

Prcface

Introduction

XIII

I. Scnrpr ANDTRANSLTTERATToN ll

A) Sc'nrrr

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B) TnaNsr-rrERATroN l) Logograrns

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2) Phonogranrs

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d) Tri-literal signs 4 ,1 e)Signcornbinations

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3) Dctcrminativcs

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a) Logogram as c o n r b i n a t i o no f c o n s o n a n t s2

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b ) [ J n i - l i t c r a ls i g n s 2

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5) PhoneticComplcmcnts

$ l3 7) Translitcration

I I . A c c r o r r N C EA N D S y N r R x d ) q u a l i f i c db y a n o u n c) Cornparativc I I

A) NOUNS \ 1 , 1 l ) G c n d c ra n dN u m b c r I l5

a ) I i n d i n g s7

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b) Writingstr

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c) Special fcalurcs ll

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a) Dircct Ccnitivc 9

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a ) C o o r t l i n a t i o nI 0

3) Coordination and Disjunctionl0 b) Disjunction l0

B) Ao:ucrrves I ) Forms

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2) Usageof Adjectives a) as an attribute I I b ) a s a n o u nl l c) as a predicate I I

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fcaturcs: ir.y,nb,ky $ 25 3) Spccial

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C) PnoNouNs | ) Pcrsonal pronouns

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$ 26 $ 27 $ 28

a) Independent pronouns I2 pronouns b) Dcpendcnt l3 c) Suflix-pronouns 14 2) Dcmonstrativcs a) Adjectival demonstrativcs l5 b) Norninaldcrnonstrarivcs l5 c) Arriclc 15 d) Posscssivc adjectivc l6 e) Usagel6

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$ 29 $ 30 $ 3I $ 32 S 33 S 34

3) Intcrrogatives

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D) PREPosrrroNS prcpositions $ 35 l) Simple prcpositions S36 2) Compound

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E) PARTICLES 1 ) N o n - e n c l i t ipca r t i c l e s 2 ) E n c l i t i cp a r t i c l c s

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19 2l $ 63 $ 64

F) N U M E R A L S ,' -19 1) Cardinalnumbcrs .. J{) l) Ordinalnumbcrs 3)Datcs , 'j l

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I ) AdvcrbialSentences

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3) Imperativc

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4) Finite vcrb forms

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Suffix-conjugation

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S 72 S 73 $ 74 S 75 S 76

b) ink - Scntcncc 29

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3) Adj ectivalScntcnccs(nfr sw')3l

TABLE 1: Weak vcrb (activc)

50

4) AdjectivalScntcnccs with rrn 3l

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5) Old Pcrfcctivc

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5) Expressions ofposscssion

32

$ 82

53

6) Non-possession

32

6) Infinitivc a) SubjcotandObject54

H ) T H EV E R B !. 60 r.ol

o. irregularverbs34 2) Verb groups

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verbs34 b. ultirnaegernrnatac

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G) NON-VERBAL SENTENCES r

c) Modifiabilityof theroot 34 l. Strongverbs 34 2. Weakverbs 34 a. ultirnaeinfirmaeverbs 34

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l. Subjcct 54

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2 . O b j e c t5 5 b) Usage of thc infinitive 55

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I ) Verb classes

Construction $ 8 6 7) Pseudo-verbal

a) Number of root consonants33

s87

106 l0l l0E 109

o)LausailveJJJ

s85

a) Predicatc57 l . O l d P e r f e c t i v e5 7 2 . h r . m o r r + i n f i n i t i v e5 7

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S 39 Ss90 $ 9l

S 92 S 93 S 94 $ 95

I

b) Usage 69

b) Subject58 l. with ln' 58 2. with ni=l58 3. with wnnI wn.in 58

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58 8) Complex Verb Forms a) with Particleln' 58 l. PresentPerfect59 a. iw t sdtt.tt-f'59 .r4llr(.u)'/59 b. iu' t Passive c. ;v' t Old Pcrfectivc59 AoristI 2. Cornplcx iw(.'fisclmT59 AoristlllProgrcssivc 3. Conrplcx iu'.f hr sdm 59 4. ConrplcxFutureir'.f r'.r/zr60 b) wrthauxiliaryverb'lt'.rt60 l. ch'.nsLln.n-l6l 6l 2.(h..nt Old Perf'cctive I Perf'.Pass.s1ln.u'.f 6l 3. cy'rc.ri 4.'h(.n I tlist. Pcrf.sqlnr.f6l

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c) with auxiliaryu'n-itt6l

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9) F'initcVerb Forms introduccd bY m=k or is1 62 t)n k I Prcscntativc 67 l. ar Ä I Pcrl'.s4lm.n.f ( r' 2. f 2.nk I [email protected] b) lsl 62 l. is1 | Pcrl-.s4ln.n.f62 62 2. l.rl l Pass.sqln.u'..1

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Q I l2 l2) VcrbalAdjcctivcselm.tv'.fy a) Usage as an attributc 70 b) Usagc as a noun 70

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c onstruction l3) NarrativC iyi.tPw iri.nJ

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{ I 1 4 l 4 ) A u x i l i a r YV c r b2 i i

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S I l5 J) ADVERBS

1l

K) WoRDORnUR l cntcnccs S I l6 l)Non-VcrbaS ( s e c\ S ' { 2 ' 4 l l ' 5 4 5 7 )

62

l0) ParticiPlcs

{ I l7 2) VcrbalScntcnccs

73

\ ll8 3)Focalisation

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a) Fonns:gcndcr,nutnber,tcnsc,voicc63 63 l. Irnperfcctivc 99 . 64 r\ 100 2. Pcrf-ectivc 64 3. Prospcctivc $ l0l S I02 s\ 103 s\ 104

l. Adjectival usage 69 2. Nominal usage 69 a. in direct genitivc 69 b. as object 69 c. in Non-Vcrbal Sentence69 d. subject in nfr sw Sentence69 e. absoluteusage69 f. with a verb as object 69

b) Usagc65 l. Nominalusagc65 usage65 2. Ad.jcctival 3. Ilxtendeduseof ParticiPlcs(16 Passivc

61 rs 105 I l ) Rclativc Form 67 Form Rclative the of Tenscs 106 a) rs RelativcForrn 68 l. sqlm.n'J' $ 107 r\ 108 2. Aorists/m.J'Iirr'J Rel.Forrn 68 RelativeFonn 6ll r\ 109 3. Prospcctive

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$ 1 2 2 c ) I i r n p h a t i cC o n s t r u c t i o n : Focus on adv. exPrcssion 76

r\ 123 4) Tcrpicalisation a) without introduction 76 S I 24

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2 . o b j e c t t o P i c a l i s c d7 6

S I 26

3 . a d v . e x p r c s s i o nt o p i c a l i s c d7 6

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ir 77

I 127

77 l. subjccttoPicaliscd

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77 2. objccttoPicaliscd

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7ll 3. adv.expressiontopicalised

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X $ 130 5)ConditionalClatses $ 1 3 l a )f o l l o w i n!g- , . a ' z s l . f u l f i l l a b l ec o n d i t i o n s 7 8

$ 148 M) QuESrroNS

87

s 149 N) EPEXEGESTS

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S 150 O) ReLerrvs ClausEs

87

2 . u n f u l f i l l a b l cc o n d i t i o n s 7 8 { 1 3 2 b ) w i t h o u t i n t r o d u c t i o n7 u

detcrmincd 88 S 15l l ) antecedent: $ 1 5 2 2 ) a n t c c c d c nut :n d e t c r m i n c d 8 9

L ) N E G A T T oo NF T H EV E R I I $ 133 Negativeparticlcs 8 134 Ncgativeverbstn, itni S 135 l) Impcrativc .s@rl' S 136 2) Circumstantial I 137 3) Aorist.iq/nrf' $ | l8 4) Pcrlcct.s{nr.tt I (Prospcctivc) 139 5) l'uturc .r/nr-f S { 140 6) Subjunctivc.s4ünl'

I'AllLE 2: Suffix-conjugalion

19 79 1A

79 80 til 82 82 82

P) APPENDIX $ 1 5 3 l ) T i t u l a r yo f t h ek i n g

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{ 1 5 4 2 ) S y l l a b i c- ( G r o u p- ) W r i t i n g 9 l III. SI(iNLIST

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92

IV. EXb,RCISES

lt8

V. Ru,,\UINC;EX IjRCISES

138

VI. VOCABULARY

148

INDICES

t73

l ) G r a m m a t i c a li n d c x

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2) Vcrb patterns

n6 t71

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r 142 ti)Ncgation: ComplcxVcrb Formswith iw U4 TAT]LB 3: ComplcxVcrb Formswith lN' 85 $ 143 9) Ncgation:infinitivc I 144 l0) Ncgation:Participlcs, RelaliveForms,sQm.t1, J.v 145 a) Participlcs 86 $ Fornr[J(r S 146 b) Rclative Forrnli6 $ 147 c).s4!n.ty.Jy

90

85

3) Indcx of hicroglyphic sign list

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INTRODUCTION The language ofAncient Egypt has a history that can be traced for over three thousand years. Several stages of the language can be identified: Old, Middle and Late Egyptian, Demotic and Coptic. Old Egyptian is the language in which, for example, the Pyramid Texts and the biographical and royal inscriptions of the Ol<1Kingdom (ca. 2650 2100 BC) were composed. Middle Egyptian was the written language of Egypt during the Middle Kingdorn (ca. 2140 1650 BC). In the following periods,although the spoken languagecontinued to develop, Middle Egyptian was regarded by the Egyptians themselvesas a "classical" language and Miclille Egyptian literature was used in the scribal schools throughout the New Kingdom. Monumcntal inscriptionsand religious texts were still cotnposedin Middle Bgyptian clown to the Graeco-RomanPeriod (the rnost recent hieroglyphic inscription, on a temple wall in Philae, dates from AD 394). This use of Middle Egyptian can be compared with that of Latin in E,uropedtrring the Middlc Ages. As in the case of Medieval Latin, the later texts composed in Middle Egyptian no longcr representa pure fomr of the language since they are ofien influenced by the contemporary vernacular. Lale Egyptian, the spoken languageof the Ncw Kingdorn, began to be used lrorn the Arnarna Period onwards fbr both literary and non-literary texts. Dernotic is thc tenn fbr a very abbreviatedfbrm of the script and languagethat rvas originally introducecl for administrativepurposesin the 7th century BC and continued in usc down to thc 5th ccntury AD. Coptic, writtcn with thc Greek alphabct and supplementedby scven charactersderived from the hieroglyphic script, is the latest stagc of the language, which suwives to the prcsentday in the liturgy of the Coptic Church. This book is an introduction to thc hieroglyphic script and gralntxar of Middle Irgyptian. It is offered as a successorto llelhnut Brunner's An Outline ofNIiddle Eg1;ptiunGrommar and, like its predecessor,it is a teaching gralnlnar and aims to provide the beginner with the essentialsof the languagc in as cotnpact a tbrtn as possible. It is divided into fbur main parts: Script and Grarnmar,Sign List, Gramtnar Exerciscs and Reading Exercises,Vocabulary. In addition to texts of the Midclle Kingdorn, the Reading Exercisesincludc examplesof monumental inscriptionsof the l8th Dynasty, which, as mentionedabove,continuedto be written in Micldle Egyptian. The arrangement of the material in the first parl largely follows that of Brunner's grammar: after introducing the principles of the script, the various parts of speech are dealt with. Non-verbal sentencesbeing an irnportant feature of the Egyptian language,

XIV

it is possible for beginnersto thoroughly familiarise themselveswith nouns, adjectives' pronouns and particles and yet still meet examplesof complete sentences in the exercises.The verb and its usage, together with more complex sentencestructures, fonn the last and largestsection of the grarrrnar section of the book. The sequence of the exercises,all taken from original texts, correspondsto the orcler in which the material is presented. Where forms or constructions not yet encountered appear, a reference to where they can be found in the grammar is provided. Personalexperiencein languageclasseshas shown that the stuclentwould benefit from more detail than that provided by Brunner'sOtrtline,thus the content of this gralnmar and the method of presentation has been expanded (all exarnples include transliterations and translations; additional examples have bcen provided, tables included, and hieroglyphic writings have been adcleclin the vocabulary). An attel-rpt has also been made to take accountofresearch done into the languageover the last 35 years, in particular in our understanding of the verbal systern. which h1s been advanced by the work of H.J. Polotsky ancl the reprcsentativesof the "Standarcl Theory". However, as a rcsult of the work of M. collier, the "StandardTheory" has in recent titncs bcen the object of critical review. This grarnrnar follows thcse new developments and, although adopting indiviclual observations of the "Stanclarcl Theory"' it docs not crnbrace the total systern. Inl'luencedby rnodern linguistics, a plethoraof new grantmaticaltenninology has been introdr.rcccl ibr Iigyptian. Ho1y"u.r, bearing in mind that this grarnmaris intentledas an introduction, I have tried to be as cconornicalas possible in the tenninology used.Those who are particularly interestecl in Egyptian linguistics should consult the works of W. Ssherrkcl ancl A. Loprieno l i s t e di n t h e { b l l o w i n g b r i c f b i b l i o g r a p h y .

Further Literature: The lbllowing is only a stnall selection of rvorks on the sub-ject.A morc cornplcte b i b l i o g r a p h yc a n b c f b u n d i n W . S c h e n k c l( 2 0 0 5 ) . Ilttrk:; t trt Egy1triun Luttgtrtrgt, Jatnes P. Allen, Middlt' Eglption. An Inlntduc'tion to tlte Longtnge untl Culttrrt: 6f' [licrogllphs (Cambridgc, 2000): A dctailcctup to darcinrroclucrion to rhc Egypliapscript and Ianguagc. Elmar Edel, Altrigypti:;c'heGrammatik (Rorne, 1955/1965):A dcrailcdand sysrcmalic prcscntation of thc languagcof thc Old Kingdom,vcry hclpfulwith MicldlcEgyptiantcxrsthat uscold lbrnrs,c.g.thc Coflln Tcxts. Alarr H. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar (Oxford, ttOSll. Alrhough thc first edition of this study appcaredovcr 70 ycars ago, Gardincr'sGrammor rcmains thc most comprchensivc prescntation of Middlc Egyptianavailableanclis still an esscntial refcrcncctool forall dctailcci

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XV

work in the language.It shouldbc noted,however,that Gardiner'sinterpretationof the verbal system no longer reflects our current under-standing.Also, the structure of Gardiner's Gratnmurfollowshis own particulardidacticmethodand,unlikethis grammar,is not ordered accordingto partsof speechand syntax. syster.natically Wolfgang Schenkel, Tübinger EinJiihnmg in die klassisch-cigltptischeSprache und post-"StandardTheory" gramn.rar.It Sc'hri/i (Tübingen, 1994), is thc first compreherrsive also provides an introductionto the "StandardTheory", as well as a comprehensivc Thc latcstcdition,publishcdin bibliographyof works dcalingwith thc studyof thc language. 2005,prcscntsa ncw approachto thc syntaxofthe vcrb. Wolfharl Westendorf, Grommetik der medizinischen Texle (Berlin, 1962), is uscful for corpusof tcxts moreadvanccdwork with Middlc Egyptiantcxtssiuccit analyscsa con.rplctc whicharc ncltdcaltwith in gcucralgrammars. obscurcconstruclions anddiscusscs Antonio Lopriencl, Anc'ient Egt,ltlion. A Lingui.slic' Inlrodur'liorz (Carnbridge, 1996), prcscntsa conrprchcnsivc, linguisticallyoricntcd introductionto thc Egyptian languagc, includingthc dcvclopnrcntof thc languagcliom Old Egyptianthrough Middlc and [-atc Egyptianto Coptic. (Dannstadt, Sprar:hwis,sen,sc'haft Wollgang Schenkel, Ein/iihnrng in dia ctltög.y1ttisc'he 1990).As wcll as graulnarin thc narrowcrscnsc,this work alsodcalswith thcnrcssuchas thc vocalisation, anclmctrc. historyof thc studyof thc languagc, rlglltt). In atlclirionto an Henry G. Fischcr,Anciant Egyptian Calligruphl'. (New York, nunlcrousobscrvations to Egyptiancalligraphy,this work alsoproviclcs cxccllcntintroduction of individualsigns. on thc palacography Diclionaries Adoll'Errnan and Hermann Grapow (cds.), I|/örlerbuch dcr ägvpti.tthen Spruc'he, 12 vols. (Lcipzig and llerlin, 1926 1963). Although in part datcd, this work is thc only Dcr.notic anclCoptic)with rcf-crcnccs of thc [gyptian languagc(cxclucling cornplctcclictionary Work on lhc Bcrlin Dictionaryis bcingcotrtinucd lbr tlrcoccurrcncc of worcls("Bclcgstcllcn"). ancl is acccssiblcotr tlrc Akadcmic clcr Wisscnschaficn b1' lhc Bcrlin-Brandcnburgisclrcn dc i ntcrncturrclcr thc fbllowingU RI-: http://aacw.bbaw. I

Rayrnoncl O. Faulkner,.,1 Conc'isc Dit'tionarv o/'Middlc Egl,ptian (Oxford, 1962): tr rcl'crcnccs. andalsoincluclcs compactwork thatdcalsspccificallywith MicldlcE,gyptian Rainer Hannig, Die Sproc'heder Phctntonen(Mainz, 1995): a dictionarytlratclcalswith thc vocabularyof Egyptianfrorn thc Old Kingdomto thc Third IntcrmcdiatcPcriod(ca. 1000 BC). Thc lists of namcsof dcitics,kings and toponymsas wcll as tlrc mapsare particularly to thc occurrcncc ofwords arenot includcd. uscful.Referenccs

XVI

Rainer Hannig, Ägyptisches lVörterbuch I, Altes Reich und Erste Zwischenzeit (Mainz, 2003): a detailcdspecialiscd dictionaryof tcxts of the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period,which includesreferenccs. Text Editions Kurt Sethe,Ä'gyptischeLesestücke(Leipzig, 1924),providesa uscfulcollectionof Middle Egyptianhieroglyphictextsof all gcnres,inoluding"classics"suchas thc storyof Sinuhcand the talcsfrom PapyrusWcstcar. Adriann de Buck, Egyptian Reading Book (Leiden, l94tt): an anrhology of Miitdlc Egyptiantcxtsof thc Middlc andNcw Kingdon.rs with cxcrciscs. Louis Zonhoven, Middle Egyptian Zc.rLs,Vol. l: Literary T'extsin thc llierutic' Script (Leiden, 200 l). A compcndiumof all thc major Middlc Egyptianlitcrarytcxtswrittcn in thc cursivchicraticscript,prcscrrtcd in hicroglyphictranscription. A compcndiunt of rronumcrrtal tcxtsis planncd. In thc tcxtbookscricsEin/iihnrngen und Qucllett!e.\'t( :ut' Aqt'1ttoltryic,ChristianLcitz anil L o u i s cG c s t c r r n a n(nc c l s . )a, c o l l c c l i o no f t c x t c d i t i o r r sw i t h c o m m c n l a r ye, o v c r i n gv a r i t l u s gcttrcsis plarrnccl. TIrc flrst volurncclcalswith monunrcnlal hicroglyphictcxtsof thc CraccoRorran pcricrd:Christian Leitz, Quellcntc.\ta:ur )'g.v1ttj,s1'ftgp Rt'ligion, Iland I: Dlc TempeI i nsc'h r ifi cn d er gr i cc'h i st:h - rö m i.sc h en Zerl ( M ünster, 2004). Itt thc sanrcscricsa uscful tcxtbookon tlrc litcralLrrc of thc Old and Middlc Kingdomshas appcarcd, wlrichprovidcsan introduction to thc litcraryworksof thc pcriodand bibliographic rcfcrcnccsto tltc tcxt cditions in which thcy arc availablc:Günter tsurkarcl,Heinz J. Thisscn, Ein/iihrung in die ultligrtlttisc'hcLitcruttrgeschic'htc l. Altes und Miillcres Ä t , i r ' h( M ü n s t e r .2 0 0 31 . Usclulcditionsof'a trumbcro1'classical tcxls havcappcarccl in lhc scricsKleint'Ä'g.t'1tti,st'he 7'c,rlecclitctlby WollgangHclcktarrtll{lrtwig Altcnntiillcr.

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I. SCRIPT AND TRANSLITERATION A) SCRIPT Thcrc are basically two forms of script. Texts carvcd on monumcntsarc writtcn in hicroglyphic form, where the pictorialcharacterof thc sign is clcarly rccognisable (suchas thosc uscd in this book). A cursivc form of hicroglyphs (hicratic),was uscdfor textswritten in ink mainly on papyrus, writing boardsor ostraca(pot shardsor flakcsof limcstonc). Tcxtsarcmostlywrittcnfrom rightto left (Fig. 1a.& lc.), but also in thc othcrdircction(Fig. lb. & ld.), and thcy can run cithcr horizontally(Fig. la. & lb.) or vcrtically(Fig. lc. & ld.). In this book,thcy arc writtcn fiorn lcft to right; thc lastof thc rcading cxcrciscs,howcvcr, runs frorn right to lcft. In Egyptian tcxts thcrc arc ncithcr spaccsbctwccn words nor

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punctuation.Although hicroglyphs arc pictorial rcprcscnt-ations, the Egyptian script is primarily phonctic and not pictorial, i.c. rnost of thc signs havc phonctic valucs. Thc scrni-consonantsn, and I arc not writtcn at all in thc carlicst tcxts but appcar rnorc licqucntly ovcr tirnc, morc oltcn in word stcrnsthan in cndings. B) TRANSr,rl'F]RATTON

$2

Egyptian has 24 consonantalphoncmcs.For thcir translitcrationand thcir approximatc phoncticvalucs scc $ 5. Thc unilitcral signs dcalt with thcrc form thc Egyptianalphabct (as rcconstructcdby modcm scholars)and thcir scqucnccis that uscd in dictionaricsand vocabularics.Vowcls wcrc not written and arc thcrcforc not considcrcd. I ) LOGOGRAMS (alsocallcd "ldcograrns")

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o')rt

.sJ

(s.li,oldcr.rl_rl) (writing cquiprncnt) for "scribe", "to write"

rtlr

(flamingo) for dsr "to be red", in dtr.t "the rcd land", i.e. "dcscrt" (threc strokcs) dcsignateplural

2 Script and Transliteration Somesignscanboth depictthe objectdesignatedandhavesymboliccontent: () r'.w "sunt'or "day"; l)' iä "heart"or "thought","understandingt', "wish" 2) PHONOGRAMS

$4

(followingtherebus-principle) OFCONSONANTS a) LOCOGRAMAS A COMBINATION rb ("basket") ?

in

* nö "lord"

ftr ("face")

Whcn used in this way, thc sign losesits logographiccharacterand bccomesa pure phonogram,in theexamplcsabovea bi-literal(cp. $ 6).

$s

in brackcts) b) UNI-LITERALS(pointersto convcntionalpronunciation

x I

i

(as in "hard", Scmitic aleph)

i

(as in "in", Semiticyorf

t '|l,\\

v

(asin "baby")

c

(glottalstop,Scmiticayir)

\r

ri

(

()

b

@sin "locft")

{)

lr

(asin German"icft")

z

(voiced s as in "nose")

"'

ll

s (asin "sftapc")

w (asin "way"or "pool")

J

h

k, q (Scmitic kaJ)

p

k

f

.g t

nt

t

n

(as in "ilclr")

d 'ir

i

i

,-

TI

(

d

(voiced as in ')unglc")

ft (like Semiticcmphatich)

phonctically;this applicsin By thc Middle Kingdom,z ands arc no longcrdistinguished part to t and1, as well as d and g/,so that, alongsidehistoricallycorrectwritings.onc In this book and - are transfinds caseswherethcscsignshavebcen interchanged. literatedas s. t! y at the end of a word can only bc followed by the additional but by no otherphoneticsign.The cndingst (feminine),w (plural)and a dctcrminative,

Phonograms 3

:_:rptian scripthasno distinctsignfor /, for which it uses), n or r (also.9)-r.in the Late i::rod). . -rnheruni-literals: ,1. m (acfiallyim), i/ r,i,for / or 1(actuallyrl), \, :;'ginningof a word.

*';\,,\,

atthe "\ m

s6

C)Br-LTTERALS 't\

iw

4

pJ

'ri

hl

lt/

hnt

.fi

lb, mr

pr

rl

iw

ph

\

hn

Jw

im, g,s

ml

?

hr

Sn

im

mi

ii

hs

S.!'

tl

in

mn

hd

td

ir

mr

1s

mr

&s kd

a)

mh

wl

MS

br h' !r hr

)

L) A)

i'

-' -)r

km g,m

w'

mt

hn

wp

nw

hn

)l

It

wn

nw

ftr

{t

ti

wn

nh

sJ

;r' ,

tm

wr

nm

si

wd

NS

.tlt

ht

nql

bh, hw

n1)

ii

li. \\ I

dl 8w

.s/?

st

a)

r'1

Qr

4 Script and Transliteration

s7

d) TRI-LITERALS

| 'nu ii 't ,h,

s8

i,

nlr

r ftlt

.:'1 sdnt

htp

e) SIGN COMBINATIONS 1 |

^-.-... nn

n ( .

$e

l

i)

t\ 1:l üpr

I ttkr

wth

mu,

lyi "to comc":

(

't

it)'i i

,l t tllt

tr

il

wl4

' ,,:rr' ,{,71"tO gO" ancl.r, ) in '-l' \

3) DE,TERMINATIVES detcnninativcs: Thc following is a sclcctionof thc Inostcommon

;t

rnan

cmbracc

i)i

worran

go cor.nc,

iji,ii

pcoplc

jil

cat,clrink,think, spcak

lcg,stridc

,j!

loacl,carry

cross,trcsspass

t'i ii,; -\

cncmy,dcath

skin,quadruPcd

o.

rction strcngth.

bird,inscct

praisc,plcad,grcct

srnall,bad,wcak

*l it'

tunt back

child

,l

trcc

il ili,:\r' god,king \

)t.) ,.

SCC

i'

nosc, breath, rcjoicc, angcr

plant,flowcr wood,trce hcavcn,sky, abovc

llcsh, lirnb ncgation,nothing tlJ

ttKe

hl l_1

t'luttcr,alight

I

night sun,daY,time

Determinatives 5

\.ö../

stone

cloth,clothing

I

road,travcl,locality land

il

water

':...

rr1,

Ilrc

l - ,1

mountain,dcscrt,foreignland city

festival

calculate,break book,writc, abstractnouns

r i plural

\fost words cnd with a dctcrminativc.It has no phoneticvaluc but points to thc :n!-aning of thc word.It helps,for cxarnplc,to distinguishbetwcenwordswhosestems :rrrc thc samcconsonants: wltl "lo bc grccn,frcsh"

ir

wld "a grccn stonc" A

spr "to plcad" () .tlil' "plan"

Jpr-"to arrivc (at)"

)'r'1

. r l r r" t o f a l l "

l) SPECTALFEATURES

s l0

a) Whcn a vcrtical strokc is appcndcdto a sign (dcpcndingon thc word, accornpanicdby :hc fcmininc cnding / or plural strokcs),thc sign is oftcn to bc rcad as a logograrn,which .iocsnot rcquirc a dctcnninativc: ftr "facc"

c.lt'"ann"

., nri,.t(rrir.l,.r)"city"

Thc strokc can, howcvcr, also function as a spacc fillcr: ^ti "son" b) An obliquc strokc

somctirncsrcplaccscornplicatcddctcnninativcs:

ror ili il ,,^ri"to givcbifth" c) Sign combinations,invcrsionolsigns and othcr dcviantwritings: l. for acsthcticrcasons,c.g. to fonn a ncatcrgrouping:

' " ; i " :h ) , .t o r ' , ' i l

i'.'r,
, r 1 , ' 1 o . \ 'L .

.ji.,for \\"

' 2. lbr hicrarchicalrcasons(honorilic transposition ):i i' ntiRc .n, "likc Rc",

ltnr-rt1r

6

Script and Transliteration , .[ ] .rr

(i "servantofgod; P.i"rt"; l "mansionof god,temPle"

sj nsw "son of the king, prince";

I i hw't ntr

3. In historicwritings: "'-

ll 'l'r.

! : r l i l . i r . s w i "to drink"(notswri!) a. Phoneticchangc S: fi,0 . s w r ' > ll i l P s l "to cook" fsi >r ' "Prince" b. Archaicwritings ' ', '. , l-' fo. l/ "father"; - . toair.y Pc.t

$ ll

tf

5) PHONETICCOMPLEMENTS a) In orclcrto clarify thc rcadingof multi-litcralsignswhich nhoncticvalue,uni-litcralsignsarcoftcn addcd:

havctnorcthanonc

'i illjl ,rr"to wish" and i ntt' "to suflbr" ? in 'i 'l'''l 't '' sÄi "to pcrish" wlh "to placc,rcmain"antl : in rcasons(groupingof signsto fomr a ncat block),uni-litcral b) For acsthctic-graphic rrulti-litcraliignscvcnin cascswhcrcthcrccanbc no conf'usion: signsoltcnaccolnpany () *

f +l 'n!t

ll'..=-

ät....,' rtfi'

,\,

1ti

ill

. hpr

it' t ttlt 'L

r':analso prcccdc(c'g' ''i\ t in Phoncticcornplcmcntsusuallyfollow thcir signs,but.thcy - \\ r bcfbrc tnt and nr)' front of rw) or prcccdc and follow thc sign (c'g' >' clctcnninativcs that do not fit thcir c) Phonctic Dctcnntnativcs: Sotnc worcls havc in anothcr word whcrc thcy havc rncaning.Thcy arc writton bccauscthcy tit thc contcxt in both worcls' Frgm t!1,Mic fomcd"a closc associationwith phonograrnsthat appcar witll trl and ri in " li'irikr1"to Kingdorn onwarclsi r (for : ) is founclas a clctcnninativc ' ' 'l' 'sÄr/l"travcl (by in build, to form (pots)" ancl as a phonctic clctcrnrinativc watcr)".

$ 1 2 6) CONVENTIONAL PRONUNCIATION

Egyptianwords vowcls,whcDprottouncing Sincethc Egyptianscriptdocsnot inclicatc j' 'or so-callcd no whcrc citscs it.t betwccnconsonants inscrtccl an e is convcntionally ' ift "akh", consonants: (!i ,' or i , l]l.i. ily) brcaksup thc scqucncc.o.f semi-consonant .nlr ',ankh",r?/"mi", wblt"wcbcn",lzlt'"boo".ltf)'"ncfcr",ftpl'"khcpcr"'

Noun J -)TRANSLITERATION-

ADDITIONAL NOTATION

$ 13

separators areusedto In the translitcration of someEgyptianwords,two rnorphological clarifutheirstructure: . scparates a word stemfrom a grammatical ending(c.g.pluralw, femininel) or a tenseelement(S$ l4fl 22ff,68ff) = scparatcs endingor a tense suffix-pronouns from a word stem,a grammatical clcment($ö 28,68 f0. Othernotations: clarification addedby editorfor grammatical { ) brackctswhatis notwrittcnin hicroglyphs; i i bracketswhatthecditorconsidcrsto bc an crror in the hieroglyphictcxt < > bracketsemendations by thc cditor t I brackctsdamagcdtcxt in theoriginal,but addcdby thc cditor

II. ACCIDENCEAND SYNTAX A) THE NOUN I)GENDER A N DN U M I ] E R

st4

Thcrc arc two gcndcrs,masculir.rcand fcr-nininc. i ':"- .ht'./ "cvil", l. , ' ,,1r.t "goocl". .\bstractnounsarc usually fcrnininc,c.S. \ouns havc singular,plural and dual lbrrns.

$ls

a) ENDINGS \lasculinc: two groups ( I ) without an cnding,(2) with cnding -w (oftcn not writtcn). F c m i n i n c : w i t h c n d i n s- t

NOUNS

lfl.

o

dual

nlural

singular

I )ll srr"brothcr" . w

'L

stl.w

.wy

,.

-

!r )

,.1

llt..lt

.ww

f..t

.wt

.wwy

sLl.wt

\rr,i

\ili,

ii r, jri :i,) Sn.Wy _

a,.'-

'.WWJ .:: "(thc hvo) arrns"

ii;ri

srr.ry

-

8

$ 16

Accidenceand SYntax

b) WRITINGS:

a

1. Thc masculineending-w is usuallynot writtcn: t\,", jl) 'pr.w - . - u,,,pt., "(god)Re" (occasionally "house"

3"

'Fr

It canalsobe indicatedby a pluralwriting: nfi'.w"pcrfection" j

mn.w "lnonumcnt"

:

htp'w "pcace"

not written. Thc fernininecnding-/ is sometimes

rl

3. Thepluralcanbc writtcn in thc followingways:

i

pr.ww "houses"

Thrcelogograms an archaicwriting

rtt.w "namcs" Thrccgroupsof phonogratns tit 'j j i' ,h.rt "sycamorcs" Thrccdctcnninativcs " '.'il hm.wt"womcn". with thc pluraldctcnninativc or I , or (prcclorninantly) ".g. of signs: 4. Thc dualis indicatcdby thc rcduplication Two fogograms I l)r.wt'y "(thc)two houscs"

I

*ll i) l) t|r.r,y "(thc)two obclisks" Two cletcrminatiucs !I,..,\

Or phoncticallywith w anclclualdctcrninativ""" (phoncticvalucy)

)r'

t.wwY

"(thc)two an.ns". singular: 5. Collcctivcnounsarcwrittcnlikc pluralsbutarcgramrnatically 'i

.- i ,')(, 3cy "sand"

'..--.1 nm' "watcr" is usuallyconstrucdasa singular,rarclyasa plural' -n'that somcfcminincnounslt-1,1n additional 6. Whcnfollowcdby a suffix-pronoun, ' ;' ' rlpv''tf' "his boat" , :,.dp1 "boat"and prcccdcsthc feminincr cnding:

$ 1 7 c) SPECIALFI]ATUII.ES !_'\,q

l. -FÜ'rr1 (rn.sg.)mcflns"pcrson"; alsobc fbundas a writing for thc collcctivc writtcn)or for thc singulart'nl1"pcrson".

'"

r n r g . t " , ' ( r np. l . ) " p c o p l c " c a n s o t n c l i t n c s ",i" ' ' .t

rntt.t (f. sg.) "hutnankind" (l is rarcly

Genitive

9

:. iü.t "thing" is fcminine, but when used with thc meaning "sornething" or Ir-pr-r'fv"it is masculinc. -1. iorc-ign place namesare construedas fcminincs: ';1 tt ,. i""r . . , ". Rlnw hr.t ,'Upper-Retenu,,(paft of Syria_palestine) - GENITIVE e I DIRECTGENITIVE

518

- . :his construction,which expresscspossessionor belonging,two nouns arejuxtaposcd. . ::r' tlrst is the nomen reL:en,s (noun of posscssion),thc sccond the nomen reclum (noun . ihc posscssor): -.1- sl w.b

"son of a / thc pricst"

nh.t pr.w "lady of thc housc" b ) I N D I R E C TG E N I T I V E

$te

n thc indircct gcnitivc construction,rathcr than bcing dircctly juxtaposccl , thc nomen .'gcris and thc nomen reclum arc linkcd by thc nisbe-adjcctivcof thc prcposition r ,t 23) which functionsas thc gcnitivc-adjcctivc: GENI'I'IVE-ADJECTIVE

masc.

i:\r,t:

li , i;ll

I'em.

sg.

/?(.v)

il.t

pl.

il.w,

il.(v,ll

r) n.y Knt.t

" t h c l a n g u a g co l ' E g y p t "

hm.v,tn.(v,1tu,r.u, "thc wivcs of-thc princcs"

lf thc nomen reclum is scparatcd from thc nonten regens by anothcr word (c.g. an adjcctivcor dircct gcnitivc),thcn thc indircctgcnitivc is gcncrallyuscd: ' ' il'. ''"'-. 1,i..!",. i.l r'r/\ , i i I s.f Hr.w n.t (nh-w "thc Honrs-Throncof the living" t

'

' |

")

.r.t v'r.t n.t qlcnt

"thc grcat thronc of (i.c. rnadc of) gold"

l0 Accidenceand SYntax 3) COORDINATION AND DISJTINCTION $ 20

by thereis no specificword for "and".Coordinationis expressed a) COORDINATION: (thc rulc): l. Juxtaposition ti " :"i':, pr.ww=tn "your offices andyour houscs" i1v,.r.vt.tn ";l , /rr "upon" or hn' "with", bothuscdfor "and": 2. Prcpositions

ndr ain" - . l ' ; ' ? i 'i l |l l = a . h r h y.r" sroarm andmvkin" childrcn ifl l\,'*'i !'t'! :; ii;; \i;''i'l !i ms.w=i hrrsn.w-i"my $ 2l

by a following or is inclicatcd "or" is cithcrnotcxprcssccl b) DISJUNCTION: 'ii

ri-pw

'i'

or cvcryprincc" rtb "cvcrycommanclcr !s.wttb 1).ly-c.u' i, i,t, l,,l;i r)-pw "ts lord,as nt trbnt srtnt turms !.,,,. , )iif if\ li"{ ii. .--1. $ 43'l a)' brothcror asfricnd"(rl is hcrcthc "nt of prcclication", ,,

I '.-

B) THE ADJECTIVB l) FORMS Acljcctivcshavcfcrninincanclplurallbrrnslikc nouns($ l4f1).Thcy arc dcrivcdcithcr an cndingin thc masculinc: $ 22 a) frornvcrbalstcms,usuallywithout .

r,i. $ 23

rtfi'"pcrl-cct,bcautifirl,good"

b i r r " b a c l c, v i l "

nHbe: or b) frorn nounsand prcpositionsto which is addcdthc cnding-l',thc so-callcd

"

1 ,1r.Y "gocl-likc, clivinc"

.'

, hr.y "whichis abovc,uPPcr" l{isäe-ENDINGS masc.

l'cm.

.v

srng. nlur. .yw

. vlfr

fr'.y "whichis unclcr"

#Nt

,r,.y "whichis in"

Adjective 11

\ote thewritingsof the following nisbe-adjectives: f . im.y "which/whois in" - from thc prepositionln "in" (see$ ? 5.I' masculine srng.

i,.n ii i:l\ or i\

plur.

ir.vr# N S

feminine

ir.ur l, liir'

2. lnt.y "which,/who is in front of' masculine

hnr.yiiiil., ".iii

SI

hrtt.yw1i1li]''*\.;

from theprepositionhnt "in front of' (see$ 35): feminine

hnt.yt tlliil-. llii ..!1ttt.yu,t

3. Sornc writings of thcsc adjcctivcs arc bascdon dual fonns (on thc rcbus-principlc): I |:i

,l nlr nw.ty "city god" (not "god of thc two citics")

/ir.

i

i.

"1,1.o

lr./) "Horus of thc horizon" (not "Horus of thc two horizons") f11'.1,v

2) USAGE OF THE ADJECTIVE

24

a) As thc attributc to a noun, it follows thc noun and agrccswith it in gcndcr and nunrbcr: \

tt

hrr.t nfi.t "thc bcautiful flowcr".

' ' q/w./ "cvil" (fcrn./ abstractnoun) r. , )r' i,. t.',, "' /li.v "opponcnt, thc cncrny" (nishe) c) As a prcdicatc: in thc rli.rw - Scntcncc($ 56). b) As a noun:

d) In cpithcts adjcctivcs can bc qualificd by a noun; thcir gcndcr ancl numbcr arc dctcrt' rnincdby thc antcccdcnt:"Amun, ll .l ilirsfir'.n,cxccllcntof counscls", lit' "(Thc gocldcss)Hathor, ,.,?,,rf,'.tftr'bcautifulof countcnancc". c) Combincd with thc prcposition

r', it functionsas thc cornparativc,thcrc bcing no

spccialfonn of thc adjectivcin cornparisons: fathcr".

l:

v'r r it-J' "grcatcrthan his

3) SPECIALFEATURES il'

r,i,r'

')t) . r "to") "bclonging to" (invariablc)can a) il ,. s1 ir.y (prepositionaladvcrb from rcplacc the third person suffix-pronoun whcn used to cxprcss possession($ 28 end).

s2s

12 Accidenceand Syntax

b) . , nb "every,all" is only usedasan adjective,neverasa noun.In placcof "all" asa * '. '; ' ' noun: S '- ,, nb "cvery man", wc nh "everyone",ll ,' i!.t nh.t (fcm. pl.) and are often not written: "everything".In formulaiccxprcssionsthe endings

i )r r 'l

1..)

.- ,d"l-jl'' c)

' ^'t't

ib.t nb(.t)nfi'.twcb.t"everygood(and)purething". fo1,"other"prcccdcsthc nounandhasthc following forms: masculine

feminine

'l]

slng.

kv

plur.

kv.wv

'1-1 '\l),,i,i ' " il '. jl1 , Äysp "anorhe r time"; ..." f i *: 11ii ' ky.wynsy.w"othcrkings". " thcpluralfbnn.It Thccxprcssion',,'11 k.t i!.t,lit. "othcrthing(s)", canrcplacc rcgularly prcccdcsthc noun. It is oftcn uscd as a noun with thc rncaning"othcr (pcoplc),

'. '. othcrs":,' : li li utro ,"L ii'i r.t l,y.

d) An indircct gcnitivc can rcplacc an adjcctivc as thc attributc of a noun: $;t' " *"; \l ..r'l rt. I n!1t.w"his anny of victory", i.c. "his victoriousamy".

C) PRONOUNS l) PERSONALPRONOUNS $ 26

a) INDEPENDENT PRONOUNS plural

sinsular l.c.

il

ink

'.,

2.m. ntk 2.f.

rttt ,,

3.m.

ntf .,'

3.f.

nts

',,

'

l.c.

lrl

"vou" (oldcrform rw,r', ,ir ',lr: '

,., , "you" (oldcr form

tltln .,

3.c.

ntstl

-'*',

(,,

.tl )

"hc" (oldcr fonn .rwr I \,' )

'1, ll L. "rn."

2.c.

u rlJ

*-)"you"

tPronouns 13

Usage: l. In NominalSentences: a. asthc subjectofan int-Sentcnce($$ 50-52) ($ 53) b. asthc prcdicateof a 2w-Sentence 2. As subjcctof thc infinitivc($ 83 b) (S$ I l9-120) 3. As thc pronominalsubjcctin thc ir-Construction

b) DEPENDENTPRONOUNS

Usagc: (SS98l. As thc objcctof all fonnsof thc vcrb (whichit follows),includingparticiplcs cascs,thc infinitivc(S\83d)' 104),thc FuturcVcrbalAdjectivc($ I l2) ancl,in cxccptional pronoun' rcflcxivc no distinct is thcrc sincc rncaning It canalsohavcrcflcxivc : i, | ' 2. As thc subjcctin an AdvcrbialScntcncc($ aa c), fbllowingthc particlcsiit: particlc.Hcrc,thc indcfinitcpronoun lii,, ,,. ($ 37) or (lcssfrcqucnt)withoutintroductory rn, \r "on"" canalsoscrvcasthc subjcct. -^3. After *. ($ 37) in the negatcdAdvcrbialScntencc($ 47)' 4. As the subjcctin an AdjectivalScntcncc($ 56)' 5. r/ canserveasthc obicctofan infinitivc(8 84).

$27

14 Accidenceand SYntax

S 23

c) SUFFIX-PRONOUNS

=l lit alsofem. "I, me,mY" t'. .1. ;", l' *ornun, \' t ing

=n ;* t'we, us, our"

=f :: , (. ,) "you,Your" -f '

-

..r'1 (

'r, ji* 1*l;

"hc,ht*' hit

"thcy,them,thcir"

)"shc.hcr"

' Nole: With dualnouns frY

-

('-l) your" "you,

=tn

'Ji

Usagc: aftcra noun' !"] possession [. Exprcsscs

''

sl4 "his son"

- sQm=f"hc I in thc suffix-conjugation' \\l 2. As thc subjcctof thc finitc vcrb hcars"($$ 68ff). ($$ 35-36) 3. Aftcr PrePositions vcrbs - subjcct($ 83); 4. Aftcr infinitives: withintrclnsilive only if thc infinitive with transilive vcrbs objcct (subject hasboth an objcctanda subjcct,$ 84)' "himown" is only y::d *i:,l,.u suffix: 4/sy' 5. The *ord ,' I (' t) ds "sclf, ' " rn'k ds=ft"your nswQs-J "the king himsclf" -^;ti l. ,"tt',] *il own name." lYotez l.Thcsuffix-pronoun=iissomctimesnotwrittcn,c.g.whcnfollowedbyadepcndent pronounusedwith reflcxivcmcaning($ 27)' (posscssivc): (S 25 a) canrcPlllc sulfixcsof the3rd person (* ) / , 2. ir.y i o s)-Jsmswm hr'y lr'y his (" " ;1 !f i\ ' '' " ''] "' "His majestyhad scntu,. u*y, thcreof';'" commander eldestsonwas its commandcr(lit': the

i1

F

Demonslralives l5

] ) DEMONSTRATIVES

$2e

a) ADJECTIVALDEMONSTRATIVES

pw,9,'pwyi)"i' | ( "thir" ip*

m.

known f.

m.

pn

*

f.

ln

^^..* "this"

m.

pf

f.

tf

"this"

near

i.ili,'

ip*y i) )$'"these(two)"

"th.r.'

ipr, il!'l)i"th"r"'

ip-y i;li)

ipn i],-.1.."these"

ipny (i-*

iptn il,'.-.:.."thcse"

iprryilf'..

1l- - "thosc"

ip.fv rl'

"yon, that"

ipf

"yon that"

iprf i,' '" - "thosc" iprfy Li

far

.

dual

olural

singular

s30

b) NOMINAL DEMONSTRATIVES \ GROUP 2 (with ,\\)

' I

GROUP I (without Il\ known

c.

nw

near

c.

nn

c.

far

"' .,\l' ' f - : t* .

near

nl

lar

m.

ni

f.

tt

'tl;,, .

-li.

c.

ni

m.

nt'l

-

f.

rfi

*

c.

nf'l

Ii\

l,',

'

r;',

lir,'

iVote: Thc pronouns with n arc singular and arc oftcn used for thc neutcr: r. :i-

, ., \

Dry nl "Whatis this?"

c) ARTICLE 't1,, p), ,.N r; and [\ n; ({ 30) losc their dcmonstrativcforcc and functionas dcfinite articlcs("thc"); in spokenEgyptianprobablyascarlyasthc Middlc Kingdom. ,1 For thc very rarcly expressedindefinitearticle "a" Egyptianusesthc numeral' u w( ttonett.

$ 3l


s 32

ADJECTIVE d) POSSESSIVE femininc

masculine l.c.

3.m. his

S 33

hcr

t.pt.

our

' . . ,i . , l

tly=k ' 'ir\'l\.

t)y=t

,;v=r ri')i:l

vour

3.f.

lli

nlv'-l<

2.m. v o u r 2.f.

$r-Y,t' tlv=i

nlv.i

mv

nlv=t

li r ..1

tjt'=t

n.it'=.t ,

:,i,

tly=S

common/plural

.li.l ,,1,',r.ri rr.l

nlv=k

ii:"li

tt lv=t

Lili

n |y=t'' \ir r'i I lii)'..s

.I ,

t;\'.ll

nly=tt lit,r;ri ttlv..ilt

2.p1. vour

ply=tn

I iY=111

3.p1. thcir

D ' , \ ' = s t t, ' " . , 1

t lr.-sl

i i . . I t ']

)ii:, l

'i,i\ 11jv=.vt

I il I

(t\S29 32) c) USAGEOI"THE DE'MONSTRATIVES l. Position follolv a. Acljcctivaldcmonstrativcs

noLlll:

nrclv'.t "this day ofjudgncnt" htu,.wJtu','tt.vv'rJC "Thcn shc rcPcatcdfbr hirn

' mrlw,.t/rl this Inattcr-"

adjcctivc prcccde thc noun: pc'rsscssivc b. Thc norrinal dcrnonstrativc,thc afticlc and thc 'r: il | l', 'i rrn ild.u't tr nn llm'wt thcsc ncts to thcsr i 't';''' 1 1 "...and givc worrcn..." ' I andH c k c t :" P k ' a s cg i v c saYsto Isis,NcPhthYs

Rc-Wcscr .t't'.:l l]i I )ji

p) it tr p)y-tn l1r.y-knithc grain to Your Portcr."

2. SingularandPlural occuralmostonly in thc singular' a. Thc adjcctivalclcmonstratives areonly commonlyfbun< b. The plural anddual forms of the acljectivalclcmonstratives plural forms, a nominaldemon in ora bgyptianand in religioustcxts.In placcof thc is used'Thc noun is nonnalll l9) r.y strativefollowcclby the geritivc-adjcctive "of'($ in the plural,sometimcsin thc singular: I ,.l,"* I

\J rfl i.i

nn n.y sr'.w "thescofftcials"

Inlerrogatives

,, b*"1'j']S

.-*::'i h r4tl -N

'' .

ä

*

Xl

''

nwn.ynlr.w

gods,, "these

ß n.y furd.w

"thesechildren"

l7

ß n.ymwn.yp) si "thcsewatersof thislake"

3. Absolute usageof thenominaldemonstratives (i.e.asa noun): '.;"'l\i,..^.1 t ; ' l.h ;T-l-l lym-!1thr-w.wsw3i(.w)($rDhrnn,,Now,aftcrdays hadpassed afterthis(event)..."

-. -- pf and.' 6are usedto refcr to somcthingwith 4. Thc adjcctivaldemonstratives () cithcrrespcctordisdain:)'''".. - h,pf "that(vilc)cncmy"; }J:ti]*fill :) ünw, pf lpsy"thatnoblcResidcncc".

3) INTERROGATIVES (for theirusagcscc$ 148) il \1.

it

I /)

.-. Of i-

iö ^

"\ .. -\\ .'

I. t'

tfN rr

|

,lü

1\

in, in-iw

introducesa qucstion,rcmainsuntranslatcd

l.fs/

"what?"

m

"who,what?"

l.tr m

"why?"

rm

"why, to whatpurposci)"

hr sy ilst

"why?"

mim

"how?"

ptr/Jtti

" w h o , w h a t ? "1 < L ) i .

si

"who, what, which?"

ih

"what?"

tn

"whcrc, whcnce, whcrc to?"

.ll

1 ' 1 . 17 1 1. ' i : i l

$ 34

'ii\

/i

'

. pu,tt')

l\\

r:l' )

v, r''

D) PREPOSITIONS and their nisbe forms Prcpositionspreccdc not only nouns or suffix-pronounsbut also clauscs (likc conjunctions) sincevcrb-formscanbc nominalised, i.c. uscdasnouns.


s 3s

1) SIMPLEPREPOSITIONS

ii

'N .i,

.'j\

i,l

imynu "betwcen" nl

;t i'l\

rl (with suffix-Pronoun fi\ ) with" ';in,out of, through(instrumental)' "lrl ofpredication" introduccsa predicate(Q$43'la): movcmentreplacing/rr bcforeinfinitivcs:with vcrbsof ( $ $8 5 , 8 6 , 9 3 ) as"(S 70'2c) *ltft Aorirt sQm-J:"as,astruly "whcn" ($ 72'2) with (Historic)Pcrfcctsdm4: ti'li irr'Y ($ 23) nishe'. il to" "likc,according as"($ 70'2c) with Aoristsin'l:"as whcn'according "likc" ($ 73) withslr1nt.t-J': dativc/ indircctobicct) of' (inclicatcs "to, for,bccausc "within" tcmPoral: o1'' with infinitivc:"bccausc 72'2):"bccausc" with (Historic)Pcrfcctsdm46 g racsa t " ^ - - - - : . . . i il' ; . . ' t 1 c l f i p 3 y"'b c c a u s c h i s r n i g h t w rti.tht''. rr.Y($ 23) (with suffix-Pronoun ) (a titnc) awayfrom"; tcmporal:"at" "towards'against, with a noun:"conccrning" it' cotnparativc"thc gocllct rnc do with an adjcctivc-vcrb: ' ashc is jj,i,- ,. nri 'l=f r itr nh according l,'fi' 24 c) grcatcrthancvcry god" (sccalso$ purposc'tuturc(rl 85'2) with infinitivc:"in ordcrto"' as'until" (s\70'2c) with AoristsqlntJ: "according "until"($ 73'2) withsqlnt.t'J': nisöe:ii .'' ir'Y ($ 23) audtctnporalclauscs: conditional i introducing

( $ s1 2 7 - 1 3 1 ) .

Prepositions 19

{, \*r

hl

"behind,around"

l*

hn(

with"; "and"($ 20) "togethcr with infinitive:continuespreviousvcrb-form(cf. I 87 2a) ttt' (with suflix-pronounulro . o. .? ; regarding,for" "upon,in, bccause, with infinitive:"while,on" ($ 85)

?

hr

($ 70.2c) with AoristsQm-J:"bccausc" ?. '' lu'.y(g 23) nisbe:

:'' .

br

(alsowith scnscof "carryingsomcthing") "undcr,-with" ni,sbe: '' lr'.y ($ 23)

!r,

c.g.a king),to (a pcrson)" "ncar,with,undcr(tcmporal,

ttfl

with" in fiont of, in accordancc "oppositc, ' ($ 85.2) thc tirnc of with infinitivc:"at "whcn(tcmporal),accordingas"($ 70.2c) with Aoristsglm-J': ''' nirbn,\)" /rfr.y(withdct.!:l or\

riiii

hnt

: "cncrny")(rs23)

local: "in front of, from, alnong" tcntporal: "beforc" nisbe: hnt.y "forcmost" ($ 23)

tp

"))!rool',,' first,chicf''(g 23) is r"rpon, ,n.r"who/which

dr

bccausc" "sincc, "sincc,bccauscol'(5\ 72.2; with (Historic) Pcrfcctsqln=J'. with scln.t-J: "sincc,bclorc, until" ($ 73.2)

2) COMPOUNDPREPOSITIONS 'lr r:ir\-- ,nt-c.ri, "in thc handof, togcthcrwith, frorn,with (in ot), through" thc possession m-hlh "in front o1,in thc prescnceof'

s36


-NN

m-m

\\ G,.1.11t-y.et

m I r I br-hl./ "in front of'

N;,..

m-bt

"behind,after" 72'2)" "after" with (Historic)Perfectsdm4 G with infinitive:"after"

\i\ l)\

m-sl

"behind,after"

r-gs

"bcside"

r "'',,

"among"

of in front of' bft-hr "in thc prcscnce

( -)r r f;!

E) PARTICLES

$ 37

clausc alwaystakc first positionin a l) NON-ENCLITICPARTICLES \n. ll fi );'

lw

thatrnakca statcmcntof fact: in a) ,,it is thc case";introduccsclauscs ($ 44); qO-q+l'in AdvcrbialScntcnccs ComplcxVcrb FonnstSS ncutral"prop"-wordfor a b) scmanticallyandsyntactically (8 46 b) and AdverbialScntcnccs '";;il;ä nronominalsub.;cct ($$ 8G88); i"ii." tt"ta. vcrbalConstruction convcrtcr"($ 46 b)' c) "circumstantial sccalso$ 140a' translatcd); a wish($ 75'l): "oh" (usuallynot introduccs llll' " i^rli''sft)"whilc'as'in thc tncantiuc"; (also.r1,lst;oldcrtoto (8 46 a' 97 b): clauses mainandsubordinatc introduccs

1l'.

ill

ii1L"

is!

,ii

ti

samcmcaningasis1

w,n.t

scc'1'rt) conjunction"bccausc"(1 n v'tt't'

€..u," l:i. ! ,\.rt.

- tfi'K

-o'n, *-,, nn

< particlc(?) m(i) "bchold"1 suffix-pronoun '' "'- nt'tn /m=tn; furtherforms:(r.1ir,if, ; ^--11r,=t,1pl.)"l:i.. Lookl" (S$44 c' 88'2'97 a) mcaning:Prcsentativc"Behold! oflu'($ 47); ncgativeparticlc:ncgativecquivalcnt

Particles 2l

iw + suffix-pronoun,but nn + dependentpronoun($ 27). an objectclausefollowingsomeverbs(e.e.rb "to know"): 1n1o$es () | ... , rh n.tt "know that ...";alsoconiuncti (< n nn). lunction"bccause" to forma conlunction: Oftencombinedwith prepositions

n.tt

Qrntt "since", .,* ., -

T ; t1,'

,f\

V \;

hr n.tt,-* -

n-n.f "because".

! t\ ,.H I t\ ' sQm=f($ 75.1)introducing 0 ftt var. 1 \ ;'.) hwy,t hw'.with Subjunctive wishes"Wouldthat ..." (or lcft untranslatcd).

' ' . : \j )\ ^tt;

'.'\

sdm4 ($ 74.5): ; "so"."thcn";with Future(Prospectivel with SubjunctivesQm-J($ 75.1). (also

2) ENCLITIC PARTICLESalways"lean"(Grk. enklitikos)upona precedingword. 1 r-'. * --* ,',

is

"truly"

wnnt

"indccd,rcally"

-"1,n,* " m

"pray,do"

l' n ):\

Orf

suffix-pronounoriginallyvariablc indicatesemphasis;

hm

indecd" "assuredly,

swt

"but.howcvcr"

grl

"now"

t

truly" "in
\".(

ol

t\y )

1)r' '

'-'l dl

$38

F) NUMERALS

s3e

1) CARDINAL NUMBERS a) WRITINGS: I

oncs(in datesoften

n

tens(in datesoftcn ( )

R T Ä

)

f I

\ \1t /

hundreds thousands

tcn thousands hundrcdthousands millions


b) READING: ' 1'

w'.w

1

2

sn.wY {l ,"'

3

!mt.w'

4

fd.w

5

di.w

,",., .. '\l

100 J./ (fem.) \

6

sis.w

7

s.la.w

1,000br

B

lmn.w

10,000 dh'

9

ps(!.w

l0

ntQ'w

iI

..i

,

'r

'f

tl '\,'ir

100,000hfn 1,000,000hlt 10,000,000Jtr

i \iir I jili

r)

c) USAGE rThenumbcrfollowsitsnoun(cp."$20"),whichisusuallyinthcsingular,lcss thc numbcrsI and2)' licqucntlyin in" plu'al (ncvcrpluralwith (s 24).All othcrnumcralsarcnouns' r Thc numbersI and2 arctrcatcdasacljcctivcs cndingin -/' o Thc numbers3 - l0 alsohavcfbminincforms is irrtroduccdby thc,,n7 of o h,, andl1|t c-analso prccedethc noun, which ($ l 9)' prcdication"(S 43'I a) or thc gcnitivc-adjcctivc $ 40

2) ORDINAL NIJMBERS rp "upon",$ 35)' tp.y (nisheof thc prcposition '"' ' : fd'w-rllr'"fourth"' to "ninth": with cndingnw' ' o "scconcl"

o ,,first,,:i..,

o,,Tcnth,'andhighcrordinalnulnbcrs:withparticip|cmh''Ihatwhichfills'', " 'r" : mh.10 "thatwhichfills tcn" "tcnth"'

$ 4 1 3) DATES '\

rcading:lß't-sp)' r n P . t ,in datcs ,t ,rp.t sp (alternativc

"ycar"'l "day"

duy")' in datesslt . ' t..thrW.W (rc.win thc combination'" rc'w nh "cvcry

Scasons: :rYcY. ( )r ., l'

. , '(") , ,31";

lb.t

"inundation"

Pr.t

"harvest"

Sm.w "dryncss,summer'

Non-verhal Sentences23

Months:

Examplc:] ,,""

tp.y

"first (month)"

lbd 2

"secondmonth"

lbd 3

"thirdmonth"

lbd 4

"fourth rnonth"

t 'ii:',i.',"

rnp.t-spJ9 lhd4 )ft.tsw 19

"Year39, fourthrnonthof thc inundation. dav 19"

G) NON-VBRBAL SENTENCES

Thc predicate of a non-vcrbal scntcncc can bc forrncd by l) an advcrbial phrasc [Advcrbial Scntcncc],2) a nominal phrasc[Norninal Scntcncc],or 3) an acljcctivalphrasc IAd.lcctival Scntcncc]. Thc subject is always norninal, i.c. a noun, an indcpcndcntpronoun or a norninalisccl vcrb form. Non-vcrbalscntcnccsindicatca statc.Thcir tcnsc is non-spccificbut dctcnnincdby thcir contcxt as prcscnt,past or futurc.

r) ADVERBTAL SENTENCES WORD ORDER:subjcct prcdicatc Thc prcdicatc is formcd by an advcrb or its syntactic cquivalcnt, i.c. o prcposition* nominal cxprcssion(noun,suffix-pronounor infinitive) or . Old Pcrfcctivc($ 8l) Advcrbial Scntcnccsarc cithcr independent (main clauses) or emhedded (translatcd as subordinatcclauscs). A furthcr distinction is madc bctwccn simple and extendedAdvcrbial Scntcnces.

$ 42


ADVERBI,ALSENTENCES A) INDEPENDENT $ 43

1. Simpleadverbialmain clauses a. Basicform: noun(+ adjective)+ preposition+ noun ; : At the end of a medicalprescription:= (other)remedyis likc its second(i'e' inferior)'"

gq'd^ll

pfur'tnb't mi sn'wt's "Evcry

'i\\ " sw m hr.r m nh chc.w"He who was crnptvof !; I [ii'\-N.t'. of treasures'" is (now)a lord (i.e.posscssor) possessions namcs: aresentence Most suchsentences ', t"", Nb.t=i-m-nbw "My mistrcss(is) theGoldenOne(i.c.Hathor)." ,'y,t N (Theprepositionm in the lasttwo examplesis the so-called"z of predication"') {*

\af : 'ui Imn(.w)-m-hi./"Amun is at thc forefront'"

ifr$ l:

sn=i-hn\=i)"Mv brothcris with me'"

indepcndentpersonal b. Thc focus is on thc subject,which takesthc form of a markcd pronoun($ 26); infrcqucnt. X\\l-.h'f

m hc'wt"Imyselfwasinjoy'" i ink ds(=i)

Note: "'^'d with Ncgationof suchscntenccs , 'n'rr''it$l:..'

$ 44

-^- in placeof *

($ 37' 47):

mh.t=i"Myheart,itwasnotinmybody'" \\',",fr l.rl.ty-inntf

2. Extendedadverbialmain clauses a. Introducedbyqb iw ($ 37): ( \\ n a $ "

I q'.,- \q Ü

iw wdp.wnh hr ir.r-J "Evcrybutlerwasat his duty'"

by a suffix-pronoun($ 28): A pronominalsubjectis expressed

Adverbial Sentences25

S - = c$lt-'il^ ":1.,.t- iw=i br hs.wtn.t fir nsw"I am./wasunderthe favourof theking (lit. of by the king)." Ornissionof the subjectis possible: "

"t!{l.t'

I iw mi sltrn1r "(lt)wasliketheplanof god."

b. Introducedby the verb wnn "to exist",which specificsthe tenseby convertingthc into a verbalscntence. non-verbalsentence futurc: wnn * subjcct+ adverbialpredicateexpresses *llt'' mastcr."

^$i'!f

i'

'rjl" wnn htk m-s) nb-J "The scrvantwill be bchind his

($ 28): by a suffix-pronoun A pronominalsubjectis cxprcssed *

"

*ti' ( - l\ )Jls:r

of Rc." $, *nn+ ^ bbdn(.y)R'(.w)"FIcwill be in thedisfavour

c. Introduccdby m=k($ 37): l,\\*

/1ll :l i4

ti'.l )i(,-.,rh m4n lps.wthr trt.w ,,Lo,noble(ladics)are (now) on

rafts." ""' "Lo,he who n t = t ni w . t y( i ) b . u ' t im n b c h c . w N"lr^;';', I\*::'\':l of trcasures." hadnothingis (now)a posscssor pcrsonalpronoun($ 27): by a dcpendent A pronominalsubjcctis cxprcssed \\:

i \i'Ft,

,"

\\ : .i.\| : ; t\

^ '"'-

m=kwi r gs=k"Lo, I arnat yoursicle." m=krw cj "t-o,you are(now) here."

b) EMBEDDED ADVERBIAL SENTENCES An Adverbial Sentencecan be embcddcd within or attachcd to a main clause. Here it cxpresses a circumstancc that can bc understood as a temporal, causal or modal subordinate clause.


$ 45

adverbialclauses 1. Simpleembedded asdancers' themsclves "The godssetout,havingdisguiscd them carryingthe I'i..1riil !r lini Khnumwith flnm'w ltn'=sn f i\\l'"\tl--,il* (modal) baggagc". j:l'l;;'tn ,,I spcntthreeclaysalone,'i/ 1i1' mY comPanion"'(modal)

$ 46

r'ji :t

as ib=i m stt'tt\r=imy hcart (alonc)

advcrbialclauscs 2. Extcndcdcmbecldcd a. IntroduccdbY

'' / ,r i'

'' ii ' " Dyn' / srll^ ($ :r) (also ll l"\ ' aftcr

12alsoi.lirl, *,'lt:1 t'tm=J i \,..'.,rLl-*- - /! i,rrir'r''5'. , ,ii,, il,ii. i"i l,r,t=rrot} n'.f !nt'yv''fQ)st i. , ,,Thcy(RcandAmun)smircfbrhirn(KingThutrnosisll)hiscncmics,IlisMojestybeing oiu"tuial adjunctof an Ernphatic tt-r" in hispalace.,,(rnodall .srintrocluc". "'p6urir.o - scc$ 70'l) Construction

- it= ipw ,tr f - ^f i' ll' ' \' ir ' l' ' i.' i., '1 --.....*;;l :' ;,' ' i . ,lili'(Amun) . i i . i : f J'],." ,,(,,,.' is my isk wi m im'y sl=f' "Hc

ltr thronc inksl.t' *,4.r4" n(=i) wrtLn(=i) -ns't'f for mc thatI shouldbc uponhis H" tüt;; fti"on' f fathcr, III's) (Thutmosis advcrbialadjunct "* int.oau".. thc crnphasiscd whiteI wassti, rtt"ü,Ä'.ili;rör"i -sce\ / l'l I Construction ofan E,rnphatic whilc His Majcstywasin thc ;' "' isthnr'Jltr ltls'tRnttt' ,,ycarg, i]11 , , ii.' :t; ," hill countryof Rctenu'"(tcmporal) ntt i'sl tl pn br s't-hr=f l]ll 'lt' -tnrcf King unclcr "l spcnt many ycars chargc'"(tcmporal) *rrir'.7*rl"n tnl, ionawasundcrhis ($ 27): by a depcndcntpersonalpronoun A pronominalsublectis exprcsscd sIn'(i) mhlk4 " (and)I 11" I i)tl';;ii'' " Thc prcviousexamplecontinues: "' washis servant."(modal) I' t" I * i'sls$Dm st'tnswwhile shewas -ittt"",!,1 il ' "l spcntmanyyearsundermy

d;ilil;tttion

(temporal) of King'sDaughter'"

pronominalsubject'i'c' suffix-pronoun): b. Introducedby lw (only with

AdverbialSentences27

" M e n a n d w o m e n r c j o i c, ,et , (causal)

- - 'i, l*: '

"l becamcan officerin placeof my father,i (still) a youth."(tcrnporal)\

i! i*4^nsw(nowthat)heisking." ti:

ti \.

'.i.'i!"' i*=ilz Jri (when)I was

,Yote: In the courseof timc, iw dcvelopsinto a so-called"circumstantial converter"and thcn also introduccsadverbialsubordinate clauscswith noun subjccts.This only occurs rcgularlyin Latc Egyptian,but is alreadyattestedin the llth Dynasry:"lt (thc gazclle) gavcbirthuponit(i.c.onthcrock;.l,i,] ($tr6) nsw, whilc this army of thc king watchcd." hr ln;: C)NEGATIONof ADVERBIALSENTENCES l. Introduccd by ** nn ("it is notthc cascthat",$ 37): -',-

' ' . ii jt .' ' i: ;ii nn slll(w,)4br tp(.r-w)-tl"Thc mcrnoryof hirn is not (will not bc)with thoscwho arcuponcarth." -'..*'-lli1 J , r ) ' '. ? ; t i ' ' i t l r l lr n 4 m - n r . n f r . n , , , H i s n a r n c i s n o tn(owti/lsl h a l l notbc)amongstthc living." A pronorninal subjcct,cxprcsscd by a dcpcndcntpcrsonalpronoun($ 27), followsthc ncgation: ^tll, t 'i)'ll ',t wasnot in thcirmidst.,' \| !i ; nrtu,inr ht.(.:)-ih=str (

i\

"'rtr ; ru ^r(y)m ib=i "lt (thcflight)wasnot in my hcart(rnind)."

- " - *l -i, -^- i; -i.,,, 2. Irrtroduccd by -* i.^." nn wn or n wn.t * ^"-

t ::'

i I )t i;l 'ii

,\)'ift

", ' ,

'

nn wrt hn.tm h.t4' "Thcrewasno grcedin his body."

l/ill l:.., n tt,n.tiwmsin ,,Therewasno lic rhcrcin.,,

$47


b) NDEP

adverbialclauseis alsonegatedby)^ nnt 3. An embedded droppeddown' I "That meansthat his hearthasdescended, place." it (theheart)not beingin its

$ 48

] b -h J' i-

"

sw m s'r'J

2) NOMINAL SENTENCES whosesubjectand predicateareboth formedof nomiare sentences Nominal Sentences are dealtwith which do not have a nominalised Hcre, only sentences nal cxpressions. dealtwith underthe verb form, i.e. a participle,as one of their clements.The latterare ($ I l9-120). in-Construction

Thereare

1. Theit;i

Whereti, indepc-n ny''srr-Se 1st pers 3rdp.-rs:

Therearethrcegroupsof NominalSentences: arc formedby nouns($ 49); a) thoscwhcrebothelcmcntsof the sentencc pronoun($$ 50-52); b) thosewhcrethe first elcmcntis an indcpendent c) thoscformedwith 2w ($$ 53 55)'

$ 49

7 Th.. "-.

Thc sub pcrson:

wlTH TWo NOUNS a) NOMINALSENTENCES Scntcnccnamcs:

ii.1llÄ, I 'Äl sn.r4spd.l"His sisteris Sothis."

jltr - \)

*

Pthlsw=n "Ptahis our commander."

-\ole; Ir

StrcSSL-J ;

Thc- c'lrrJ

Inalienablemattcrs: {*

{| *

i"jb..

Tmn.yrn{ "Ameni is his name'"

Jl - .'N f\. llll

it+.lrbw(?)"HisfatherisAabu'"

Som,--Irn

Thc sn:^

In the so-calledBalancedSentence: Sm.wt7npy "My ways are thc ways of Sm.wt=i -nr'N " $i, -^t N " q;/l Anubis" '.1 ., l\: "Your protectionis the protection l il .- ;" :il. *t.t-t mkl RC(.w) N:1 of Re."

3. \c'!:ir

T h t - ' ir : . . -

Nominal Sentences29

PRONOUN+NOUN/ADJECTIVE:THE /NA-SENTENCE b) INDEPENDENT with unstressedandstressedsubject. Therearetwo $oups of inft-Sentences: subject with an unstressed 1. The in,t-Scntence

$ 50

Wherethe subjcctis not stressed,but merely identified,it only appearsin the form of an pronounfor the lst or 2nd person.In the caseofthe 3rd person,eithcrthe indcpendent ($ 53-55) is used: t''sw-Scntence($ 56) or thepw-Sentence ink(Dtm(.w)"I am Atum." 3rd pcrs.: ,' ' . ,,' \i ', ' \

l \

/

, \ '"1

r NN -*

('Dtm(.w) pw NN pn "ThisNN is Atum-"

i

ink nb ilm.t

of charm." "l am a lord (possessor) "I am quiet."

subjcct with a strcssed 2. Thc inft-Scntcnce

$ 5l

Thc subjcctappearsin thc form of an indcpcndcntpronounin thc lst, 2nd and 3rd pcrson: I

1\

/\

,{!

*

1 )i . .i1i

swt nb=n

"1/eis our lord." "He is thc sonof Osiris."

Note: ln thc cascof thc lst and 2nd pcrson,onc cannotalwaysdistinguishbctweena subjcct.Somctimcsthc contcxtmakcsthis possiblc: andan unstrcsscd strcssed The cloquentpcasantsaysto thc chicf stcwardRcnsi:"Do not spcakfalsehood, ^ll tlr..ti' ntk iwswyou arethcbalancc." I \':.' subjcctis followcdby theencliticparticlcI ir 15:s;' thc strcsscd Somctimes Thc snakcdcclincsthe shipwrcckcdsailor'soffcrsof gifts: "You arenot rich in myrrh, .t'.,)jt'']ll t ' l;'i ;$t ::: i.,i,rink is hkl Pwnr but.lam thc rulcr of Punt." $ 52

3. Ncgationof thc irt-Scntencc ls ncgatcdby -^- ... I Theinft-Scntcnce

n ...ir:

- ^ - . o . , I l l\ \ , !

n i n k i sm ( w ) r " t a m n o t a d e a d o n e . "

\irt i ! . " ' 1 il -- '., l ..))l 'l)'., .ii /

n ink is kli si

"l am notarrogant(lit-:highof back)."

30 Accidenceqnd Svntzx

c) THEpw-SENTENCE Therearetwo typesof pw-Sentences: bi-partiteandtri-partitcpw-Sentences. WORDORDER(in bothcascs):predicate- subjcct. $ 53

l. Thc bi-partitepw-Sentencc The subjcctis a demonstrativc pronoun($$ 29-30),asa rulepw, which is invariablc,and is furtherqualificdby thepredicatc. Thc prcdicatcis fonnedcithcrby a noun(a) or an independent pronoun(b):

I.'' ;-ji' " ff

it=k pw

"lVhc is your fathcr."(a)

. ,. " it.

pfur.t pv,

"lt is a rcmcdy."(a)

dp.t m(u,)t nn

"This is thc tastc of dcath." (a)

ntf'pw,m ntl(.t

"lt is rcally hirn." (b)

inkpv,

"lt is mc." (b)

\ ii"lirr --- J i -'t,'t\t

il *

',,',.,

it' ii

Whcn thc prcdicatc is fonncd by an indircct gcnitivc construction,pw oftcn splits thc tl: gcnitive constructionancl imrnccliatclyfollows thc nonten regens'. l;jit \),t'"" )jl ih.t-i pv, n.w p,'.w it=i "lt is my propcrty of thc housc (cstatc)of rny fathcr." (Hcrc 1fr.ris construcdas a lnasc.plura[- scc I 17.2).

$ 54

pw-Scntcncc: 2. Thc tri-partitc noun pl1,- noun This scntcncc is an cxtcnsionof thc bi-partitcpx,-Scntcncc. Originally,thc sccondnoun stoodin apposition to thc subjcctpN,: 'li t':il i , ll " ,1,pw ns=k "lt is thc plummct(of thc balancc), namclyyourtonguc." But pw,mcrclyscrvcsasthc copulabchvccnthc prcdicatcandthc subjcct:"Your tonguc is thc plurnmct". ': \i' iif dnri pv'inrn.t"Thcwcst(i.c. thcrcahnofthcdcad)isaclwclling." li ,ir il,;jj: li l''rir'" abomination." 'l*i"",, -

l'i' .t

bu,.t=ipw t1m.tntr "Thc cxccutionblock of god is my ''

i');' s1v,!tJ'pv,hntsi.t"sitting is his trcarmcnt."

Adjektivalsatz:4fr sn, 3l

3. Negation:Beidepw-Sätze werdennegiertdurch -- .... ll

ii'',tl,t' ."-iji-"-fl

*

1;'

ti.

S 55

n ... is

pw n.wpr.v,it=in ib.tispw,pr.w :'?,.{1, i!.t.t=i

ItJ.t\'-'.v'"Es ist mein Besitzvom HausemeinesVaters,es ist nicht Besitz(vom) Hause desFürsten." - - t' ',i

' i'^" -- .r'ii i' iil.; I I li. n u,r is pv,v,r im (v,n-ib,,DerGroßeda.der habgierigist,ist kein (wahrhaft)Großer."

l) ADJEKTIVALSATZ (nfr n, - Satz)

S 56

\\ ol{ TSTELLUNG: Prädikat- Subjekt Prädikat:invariables Adjektiv(8 22) bzw. partizip(gg 93-t04) Subjekt:Substantiv(l) oder abhängigespersonalpronomen (g 27, rneist2. oder 3. Person, nur seltenl. Person)(2). ' '

'/\ .i,. l{

.'

.1)

Ä

\ *.

nJi'hrr.t trt

"DieseBIumeistschön."fl)

jrl-'

nfr tu,hnc=i

"Du hastesgut bei mir." (2)

-*' --

olt wird an das PartizipoderAcljektivdie Endun,S", du. "admirativeuy',, angehängt:

-

) i i'r \,' 'it I tijt) j tr,'t'

nfr.v,ysv, :i

"Wie schönist es!" (2)

mQ.u,y su,ib=i "wie starkist cs cloch,mein Flerz!,,(2)

nn,Ste,lle desPartizipskannauchein Fragepronomen (Q34) treten: 1 ,r'

,,i1l-

ptr (i)r-J(lt9),rn,"Wcr ist cr denn?"(2)

4 ) A D J E K T I V A L S A T Z' n i t I

-' nn,-

( v g l . a u c hQ5 9 ) :

4

Ilier stcht .4 Lut("esgibt/gabnicht")an StelledesAdjektivsbzw. partizips. woR'rslELr.tJN(;: Prädikat- Subjekt Die Zeitstufeist abhängigvom Kontext. __i,V{

l,\

)t:

2r) nn m)r.tyv,(t "Gerechtegibt es nicht."

--'1

.-'-"'')i{

'

, , nn dr.u' mnmn.tnb.t "Ein Endevon Vieh aller Art gab ", ",.n,.,, -^r:r \i\" * .* rii-i, -*- .\ " ,).r'::. trtl.tttr ph.ny,fr "Sein Endegibt es nicht."

$ 57

andSYntax 32 Accidence s ss

OFPOSSESSION 5) EXPRESSIONS by is expressed to".Possession doesnothavea verbfor "to haveöelong Egyptian n'y ($ 23): a) theinvariablenisbe-adjective

*T+

n.y'nbwl/.yt

({ t0c)rrliL belongsto wadjet (uto)'"

pronoun($ 27): by a dependent A pronominalsubjectis expressed - \ n.ywi Hr.w "l bclongto Horus'" $ N tl with writing (NB , phonetic the Horus." to Hr.w "Hebclongs n.y sw i ))\,\ andthepronoun') bchveenthc nisbe-adjcctive is influencedby the cioscrelationship rz.s, b) thc prcpositionn ($ 35) (dative): lj'

-l-

.J

"l

'll

t\i':'^f;;

,,, n-Jirp r mw

"To him belongsmorewinc thanwatcr."

iwn=k(nh

"Tovoubclongslif'c'"

il{'\ c ) t h e p r c p o s i t i o n ns+u f f i x - p r o n o u n + i ' ' o '

I'''\

I i^'y'

ll if,,li,ln'!'n " ' n=kim.yhr: "To you bclongssilvcr'"

,l

pronoun(S 27): d) thcnishen.y + indcpcndcnt (n.y+ ink > nnk,thcinitialn'y is not writtcnwith thc othcrpronouns') "*,0

at

' ,,'i .

:

.' ', f t : l: I t,ri .'l, I

llllK p-f

"To me bclongsthc skY."

ntk cnlt

"To you bclongslifc'"

ntk nhh d.t

,,yoursarcctcrnifyandcvcrlastingness."

ol'' + dircctgcnitivc($ l8): c) nb "lord/ posscssor ')

a,'15.

' .,,-ri" I $ s9

,l

!--t. .-L ^,-,,, rtt ^,r + h ^ llord/owncr ^.,]lnrrrnnr n r housc' hnrrqr: " off a nb pr.w "l arnthc ink

FtL.\->:-.

.\ rr':b .: .

6) NON - POSSESSION ($ 57) by AdjcctivalScntcnccs is cxprcssed Non-posscssion l*^ ,n+ "dativc"($ 58b): :*.

' il, . nn n=kst "It clocsnot belongto you'"

nn wtl ib n'y si "Man has no + noun + gcnitivc: --u:"tt-*-)tt or--it--:,^rnr,r,n of a man)'" / undcrstanding hcart (lit.: thcredoesnot existthc undcrstanding

]n thl- a:-.3

clid.'dr:-::

Verb 33

H) THE VERB

TERMINOLOGY: radical.root. stem .\s in the caseof the Scmitic languages,thc meaningof a word is depcndentupon an abstractgrammaticalentity known as thc "root" which compriscsa numbcrof radicals (root consonants). The stcm is fonncd from the root, which can be modified,e.g.by rcduplicationof a radical,by addition of thc causativcprefix s, and (unwrittcn) rowcls.Grammatical cndings(fem.r and pluralw) andothcrelements(seee.g.8$ 68, 76,80) arcappendcd to thc stem. I ) VERB CLASSES Thc formalclassification of a vcrb is depcndent on thrcccritcria: a) TtiE NUMBEROFROOTCONSONANTS

$ 60

Vcrbs arc classificdaccordingto thc numbcrof radicalsin thcir root. Thcy form the fbllowingclasscs(in orderof frequcncy):

3 radicals

'"t i'\i

2 raclicals

I I \i"1 'r -.,.-

4 radicals

sdm

"to hcar"

dd

"to spcak"

wstn

"to stridc"

Thcrcis onevcrb with I raclical'I 1il i "to say" an
i\

\o nhrh^ "to roar".

b) CAUSATTVE .t

$61

A verbis givencausativc lncaningthroughthc additionof thc prefixs:

+l

stmn

"causeto rcmain" (< nr "remain")

Ii* I ()

s*(nh

"causeto live, vivify" (<,nb "to livc")

In the casc ofverbs that have w as their first consonant,this consonantis usually clidcd in lhc causativc: 'it-, - ' I I s + tb "puri&" (

S 62

ROOT c) MODIFIABILITY OF THE havetwo' threeor four radicals' 1. Strongverbsare invariable;they 2.Weakverbsarevariableandonedistinguishesthreegroupsasfollows:

$ 63

(ult' inf') a. Ultimae infirmae verbs w)' The finalradicalis wcak(i' )' or

tcrtiaeinfirmac(lllae inf'):

msi

"to lovc" "to give birth"

r,fw

"to rcjoicc"

msdi

"to hatc"

mri

ni Ä' \\:.y' rhij l'ij| lil - . ,....., \.\ )i' li

quartaeinfirmae(lVae inf'):

m)wy "to be new"

'|{ole..Somevcrbswithiasthcirfinalradicalarcstrong,andthcreforcthcirrootrc1f lJ;'-.-, ll'l' 'it'Itni "to scck"'* ll ll /ni "to age"' tnainsunchanged'e'g' $ 64

(ult' gem') b. Ultimaegeminataeverbs is thc samcasthc pcnultirnateradical: Thcscarc verbswhosclastradical

'-./ ''Jl jiiil:

(llac gcm';:. geminatae sccundac ac (IIIac gcm.): $ 65

, i

' 'A

kbb

"tobccool"

Plrr

"to run"

c. Irregular verbs: Thcscvcrbsbclongtooncofthcabovcclasscsofwcakverbsbut,inccrtainfonls, thcir group: they differ from thc otherverbsin l\\\

iwi

ini A wnn #; ,"1-\x't\ mli all

rdi

"to come" (lllac inf') "to bring" (lllac inf') "to bc" (Ilae gem') "to see" (IIac gcrn') "to give" (lllae inf')

Verb - Imperative 35 Ir VERB GROUPS

S 66

Verbsareclassifiedinto the following groupson the basisof their syntacticproperties: Transitive (trans.)verbs,thoscthat can takea directobject; Intransitive (intrans.)verbs are thosethat do not take a direct object.The verbs of movement("to come", "to go", etc.) and verbsexpressinga quality or adjective-verbs , e.g."to be sweet","to be cool",etc.)belongto thisgroup. \-oice- Active and Passive:All verbscan form the passive,apartfrom the adjective\ L.rbs (seeg$ 76 79). -1)IMPERATIVE

$ 67

a) FORMS Only forms for the 2nd pcrson singular and the plural are attested,no gender is drscemible. sg.

t\'.sdm "hcar!" pl.

\ 'sqlm(.)r);

I , sclm.w "hcar!"

I rr eguIar i mpcrativeforms: r(i:

('\

iwi:

'("lao :' '-

, i '-

,

1

'\,'-

,,givc!,' ) imi

il

,\\rl ,n mi ,,cotnc!,,

Othcrspccialforms: \lr

l) m "takc"followcdby thc rcflcxivcdativca- (seebclow) is regularlywritten with thc bi-litcralsign,-. ..i1, ^ n=k ,,taketo yoursclfl" b) REINFORCING THEIMPERATIVE l. With a dcpcndcnr pronoun(g 27): -A N'(\ .:: '',rr,l)\ t wdl.w tn ,,gol,' 2. By mcansof thc so-callcdreflcxivc dativc (dircctsthc action to the interestof the implicdsubject): ,\ t"n* - l)^\,t'l-r

tlp\

.,,' .'tt, A sll n=khrw.wn.y krs "Remember thc day of burial!"

,

> invariable(i)r=y : ,, q. , 1A:S;, 3. ir + suffix-pronoun '\\1" -,-1"^sdm.wr{1n "Hearyc!" <::

.

\'..1

:'

ij

36 Accidenceand SYntax 4) FINITE VERB FORMS s 6s

THE SUFFIXCONruGATION Elementssuch The subjectfollows the stemor, in somecascs'a grammaticalending' asn($7|),tw($i6)orin,fir,ftJ($80)appearbetwcenthestemandthesubject.A 28' For pronominal,uUj""t'is cxpiesscdby one of thc suffix-pronounsof $ see$ 13' conventions transliteration I. ACTIVEVOICE

$ 69

a. CIRCUMSTANTIAL(PRESENT)süm'JI iri'J Form of the weak stem: IIac gcm.:

IIIac inf.:

kbh

"to bs cool"

' ll ,ll':):^. t t r,

nt)tl

"to scc"

',, .

iri

"to do"

iw,i

"to col-nc"

r(!i

"to givc"

.\i\,t

i\'\ n;l

|::,,

tn

;'i )'i' iwi (regular), but also I | ! iYi (!r

Usage: sQm=fis a vcrbalvcrb fonn' Thc Circurnstantial sQmJ'is only found in non-initialpositionin a l. Normally,the barc Circumstantial clauscs(but secalso $$ 123,126): scntcncc,natnclyin advcrbialsuborclinatc Modalclausc: --ii-y.''

r)pri./Wpi-wl.v,twdl4 iw iri.n=ir$or ($s52)n4 it4 "l conductedthc proccssionof (thc god) Wepwawetas hc gocsforth in r ordcrto protecthis father." Tcmporalclause: ':..1 \\rA.'..ij,:,,'t',0,..,,,irir{ttts)p,.r.*rrfrwn=trtpt)"May}out$7s)spcnda happyday while You areon carth." fSäeätsottrcsecondexampleof PcrfectivesQm'n'J,$ 71'l)' is always 2. When used in a main clausein initial position,the Circumstantialsdmi Prescntative)' ($ 97 m=k I) or Aorist prccededby a particlc, e.g-iw ($ 92 Complex

Verb- Sffix Conjugation 37 b. AORIST sjm-f I irr-J

s70

Form of the weak stem (charactcristic feature:gcminationof the lastradical): IIacgem.:

kbh mli

"tobecool" ' ll jllliä^ mo f\ [\\ ,;;, ,j.l ^l "tosec" ,,,11

IIIaeinf.:

iri

',to

iwi

"to comc"

-n )i.,,a,,t\.,\l' ,r,"

rdi

"togive"

; i, li 11nn

' . o- . , ! " , .

do,,

,r,

Usage: Thc Aorist sdm| I irr-J is a nominal vcrb form. It cxpresscssomcthing that is gcncrallyvalid,or a recurringcvcnt.Thc tcnscrcquircdin a translation is dctcrmincd by thc contcxt.It is foundin initialpositionin a mainclauscandscrvcsasa noun. l. In initial positionin main clauses a. In the ErnphaticConstruction. Hcrc thc focusof intcrcstis not on thc vcrbalaction of themainclausebut rathcron a followingadverbialcxprcssion ($ I 18,122;alsofirst !'xarnplcin { 46). -l'] ., ) A lii I i \'r$ l','il prr=i hsi.kwm ,h ,,r(regurarly)wcnt forth, havingbccn praiscdin thc Palace."-(Thc cmphasiscd advcrbialcxprcssiontakcsthc fonn of thc nrodalclausc hsi.kw($81) rr t&).To indicatcthc crriphasis, this constructioncan bc translatcd as a clcft scntcncc($ I I S): "ThatI uscdto go forthwas havingbccnpraiscd in thc palacc." .,

l_

i

i*

l

N ,.. l:' . r,,('..'r'1 i\/\/r .''rii . (ld tw,h,,s.tn l1)s.tl1r sh n.1,ib=k n=k "That onc forcign land gavc you to (anothcr)forcign land was unclcrthc counsclof !'our own hcart."(Thc modal clauschr sh n.y ih=k n=k is thc crnphasisccl advcrbial cxprcssion.) Notc: - , ro. , , una' for' " asoftcnthc cascin hicratictcxts. b. In theso-callcd Balanccd ($$49, 7 | .ld, 132): Scntcncc *',,. ',,a,,,,) *::-i-.prr=1nrp.tmnr.wt , ' i t .) , ,1i,'''',"1 ,f' ,,*il prr=i hr tp.t lnh.w=tn "(lf) you asccndto thc sky as vulturcs,I ascenduponthe top of yourwings." ,, l ,i.. , :r.. i ,/)

a A

N| -* i

*-.

. l N r\ 1l 'it"$il ,') ii\\ )

thcy givc him praise."

ni sw ntr.w dd=sn n=f i)w "(l\ the gods sce him,


2. In the positionof a noun a. As the objectof anotherverb, i.e. in objectclauses,particularlyafterrh "to know", mll "to see",wd"to command"andmri "to desire/ wish":

i\,\.'"'."1\|*li..

-] ,!.'t..:''i--l ni iw gr.twj.n hm=fprr(=i)r !/s.t tn tps(.t)

-I I

^^

Utten n.'r ^^

UltCfl

\ r-

"Now, his Majestycommandedthat I go forth to this nobleforeignland."

Usage:

($ 56) b. As subjcctof an AdjectivalSentcncc

l Nomin

I\

a. In thc sectlonc

' ffii[l i] rs, ,r?rr=s"Hcr givingbirth is difficult."

e.g.m "aS,in as much aS".mi "aSwhen, likc", r c. Followingccrtainprcpositions, "as", "untiltt,ftr "bccausc", f?y'"when": cvcry pricst,evcry phylarchand cvcry femalephylarchwho "As for evcry wab-priest, ' '", ir'i.\'' -l i i I l- 'i n r n t r r = t tw l p i - w ' ) . w t n t r =ht tnl r willbeinthiscity, tt'l) in as muchas you lovc Wcpwawct,your dcarlybclovcdgod,(somay you nrrw.tß speakan offering praycrfor Inc)." ',,'.,'l t''' 271) ',,, i;,1..'1;;, 1 rr'i, i , ,.t )lll ,,lt was like a drcam,,,,,.1 "l nri mll,rlr(| sccinghirnsclfin E,lcphantinc." iclh.ym lbw ltkea marsh-dwcllcr $ 7l

Ibres.' lNomina, : Verbal.

I iri.n-J PERFIICTsQm.n'J c. (PRESENT) Prcscttts4lm=fthcrcarc two to thc Aorist s/rr=f 1 in'=f'andthc Circumstantial Corrcsponding that s4m.n=yformsoncnorninalandonevcrbal(alsocallccl"Circurrrstantial-.rr.1nt.n=t") (sccPrcfacc). nrorphologically alwaysbe clcarlyclistinguishcd "onnoi Form of thc wcak stem: llac gcm.: Äbb w'lln

"to bc cool"

'. l : t

"to cxist"

-t'-.' ::i:

nt'rl Illac inf.:

iri

"to scc" "to do"

l"'--

":''

_'!

t,,

.-i. -

k h b . n t, k h . n 2 placcof *n'trri.rl) v'n'f't 1ir',

, ): .'

,t

havccor thc

ond <

.rdrr7'[\\ nl nl=s

hcrsclt b. Ina you shc c. Afte Thc di tt ltt-c.t,

"You' d. In ltri.rt= wcnt

i:,

iil

2. Ve

,l

iwi

r4i

"-

, -ti

"to come"

i

"to give"

"t 't--.l *:_l

ii'it

-'

a.Us Vert b.Pr Ina para

Verb- Suffix Conjugation 39

\olq:

\ominal verb form. I Verbal verb form; m)) irregular. Oftennominalverb form; regularlyafter negative* n (seeI 71.3). often verbalverb form (see g 71.2) andin performativestatements (see$ 71.4). L-sage: 1, \ominal verb form a. In the Emphatic construction (cp. $ 70.1)the sQm.n--f standsat thc beginningof a :L'ctionof text or in an indcpendcntscntencc(seealso sccondcxamplcin I 46): . ::: l:l ,fl ,!a.r=,m mtc.t "tn trnthhavcI spokcn." -iji T;lrtillir".".ll. ; "[.r r' iyi.n=i m !1ntlr tlmJ QiJ sip=iit.v,n1r.w,,1 :tl\'c colncfrom thc prcsencc of His Majcsty,hc ordainingthatI inspcctthc fathersof :ltc-gods."(Emphasison thc advcrbialsubordinate clausc;/i=l'Circumstantial Prcscnt .Jrt=l'[$69.l] followcdbysip=iSubjunctivc.relny'[$75]). '!"t.,'. ,i ',." . , i' ,l -.... '\\*^^. i't t'tt=sn(.) Stpt"ln her nomeShetepet(-ll/acti Nutmn) hasyour mothcrNut sprcad r!-rsclfovcr you." (Notcgcminatinglonn of llae gcrn.vcrbp^lJ.) 'i ":, ',rt. " ,,. , "' -"", i1 gnti=k(5ttD ys.tt=f b. In an object clause1uncorr.r-on;, "lf r ou shouldfind thatit (thcstornach) hasknottcd..-". c. Altcr prepositions (c.g.n-1.1t "aftcr",r "until",rri "likc",ffi "according to"): ul t'{.}.^-- (,,r Thc daughtcrof thc nomarchrulccl ,.tii'],,..ri;t,-' ,. hpr.tt s)=s nt ,tl-tt-c.w "until hcr sonhadb"9:,11:aq (lit.: onc strongof arm)." ldult -*1, "You will act in thc altcrlifc.','.1 rni iri.n=ktp t! llkc you did on carth." ' .-,---. .il "^-,it.'' ti,. , ,i,,t,. d. In the BatancedSentcnce:,-"] .-- l ... ,'l)li ii "(10 theywcnt up to thc sky as talcons,I ltri.n=snr p.t m hik.wpri.n=i hr !nh(.wy)=.rrl n c n tu p o n t h c i r w i n g s(.c" p . S $4 9 , 1 0 . 1 bI 1 , 8 ,1 3 2 ) 2. Vcrbal verb form (in vcrbalmainclauscsandsubordinatc clauses): a. Usually,thcslm.n=J'only takcsinitialpositionin a mainclauscaspart of a Complcx Verb Form ($g9la and95.1,butsccalsorS$123,126). b. Paratacticallyin a main clause: In a main clause,which is part of a longcr sectionof text, thc vcrbalsQm.n=fcan paratactically follow a vcrb form at thc hcadof a sectionof text:

40 Accidenceand SYntar

i.FollowingtheComplexVerbFormChC.ns/m.n=f($95.1): SinuherecountswhathedidafterhisvictoryoverthcheroofRetenu:

f

-*ÄW:.1;'

lr--

'il'-'N,1l,r$ * *-'-X,ilo.- 'h'.n ini'n=iif;'t=f htk'n=i

plundcredhis herd'" ^,r-n.r,=t "Then I fetchedhis properfyand ($ 9la): ii. Followingthe ComplexVerb Form iw sQm'n=f

: Lrl}ji"li\: -;it'*. : on thc qb:l'*ilihir- \'l''-l,i[i1]*q1{ "I directedthe work

hlkr n nb=f iw !rp.n=i kl.t m nsm.tmsi'n=i in'w"s iri'n=i thc Haker-fcstivalfor its (of ösiris); I made its ropes,I performed Neshmet_barque lord (Osiris)." stJm=f(g 92 CornplcxAoristI): iii. Followingthc ComplcxVerb Fonn iw(=fl

ii\\;ji'xi**ij li),,,\dh$i. .,$**rl'Ii^;jiT i\ i;\'i"r'i't:"

'!t- '

"I givcwatcrto .iji'ir=i nm 1\![t d i = i $ s z t m w n i h r c l i . nt = i hrv:l.tnhm'n'icwli rcscucdthc robbcd'" thc thirsty,I setthc lostuponthc road'I c. In verbal subordinateclauses: is only uscclwith trunsitive vcrbs' In thc In subordinatcclauscsthc vcrbal sjm.n=f ($ 81)îsutiliscd: caseof intrunsitivevcrbsthc Olcl Pcrfcctivc t' Yii'i'1-^'' lf ;it:L' f it'\'ll"l-Followingthc king'slcttcrSinuhc"ontlnu"r,.I

.;.,illti')s{;ii',r r;]I',q::\-Y,,i',',

;ii spr.nw,Qpnr=ichc.kwmhr('v)-ib

lcttcr rcachcd mc a.sl was standing in lhe di.n(=,itwi tlr b.t=i."This whw.t=i gfli.n,yy=J-n=i (as a mark of t having placed-mysclJ' on nty belty mitlst of, my tribe; it*u, i"u,l to mc in Ernphaticconstructions(thc rcspcctibr thc king).,,Two norninalsclm.n=.t''finlr'0.t"] thc by crnphasiscdvcrbal subordinatc clauscs' sccond n '1-passivc, S 76) arc followcd Thc 5611'n=f' vcrbal a sccond thc is intransitivc, first an old Pcrfcctivc, sincc thc vcrb posnlrcs:stontling in thc rnidst of his tribc' Sinuhc's bctwccn crnphasisis on thc c.rntrart to hirn' prurrrornwhcn the king's lcttcr is rcad

o i'' ivi'n' i]"' l';ji:'--'ü-*]'i) lii " l-' 'ov'' ThccaravanlcaclcrSabni rctchcd having camc' Iri this -t' r hsit(=i)hr-s "Now' r,'ri+':,iii,i\;ii; i,;i ; ni=i)''4 clausc) subordinate of ir'"(i:ni'n=fina temporal t"tuu" for (rnc)a dccrcea p'ui'"'("-'"; 'i;' jllil'1 l l' ' ;":ti; 'l'l *-i1 Ikhemofret: to writes Itt "'"1-i\ Kins Sesostris lkherthis(cntrusted *t..,r=ixu m ikr slr "My Majestyhasdonc ;;.;";;i;i:ö;; saw)you as onc cxccllcntof counsel'" nofrctwith u turtl,'uit., i ,..ognir.a 1rit.' clause) subordinate (ml.n=iin a temporal

Verb - Sffix Conjugation 4l

3. Followingthe negationn^-i n sQm.n=f ("He doesnot/cannot hear"). This is the negativeequivalentof both the CircumstantialPresentsdm4 and the ComplexAorist I iw(-fl sdrz=/($$136a, 142b; seeTable3 - p. 85). 4. In performative statements:In captionsaccompanyingthe rcpresentations of the king with the gods on temple walls, the vcrbal sQm.n=fappearswhcre onc of the persons(king or god) speaksin the lst person: In a sccne wherc Amun hands King Sesostristhe sign of lifc: "words spokcn by :'' ,' I.11. Amun-Re,King of the Gods: :-"j- +:' di.r=(i) n=k ,nb wJs nb r lr.t=k ntr nfr I have(hercwith)givcn you all lifc and dominionto your nose,pcrfect god." E j2

d. (HISTORIC)PERFECTsQm-J/ iri-J Form of the wcak stem: llae gcm.:

,, lt llltlä Ur,ru, khh "tobccoot" ' lliii;, .tL .!\ mll

IIIac inf.:

"to scc"

,,,'l

N .l; (frcqucnt); ,,'

iri

"to do"

to

iw,i

"to cornc"

,rlri\ iwl, ,l i | ^ iri

rdi

"to givc"

-

.;

iri

.

rdi

Usage: Thc (Historic)PcrfcctsQm=J' is an Old Egyptianfonn which is occasionally uscdin Middlc Egyptianasa pasttcnscfonr in rnainclauscs: ' ,il):j'. .-.- "' 'i';tnt In a biographical tcxt of thc Midillc Kingdom: ,i iji rirctiw,i fim=J'rsI n.y tnt! "His Majcstyappointcdrncscribcof thecadastcr." Thc PcrfcctsgJm=fis rnainlyuscdin spccificconstructions: l. Aftcr theNcgativc-o'-n,in thc ncgativccquivalcntof thc Pcrfcctsqlm.n=l: n s(m=J'"hc did not hcar"($ 138). 2. Aftcr ccrtainprcpositions, c.g.qlr"siltcc",nbht "aftcr",r? "when"andn "bccausc: fi..'"i. ,\: .,t* "* Qrgrg.twßr,,tl p,t,,since thislandwasfoundccl.', Thc priestwill bring offcringsj\i',;.. A ./\ ^-11tpri-f "aftcr hc has gone forth (andhasperformcdthe ritualsin thc tcrnples)." i-:i: -' - ti''' ' m wn=f tp rj when hc was upon earth.,' "I was a priest with my turh". ir\


S 73

e. The Form s{m.t-f

L sagt

Form of the weak stem:

T:: F

IIae gcm.:

IIIac inf.:

wnn

ttto

mli

"to seett

it'i

"to do"

iwi

"to comc"

rdi

"to give"

,..,a1 5;i! / \ fr,'iJ.

bgtt

',o'.

f'^'''

Wn.t

*

t. \o

mln.t

),;\ , .

rt)- -

i..

,f

a.I:':'

iri.t

...

ri A, ) I A iyi .t '" ' ,,.'"rQi.l, i)'' ,!i.,

Usage: Thc sQm.t=fis used in only a limited numbcr of constructions: -o - n, to cxprcssan action that has not yet occurrcd: l. Following the ncgative n slm.t=l' "hc has not yct hcard / bclbrc hc hcard"' { } . ; . . .- ^ - l l

]

,

b c f b r ct h c ! 1 p r . r t = .k. . n f i p r . t r r r r ' . r l , " Y o uc a t n ci n t o b c i n g . . -

b. I: >tu

Tlc ' T rr,f

godscamcinto bcing.'' r "until"and/r' "sincc,until": 2. Aftcr thcprcpositions '.^"' 'il

l

il'''','''

r'

"-

"Atorchislitfbryouinthcnight, lnh.t=k until thc sun shincson your brcast."

I"

r v'bn.t Iw hr

'ii '''l'' 'l:'r"lwasinthislanclunclcrhis(thcking's)commancl' nrnitp r.wy4(9 until clcathcarncto passuponhis anns(i.c. hc dicd)'"

tlrftpr't

r r' .(

',,

r'\ p i'

l. \'' a. I:r t t -lJ

$ 74

sQm(.ylw)41iri('ylw)--l l. FUTURE(PROSPECTTvE)

ri ill

Form of thc wcak stem: khh

ro ri:

"to bc"

lt, 11ll

b.F

ml',

"to scc"

rtrli

Th.'

iri

"to do"

iri, iri.y

thc ,

iwi

"to colnc"

rdi

"to givc"

v,nil

lllac inf.:

-ii l)

,,, -. i , .. 1 "r 'ii' -"i"'

il'ti

Th

rdt

c. ir

ltdi.w' "travcl downstrcant" thc cnding w i s noun, is a subjcct thc Whcn writtcn. not cndings arc oftcn Note: bcfiveen thc distinction thc timc of course thc y. In somctimcs found in place of lost. Future and Subjunctive s4m=f (5 75) was tJrti

rThc

Fcrll d. I

Verb- Sffix Conjugation 43

Usage: The Future(Prospective)sQm-fis usedboth as a nominal and a verbal form. A morphologicaldistinctionbetwecnthe two hasnot beenidentified. 1. Nominal verb form a.In thc EmphaticConstruction (seealso$$ 70.1a,7l.l): ll-"i\qq*'-'i eat(lit.: swallow)?"

'.'-\i

i l ! ' " " ' s c m J . k i r =mf i s s t " v [ / h a t , t h c n , w i l l y o u

'- ' i\ }.fjl NN i\ ill " - Y "l , . s(m.wNN nt h(n\k.rtt.t bct.t dtr.r,,Beer oJ'redbarley willNN drink (lit. swallow)." b. In an objcctclausc,scrvingas thc objcctof ccrtainvcrbs,c.g.r'lz"to know",nrli "to scc",ltrd"to command",mri "to dcsirc/wish", .sfii"remcmber": T h c k i n g s a y s o tf h e g o c l,:, t * - ' . t ' , . t l l i - - - ' ' r ! . n = l ' ! t , p = i1 1 = f ' s" tH c k n o w s t h a t I will governit (theland)for him." ^--l.,.tir,-... 702c) \t;\1 1iil;- ... I i l;,:.1iil:--ril,i m n .t.=tr(\ ... sttd.w=trt mlc=tnn hm.wt=tn"in as rnuchasyou wish . . . thatyou will tcll your wivcsaboutyour cxpcdition..." 2. Verbal verb form a. [n mainclauscs i ,i\,/,. :, j;ilr,{ Maat(usticc)will takc its placc,clisorclcr havingbccncastout; 'i', '..' ''it-i'.-.--..., ;11 .,'r'I --,..,tr,.y gnttt.t(y)--fy($r12) N,rur./(y)-jy ht lnts n.tw"hc who (it) will scc andwho will bc in thc cntourage of thc king will rcjoicc." " '--.-., i',t sQcl=i ,i lrj)ii'-(,.h!.w=kn iti.y "rwilt rccountyour (clivinc)powcr to thc sovcrcign." particlef ; ($ 37): b. Followingthc non-cnclitic Thc king would likc to sailovcr a canalbut is unablcto do so bccause thercis no watcr in 75'zt thc canal.Thc rnagicianDjcdi thcn says: ijN .. . )jl i,i ^.:.-k) rqli=iltpr mw ß "ThcnI will lct watcrcorncinto bcing." c. In final or consccutivc purposcor conscqucncc: clauscs, cxprcssing '" ' Followingan impcrative: '."'l i;i i;:.,, ,, iri nrll-k"Act, andyou willscc." (8{ l19-120). d.ln thc ir-Construction

44 Accidenceand SYntcLY This + e. In the old EgyptiannegativeFuturen sQm(.w).fI iri'y=f I iri.w noun subject' in mainly appears which (ö c), is thc equivaf.nilf tne MiAdte Egyptiannn sQm=f 142 archaisingtexts,e.g.the Coffin Texts. f. Followingtheparliclcl' $ 75

($ l3l'l)' "' in fulfillableconditions

g. SUBJUNC'trYEsQm'fI iri(.y)=f

I

Form of the weak stem: IIae gem.:

,ili-:

kbh

"to bc cool"

i)

wnn

"to bc"

! :, ,, \.. 'rA ''i,'l!

Illac inf.;

mjj

"to scc"

iri

"to do"

ti:

iwi

"to corttc"

itti

"to bring"

rdi

"to givc"

-n )i ?,* . ,' I I

wn *

. lilij 'i

kh

I

, !, . i \

m l n , , ; : . .ä \ n i iri .y, t' iri iwt int di

I oftcnnot writtcn.In thc courscof timc,thc distinctionbctwccnthc Note: Enclings 74) andthc Subjunctivcs/nr=/waslost' FuturcsQm=.|'($ Usage: l. In wishes,with or withoutan introductoryparticlc: a. withouta particlc: ." ,l'].--;. ',' . ,.1!. , , :* ji,1"*r'1;ii' ' iri.y n=k Hr.y-!i=f nh Nn-nswih=k fulfil 1bryou your wish!" "May Hcrishcf,thc Lor
Verb- PassiveForms 45 f\ I Il I -- -n { it I l,*-. d i = k i w t ( h c . wp=wi y n s h i . t r int)! "May you let this my lifetimereachthe achievingof veneration."

._ \

'i .1* .,- ". { )

'..-

. l i i i I . - r , l i |f , :-l i m i h s i . y 4 h b i ."yL4e t h i m s i n g a n d d a n c e . " -^"-. ''\ 1,ll'. t .'., lii 4rt.n4l ti hn?-i,Hc saidhewouldfightwithme.,,(sec

rlso $ 124example2) purposcor conscqucncc: clauses, expressing 3. In final or consccutive ')

$' /'tth ,;i,, i!1 iwt tt=i rmt.w tltr.w mt=snwi "May ii'l I I ;,, 1'i):;' rncnandgodscomcto rnc so thatthcy tnaysccmcl" '-. --" 1:11' {l !l 'tll iyi.n=inttn=iwsir cnh=iy-srL' "t havccomc,rhat , " tll,]l I rnaysccOsirisandlivc at his sidc." -1.In thc ncgativccquivalcntof thc CornplcxFuturciwJ r sc-ln($ 9a): nn s4m4' "hc rvill nothcar"(lit.:"thathc will hcardocsnot cxist",scc$ 142c). 5. In thc ncgativevcrb fonn n-spscln-J"it did not occur,thathc hcard"($ la2 a). 6. Followingthc particlcif

({ l3l.l ). il in fulfillablcconclitions

2. PASSIVEVOICE a. fw-PASSIVE(with the passiveelemcnt ; ,

tw)

is usuallyformcdthroughaffixing thc passivc Thc passiveof thc suffix-conjugation clcmcnt,r$,', rr, (rclatcdto thc indcfinitcpronoun/lv "one",{ 27) to thc stemor to a " suchas,for examplc,thetenseclcrncntn: modifyingelcmcnt, -r,

-', (or

' '' , iii\,,)'i

)

sdm.na,=k

"you arc hcard"

sQm.nrw,=k

"you werc hcard", etc

to thatof thc activeforms,e.g.: corrcsponds Usage:The usagcof thc rw-Passive ($ 70.1): AoristsQm.tw-Jin thc EmphaticConstruction '' !'f ü\| ",,î':,'\.' Rc whenhe rises."

ji

n

'. ''

mi Rc.wwbn4 "He (thc king) is secnlikc clgg.rw-J

$ 76


PresentPerfectsSm.ntw'Jin the EmphaticConstruction($ 7l'l): 'd"'N" S iri.nr(w)-Jr hwi.t s1.tyw"Thathe (theking) was made ) m -', [] i: "'-',.,ofor''u) i s i n o r d e r t o s m i t e t h e A s i a t i c s . " ( r * i n f i n i t i v3e5$, 8$5 . 2 ; Y d f o t T i , SpecialPassiveForms: S 77

I iri(.wlv)'f sQm(.wly)-J PASSIVE b. PERFECTIVE \lr

Thc }|-cnding occasionallyappearswith both weak and strongverbs;with weak vcrbs onealsofindsthc endingi!. However,asa rule,no endingis written. Form of the weak stem: ,,todo,,: iri lllac inf.: rdi

"to givc":

,,,.iJil iri.y )i. iri.w, tit rq!i.w,; ill rdi'y a t rQi, : , ,t). iri ,

,,r.

Usage: The perfcctive Passivcsdm(.wly)4 appearsprcdominantlyin advcrbial subordinate clauseswith a nominalsubjcct;with a pronominalsubjectthe Old Pcrfcctivc($ Bl) is uscd. Howcver,it also occursin main clauscsaftcr particlcsand in thc Emphatic Construction. In mainclauscs:

T;r:jf\i - lirt::' " )lr iii *- i"ll. , ", l'l;'ri

wd(w) :1. -m=k

pi r)-pr.w n.y )hL.v,rdi(.w)n=k hmw.wr n.t-''w=f "Bchold,it hasbcen sw(b=k(\743) thatyou rcstorc(lit.: purify) this templeof Abydos.Craftsmcnhavebcen commandccl (lit.: given)to you to organiseit." assigncd Thc following scntencccontainsthrcc examplcsof this form: thc first occursin an clauscs: two in subordinate in a mainclausc,thc follo'rving EmphaticConstruction

iitllrl ii**ii-,)r|,.,,,',,'ir*\\Llilil ]lil"-l^*il-*i'1 -[1.Lri'i,illl:'; ;ilij,\[',Vl cl n=snwch.lt smn! p)'wt=snm s! ,di.y rrt.*i(=i) m hw.t-nyrm lms(.w) n(.y) nlr smn "(My) statueswcre placcd in thc templein thc following of the grcat god, offerings havingbeenestablishcdfor them,their offeringbreadhavingbcenfixcd in writing."

fhqq$t'\\1 i, *

(3 ( | * l\: ,'r'),,ri.y=i "r I n(.t)s) RC.w'tmn.w-m'ht't m lti.t-sp

was born in ycar I of the Sonof Re, Amcnemhet."(Emphaticconstruction)

Verb - PassiveForms 47

In subordinateclauses:

".]

* (; \\ *'='-

l.)^l1) -- l'i,l\ H *,,*\ *- $ $' .: N Y.i-.1 ti) i;\ b $ S.<$ n=frni)w.trJ'n.thw.t" ' ri-1'-" il.liä I *- -" imi!1sf.rw

nlr m sl n sl iwc n iwc pt!t(.w; t$st)7,t tl nhm.w'k.w=f df wcb.w=f"Let that temple office be takenfrom him from sonto son andheir to heir, they (the heirs)bcing castto thc ground (i.c. deprivedof their offices),his incomeand thc title deed of his meatofferinghavingbeenconfiscated." .\ote: l. The Old Perfective($ 8l) is usedwhercthe subjectis pronominal. "by" (cp. ö 79, last it is introduccdby il2. lfthe logical subjcctis expresscd, cxample).

$ 78

c. PASSIVEsim.r=f I iri.yt=J' Form of the weak stcm: Illac inf.:

iri

"to do"

msi

"to bcar"

,.,ll,. ifiilil ",il

iri.yt

'; ,rsi.yr(alsof,nl

Usage: This fonn is thc passivccquivalentof thc fonn sQm.t=J'(S 73). Thc following scntcncc containsan cxample of each:

ii -

-^-li , , I -^-fill]11..!1,1

rmte)rtftpr.tntr.w,,you n msi.yt !1pr.n=k

cameinto bcingbeforchumankindwasborn,beforcthc godscamcinto bcing." S 79

simm=fl iri.w-J d. FUTUREPASSIVE ($ 76). This is an Old Egyptianform. It is largclyrcplacedby formsof thc rw-Passivc rcligious or archaising in archaic found almost cxclusivcly In Middle Egyptianit is tcxs, in particularthc Coffin Tcxts. It is charactcriscdby thc geminationof the last the fonniri.w=J'isfoundwith both radicalof thc strongvcrbs(exceptfor causatives); wcak andcausativcvcrbs.

i

'^'

\)'"'/l ,]il:ir.w**"fii*''l

pnhrmsf;n.r"o(you)silent ll r,.., ippNN

oncs! This NN will bc examinedupon the birthing stool." j

:s Ai

,.r\ - !'.

o )

"Its (thc office's) income will be given to him." .1,' rdi(.w) 11=J'ck.w=s


Th

-"- rl: Negationwith

*ii,il-^_l\ T\ ]\, uifii* i\l''_i},'' n bf,=iin swn *^_.:, : :Xi,rf

Th fL-3

Jmm=iin lkr.w "I will not be graspedby Shu,I will not be graspedby the earth-gods."

s/m'!r{, sdm'kt4 TENSESsy'm.inJ, S S0 3. THECONTINGENT Form:

n

Thc clemcnt\*

() i4,

': 7rr',s1

i'\

Ä

kl appearsbctwccnstcmand subject.

Usage: is conditionalon Thc activitycxpresscd Thcscverbformsonly appcarin mainclauscs. a prcviousaction. a. CONTINGENTPERFECTsdm.in4"Now/thcnhc hcard"'" Oftcn foundin narrativctcxts: The cloqucntpcasantwasbcatcnandbcganto cry loudly:

'ir lr l,l tltt.inNntr.y-nftt pnm k)ifirw-k ,l ii1*-.$i:4)!i'*. \lr.,,tt:r.'il,'l'll.'ri'ir'

said:'Do not raiscyour voicc,peasant!"' sfi./y"ThcnthisNcrnty-nakht

saysto thc pcasant:"Watchout, pcasant,lcst you trcadon rny clothingl Ncrnty-nakht

, 1ii*--ilili.l;ii*.,,

r{te) iii;iilii ,, liil' " etd.in 16"n hsi.r=r'(5 ptt it'i.y=i s!1.ry

said:'[ will do whatyou will praisc!"' thispcasant

that thc lcctor pricst Djcdi bc broughtto him and thcn hc King Khufu corntnands i i - . ' . | , : - , i i i i f l y l s t l . i t l t w ' n = f ' D"cTt h i cn h i r n s c l f g o c s i n t o r h c a u d i c n c c c h a mob e r : (rr'r-Passivc) ..." Djcdi wasushcrcdin to hirn

l)t: I rl : thc thc Th

"Thcnhc hcars"'" b. CONTINCENTAORIST scJm.!1r-J Thc pcrson for whom a particularritual is performed:"hc is powcrful amongstthe ..!l-',jjli]ti\* wnn.!1r-Jmi,ytcim=snthenheislikconcofthcm." go,lr,,..=.().--'

"ls sel

by ) sQm.lrJ oftcnfbllowsa conditionalclauscintroduced

1] 'l)',,]db' chokes."

ir' ($ I 3 I ):

äf 1iii ,'L ;,. swi-Jmw stp.br=l'"If he drinkswater,thenhe

Verb- ConlinpentTenses 49

The construction!1r-JsQmy'hasthe samemeaning: The deceasedhas successfullypassedonc of the gatesof thc netherworld:"Thcn he rcachesanothergate. He finds the two sistersstandingthere.

I

().il*._ jit t,lil -, _-\,. . l * : ll*: ,. . , , , lt_ . , , , , * , \ * ^ - - l l *

dd.hr=snn=f mi sn=n tw hr=sn !c=stt Ir.t hnc sp.ty n.t ltm rn.w=sn Thcn they say to him, 'comc, that wc may kiss you!' Then thcy cut off thc nose and lips of him who docs not know their names."

c . C O N T I N G E N TF U T U R E s Q m . k ) = l ' " T h ch n e w i l l / s h o u l dh c a r . . . " (cxprcsscsconscquencc): In a tornb inscription thc visitors to thc tornb arc callcd on to ntakc an offcring to thc tornb owncr frorn what thcy mav havc with thcrn:

'ii, "lt' you havc nothing with you, I l-!ilr ---- . s h o u l sd a y . . . "

..." dd.kl=tn nt rl=ttt

thcn you

Thc dcccased says:"lfyou do not Ict mc cscapc froln nry cncrnics.

. . / \ .; [ , , r i i l { - , . ,, : ; i i i;t ^. ;),lriiili.,,ii *.i

,. -. )

it=

.l

-l,i-,-

ii.\. ir..:l) v

_

l\\\

pri .B HCpyr p.t cnh=f'mnt)..t hli.k) (i)r=f'RC.w r ntw'n!=f m rm.w thcn Hapy will go forth to thc sky, that hc may livc off Maat, thcn Rc will dcsccndto thc watcr, that hc may livc ofTfish." Thc construcliors l1l=JscJm=fIk) s{m=f havc thc samc rncaning: 'i"',lrt ' ' i;l:t,,' : "May you clo as l say. ]' kl htp Mlc.t r s.t=s Thcn

Maatwill rcstin hcrplacc." i /, '['l]!--* -"-' i,^.i. ,, "ls it a Nubian? kl iri-n mk.t=rt Thcn wc will protcct our' sclvcs."(' \\:jil ro,' " lil., $ 3 7 ) .

50 Accidenceand SYntax (rtcrtvr volcE) oF THEWEAKVERBS ovoRvtEw oF FORMS SrBir'rs

of the verb lbrms (active voice) TnBLB I - Weak vcrb: stems Notes I Nonrinalvcrb 1iln.u(s\7l ' l )' 2 Vcrbalvcrb lomr ($ 7l '2)' -N'cndingwith a tlounsubjcct' t So,',.tc Illac inf-.vcrbshavea a rr ($5s7l 3; 138)' t oftc't notniualu.,u ru''t.,-''Ä'i t ' I j; rcgja'ly lirllowsncgation (s 7l'4) pcrformativcstatcmcuts , oft",.,vcrbarvcrb r,,,r,"'"i-'',cii t(u r.äl .ni tbrm oi','eiiin

Old Perfective 51

5) oLD PERTECTIVE(alsocalled"Stative","Qualitative"or "pseudo-participlc") Forms and rvritingsof the endings: Forms sg. l.c.

.Äw(olderform .fti)

2.c.

.tt

3.m.

.ll'

3.f.

.ri

pl. 1.c.

(oftcn not writtcn;

' , ir

.Wt!"17

2.c.

.tu'ny

3.m./c.

.w (sornctirncs.y)

du. 2.c.

Writinss

(both rarclv attcstcd)

.fii'ny

3.m.

.11y

3.f.

.ty

i

lYote: Thc cndings ir', i' and (for rl) arc writtcn bcforc thc dctcnninativc,thc othcrs aftcr. Thc cnding cannot bc scparatcdfrorn thc vcrb stcrn by any othcr clcrncnt.Thcrc is also a rarcly-uscdcncling i 1ri; for thc 3rclpcrsonpl. fcm. Form of the weak stem:

llac gcrn.:

"to bc cool"

kb.ri

IIIacinl-.:

"to dcsccnd"

h ti.kw,

lrrcgular:

"to do"

iri.ku,

"to comg"

iu,i.ti iyi ku'

"to give"

rqli.kw di.kw

$81


Usage: a statc)' perfecttense,partlyasa Stative(expressing l. Theold Perfectiveis partlyusedasa 2. TransitiveVcrbs: vcrbsusuallyhaspassiuemcaning: o In Middle Egyptianthc old Perfcctiveof transitivc Intheinstructionstothevizicramcsscngcrisclirectedtointroducchismessage ''^*'iii:::-iii hlh.kv'm ttpw, n('t) sr ntn "I have rLl as follows: rl' "\ \\'r,',rr of thc officialso-and-so'" bcensentwith a message oActiveusagcwithtransitivcvcrbsisrarc,onlyl.fi''tolcarn/know''isrcgularly t' 't-n1O1; "l r!1'ku'ilt=sn i.rr('w')t\qe) "ti ']'!"'l '- ." l'". uscdin this way: r: carth'" onc who docsit on kncw thatit (usticc) is bcncficialfor thc Usagc: 3. IndePcndcnt I n a t n a i n c l a u s c t h c o l c l P c r f - c c t i v c i s u s c c l i n d c p c nusagc c l c n in t l ywhich ' i ' c . w thc i t h oOld utaprcccding Old llgyptian particlc,only in thc l'st pcrson'This.isân Pcrl-cct: i'crfcctivefunctionsasan acliveHistoric (s7s2) n('v') l.tu'n'w g!)nr.w ,,il-,,,\., i\.,,i;1,,;1i,-- i :.,'r...,:''l')ill' rc.li.kiin'r ,il, .1,. conlc"'" nfi.w "Icauscclthata troopof youngmcn 'l q/r/A'iI saicl"'" with rnc' t confcrrcd rulcr "This rccounts: Sinuhc in a conplcx vcrb Fonn(g$ 91c,95'2)' it only appcars othcrwisc,in maincrauscs clauscs: 4. In subordinatc clattscs' Thc Old Pcrfoctivcis rnainlyuscdin subordinatc ' '"'' ''; ';ii iri'rvi hnt''w3 wci'kw"I l'' Thc shipwrc.f.".r,uifo""to'"'''..-;i spcntthrecclays,I bcingalonc'"(Stativc) thc d'av will bc mlclc 13r "'.0":t"],' l: Sinuhcis tolcl:"A funcraryproccssion Y?' -".1 'il ' l ' ' th t ' k 4 t ' t \ t ) i n n c rc o f f i no l ' g e t c (l .i t s )h c a do f l a p i s l a z u l i . (Stativc) thc bicr." uuou"y,,u,yo,, hauingbccnplaccdon m mstp.tthcsky/ncavcn do thc likc thc readcrsof his biograpliy:"May yo.u9bt:y" 1ly*9,lolitics, Incni adclrcsscs '"t'l'" .*'i'i cn!t=1n tp ti w)h ' )j''l i'"ll ill-i' thcrcof;(it) will bc bencficialfor you, ;. '" (Stative) you beingprosperous" wQllwnyyourlit-ewill endureon carth'

Inlrnutve )5

-1i

-

.,\

--

ll l

\ -Yf I F ,', I .. gmi.n=isw r!(.w) s/ "I found him, he alreadyknowing it." Stative) 5. As an advcrbialpredicatein the Pscudo-verbal Construction($$ 8G88). 6. In wishes: .n the2nd and3rd pcrsonthe Old Perfcctivccanbe usedto cxprcssa wish: 'it ' , - i''.;-

ill

)'tI iyi.ti n =l "You are come to me", i.e. "Welcome!"

-ii ) f ln the sct phrasc .11,'nb( w) wdl( w) snh(.w) "May hc livc, prosperandbc healthy!"

F.',,.r.:f w8t.ri snb.ti l,i ltll cn!1.ti

$82

")INFINITIVE Forms: \\'ithout ending: 't')\

sdm

.;'

IIac gem.:

khb

,f jl I liiä

2-radicalr:

nn

3-radical:

,,tobc cool,, "to rcmain"

4-radical:

w,sttl

causative 3-radical:

{nb

I

"to hcar"

tl'I

"-* ^ l.!t.r,

"to stricle" "to vivify"

Exccption: Thc2-radical vcrb ljrr i,)\ /j .fill "to go" hasthc /-ending:.fn./

r-ending: causativc2-radical

smn.l

'

"to makc [irm"

t-endingor (infrequenQwithout ending: )r', -ar

lIIae inf.: hli.t bdi

,i) -,'L

"to fall" (l-endingprcdorninant) (also/rty tr,[.)\"to "to traveldownstrcam" seek"and tri --îl,lil ",o becomeold")

lVae inf.:

m)wy

):

hmsi.t ii

[\Lt

vt

"to bc ncw" "to sit"


Irregular: "to do" "to givc" "to comc" "to bring,fctch" T h c i n f ' r n i t i v c i s a n o m i n a l f o r m o f t h c v c r b a n d a s s u c h i t S h a r c s t nto a n cxprcss yofthccharaccan bc l"ll:.*"9 !1,.,1.^t:lttx-pronoun tcristics of nouns' c'g' it posscssion($28.1),itianfonnpartofadircctgcnitivcconstruction(sl8)andcan i..u" u. thc objcctofccrtainvcrbs' OFTHE,INFINITIVI] AND OBJECT A) SUBJECT $ 83

l. Subjcct ''; a. introduccdbY '- ... irl "bY": ,:,r1l,i;,,'.i;"it*--ir',,tr.v/i.rs)!r.w,inttr.r--ttlh(.t)"Rccitingoftransfigurationsby thc lcctorPricst'" b.lfthcsubjcctispronominal'aninclcpcndcntpcrsonalpronounisuscd(S26): ' t'rm-kl4'""' togcthcrwith thcir ,.,.r :lrll- ... l.ttfpri't iltsttnt-sl i - . -,,it-, goingforth bchindhis ka-pricst'" ,.rli1i' "throughhis saying nr tltl st nrf r-y,s.it'.y-.r.{nr u,iii;i! jt,l l ii , -t,.. ij pronounobjcct) ('rrclcpcnclcnt it in thc p'"'"*t of thc official" cithcr as a suffixthc subjcctsomctilncsappcars inlransilivevcrbs, of casc thc ln c. ' tp.t "at his first going fbrth" .-. \r' I , ,-A'i',') , m pri.t=.f pronoun: rl' ' m pt'i't'T'fl "llt thc going ' -"' ^"^" " '-' ' ' constructton: or as a nounin a clircctgcnitivc forth of thc sem-Pricst'" d.Witlrtrqnsitivevcrbs,thcclircctgcnitivcconstructionisonlypossiblcifboth subjcctandobjcctarccxPrcsscd: Subjcctandobjcctbothnouns: ,t,.,-\'

the two lands'" rdi.t Mn!'w /3'wy "Month'sgiving

Inltnrlwe )5

.. subjectand object arc both pronouns,the subjectappearsas a suffix-pronoun,the rtcct asa dependent personalpronoun: ti 'i ,\i .rQi.t4 sv,r it-.yp(.t hlt.y-(.w,,,Hisappointinghirn as princc ,::dCount." l, Objcct $ 84 -:lc infinitivcis a nominalfonn of thc vcrb, thcreforcthe objcctof thc verbalcontcnt :'a transitivcvcrb is attachcdto thc infinitivcas a gcnitivc;if thc objcct is pror,rninal, it usuallyappcarsas a suffix-pronoun: |');D iyi.n=ihr tnrs=f ;.r r )i;'l . carncfollowinghirn." :.'.tcption:thc dependcnt pcrsonalpronoun ,' .r/ (S 27) standsfor thc ncutral',it" or ' ..' 3rd pcrsonplural. --'ssficqucntly,if thc sub.jcct fbllowsthc infinitivcasa noun,an indcpcndcnt personal i'r'trlloul-l or a suffix-pronoun, thc objcct can takc thc fonn of a noun or clcpcndcnt pronoun(sccabovc$ 83 d). :--'rsonal ',( )RDotlDER:suffix-pronoun, dcpcnclcnt pronoun,inclcpcndcnt pronoun,noun({ I l7) , USACEOFTFIEINFINITIVE

$ g5

l..\s thc ob-jcct of ccrtainvcrbs,sucha" llrl "to colrlnand,,, r/i ,,tocausc,,, ntl),,,to --'.-".ru'l "to wish",.fi "dctcrrninc, cornr.nand". ($72) llii- .ili,' ^l-. w,Qhnt-J schcw,clptt "His Majcsty cornrnandcd thc -:r'ctionof thisinscription." -

l. Followingprcpositions, c.g.: + inf.:Cornplcx AoristII accompanying circurnstancc, "whilc",{ 93 -l inf.: Progrcssivc with vcrbsof movcmcntin placc nt of hr + infinitivc f inf.: purposc,futurc r -l-inl.: "at thc tirnco1,whcn" ü.li nr-ht + inf.: "aftcr" ,^-1.Following-.-". nn "without"(ö{ 136c,l43b) llr

J. In rccordsof cxpcditionsandmilitarycampaigns in "tclcgraphstylc"to sct thc scencof .rncvent(sccalsocxamplc2 in ö 138):

,5,i:,1t.jtl^ i

'il-. \ esty: I\ i;:*- i * " l."1^\\': ! . ' r I ) , q . . : . [ ' o , . ? ] < t t i ' ^ - ^t lili i i


il,ir,.''il.,,*t.#-

',*I\-

tr\ r'L:.'-,-*-.,+-:

hti.tn=fin c.wt!/s.wtiwi't

i n g h s . t b k j . t h r ! m . t h r = s r r m t ' w h f t h r ' s i w i r . t y = s h r m j h r s ] s ] . n nhim C n of = sgame h ] = s rofS p r - S r to dcscending y'wpn Sps r inr pn iwf Ä 5.1'Sn'ipn'n('y) nb-'nbpn The gazcilc,walking (with) its facc towardsthe the hill country,thc coming of a pregnant it until toot infstraight ahcadwithout its looking behind peoplein front of it, li. "VEsrock, at this stone,it being in its (original)position, its arrival at this spteniid (determined)forthislidofthissarcophagus.''(Thetextthencontinueswiththc narrativcforms$ I l3 und S 95'3)'

j;li,,.i ] -\'.1,,4',, iS"" it in,.

tr""'rt:;'"1i. +i

!*,,'I''J.' 1,,,':."'z''ii'' ':i'if'l ti'"

().\:")"'.

- .,.','',.'

'ii"

,liljilii'u,',.'.'i)\,t';,m-l3tnnv,Q)r Rl2wr ici.rih=.füt hß.u'rsprohnll i]. r N h r n g , m i . t h m = . f ' c n h ( ' w ) v ' d l ( ' w ) s n b ( ' w ) l r ' w p f l s J s k w w ' n ' i n 1 1to 21=flr-l'i'1(\e'{\'ftj'r Dcpartingto Rctcnuin ordcr vent his .J.t im-stt,,Aftcrthis-(ihcNubiun.un'paign): lands;uiriuat'of his Majcstyat Naharin;His Majcsty's t6" io.cign -prosperous wrath throug1rout and hcalthy- that cncmy;his opcningbattlc' finding - lnay hc livc, bc ThcnHisMajcstymadcagrcatslaughteramongstthcln.''(Thcaccountcontinucsin narrativcstYlc). 5. As a caPtion a scencin a totnb: AccompanYing

t,,'N.::;

l;l ,',,,,,ü i -*lti

irjf:,;q stlmlt ih.nrih(.u'\ i,i.rii.-^--l..,.,,r,---

nfrmin.wn(.w)sb.wttl-mh'w'inv'nu''t(y)'lmn'ws'fNlrr"Distractingthchcart(i'c' takingrccrcation),IookingatthcbcautyofthcproductsofthcficldsofLowcrEgypt by th! hourwatchcrof Amun,thc scribcNakht'" ln thc titlc of a book' ' ' ,t forthby day" (titlc of thc Book of thc Dcad). pri.t nt hrw(.w),,Going ;; i;:\ .' \

s86

7) THE PSEUDO-VERBALCONSTRUCTION P s e u d o - v e r b a l C o n s t r u c t i o n i s t h c t c r m u s c d f o r t h o s c s c nprcpositions t c n c c s w h ftr' ichhavcas followingthc predicatceithcr(1) an old Perfectivcor (2) an infinitivc sentcncesarc Advcrbial Scntcnccsof nl or r. From a syntacticpoint of vie*, ihes" type2 ($ 44). ($ 89f0' and somereplaccccrtarn They belongto thc group of Complcx Vcrb Forms otherverb fonns, c.g.

Pseudo-verbalConstruction 5l l. iw{ LtrlmsQm(: complex Aorist II / progressive, 93) - mainly progressive in $ mcaning;canbe uscdin placeof the ComplexAorist I iw() sQm_-ff qZ) S 2. iw'J r sdm (: complex Future,s 94) - the commonlyusedfuture; can replace the Future(Prospective)selm46 j4. a) PREDICATE

$87

l. Old Perfectivc: a. with transitiveverbswith passivcmeaning(cxccption:r.! "to know", g l.2) $ b. with vcrbsof movcmcnt- focuson rcsultingsituation - describcs c. with adjcctive-vcrbs a statcor condition(Stativc) 2- hr +infinitivc:complcxAorist|I / progrcssive Qg6 (m + inf.g 93,r+ inf. g 94) a. with transitivcvcrbswith activcrncaning b. with vcrbsof movcmcnt- inficqucnt,usualrycxprcssccl by m + inf. ($ 93) c. with adjcctivc-vcrbs d. with intransitivcvcrbswhichcxprcssan action("to spcak"etc.) Examplcs: l.a. b. c. 2.a-

i'-' ' ,iir hlt.t rdi.t(i)hr tl "Thcbow-warphasbccnpraccdon rarrd.', ";') ' i,ll -i\ "mtcpri(.w) "Thc arrnyhasgoncforth (andis now in thc flcld).,, t)' ,''rio\i" ! ih-J )wi(.v,) ,,Hishcartis widc (i.c.joyful).,, ;

tr\i;t

'!.t

]]

i" ,,,'l ii

" I i ,.i 1 iif;

[i

iw nt.rc pn rrrmi] "Thisannywatchccr.', (progrcssivc)

... i _ -l i l " ,.r ::ijitl

' 1,,,ir ,,f t,,.wnm t...hr t,sr i{ $3s)

hnk.t "he atc brcad... anddrankbccr."(ComplcxAorist II) t, it 'i b. 'i\ltit'oll,,i,, ^ jl\ lL' i r y = ih r s ! 1 s n ! t - s t = sh r r d . w y , , lr a n a f t c r hcr (themarc)on foot."(progrcssivc) iil )\'.,; '11 ,' 'j;.'til'l] ihw c. hr mrwi "Fceblcncss is rcncwed,,, (progrcssivc) j\: d. ; :i' )ji T'. ' jjl. " m=kwihr sprn=k"Loolqlappcalroyou!',(progressive) t, 'oi, ,; Note: Thc infinitive q1dis often not writtcn afterhr: ia it h, nt t , 'Hc nh=npw "Evcryonc(says), is our lord."'


s ss b) suBJECr l f t h e P s c u d o . v c r b a l C o n s t r u c t i o n f o t m s a n i n d c p e n d everb; n t m athese i n c l acan u s also e , t hbc cntheprop"rii.r".or an auxiliary uv supported be must sublect nominal " is a noun (cp' $$ 43' 44)' e'g': fi.r.nt whcn the subject 1. Thc Particlciw: ' ' i,'i:' iji il.,' il iu'=l ltp 'kw "r am laden'" , ti,,.|.,, m l.ttp"This goclsct out in pcacc'" iv'nlr prt wc-!l('w) , \. i,rl* \,' , i:)r ,:i (Insubordinatcclauscsthcparticlciwisonlyuseclwithapronominalsubjcct;s46b). pronounr 27): 2. Thc particlcrr'Ä (with a depcndcnt 'ti),ii 1' ' 'i;.' I appcalto you!" , i";::'. , m=k vrihr spr n=Ä "Bchold' .ilr,, ;.rro, il tl .on bc uscdhkc m-k (5 37)' or tltt irt: 3. Thc ruxiliuryvcrbN'rtrt - cxprcsscs futurc: Construction ^. v'nn/ | Pscudo-vcrbal ')i:,';i (i'c' appcar '-1,' ., hnc=k"l will bc judgcdwith you i ,' ,, u'rtn-iv'c.!'.kv' . ;{ :-: bcforc thc court)."

- tnarksclctncntsin a scqucnccofcvcnts: ls.v,n.in=l'* Pscudo-vcrbalConstruction ' tt" "Thcn thcY thrcw v ' n . i n = s tht r r q l i ' ts t h r h . w , t - s n I lt',,'ll i : - - "j - . i l thcmsclvcsuPon thcir bcllics'"

hcartof His ii'li::-. v'rt'ittih n'y trn=f Ab(u') "Thcn thc i--i:-r'i'-.-,,iljli ' -'t. joyful)'" Majcstybccamccool (i'c' was

VERBFORMS $ s9 8)COMPLEX or auxiliaryvcrbs.ThcY lonl by particlcs ComplcxVerbFonnsarcthoscintroduccd mainclauscsthatstanclatthcbcginningofascntcncc.

$ 90

li BY THEPARTICLE lu' a) INTRODUCED ("lt is thc cascthat "'")'lt:::1* a statemcnt "' in,introduccsclauscswhich contain ch(.n, which introduccsa ncw sectionof i-o ln.ont.u.t account, an of the bcginning ($ 95)' nurruti"u.wit[in a longcraccount

Complex VerbForms 59

1.PRESENTPERFECT a. iw -f sdm.n4 "he (has)hcard"- fonned predominantlywith transitiveverbs,nevcr rvithverbsof movement(in placcof which in,+ Old Pcrfcctivc- scc$ 9l c).

S 91

In an "idealautobiography": ,..l.jl'Xiill

ti li. l[- \): li ),1'i,r)i.n(=i)rnhkrhhs.wtt|Bwly,,thavcgivcn brcadto the hungryandclothingto thenakcd." In a sequcnccof activiticsof an official at thc annualfcstivalof Osiris in Abydos ' 'l i "r i;i1i,'' jil (prcsumably hc regularlytook part): | -.1a1;" " ,iililL t ,i-' -**liril) iv, w,l.v,ttllr r nt.ltc.t4.bnt.(:,)tpkr iw ntJ.rt=i , tq':..',,, etsr.n=i Wnn-nfrhrw.wpf n(.y) chl cl "I clcarcdthc way of thc god to his tornbwhich is in tiont of Pckcr.I protectcdWcnncfcr(on) thatday of thc grcatbattlc." Thc scrvantIrisu writcsto his rnastcrSi-ka-iunu:"Thc ovcrsccrhnpy saidto rnc: iw,rQi.n=in-J hsh-J 'l havcgivcn hirn thrcc workcrs'."

-. ii ' )11'

b. iw + Passivcs/m(.v,)'J "hc hasbccnlrcard" 'r';' -"-'

), , ) \ll' i ')'. ,, \' ,,;'' iw,r4i .w,n=k!lw, "Air has bccn givcn to you."

c. i u' + Old Pcrfcctir"' iy,-J iyi.w,"hc catnc/hascornu"_-prcdominantlywith intransitivcvcrbs and vcrbs of nrovcmcnt(scc $ 9la). At thc start of a biography: "Thc trcasurcrand solc companion,caravanlcadcr and troop cornmandcrIntcf says: -l- *. ( ) ', ,\ iiij, i , ,, lliri. ,.i:- u NN iv,!rdi.k(w,)!ttti.k(w,) hn( NN 'l travcllcd downstrcarn and upstrcarnwith NN ...' " l. COMPLEX AORIST l: iw(-,|)s4m4 "hc can hcar/hears"

$ 92

This fonn is uscd for gcncrally acccptcdstatcmcnts,c.g. in a provcrbial saying: jli

*

ir:

--

,r L):

,'' *;ii' f-) ,\*\\. I )i' iwr)n(.y)sinhm-J'sw"Thcrnouth(i.c.thewords)of a Inanrcscuchim." 3. COMPLEXAORISTII or PROGRESSIVE: iw4'hrlm sQnt"he hcars/ishcaring" Frorn a formal vicwpoint, thcsc constructionsbclong to the so-callcdPscudo-vcrbal ($$ 8G-88).Thcy are usedfor incornplctcactionsor to dcscribea statc Constructions or condition.

S 93


Note the following distinctions: a. with transitiveverbs:

iw-J hr sQm "he hears/ is hearing"

/ is coming" b. with intransitiveverbsof movenlent:iw'J m iwi .t "he comes adjcctive-vcrbs: iu'Jhmsi.w (old Perfcctive$ 8l) "hc sits" c. with intransitive Examples: a. iw=f * hr + infinitive

i ; i ; . i j i ' ? * . . \ , :l ; i i i i j i . . i i $ . i i n - * ' 1 , , . ! i

iw,=ihrrQi.tpty=imtyn(.v)stnst=i

';l giuc my (officeof) controllcrof a (priestly)phylc to my son'" b. iv,-J+ ln + infinitive (alwaysProgrcssive) ti it ",,,.1îl,r.:i.t:i ,',, .,): Äiii-,, gmi.n-i ftfi.w,pwiw=f m iyi.t"l discovercd wasa snakecotning." ,,Hcfoundhim going out of thc door of his housc."(Hcrc thc forrn is embcddcdin a thc complcx Aorist II, vcrbalslauscwhoscouicct"y,, "hilll", scrvcsas the subjcctof i.e. standsin Placcof iw=.f'.) c. iu' l'l OldPcrfcctivc

il'. .\., ';'t I

f? 'li l i)"r ' r . :r. -/J\ il

, iv'=ku'r'./(i)"You arcgrcat." 'i' , 'i iw=s t3l!1.tiftr ,d.v'y-s "She (the rnare)was swift on her

lcgs." S 94

4. COMPLEXFUTUREiw4'r sr|m "hc will hcar" conalsobclongsto thc Pscudo-vcrbal From a fonnal point of vicw, this construction ($ 86, sccalso$ 85'2)' structions L1fi.,i ,.-,,f rcsidcncc."

$ 95

lill,r, \Xll,i;,.1

, iw dp.tr iyi.tm hnv,"A shipwill comcfrom thc

VERB Fa,h,.n By THEAUXTLTARY b) TNTRODUCED c/rc.nforms "narrativcforms" which mark the beginningof a With certainvcrb forms, ($ 90)' new scctionof narrativcwithin a longcrpassage |.(hC.tt+PERI..ECTslnt.n.J($71)-predominantlywithtransitivcvcrbs

Complex VerbForms 6l ThenIsis said to thesegods,'Why then havewe come,if not to do marvelsfor these ;hildren,that we may give an accountto their father,who sentus?'

-

')

.]ilil)!*-''lc

..'']\ti,lil

chc.n msi.n.sn h..w,3 n.y nb ,nb(w)

. qll(.u) snb(.w) Then they formed three crowns (lit.: diadems of a lord), may he livc, :r-ospcrand be healthy!" l. 'h'.n + OLD PERFECTIVE(S 8l) :--iovcmcnt

mostly with intransitivc verbs and verbs of

. hc ovcrseerHcnu saysthc king scnt him to Punt: "..1

'

..4.

til'

i;,1..

\,.. ' I ./,..n pt.i]w m Gbtyw,,Thcn I sct out from Coptos.,'

+ PERFECTIVEPASSIVEsrln(.wly)4 ß 77) 3. cl.rc.rr ''\'hilc thc mctnbcrs of an expcdition watch, a gazcllc givcs birth on a block of stonc .rhich thc cxpcdition is to quarry. *i, .lcrificcd)."

t,,i'

'{f,''

]l,rll '4'., !c.w rtltb.t=s "Thcn its throat was cut (and it was

1. 'l.tc.rt+ (HISTORIC)PERFECTsclm=f(g 72) ' -,hr.,, - i''))' )t J;', r r J i =w f i m r t = f " T h c n i t ( t h c s n a k c )p u t r n c i n i t s nrottth." ; t INTRODUCEDBY THE AUXILIARY n'l.il (attcstcdonly infrcqucntly)

$e6

'trr.in@ + (HISTORIC?)PERFECT sc_lmJ'has both contingcnt charactcr (g B0) and propcrticsof thc Aorist (S 70) and is found in narrativc tcxts; thc idcntiry of thc sdm4' torrn is unccrtain. Thc children of thc vizier rcad his tcaching and found that it was good. ' j:--,]-i,l-l,.'ll*'tr i; l"*1;', w t t . i n ( h c = . s nh n t s i = s hn J i ( . v , ) , , T h c nt h c y a c t c c l l1-\ii l l i t . : s t o o da n d s a t )a c c o r d i n g l y . " Thc king was told of Sinuhc'ssituation:

' '. 'tr oür),1" '-'.ii. h l1-."!1 w,n.in hnt4'htb4'tt=i ftr )w.t-c.w,,Thcn HisMajcsfysentto mcwithgifts." t

62 Accidence qnd SvntcLr

$ 97

9) FINITE VERB FORMS INTRODUCED BY ln.ft AND lsr ( S \3 7 ) a) m=K:THE PRESENTATIVE m=k attractsthe attcntion of the pcrson addresscdand can introduce every vcrb form: l. il;i.

nr=A+ PERFECT.sdm.n4(\ 71) tt ; ),.1

.-,,i'

m=kph.rt-rt f n.w "Bchold, we havc rcachcdthe residencc!"

m=k can also prccedethc ncgativeparticlc "'"- n (s\$37,133): ',', r:s);r';.1 jir,il ,-^-i, .,',1 mn.t ir.y "Bchold,onc has , , , = t n u , c l = t tttN ^---... il . not comrnandcdto do thc likc thercof." ($ 77) 2. nt=k+ PERFECTIVEPASSIVEsslnr(.w,l1t)=.f ' 'illr" )jl nt=k ntsi(.u,)n=k llrd.v,-l "Bchold, thrcc chilclrcnhavc bccn ,iil ' ; born to you." b) THE PARTICLEl.r! (S 37) introduccsa clausc that providcs backgroundinforrnatiorr about thc action cxprcsscdin thc rnain clausc: l . i s 1 + P E R F E C Ts e l n . n = .(/$' 7 1 ) My Majcsty cornrnandsthc construction of thc tcrnplc

,of 'l Tcmcnos of rny lathcr Amun. . ., that hc ntay appcar in it . . .

i,,.,,]p':l) i,.r .; --..

';,, '

li

-.',,

,,,1r,

Pjah, w h i c h is in thc

.

'l .,.

i r;l\ :,

I

.

),.I ii.lii'

'i,..:., ' '.j ':il i ist ,qnri.rt ltnt=i ltw.t-n[r tn nt kcl nr r]h.t n,!t).n, :" , .-..,. sb).v'y-5 n lrt n')i(.u') r u')slmli u'4! hnvi prl ls hr lm'.t-n1rttt nt nt":y-'.t"Now, llly Majcsty having fbunclthis tcrnplc built of bricks, thc colulnnsand doors of wood lallcn into ruin, my Majcsty clccrccsthat thc cord bc strctchcdovcr this tcrnplc Ancw." '

7) P A S S I V Es e l n r ( . u , l y ) . 1 .7' G 2 . i s 1+ P B I I F E C T I V E without inlorrttingthc Thc king has rctumcd in hastcto thc rcsiclcnccwith his cntoLrragc *,

I

,.i,

i s t h l h . v , r n t s . r r ? . t ) , r " ' M c a n w h i lt ch,c r o y a l l,'. iii ,! anny. I (onc of thcm was callcd out to as I stood ncarby ...)." childrcn had bccn scnt to, c ) T E X T P A S S A G I iIl l u s t r a t i n g$ $ 8 9 - 9 7

''r.,,. t I '.-' , .,, .; ! li,' ''i' , ' ;ri ill , ]- ,li I'iir.. ,'

r--i. ';l:. .

::\

r'i

ltr.\ --

|^\ iw rQi.n H r.w-nd-hr-is-J\t')

Participles

63

rn hr=i r llnw r ini.t Hr.w Nln l.tncmw.t+ ls.t m)c.t hrw rQi.n-J(t7t2c)r,i m hr.y im(w) e7b'$7r'2c)(w,)i r07)c|c.p=! is.t is! grt r!.n--f ß m sr mnl n.y hu:.t-ntr--frs-tp hr sv,!ft).rt=fß ($7l 2c)pr,'.r, e52) ' /??ntl(w nfr tcti.n=i N ln ltr .v'l'Gi) ltnc nm,.t4 ldi .kw,($ "(Thc god) Harcndotus ordered me to the residcncc, in ordcr to fctch Horus of Nekhcn and his mothcr Isis, justificd. Hc appointcd mc (as) commander of a ship and crcw, having rccognised mc as an cfficicnt official of his temple, watchful ovcr that which he commanded. Thereupon I travcllcd north with a good wind, having taken up Horus of Nekhcn and his mothcr in (my) anns (i.c. having takcn chargcof thcm)."

I O )P A R T I C I P L E S

$e8

a) ITORMS: Likc adjcctivcs,participlcshavc gender and numbcr with corrcspondingcndings. Thcrc arc thrcc "tcnscs": a . l m p c r f c c t i v c : f o r a c t i o n st h a t a r c i n p r o g r c s s ,w h i c h a r c r c p c a t c do r w h i c h occur rcgularly (corrcspondsto thc Aorist). b. Pcrfcctivc:foractionswhcrcthcdurationofthcactionisnotofirnportancc, u s u a l l yi n t h c p a s tb u t a l s o i n t h c p r c s c n t( c . g . i n c p i t h c t s ) . c . P r o s p c c t i v c : f o r p o s s i b l co r c x p c c t c da c t i o n s ;i n p a s s i v cl i k c L a t i n g c r u n d i v c . Thcrc arc both activc and passivcvoicc.

see

l. InrpcrfcctivcParticiplc

3-raclica I

Active s(nr(.u,)

Passivc sQnt.tt,

qld.v,

I l l a ci n f

4d(..u') h | )(.u;1

llac gcur.

Äöh(. u')

ntji.w,

It't

irr(.u,)

I rr.w,

rdi

cld(u')

dd.v,

i w , i ;i y i

iyi( n ' )

2-raclical

nll'r.v'

Thc singularcnding-w is scldomwrittcrrin thc activc,in thc passivcoccasionally. A 'r i::.rili] full activc plural cncling-yr.r,is sornctirncs written: who ,i "q1r,.y",,"thosc ' lrcar";othctwir", ,\i'l,ii mrr.(y)w"thoscwho lovc" or only : ': u,ntt.(yw,)"thosc who

64 Accidenceand SYntar of the passive exist". In the passiveplural only one lv is written, i'e' the writing -r , o' Prr.t. singularandpluralis idcntical.Feminineformsonly havethe ending: Note'. geminationof the IIae gem.and Illae inf vcrbs'

$ 100 2. PcrfcctiveParticiPlc Passive

Active 3-radical

\:,\

sdm.w

sdm

i'r:.

a0

2-radical lllae inf.

IIac gcm.

j

nln

\.\

mi

irijü

cJd.w,;qldd.y

I iii

mri.y',mri.w

trl

trt

lrt.))

rdi

rdi

r1i.y,r{i.1'r

tw,i t y t

f '

:i ,rl ,

-x

tlt'l

ryr

show a furthcr lorm In thc passivc, in aclclitionto thc fornqltl.w, thc bi-radical vcrbs inf. vcrbs usually IIIac with gcrnination:gtdd.yI t-lctd.v,.lnthc masculinc singular, thc -w is solnctitncswrittcn in thc activc, scldorn havc thc cncling ll; f. fn" plural cncling in thc passivc.

$ l0l

3. ProspcclivcP:rrliciPlc

participlcis almostcomplctclyrcplaccdby In Middlc Egyptian,thc activeprospcctivc ($ I l2). thcsdm.ty--fi-Fonn

Participles 65

b) USACEOF THE PARTICIPLE 1. Nominalusage:

$ 102

a. As a noun:';t i;;'j)t ,nr.r "onewho hears/ahearcr";oftcn with a dcterminativc: tt\ ,l \ ll I'i hmsi.w "seatcdoncs"(perfectiveactiveplural "thoscwho haveseatctl " themsclves"). Note: Pluralstrokesarc written with fcmininc collcctives(g 16.51:i) "thatwhich hashappcned".

hpr.t

b. As a prcdicatcin a NorninalScntcnccwith an unstrcsscd subjcct($ 50): ;' 8l) .'', ' , )i.Yr ink rüi pri si 2 tttp(.wy)(N "l aln onc who causcdtwo rncnto go forth satisficd." (pcrfcctivcactivc) ' .t',.irlu. ii "i;ii' ," i l k r l c Jp r i . ys i 2 h t p ( . w 1n, t) p r i . v , n . y "i.. --r)f' "l arl onc who causcsthat two rncndcpartsatisficdwith what wcnt forth from his rnouth. " (irnpcrfcctivc activc) 2. Ädjectival usage: a. As an attributc,it agrccswith thc antcccdcntin gcndcrand numbcr(cnclingsnot alwayswrittcn): 11,,'. i'.,, lji'."r '1'' s) sc-lm.v, "a sonwho hcars/ a hcaringson,,(impcrfcctivc) * \ ".',rlijyll' .,t,,1iili jlil .A ,rpw.ryt:ctct(w)!1nti(.w) r ltnw "thc mcsscngcrwho (rcgularly)travelsnorth or south to the Rcsidcncc". (withoutgramrnatical cnding,irnpcrfuctivc/gcmination) ''i' rn.pl.: ii 'i.,,1.1'1t|i..,iil ^. ntr.w wrn.yw m !ms.wJ' ,,thcgods who arc (rcgularly)in his following".(impcrfectivcplural) ' i'"' | -' )1!,ii'.1',).. .',,'t''l', ir.*,=ihpr(.r,) tlr-B.t ,,my fathcrswho existcclaforctimcs".(withoutgrammatical cnding,pcrfcctiveplural) ti', ,,theuttcrancc ,,r\l\ f. sg.: i which issucdforth ry.trl pri.t m rl frorn the mouth".(pcrfectivcfcm.) '^ )i' f. pl.: N I \'. " ;i i . gmh.wr prr.(w)tn-J "thc wickswhich come "i.forth for him". (i mperfcctive/gcmi nation,fem.) m. sg.:

g 103

66 Accidenceand Svntqx

invariable: ($ 56) and,like thoscadjectives, b. As a predicatein an AdjectivalSentence 'l*ti sw t).wvr irn "Heis onewho illuminestheTwo shQ.w f l\);, f \\. .. .' Landsmore than thc sun." (i.e. "An illuminatorof the Two Landsis he, more than the sun.") Note: Participlescannotbc used adverbially.In Egyptian,in an expressionsuch as a sinceit expresscs "standing,he spoke", "standing"would be an Old Pcrfectivc state($ 8l .4). pronoun: by a depcndent 2. Thc pronominalobjectof a participleis expresscd ''i. ' ,ti.r fi r,ri smi nli'n hth sw "one who rcportedwcll for thc onc (scnt)him". who commissioned l,ijjli,,

without a Subject) S 104 3. BxtendedUseof the PassiveParticiple(RelativcConstruction In English,a passivcparticiplecanonly functionasan attributivcadjcctivcif thc noun being dcscribcd(in thc following exarnplc"gold") is thc logicaldirect objcctof thc vcrbalactionof thc participlc(hcrc:"givc"):"thc givcngold". *t"t,i\ *rh* drl.r' !n,,',1," In Egyptian,thc passivcparticiplcis also uscd in this way: "gold" is thc dircctobjcctof thc "thc givcn gold"; hcrc,as in English,the antccedcnt vcrb of thc participlc"givc". Howcvcr,unlikc in E,nglish,thc parliciplcand thc antcccdcntcan havc a diffcrcnt syntacticrclationship.For cxamplc,thc antcccdcntcan bc an inclireclobjcct (in thc which is dcpcndcntuporrthc followingcxarnplcrrsw"king").Within thc construction passivcparticiplc(in thc following cxamplcthc phrascdd.w n4,t64', "givctl to hirn phrascn-f, "to him") rcfcrsback prcpositional gold"),a rcsumptivcpronoun(l'in thc -..i','., * *nsw tJql.v,n4nbu'"thc king,givcnto hirn to thc antcccdcnt:] *tli,iiiiti"as a rclativcclausc:"thc king to into English is translatcd golcl".Sucha construction whom gold is givcn". and thc vcrbalactionof thc participlccan bctwccnthe anteccdcnt Thc rclationship .i."]"','' 'i;i.iii] i *11lr.t gnti.ytnhw im=s"thchill countryin bc cvcnlooscr: " ,-:t il, pronoun s in thc advcrbialcxprcssion1nr=s rcsumptivc Both thc gold is found". which with !is.r . Thc rcsurnptivc numbcr gcndcr and in participlc agrce "in it" anclthc by an advcrb (in thc rcplaccd and omitted can be pronounin thc abovc example '** ] ^,'-'liil',,'lLJi* x!r)s.rrQi.yrn nsw followingcxamplc,. "a1.,"rg";:*l'.'.'illl nbw im "The landwhcrc gold was givcn to thc king" (lit.: "Thc land,given to the

RelativeForm 67

king gold there").Here only the genderand numberof the participlerevealthc link with the antecedent. Note: Thepassive participlecanalsobc formedfrom intransitive verbs:The king is on. 1."1"\i^',, \\ iVit-o oncgoesandcomcs".

",[l-t'..-..

prr.w h]r.wtlr sfir-J,'underwhose counsel

r l) THE RELATTVEFORM

s 10s

Pafticiplcsare non-finitenominal forms of the verb, i.e. they do not havc a subject. Rclative Forms, by contrast,arc.finite nominal vcrb fonns, which havc their own subjcct.Likc participles,thcy arc usedadjectivallyand agrcc with thc antccedcntin gcndcrand numbcr: 'l',,'lili"i . fL] i!.t nb.r dd.r sr nh nqls16{$r08)r hw,.t-tltr hi' "lrll'i "cvcrythingthatany official(or) any citizcngivcsto thc tcmplc',. '' ' !;-t,14 .',.-,. t ;''' mw,.tmrr.tltrcl.w=s',the mothcrwhomhcrchildrcnlovc,,. If, unlikethc preccdingcxamplcs,thc antcccdcnt is not thc dircctobjcctof the action cxprcsscd in thc RclativcFonn,a rcsurnptivc pronounmustrcfcr backto it: ' ,r'n

" ' n h i . t t u . n . t R C . wl ' l l . t , lm " r ".i ' !(.1 in=s "that balanccof Rc in which hc lifls up Maat". (m)c.tis thc dircct,mhl.t thc indircctobjcctoffii "to lift up"; rcsumptivcpronouns; cp. {104) Thc rcsumptivcpronounis alsoncccssary with thc RclativcFonn of an intransitivcvcrb: r ' tr\:,r t:,a,j'ri -

.?' .l wj.t iyi.tn=J'rrr-s "thc roaduponwhich it (thc statuc)camc,,.

In placcof a prcpositionplus suftix-pronoun cxprcssinglocation,an aclvcrbcan also bc uscd(not,howcvcr,in thc cascof h.and l_lr): ,l);..1 , ä,.,'i')',1!\ au,v,r-t.wib=i intJ' ,,theplaccin which rny hcaftdwclls,, 'i;\ jl)'f .\':\'t','1t)'iitj l, wrs.wib-i int ,,thcplaccwhcrcrnyhcartdwclts,,. "r A) "TENSES'' OfthERELATIVEFORM corrcspondingto thc Pcrfcct sjm.n-J (S 7l), thc Aorist sdm{ I irr-J ($ 70) and rhc Future(Prospective) sdm4 (5 74), thcrearc threeRclativcFonns.Like participlcsand adjcctives,they agreewith their antcccdentin gendcrand number(fcm. -1 pl. -ry).

$ 106

68 Accidence and Syntax

$ 107

l. Perfective sQm.(w)n-f Relative Form , 1,,,:.,

strongverb

-i\

IIae gem.

iii,l* a

IIIae inf. li\ i-* i\

i lir

rdi "to corrc"

$ l0S

sQm.n4(m.)

"he, whom he heard"

(f.) mt.rn=.f

"she, whom he saw"

iri.nJ(m.) gmi.rn-J $.)

"he, whotn he madc"

rli.n=i (n.)

:l-lt r'.1

ii ii, t.., ott"n

{i.n=i Qn.)

li lr,

iyi.rt=srr(m.)

-

"hc, wholn I gavc" "hc, (from) whom thcY catnc"

2. Aorist sdm4l i77=fR'elativeForm

ir,:.1']'y strong vcrb

t",' i

lir )]i

"hc, whotn hc hcars"

sqlm(.w)=J' dd.v,y=i

"that which I say"

w,nn4'; vJtlil.ll' + noun subj. " h c , w h o i s "

llac gcm. Illac inf. rdi

$ 109

"she. whom hc fbund"

mrr.vt -l noun subjcct

"hc, wholn NN lovcs"

f rtr=.t'

"shc, whotn hc bcars"

dd.v,=ln

"hc, whotn you givc"

; !

3. Prospectivesdm4 RelativeForm

''n1)i;-. ,

3-rad., strongvb.

' i:.'.l',

Ii

sdn(.w)4 "hc, whotn hc will hcar" srJm.r(i)4 "shc, whotn hc will hcar"

without cnding, but also

2-rad.

I iilii, i l il,j..-

IIac gcm.

IIIac inf. rdi rrt

rftiil; '

i]ir. -fem'usuallY *ith Iq

.

' ':ii' ,

-\*

eld.y4 dtl.ti..l'

"thatwhichhc will sPcak"

wn=t

" h c ,w h ow i l l b c "

nßt=S

"hc, whom shc will bcar"

mri.y-J

"that which hc will wish"

eli.t=i

" t h a tw h i c h I w i l l g i v c "

iri.t=i

"thatwhich I will makc"

RelativeForm 69

b) USAGEOF THE RELATIVEFORM: The usagcof these "tenses"matchcsthat of the correspondingSuffix-Conjugation. Like participlcs,RelativeFormsareusedadjectivallyandas nouns: l. Adjectival usage

$ 110

a. As an attribute,agrccingin genderand numberwith the antecedent(cndingsnot alwayswritten):

.

tt ' ' '" . ia i-il I }itt 1l, , iri.rn-iß rot\js=i "a tomb which I madcmysett',.

As with passiveparticiples ($ 104),RclativcFonnsarealsoformcdfrom intransitivcvcrbs: '.;l i\ $"'i,,i,r,,L:* wt.t iyi.tn|hr=s"thcroaduponwhichhc camc".

b. witha finitcverbasobjcct: 1N-A:i"[flffi.'1[,.1"

rs) d.cm Qi.n=J';,,1($

hm=i m-bntT)-sty"the gold, which hc (Osiris)lct My Majcsty(Scsostris III) fctch from Nubia". 2. Usageas a noun

$ rll

Thc fcminineRclativeForm,uscdabsolutcly,canexprcssan abstractconccpt. a. ln a dircctgcnitivcconstruction: ** ' \ | r: r) ' '.1 (') - (t't -*.. nh lnnl itn "lord of thatwhich/ whatthc suncncirclcs". b. As an objcct: "' L]|]li',li ,. ij'C' "

iri.y=i hsi.t=k"[ willdo rhatwhichyou wii praisc,,.

c. In a non-vcrbalscntcncc(tri-partitc2n,-Scntcncc $ 54): ' ', . . ., " mrr.t=tpw irr..t=l,,Thatwhichyou do is thatwhich you wish',. )i:.:i',' d. As thc subjcctina nfr sn,- Scntcncc(956): ':' , :* )ii' ci iri.tnJ'n=i "grcatwasthatwhich hc ctidfor mc". e. Absolutcuseasan cpithct: '' . )l' )'i lil. mrr.w nw.tJ "onewhom his city lovcs". f. With a verb as objcct: I i\

*,o'

"I did not neglect1,,)r'. - , , wQ.tn=firi.t thatwhich hc commanded to do."

'70

Accidence and Syntax

S 112 12)FUTUREVERBALADJECTIVEsdm.t(i'rt Endings:

Form of the weak stem: IIae gem.:

wrn.t(y)=t'y "who will bc"

wnn '\ ',:

with w) IIIac inf.: (occasionally Irregular:

r]i

l).\

i i..

iu'i

,rl

_'

hfw$t)--fi

"who will descend"

rdi.t(Y)-.f ,-

"who will givc"

itt'i.t(y)=fy "who will cotnc"

Usage: ($ l0l), which it largcly Participlc The VcrbalAdjcctivcis uscdlikc thc Prospcctivc passivcrncaning. rcplaccd.It usuallyhasactivc,occasionally 'e-.' ltr nm'4 "thc forcign a) As an attributc:.' ;t' : ......11 lrls.t v,t1t1.tt-.sy him)". (i.c. loyal to be landwhichwill bc uponhiswatcr "-' "thatwhich will happcn". l31tr'.ty=511 b) As a noun'{'}, , .''. S lt3

l3) NARRATIVECONSTRUCTIONiyi.tpw iri-n-J indicatcsthc bcginningof a ncw cpisodcin a narrativc.It is actually This construction ($ 54), with an intlnitivc as prcdicatcand thc a non-vcrbaltri-partitc7rw-scntcncc (always masculine)PcrfcctivcRelativc Form of l'i as sub.icct;it is used almost cxclusivclywith vcrbsof movctncnt: iil. " '"1': nci.tpv'iri.n.'nnt lrdi "Thcn wc travcllcdnofthwarcls ---l ... i":-l (lit.: Thatwhichwc did wasa travcllingnorthu'ards)'" For thc passivc,a PassiveParticiplcrcplaccsthc RclativcForm(rarc): 1":-'i' A)titl'" f '] , r , , 1 " , i .p, u , i r i . y r h l k i m " T h c no n c c a r n cf o r t h i s h u m b l e (lit.: doncwasa corning,tbr this humblcservant)." was What scrvant.

Adverbs 7l

14) THE AUXILIARv VERB lrXi

-'N pt;

s 114

The verb \\ \, pii, which canbe fully conjugated,hasthe meaning"to have donc in thc past".The verb for which it servesas an auxiliaryfollows as an infinitivc. This vcrb formspart of a ComplexVerb Form follow ing iw or the negativeparticlc n s p( $ 1 3 1 ) : * .', ll;\ ii .. ii i, pti=nsdmmi.tt ,,we ,'h,i( if havcheardrhelike.,, '" :rr ' :1" :

il

( r r ) ' 1 ,"

, , 1 , , n - s pp ) i . t ( w ) i r i . t s t " N e v c r h a s i t b c e n d o n c . . . "

p)i as a Rclative Forrn:

- ^ - t ' i ' i t l . ' *^ L ''ti fi

'L ),;rl *i t'i ,,

src

i.. , n tJprm i.ttn b) k.wp) i.n

nb=sn hsi.tst "Never did thc likc happento scruantswhom thcir lorcl had praised.;'

.I) ADVERBS

$ils

l) Egyptianhasonly fcw truc,i.c. non-dcrivativc advcrbs,c.g.

-

:.f:t'

"' ' ct "hcrc"

,', i,r

g/- "also", aftcr ncgativcs "furthcr"

ntitt "today" '

,',i,

'i','

.r.

/..!'y "cornplctcly,,,aftcr a n c g a t i v c" a t a l l "

1ir "whcrc?whcncc?"

2) Thcrc arc a numbcr of advcrbswhich arcrclatcdto prcpositions ($ 35): iÄ 'iil

'Ir

I .- , -

'

im

"thcrc"

my

"likswisc,accordingly"

hn,(.y) "thcrcwith,togcthcr with"

; : ; \ . ' - " - ' .'. tll , )1, !r,rt.u,"bcforc,carlicr" .: r,r

n

ft1..y"undcr', ,,at an cnd" /r

Irl"

)j' bti.v,

"accordingly"

3) Othcradvcrbscorrcspond to compoundprcpositions ($ 36): t,..., '" , ili, nt-h),lt local:,,infront,, .. ,''' ttr-hi.t "fotmcrly" temp.: "bcforc,fonncrly" i-i ,,il:, ,'i\ nt-fit "aftcrwards" hr-sl "subscqucntly,later"


(preposition+ noun)that areusedasadverbs: 4) Fixed expressions \\ ! ;;

m min (llke min) "today"

i\f

,,.t' "yesterday"

.."; -tN')

l\ r f] '

I

\\t

*::

"tomo*ow" mdw)(.w)

,):*

(,)

!

r hr.w"np" r fint.w,'out" hrc.wwy"immediately"; also

m n r i . r /" l i k c w i s c "

1 {.::t

:3b: . -iifii:$ "

*

|"1

hr

(.w

|

dr-'.w "long ago"

n sP "at once,togcthcr"

(prcposition r + adjcctivc) that arc uscd as advcrbs: 5) Fixcd cxprcssions * f'\'

l 1- r ikr "cxcccdingly"

r mn! "thoroughly"

l,l, tl

r' ti./ "grcatly"

r w)Q "vigorously"

with -u.,cnding(cannot always bc 6) Advcrbsderivedfrom vcrbalroots,occasionally frornan Old Pcrfcctivc): clcarlydistinguishcd

- . l\r ,t:t1 c3.y,"grcatl!" _ilt,\it ')i,:r !nm.w "chccrfully"

\1\. i l'

I

rrf' "pcrfcctly,wcll"

.ti

\)\il,\

is "quickly"

(l

.1;tr wrf "slowly" c.li "frcquently"

-l

' lrr' "rruch";)i 1' wr.r"vcry"

7) Nounsthatarc uscdasadvcrbs:

,:I

q/./ "ctcrnally"

Usage: thcy qualify. Advcrbsfollow thc cxprcssion ($ 42 ff) a) As a prcdicatcin AdvcrbialSentcnces b) As theattributcof a vcrb: min... "I havccomctoday... " tl{' S ! ';-.. . iyi.tt=i '?

r ,i) r\r. ,) r grcatly."

,,

).'' iw hsi.n=fwi hr'J r'l.t

wr.t "Hc praised mc for it very

Word Order 73 c) As the attributeof a participle: ji/ , ': :'*i,'1N tl!dlt )\ smi nfi.n hlb sw "onewho reports/reportcd perfectly to the onewho scnthim." d) As the attributeof an adjective: .-t'",rilT){il..,' ;]}i'' lrr ss ikr wr.t "I amlwasa vcry exceilentscribe.,, e) Topicalisation of the advcrb:adverbin initialposition(A 129) Note: ln ccrtainfixcd cxpressions an advcrbcan servcas thc attributcof a noun: " 1;' !i i Lif rr;t im "yourhumblcscrvant(lit.: thc servantthcrc)." K) WORD ORDER l) For word ordcrin NON-VERBALSENTENCES scc$g 42ff, 48ff, 53 54,56 57.

S I 16

2) In VERBALSENTENCES with nounsubjcctandnounobjcct(s)thc word ordcris as $ I l7 a rulc: vcrb - subject- dircctobjcct- indircctobjcct advcrb/ advcrbialcxprcssion (for cxceptionsscc$$ I I 8f0. Whcrca scntcncccontainspronounsthc followingrulcsapply: A pronominalobjcctcomcsbcforca nounsubjcct: .t* . 1 fl;t ] * i;r',t'\tä] ,di.ru.r,r, /?.ilrnt smr "Thc king madchim a cornpanion,,. Dativc n * suffix takcsprcccdcnccovcr a noun or pronounobjcct and also a noun subjcct: *-. , - ;1i'l',''] rQi.ttJ'n=inhw, "Hc gavcrncgold." *. 'n ] .---.:',,'" rq!i.nn=i ttsv, trbw "Thc king gavcmc golci."

Ordcrofprcccdcncc:1. suffix-pronoun,2. dcpcndcntpronoun,3. noun. The word ordcrof a scntcnce canbc modificdin ordcrto eitheremphasisc a pafticular part of the sentcncc- subjcct, objcct, advcrbial expression by contrasting (Focalisation) or in order to mark thc thcmc of a scntcncc(Topicalisation). This is usually,in the cascof Topicalisation rcgularly,doncby ptacingthc rclcvantpartof the sentencc at thc bcginningofthe sentcncc.

74 Accidenceand Svntax

s 11S 3) FOCALISATION Focalisationis achievedby meansof cleft sentences: "It is his daughterwho causesthat the name of her father lives." (Focuson subject "daughter"in contrast,e.g.to the fatherhirnselfor a son') "It is his field that the fatherwill give his son."(Focuson object:"field" rathcrthan e.g.house.") "today"in contrastto "Thathc will comeis today."(Focuson an adverbialcxpression tomorrow.) arefoundin Middlc Egyptian: Thrcctypcsof cleft scntcnces - FOCUS ON THESUBJECT $ 119 a) THE/n-CONSTRUCTION thc subjcct' is usedin ordcrto crnphasisc l. Thc ir-Construction WORD OI{DER:Subicct- Prcdicatc.Thc fbllowing possibiliticsand cornbinations occur: Subjcct:

a) nounsubjcct,introduccdby in, pronounin initialposition. pcrsonal subjcct:indcpcndcnt b) pronorninal

Prcclicatc:

participlc($ 99) (prcscnt) ct) irnpcrfcctivc participlc(S 100)(past) B) pcrf-cctivc se/rry'($74) (futurc) y) prospcctivc Predicate

Subiect ct)

a)

b)

d i l

ßr v)

of subjcctandprcdicatcis possiblc'c'g': Evcrycombination Itishissonwhogivcshirnthiswhitebrcacl." a ) + c r ) : ' i n s l 4 ' e ! c ! ( . w ) n 4 t l Q p" n "lt is he who givcshirn thiswhitc brcad." b) + cr) :. ntf 44(.w,)n=ft hcJpn a) + P) ..-in si-J r/i n=f'th8 pn b) + y) :. nrf Qi-J'nl't hQptr

"lt is his sonwho gavchirn thiswhite brcad." "He will give him thiswhitebread'"

Word Order 75

Note: In this constructionthe participleis invariable: l* iiä lives."

f+ ;

-

in snlJ' s(n!1rn{ "ttis his sisterwho hascausedrhathis name

Thc interrogativepronounr? "who?" ($ 3a) is often used in the in-constructionand rncrgeswith in to form a ncw word:J\ ! ]\ i. me?"

, rfl.

> i\*

. in-m> trn (CopticNrr):

t'i li * in-. ir4 ini4 n=i sy "Who is it, who will bring it (thebox) to

2. Negationof the lr-Construction

$ 120

a. Ncgationof thesubjeclby - " ... I rt ... is

- o * , ' ) . , li ] i l ; , . . , r ; . 1 j t : i " , . 1 1 , 1 i . 1 , , , ' r i i - . . , , . , i ! X]] nirtkist.ttn=knwin Ghb eldn=knw hncWsir "lt is not I who saidthis to you. it is Gcb who saidthis to you, andOsiris." b. Ncgationof thc verbby thc Ncgativcvcrb ., rrr ({ l-12),which is followcclby thc vcrb in thc form of a NcgativcComplcmcnt: -*],.("i,;' .,.,-i, sl=ktnt ini(.v,) ü-l n-k sy "It is your sonwho clidnot bring it to you." ( tnt pcrfcctivcparticiplcc\ 100) b ) T R I - P A R T I T E2 w - S E N T E N C EF: O C U SO N S U B J E C To r O B J E C T In thcsc scntenccsthc third clcmcnt of thc sentcnccis a participlc or a Rclativc Form; thcsc rcfcr to thc subjcct or thc objcct: l. Focus on thc subjcct: ".-NN \l' ,,,' i,\:rlTi ' NN pv, m) nts(u,).t=1n "lt is NN, who saw your birth." (rri pcrlcctivc participlc S 100) 2. Focus on thc objcct:

,l il. ':, ,,i).'"".l I I L, ,tlil .* r'ji lil . ,.

iSstpw ir=l'iri.t(i)=k n=i m isw

ir(.y) "What is it thcn,that you will do for mc in rcl.urnfor it'."' (ili.ti=t - prospcctivc RelativcFonn $ 109)

ti l2l

76 Accidenceand Svntat FOCUSON ADVERBIALEXPRESSION s 122 c) EMPHATICCONSTRUCTION: Focus can be directcd upon an adverbial exprcssionby means of thc Emphatic Construction: /^)Y+Qi\ -),-N* hr wtl "That the lt\\/,\''t\.t gnti.n sv' v'pw.tyl4t "' 71.1,74.2,76). 70.1, (sce also road." (was) the on $$ foundhim messengers $ 123 4) TOPICALISATION that indicatcthc thcmestandat thosepartsof the sentcncc ln thc cascof topicalisation, thc headof the icntcnccandthercbyhighlightits themeor topic.lf it is thc subjector as a pronounin its regularposition,accordingto $ 116 and 5\ objcct,it rc-appcars clcmcntcan standwithout introductionor follow thc particlc 117.The topiCaliscd 'Ij < > lr.

a) Withoutintroduction of thc subjcct $ 124 1. Topicalisation '.ir" ( ) ll ' ,\) :;'-:ll - I !tbsu,.r-Jwl s(y) r mh 2 "Hi,sbeevtl,irwas grcatcr than2 cubits."(AdjcctivalScntcncc$ 56)

" .'-,i i. -i'!,; ll\ l^-,.,-,,,''

u,r n(.y) iw prt "ThcttHekenuoit which vou said yotr would bring, it is thc spcciality (lit.:thcgrcatncss)ofthisis|and.''(bi-partitc2w-Scntcnce$53) (thcking),irc llcw 1li.i ,..);\:, .J*- l.*'1 ,'$.. bikcb4trnctnts.wi "The.falcon olTwith his rctinuc."(HistoricPsrfcctsdnt4 \ 12)

of thc objcct $ 125 2. Topicalisation -'., . ;\r.,,1ii" I ;1i", ti

n2) tn') ' . kl;n=J'ß iri.t($ .sr(i)r=i iri.n-ist (i)r=.| "That which he thoughtlo do againstnte,I did il againsthim"

of an adverbialcxprcssion $ 126 3. Topicalisation If thc main clauscis formcdwith a complcx vcrb Form ($$ 89 96)' thc advcrbial clauscat thc hcadof thc by placingthc advcrbialsubordinatc cxprcssionis topicaliscd s c n t c n ce c.g.:

Word Order 77 o precedingch'.nsjm.n-J ($ 95)

-:,

:*,\1,'

i i. . . . - . o . !i\L i i i l w n . n = s t t ( . t ( hsQm.n=s c . n hn+,

"After she had openedthe chamber,she hcarda sound..." (advcrbialexprcssion: sQm.n-J in a subordinate clausc$ 71.2) .

prccedingiw * PassivcscJm(.w,)-J ($ 9l b) u',,1*. . , i ; i ' . , 1 , , 'I t i t . , , r l ' 1 . I , h e ! . n ( i ) r 4 ' t l c l w ) s p 2i w i r i ( . w ) m i qld-J'"Whenthe earlh haclhecomelight, very early,it was (alrcady)donc accorclingto whathc said."(adverbial cxprcssion: Circumstantial s/m.n=l'tna subordinatc clausc 7 1 . 2 ) $ o prcccdinga CornplcxAorist| (iu,-J'sQm=J) ($ 92) ') ol,r'i i;., ' . '-'1 ).sft-.fiv,--i .i;.,." ; I ii : 'iil skt=i)st1-i,,Ashe reaps,sol ploughandI rcap."(advcrbial cxprcssion: Circurnstantial Prcscnt.ralrr=l'{ 69.1) o prcccdingthc CornplcxFuturciv'=t'r.ra/nr($ 94) ' :;""-r'--*' --' jl{)il ntri=lncnhnts{i=1n iil lliif 1,,---. ll'i _,. ttp.t iw=tttt'drp n=i "As vou love li/'eand hole death,so you will rnakcoffcringfor rnc." (advcrbialcxprcssion: Circurnstantial Prcscnts<1nr=l'S 69.l) /) b) Introduccdby (J.,-., ir' l. Topicalisation ofthc subjcct !i 127 -, 'iui !ii' 11 i ' i..,t wsir pw,"A.s.fitrve,sterdov, itis osiris." 'il;,'A ''".'\' il "' ;r" lliii';l :-li i,...' it. sn(.w) gt.g iu,=J ntnt=f',,As./itrhinr who.follow's falsehoocl,hc gocsastray." Othcr particlcscan prcccdcir, c.g. l.q: Thc tcxt rccountsNcrnty-nakht's dcsircto scizc thc posscssions ofthc pcasant andthcncontinucs: ll1,,- ii

{"ü;l!i'*-"f

",,.*;iiir,l,,-,isl(i)r.7r$n),,.ct25)1tt..wNm.ry-

nlrt pn hr sml-tl n(.y)r(l)-wi(i).r "Now, a^sforthe houscof thisNcmty-nakht, (it) lay atthc sidcofthe road".Thepositionof thchomcprovidcdhim with thcpossibility to do so. 2. Topicalisation of theobject ' ? ' -' i',\ lJl : ' - \.', I\\ l' . , ir n.t1y|tnb(.t)m ss hr tfd.w sQmsr ',Asfor t. everythingin wriling on the bookroll, obey it!"

$ l2S

78 Accidenceand Syntar

ofan adverbialexpression $ 129 3. Topicalisation

i\:l;; ". i -i., :.".:N1.":..'r\'#**[$ ;, ,,2-l,r f -,- Ni;,.,.1,i'l11! n1r m i[.wt-J dd.tw htp-ntrpn m-b]h fw,t.wpn n.y hm=i "After thegod has been htp(w) satisfiedwith his things, this god's offcring is placed in front of this statueof my Majesty". (Adverbialexpression:m-!1t+ PcrfectivePassivesdm(.wly)4 $ 11) $ 130 s) CONDITIONAL CLAUSES bclong to the categoryof Focalisation(S$ 118-122).They Conditionalclauscsalson 'l arc cithcr introduccdby - ir or appearwithout an introduction. $ l3l

a ) w l T H I N T R O D U C T o nQ Y

ir

l. Fulfillablccondition: lr * Futurc(Prospcctivc)sQn-J($ 7a) il

ini rw \\ ^_l.. - ,X:li',, .".,,!il, irv,ctfrkntcldn=i )t1 i1,,. l;li r l.., r iw pn rQi=ir!1=la rn' "lf you hcsitatcin tclling rnc who broughtyou to this island,I will causcthatyou know yoursclf!" 1r+ Subjunctivc.rq/nrl($ 75) 'i,;,ri lf -.rl:t;',.', 1i",.';,,,.i,l.r----,i;,r"r.lL ir iv,t.km htj.fu,)t nb(.t) m(w)t.kt RC.w "If you shouldcomcasanysnakc,thcnRc will dic." 2. Unfulfillablccondition:

(controvcrsial) cxarnplc: This construction is rathcrunccrtain;thc only attcsted ir + Perfcctsdm.n4'($ 7l) King Amcncmhctsays:

|

' ,lt'i'_' ,;il 'il, -'..,,'i,i. J1(;...ii;.1. , ii.l,'1.,-")it',., i,rrJ;\ ,.i$}) li(,,..i),,

ir tsp.n-i )sltl !c.u, m dr.t=i iv, /i.n=i ltt hm(.u,) m-'(.w) blhl "Had I graspcd spccd (i.c. hurricd), thc wcapons in my hand, I would havc madc thc cowards rctrcat with thc lancc." Anothcr possible intcrprctation would bc to scc ir as introducing an cmphasised adverbial exprcssion ($$ 126, 129) which has bccn placed at thc head of the scntencc bccausc thc main clausc is forrned by a Cornplcx Vcrb Form: "Having graspcd spccd, thc wcapons in rny hand, I made thc cowards rctrcat with thc lancc."

$ 132 b) wrrHour TNTRODUCTTON typcs,c.g. Conditions canalsobc expresscd by othcrscntcncc ( S $ 4 9 , 7 0 . 1 b , l . b y t h eB a l a n c eSde n t e n c e 7l.ld) 2. by ancmphasiscd advcrbial expression followedby thcComplcxFuture($ 126).

-il Negation of the Verb 79 L) NEGATION of the VERB NEGATIVE PARTICLESAND NEGATIVE VERBS The verb is negatcdin differentways,dependingon the verb form: -J a) with the negative particles -6- r or b ) w i t h l h c c o n s t r u c t i o n- c) with thc negative re.b,

nl

$ 133

,,r,

n-spor tm or

"jii., "-, l; l)\ ilrli.

S 134

Both thcsc verbs arc followed by the vcrb that is negatcd in a spccial form, thc socallcd Negative Complement. Its -r.r,cnding is usually not writtcn. Frorn thc Ncw Kingdom onwards, and somctimescarlicr, thc Ncgativc Complemcnt can bc rcplaccd by thc infinitive. , , tm can bc fully conjugatcd.woRD ORDER: pronominal subjcct (sullix-pronoun) lbllows /ln, norninalsub.jcctfollows thc Ncgativc Complcmcnt:

'' ')'r ll'i jt: mt=thn(.v,)rtr m "wrtycroyou not row?"(Aorisrsdnt4'F 70.1a) ' "Do not bc strongin your powcr,' 1i..,., /,,, 1,,, ,. , ,,,'r,.-. ^. tm spr(.w)bw lw r-k thatcvil rnaynot rcachyou" (Subjunctivcsc!m4' \ 15.3) '

ilr

'

if

Thc choiccof ncgationdcpcndson thc syntacticlunctionand thc typc of vcrb fbnn (i.c.nominalvs. vcrballbrm, ovcrvicwin Tablc2 p. 83). l) NEGATIONof thc IMPERATIVE(S 67)

S 135

Thc impcrativeis ncgatcclhy 1,, (thc irnpcrativcof thc Ncgativc ycrb tnt 134), $ whichis followcdby thc NcgativcCornplcmcnt (S 134). 'iii\(\:l ijl m snd(.w) "Fcarnot!" 2) NEGATIONof thc CIRCUMSTANTIAL(PRESENT)sQm-J/ iri--f (g 69) a) n sjm.nJ- idcnticalwith thc negativc complcxAoristI ({s 71.3,92, l42b). In advcrbialsubordinatc clauscs:

' -. .i ", . 11;iji,'.;ji*-i,1..;.'i,,i lf )l.) . iii - NN_^-....1, , ',i-u-. iri.in s!.ty pn'h'.w r htw.w l0 hr spr nNN n rQi.nJmlc-J(l)r.=s"Thenthis pcasant spcnt a period of up to l0 days pctitioningNN, wiläoal äim (NN) paying attention (tit.: grantinghim his temple,i.e.car)."

I 136


l-\* r r$c.tr,'..';:

fiä--^;'\\sli" l i )r$ i'", f'-1" r 1..,',t?ii''--

cn!t(.w)wdl(.w)snb(.w)r hhi n'i s't-kb'tn gmi'n=isy "I iw dhn.n=i nb.tn.t pr.w nsw bc prosperousandhealthy- to went aroundeverychamberof thc palace may it live, withoutfnding it'" find for myself entcrtainment, b) nn + adverbialclausc($ 47.1)(lessfrcquent) ,'lt (thc snakc)spokcto me (the shipwreckcd sailor),*l!;';ji" it." sjm st withoutme hearing

.,': i:tttt"" nn wi hr

85' 143b) c) nn + infinitivc(whcrcthc identityof thc subjcctis obvious,$ '' tt '"' ,,n tti't hr %i withoutdcsistingfrorn ,,I lct his wcaponsbc carriedoff, *: -rt fighting." with thc subjcctof the lYote:lf thc inflnitivc is followcclby an objcctthat is idcntical asa passivt-': canbcstbc translatcd mainclausc,thc construction i')',,l,',.-4\*f t cntcr, -\.^, pri=kck-knn hnln=k "May you go forth and withoutbeingturncdback(lit': your turningbacknot cxisting)'" AORISTslm-J I irr'f ($ 10) $ 137 3) NEGATION of thc tm=fsQm(.w) (cp' I 70'l): a) In thc EmphaticConstruction r;- '' tnt=ktr sQm(.w)hr m '" :.: l.''i\'r ll..' listcn?"

"Why thcn do you not

b) As a nominalvcrb form: 1. [n an objectclause(cp. $$ 70'2a): . , ll,

,:

T\ ll*

l l i f i \f *ti ;..

y11.n=1; "You know thcy arc not mild." tm=snsJ'n(.w) i .-j i. t 1l;1

l l ,.l i , i , ,)l *

i' ,'

;\

/r s"Gcbhas iwwQ.nGhbtm=iwnm( ' w)

decrecdthat I do not cat cxcrcmcnt'" ($ 53): 2. As thc predicateof apw-Scntcnce 'i,^,, i1 $r34) , N \-. 11;' " ll fi.ty pw "As for ir cmdib tm mdw.linr' ;,1 i slacknessoftheheart,itis(i.c.signifies)thattheheartdoesnotspeak.''

I Negation of the Verb 8l 4) NEGATION of the (PRESENT)PERFECTsjm.n=f (g 7t) a) Nominal/ Emphaticverb form:

'tm.n--f sjm.,4,(this form is, however,not attested)

b) Verbal Form: n sQm--f (seeg 72.1) l. In a mainclause: The examplesarc not unequivocaln sjm-J negates sQm.n{ in a paratacticmain clause ($ 71.2)as well as the ComplexVerb Form lw sdm.n4thatintroduces an initial main clause.one would expcctn sQm-J,llkc sQm.n-J, to appearin a paratacticmain clause, e 'g':

: '

sic!

r )r

..' /

;tl

7.:. ^ ,|' " /,r- n ink mrr.y h())wJ sdmi n lnl lb.t-J n hhs-i hr r n.ty m h),k.w "l was one whom his family loves, who was attachcdto his clan; I did not hicle (my) facc from him who was in scrvicc." Thc thcmc of thc negatcd clausc continuesthat of thc irrfr-Scntencc; sincc h(l)w, lh.t and n.tv m hik.w fonn a progrcssionfrom a close circlc to a widcr circle of pcoplc, it is rnore likcly that hcrc n hhs=i introduccsa paratacticmain clausc, rathcr than an initial main clausc. 2. Ina subordinatcclausc:

',,

','\; i;\riili- ,li,:;-^-'" !,:il)11' z, lji ^ {}'t';- .'lli.,''-"-l ,{}ii.+;" :''

i1.i .y=i(issa)lm.t m l.1nty.tn kli=i spr.r Inw pn hmt.n=i$tr.zb)!1pr lt]r.yt($75.2) r?Qct=icn!1 r-sl=f"MY going south: I did not intcnd to rcach this rcsidcncc,having thought that a disturbanccwould takc placc and not cxpccting to livc aftcr it (thc disturbancc)." Thc section bcgins with an infinitivc that scrvcs as a hcading introducing a ncw cvcnt ($ 85.a); n kli-i introduccsa main clausc($ 142 a), lmt.n=i andn dd=iarc in subordinate clauscs.

--_..i i,", *,, ,it. .,, \i,1qit,i;\),,)I,ii-"^*, , )il iri.n(=i) hsw.t n rm! nh rh.w mi hm.w, n stni=i "l showcd favour to all pcoplc, knowledgcableand ignorant alikc, without my discriminating."

$ 138

andSYntax 82 Accidence FUTURE(PROSPECTM)sdm4 (5 7a) $ 139 5) NEGATIONof the verbform:tm('w)4sdm('w) a) Nominal/ Emphatic * * t'h"'t't i 'it' \\''i s* )';*l ^-!\il,ü tl ($ 37):' ^ \i\'l' Following' of our armywe {$i:+iiu=, i-rl ph n ( y) ply=nm{ ,"For,t.herear-guard tm(.w)=nrli.1 after" ')!" will nothaveconccm(lit.:we will norpiaceourheart/thoughts

lil ib''' ll*1;" clause: Inanobject

;ilil " l''il''- 'ii r "' ','' -\"!i 11

/rs "Gcb' thc father of Osiris' has commanded iw wQ'n Ghb it Wsir tm('w)=i wnm('w) that I will not eat excretnent'" b) Verbal lbrm:Ncgativc Verb ir;

i iili-^

-1f--]-

(in negativewishes,prohibitions)

a thingagainstit'" imi(.w)=kiri(.v')i!.t r=s "You will not do süm-ft iri('D4 ß 75) of thc SUBJUNCTLYE s 140 6) NEGATION a) Norninali Ernphaticvcrb form: tm='fsdm('w) tsrzr' li In a final clausefollowing il .,n\ ( . ll1 .", , i1i propcrty' my mc "Give says: pcasant Thc cloqucnt tm-i sbh(.w)thatI may not cry out'"

,ii.

jlü ill

b)Vcrbaltbrm:NcgativcVcrblrrrii.'linncgativcwishcs,prohibitions) ' t (rnaynot) your l imi=tn hcll('v')hr'w=rnhr=s "Lct not li xij'' lt :" faccsbcdowncastbccauscofit(i.c.dorr'tbcdcprcsscd).'' 't=s "May you not bc strongin hcr body'" nr l-1 ., " l' inti=ku'sr(.w;) $ l4l

I\DIC \

PASSIVEsdm('wlv)4($ 77) (old Egvptian) 7) NEGATIONof thc PERFECTIVE a) Nominal / Emphaticvcrb lbnn: tm''f sclm('u') "), ,ir:,' ,;tl.'o rrftii(.N)(\t"tih=ktn.t4cttti(.u'),'Do1't!canogant !;,l.,.,,[11,'1i':i hcart)notbc hunrblcd!"(finalclausc) (lit.:lct notyourhcartbc high),thatyou (lit.: ivyour l-l.. li,-1;'t .*- 1il' tl;t'' ':" iii ,,Lcthi' bc dcprivcdof his tcmplcofficc, "' tmslti.trtt-|ntr].pr.wpttthathisnarncnotbcrclncl-nbcrcdinthistcmplc.'' b) Vcrbal form: rr scJnr4 i v ' = rf { i . w n = i n n l t m = . | ' ' 1 - e 1 ' w = i ) " H e l"'ljti;'. ,,ii-î.,lti-^--;jii.,4l. from my hand'" taken not was he mc; (the cncmy)hasbcengivcn to

i,;rr''j rl

.i ).-.-

Verb- Sufix Conjugation 83

OvnnvrnwoF THESur,nlxCoNlucarron Nominal Verb Forms: EmphaticConstruction affirmative

VerbalForms: main clausesand subordinateclauses

negated

affirmativc

negatcd

INDICATIVE

Active irr=f Passivc irr.tw=f

Aorist Circumst. sQm-Jl Old Pcrf.

tm=firi(.u,) tm.tw=l'iri(.w)

iri4' Activc

Old Pcrf.2 (condition)

Passivc

iri .ru'-f

Activc

iri.n=f

tm.n-Jiri(.w)

Passivc

iri4{trt iri.nrwJ

tnrJ iri(.w)QK) ynr.nsa,=f iri(.w)

Activc

iri(.u,)L

tm(.u')=.firi(.w)

Pcrfcct

Future ( Prospcctivc)

Passivc iri(.u,)ty,=f

n iri.n{' , .2 nn srt, ltr sdm

@n + inil2 n iri.nfw=f '

iri.nJ ßms.) Old Pcrf. (intr.movcm.) rr'l + noun Old Pcrf.

rt tt't.tw-I

(pron. sub.ject)

h iri.t=l\

iri(.v,)=f

imiJ'iriQr)

rm(.w)rw,=J' iri(.u,) iri(.w,)tw,J

,'.1

n trt=f

'

(rt iri.r--fl t1 iri-Jtor't '

^1

not attestcd

SUBJUNCTIVE

Activc

iriJ'

Passivc

iri.v'tw=l' 'Lrsl,R

tm4' iri(.u,)

it i-f

iri.ru'4'

ieli=f iri(.u) not attcstcd

2 - SuFplx CON.Ilrc,tt'l0N

Notcs: I Also in rnain clauscs,sit.tccthc ncgativc fbnns of thc Circunrstantial(prcscnt) s q l m = . | ' a nt h d c C o m p l c x A o r i s t I i v , ( = . fsl r J m = fa r c i d c n t i c a l ( i \ 5 s1 3 U ,1 4 2 , T a b l c 3 ) . I I

In advcrbial subordinatcclauscs. Al.o in main clauscs,sincc thc ncgativc fbrrns of thc Complcx Vcrb Fonns iw slm.n=J' I iw s(m.ntw,J and thc vcrbal scJm.nl'arc iclcnrical(s$ l3g. l42,Tablc

3).


$ 142

8) NEGATION of the

COMPLEX VERB FORMS

with iw ($$ 90-94)

9lt sc): a ) T h e f o l l o w i n g n e g a t i v e ' : T : - öi"l a r e t h e n e g aora t i v ePerfective ' e q u i v a ($ len ofthePRESENT ponrr,rs iw slnt.n=fts pERFEcr

""olw"+

sdn'ny'$ 138) with n sdm| of the Perfcct identical n sdm-J(formalty an Asiatic did not turnmy backto \\Iii n rdi=i sl'i nclm"l *^--".!1,']lS*) (i'e' did not flee)'"

'

sdny'$ 75) + Subjunctive o n-spsdm4 (n-sp$ 133 anvthing nh('t)"Nevcr did I do msdd'bt')r iri'v-i n-sp I 'lidl' -^- ,i.,{'{}jl{h hated'" n s { m . t ' . 1 (783 'l )

.

b c i n g" ' t s " T h a ty o u c a r n ci n t o n fipr'trt1r'w ^ : ] , ' " ' i ' ! 1 p r ' n ' . . k { ' }: .... godscameinto bcing'" thc bcforc

.

8l) of iw + Old Pcrfcctivc\ n sdm=f(asncgativc

'il*'lii irll '^:t:' '--^11 of thc naoi of thc K h e o p s s a y s t o D j c d "i :' 'i :l i ' l - , - t ' i ' ' \ l ; r ' ' l ' - -ul"i th: 't wrt Dhw'tv j-n('f) 'wt ip I-9". iw=k rb.ti trwn ' ' r rl ' n rb'i tnw' -' i,ligcr t' l''l -' -' answcrs:-^-, of Thoth''iDjcdi sanctuary numbcrthercof'" ir.y "I do not know thc ($ 92) I iv'(=f)sQnt='f of COMPLEXAORIST cquivalcnt prcscntsQnt=f ' $ I36)' b) n s|nt.n-J- ncgativc Cl"umsianLiat 'it"ittt" n with (iclentical "' who rcturns;hc docs ctt pv'n r/i 'n='f'i;=f"Hc is onc 1''' ,.-' ,,\-^-*-i 1,1 back"" his turn not ($ 94) FUTtjRE irl'=fr sc^f'?r of COMPT'EX cquivalcnt -ncgativc c) nn sglnt=f forctcmity'" ---lL'"' nn ntsi=sr rtlrl "shcwill not givcbirth :-:iTlililil thcscconstructions: (Tablc3) sumrnariscs Thc foltowingtablc

Negation of the Verb 85 affirmative (g$ 90-94) P ER F E C T

iw sQm.n=f iw sQm.n{ ix,+ Old Perfective iwJ iyi.w iw-J iri.w

he (has)heard

negated(ö 142) n sjm{ he hasnot heard n-sp + Subjuncrive sd.m4 he neverheard n sQm.t{ he hasnot yet hearcl

he hascome n iyiJ' he hasnot come he hasbeenmacle n iri .tw4he hasnot beenmade

C'orrpLexAoRrsr I

iw(-$ sdmi

he hears

n sjm.nJ

C'oupLEXFutuRB

iw-J r s{m

he will hcar

nn sQm{ gvlirtdleEgyptian.y r * FuturesQmJ'pta Egypt.) he will not hear

he doesnot hcar

T,rnlp3 - Covpr.nxVnneFonN,ts wlrtrrw - \EGATION of thc TNFTNTTIVE (g$ 82_35) .r' \\ irh thc Negarivc Vcrb , lz (\ I32) . '; takcs the fonn of thc infinitivc; thc vcrb that carricsthc mcaning follows as a Complcmcnt.This construction is uscclwhcn thc infinitivecithcr l. scrvcs "'-gativc ... J nounor 2. lollowsa prcposition: t.

'' ili,ilif tm w,ttm(.v,) lis ,,Tonot cat cxcr'rcnt.,, titlc of a spcll; Thcsouthcrn boundary madcin ycar8, ... :,\

'i,. i;\ a i ** -n'i -* i,,,,Ill,"i

.,.iorvthatanyNubianpassit." b)

$ 143

r tm r/i(.w) sni sw Nltsy nh in ordcr not to

-- rn + infinitivc',without ... -ing,'

':1thls constructionit is not the infinitivc as suchbut rathcr thc wholc clauscthat is :rc-gätcd (cp. $$ 47, 57);primarilyuscdin adverbialsubordinatc clauses: " . Thesethingsarc to bclongto your ron, l.jl i, iht. ':ttrqli.tpslJ st n fird.w-Jwithoutallowingthathc

S 145 a) NEGATIONof thePARTICIPLES 1. Active of tm are the in the active, the forms of thc impcrfectiveand perfcctiveparticiples sameand thcy can thereforenot be distinguished:

ii*'"|'.{.;\ti. ,!'i* - !\., J\ li\,"

;,.

-

m nh-Jm sQm(.w) l- , in ib s!1pr(.w)

tm(.w)s|m(.w)''Itistheheart(i.e.mind)thatformsitsowncraSonewhohearsor one who doesnot hcar." whcn usedin an It is not alwaysclearwhethettmin Egyptianis imperfectivesince, epithet,thc pcrfectiveparticiplecan alsohavcprcscntsense' ' 'l ',it âr.r mt(w).ttml swti(.w) "A ncw languagcwhich has )\\ ; Jt',, ft',.],,, \\ by)'" ncvercorneto pass(lit.: passed 2. Passivc a. ImPcrfcctive ParliciPlc ' tnt(-w)hnn(.w)wQ't-ntlw-J "onc, whosccommandis ncvcr , \;\ <1,*. ",, i transgressed." b. PcrfcctivcParticiPlc ''il v( \ 'ii' t^^(.*) ,,Altlands;,' ),N:1" ii[],,i*' !nrt(.w)st in kv'wvbi'tvw which havcncverbccntroddenby otherkings'" vcrb with gcmination' Note:tmm(.w)is the pcrfcctivepassivcparticipleof a 2-radical ö 100FORM $ 146 b) NEGATIONof the RELATIVE '.,'rl' " iri(.w)mn.wwln=s "Therc ll l\11 rtn s.t nh.ttm.rn(=i) -*,,,.,".,:: rjr" was not any placcin which I did not makcmonutncnts'" $ 147 c) NEGATIoNof the sQm.ty--fy-FORM

',, '. sw tm.t(y)"f(v) ir grt.l!.t(y)--fy { ,.r,\ l;..'rl'\- i \} ,1 I\ ":' ilA9\,e.' for it "'" fight not (thcbordcr), will who 'hl(w) hr'J"But as for him who will loseit

Questions 87 M) QUESTIONS

s 148

Qucstionsare eithcr not specifically marked as such (i.e. they would have been indicatedby intonation)or they are introducecl l]* by i, or the laterform i*i)i in-iw (g 34). Word ordcrand syntaxare the sameas in statcments. **.]\f , ,fi- ! t,i':, ir-i, ini.n=kmi kd ,,Haveyoubrought everything?,, Interrogative pronoun.s and adverbs($ 34) occupythc samcpositionin a scntenccas corrcsponding partsof spccchin statemcnts, c.g.in an AdjcctivalScntcnce ($ 56): 1i,;,t), ; i h pwsw.it(.y) ,,Whois he (lit. hc is who),thc ,, Hcrcpw onc who enters? . (for pw,/'r' "who?"$ 34) takcsthe placcoian adjectiu", ..g. ,,f, ($ SO) Thc cncliticparticlcs, (i)t 4 o. -- - 1 ,' to 3g)oftcnappcarin qucstions of all sorts: ', i , , " I l:11 isr, tr i!1.t,,Whatis thc thins?,, N) EPBXEGBSIS

$ r4e

A pronominalsubjcctcanbe spccificdby a namc or nounat the enclof a scntcncc: t f

'

\ ]

I b'i4'R''w "Mayherisc'(narncly) Rc."(thcnamc"Khcphrcn,', sccs r53) .li,l.. A, i*i;,.:,r,r il il ., rji msi=s ir4.sinw,Rwql_{d.t,,Arwhattimc thcn ri'illshcgivebirth,(namcly) Ruclj_djedet?,, 'l

O) RELATIVE CLAUSES Rclativcclauscsarc attributeclauses,i.c. they functionlikc adjcctivesin that thcy qualifyan antcccdcnt (a prcccdingnounor pronoun).Like adjectives, they canarsobe uscdas nouns.Not onryadjectives ($ 24b),pu,ti.ipt",is ro:) unaR"tu,iu"Forms(g r r 0), but also non-vcrbaland verbal ,".u" as attributcs.Although Egyptian "iuur"r'äun parliciplcsand,in particular, Rclative Fonnsusuallyhavcto be translatcd into English as rclativc clauses,only non-verbaland vcrbal clauseswhich are uscdas attributesare trucRclativcClauses. Thc word to which an adcctive, participlc or RelativeForm rclates(the antecedcnt) can bc eitherdeterminedor uncleterminid.with Relativ" ctuurlr, rrowcver,Egyptian distinguishes betwcenthesefwo typesof anteccclents.

$ rsO

88 Accidenceand SYntax antecedent Clause- as attribute of a determined $ 151 1) Relative this is indicatedbY the translation in specific Here, the antecedentis known and i'itttl;' The Relative Ölause is introducedby a Relative Adjective, definite u.ti.r. with the antecedent' which agreesin genderandnumber RELATIVE ADJECTIVB

a)Ifthcantecedentisidenticalwiththesubjcctofth cRelativcClausc,thcnthelatter in thc RclativeAdjcctiveitsclf: is not spccifi"utty.*ptt"tJU* is implicit Egvptianswho rm! Km.t n.t(t)w im 1n'-J "the \.|q,,1; , i1,1. llli* RclativcClausc:advcrb) wcrethercwith hirn"' (prcdicatcof w h i c hi s ' ' t t t h ' tn ' r s i n ' t ( y ) m t r ' t i " c a c hl i r n bo f a r r a n N\'ill :,,1',,']*yf -'.T Old Pcrt-cctivc) ,l.L';. lpr"dicatcof RclativcClause: b ) I f t h c a n t c c c d c n t i s n o / i d c n t i c a l w i t h t h c s u b j cresumptlvc c t o t ' n " - 1 -pronoun: t:1:"eClausc'thcnitis by rncansofa to rcfcrbackto thc antcccdcnt ncccssary '1,,,. i.iji:,,- - ' )shl1.tv.si inrJ"thc shipin whichthc princcwas"' n.sr'r' u,1ll]-, *. , -. ] ** faccis (thatof) a dog"' .' \1" l A np' pw't1.i)hr'Jm lsnl"thisgodwhosc \i'1.., 1 t;l , ... r -i-l "thcscyour ''il*, -..,,'l i;i. iil.',' "iiit;t ir'ry'1;ip.n n;y yrll(\',n) im=sn .:.' of RclativcClausc:Aoristsim=fl cycswith whichyou '""';' (prcclicatc c ) T h c r c s u m p t i v c p r o n o u n ( s w i n t h c , f o l l^. o w i n € e x a r n p l c ')'t )isalsoncccssarywhcnthc p; t hnk't"'n'ty ,'i,;q'"*. i ... ,,;i l{,,,,i'i1i.,'," oU1".,.l tfr" i, antcceclcnt rdi.n'in=tnSw,,Thcbrcadandbccr...*t'i.t,,Ihavcgivcntoyou.''(prcdicatcof Relativcclausc:nominalsQm'n=fl d)AnadvcrbcantakcthcplaccoIaprcpositionFrcsumptivcpronoun(cp.$S|04.105) godsare"' bw n.tyntr.v'im "theplaccwhcrcthc li$..... ] t i\ hi dcpendent pronoun and Relative Clause appcars as a situationin which I am"' ., s.fn pn n.ty wi lr'J "this

Relative Clauses 89 It can also appearas a suffix-pronoun,particularlyrvherethe subjectis in the 2nd or 3rd person,in which casen.e4 is usuallywritten .1-l: t\\*''ri . , ) -...._I ,\rr hw n.ty-Jim "theplacewherehe is". Note:r,r..'' ' n./ynh "everyonewho", "whoever', f) Like an adjcctive,a RclativeClausccan also be uscd as a noun, i.e. absolutclv. without an antecedcnt: ; , l .. lrro lr..r'i -,'.'. ,'I l\.

n.tywm Sms{

"thosewho arc in his following";

n.t(y)tnb.t im{

"cvcrythingthat/whatcver is in him/it,,.

g) NcgativcRclativcAdjective: , ..\'., ,^,,,ir,.ry,t.,1,',ir,.tyt.,,onc who docsnot ...,' /

" ^ -

i \ \

|

, .r lr :

iw.ty mi .tyJ "onc who docs not havc his cqual". '

-^- , ' ,\v. , i w . t y n - J " o n c w h o h a s n o t h i n g "( c p . $ 5 8 b ) , a l s o , . " i ) i i w . t y s w " a h a v c not, a paupcr". Note:

i , i , , , , n . t y ti w , . t y t " t h a tw h i c h i s a n d w h i c h i s n o t " : " c v c r y t h i n g " .

2 ) R c l a t i v cC l a u s c- a s a t t r i b u t co f a n u n d e t e r m i n e d a n t c c e c l c n t A non-vcrbal or vcrbal clausc whosc fonn is idcntical to an indcpcndcnt clausc can function as a Rclativc Clausc. Thcsc "virtual Rclativc Clauscs" follow thcir antcccclcnt paratacticallybut arc not introduccdby a Rclativc Adjcctivc. Only thc context cnablcs onc to rccognisc thcm as attributcs of an antcccdcnt. In thcsc cascs, a rcsutnptivc pronoun always rcfcrs back to the antcccdcnr. ] \j' l^:-r1,,,'ä . n l r p w c r t t l n s r t . n w = f " H c i s i n d c c d a g o c lw h o s c s c c o n d (cqual) docs not cxist." (Rcsurnptivc pronoun l. Thc clausc could also bc translatcd paratactically:"Hc is indccd a god. His cqual docs not cxist".)

-lli' " .,"*,,f ]rlljl!f ;$ m i . s iw , r t m . r B t =. fw t t . w , t t . t , , l i k ca m a nw h o has catcnthc fruit of thc sycamorc."(Rcsurnptivc pronounf; w,nm.n-J is actuallya Pcrfcctsglm.nJ' in a subordinate clausctS 71.2],which coulclalsobc translatcd "likc a rnan,aftcr hc haseatcnthc fruit of the sycamorc".) Advcrbialsubordinatc clauscsof time or circumstancc with iw (N 46 b) (l) or with an Old Pcrfcctivc(2) frequcntlyoccurassuchan attributeof an undctennincd antccedcnt:

$ rs2

90 Appendix- RoYalTitularY

(r)

'-'1i'i\Fl)

l.$,"" :Sq,\\.---\\i(i

g';.,=i ttft.wpw iw-Jm ivi't "I

iiscoveredit was a snakewhich was approaching'"

tbb.w md,mhnhn.t=sn \\1L._1, -riiiil* I li.i.\,.l\." .' . tln.wy (2)^*-l\hilil thc sky"' m hr.t

,,twoobelisksof finc goldwhosepyramidionsrninglewith

P) APPENDIX

sI53I.THETITULARYANDOTHE,RDESIGNATIONSoFTHEKING fivc titlcsandnalncs: nlrh.t,of an EgyptianKing cornprises Ä

N

ffi upon thc pa.lacc-fatod" l. Thc Horus narrc is usuallywritten vcrticallywithin HorusThc is p"än"a, somctimcswcaringthc double-crown' which thc Horus-falcon bc also can Thc namc falconon thc facadcis thc writing for thc titlc Hr.w "Horus"' (sec thc crown and facadc writtcn horizontallyfollowing thJ Horus-falconwithout cxamplcbclow). ,'Two Laclics,,-namcfollows the titlc lulii, nb.ry, which refcrs to thc fwo 2.The of Buto' of the crowns,Nfib'tof Elkab andW]cJ'yt goddcsses ,,GoldcnHorus"-name follows thc titlc i''s Hr.r'-rhr" probably"Horus(madc) 3. Thc of gold". 4. Thc prcnomcnfbllows the titlc,l,fi' ,t,

bl./v,"King of Upperand Lowcr Egypt"'

Theprenomenisusuallyformcdwiththcnamcofthesun-godRet.randiswritten withina cartouchc. ,,Sonof Re,,-namc(nomcn)follows thc titlc \,. .s-lRc.w.It is also writtcn 5. The beforchis accessionand conforms within a cartouchc.lt is the namcbomc by thc king Sesostris;l8th Dynasty: to the currcntdynastictradition(l2th Dynasty:Amencmhet, Thutmosis;lgth / 20th Dynastics:Scti'Ramesses)' Amcnhotep, to kings by their "Son of Re" Today, following thc ancientGrcek tradition,we rcfer the Horus namc,and thoscof names,whercastne ngyftians of the old Kingdom uscd bi.ty name,when referringto the the Middle ana N"*äingdoms prefcned the nsw king by only one name.

Appendix- Syllabic Writing 9l

Exampleof a completetitulary (ThutmosistII):

t[5;!

f i Ni;

ItltI i ,,i]i,",!] l\,

Hr.w kl n!,ttflci-m-W)s.t

',

Nb.tyWlh-nsy.tmi RC.w m p.t

i,il ''.) I /

F""1 r .,I ., ,,

Hr.w-nbwSfint-pl1.ty Qsrlc.w

:,,K,7r,i] )

Nswbi.ty Mn-!1pr-Rc.v,

(,iri',.ihIr,) )

Si Rc.wQhwty-msnJ'r!1pr(.u,)

"Horus:Thc strongbull who appearsin Thebcs;Two Ladics:Enduringof kingship likc Rc in hcaven;GoldenHorus:Mighty of strcngth,holy of diadcms;King ('Thefonn of Re endures'(?)); of UppcrandLower Egypt:Menkheperre Sonof Re: pcrfcctof forms". Thutmosis, Thc tcnn "Pharaoh"(< Hcbrcw< pr.v, () "Grcat Housc",i.c. palacc)is not uscdfor thc rulcruntil thc l8'nDynasty;cp. "DowningStrcct","Thc Whitc Housc". g 154

2. SYLLABTC-(GROUP-)WRTTTNG In ordcr to writc wordssuchas forcignnalncs,loan wordsor magicalspcllsin sucha way that thcy might bc concctly pronounccd,thc Egyptianscript, which lackcd vowcls, developcdits own distinctivcsystcrn.Certaingroups,gcnerallyconsistingof at lcasttwo Egyptiansigns,thc last of which is cithcr w, i or i, wcrc uscdto writc opcn syllablcs + vowel).Herethe(oftenunccrtain) (consonant vocalisation of somcof thcse:

ril

rl\i. r

lI t \, l

],*

.",

1il

,rlb

-.rrZl '[\

rlÄ )''\ /

N \\

trl

l

ri ru

nu CI

lilrt

rQ, n

ct, I

,u

ba, bi

:,. '''',

bu

]r,

ha, hi, hu sa, si SU

pct,pi

1',ttnt,'[\

la, lu

ma, mi, mu

It

ta, ti

na, la

Itr

!a, !i, lu

ni

.liN

da,cli,elu

/ + vowcl

92 Sign List

III. STCNLTST list in Gardiner'sEg'tptThe numbersfollowing the signsrefer to the more extensive their alphabcticdesignation ian Grammar,from *"6i"t thä division into groupswith hasbecnadoPted. : : D' : Detcrminative'Ph'D' L. : Logogram(also: Ideogram),Ph' Phonogram' PhoneticDcterminative A. MEN yi

A (l)

malc Seatedman.L' i$ 'ri "man"'D' man'^1aleoccupations' Il' pcople' pcrsonalnames.L. suffix i "1" D. in l, people,groupsof drink' Scatedmanwith handto mouthor hcad'D' eat'be hungry' speak,think,fccl.

jj"l

Q)

)ji ),ii

(3) (4)

D. sit. Man knceling.

(5)

Man hiding.D. hidc.

ili

(6)

Man bcing(ritually)washcd.D' pure,purily, purity'

iitt

(j)

Man sinkingto ground.D. bc wcary,wcak'

;iil fil

(e) (ro)

Man stcadyingbaskcton hcad'D' carry,load,work'

!;i'

( 12)

Soldicrwith bow andquivcr.L. l{

üI

(r3 )

Man with handsbound.D. cncmy,rebcl'

ii' i{,

(14)

:r,",

(15)

h lh }l

(16) (r7) (re)

lNs. 'lp

r t{,

Man with raisedanns'D. worship;hidc'

Man with oar.D. in sÄdw"sail"',,. nl.(' "army".D. anny,cncmy'

Fallingmanwith bloodstrcamingfrornhcad'D' dic; cncmy' ' Fallingor fallcnman.L.'t' l,'' "fal["' D' fall' cncmy' Man bowingdown.D. bcnd,bow' Chifd sittingon lap.L- llrd "child"' D' child;bc young' y.i'i\ il* "old", srtJl4'"cldest"' Bcnt manleaningon staff. wr "prince".D. old.

Sign List 93

|fl

A (21)

Man standingwith staff.L. * sr "official".D. noble,courtier, friend,statue.

|fi,

(22)

Statueof a manwith staff and sceptre.D. in twt.w "stafue",i/i.y "sovereign".

üt

Q,

King with staffandmace.D. in iti.y"sovcreign".

1l

Qq

Man strikingwith stick.D. for actionsinvolving effort: strike, rob, teach,be strong.

(25)

Man with stickin onehand.L. hw,i"smitc".

(26)

Man with onc arrnraiscd.D. call.

(27)

Man hastening with onearrnraised.In prcposition tS ir "by".

(28)

Man with raiscdanns.D. joy, mourning,high.L. fr/i "bc high, cxaltcd".

(29)

Man upsidc-down. D. shd"be upsidcdown".

(30)

Man with annsin attitudcof prayer.D. pray,praisc,plcad,grcct.

(32)

Man dancing.D. dancc,rcjoicc.

(33)

Man with stick and bundle. D. wandcr, travcl. L. mniv,"hcrdsman".

(34)

Man pounding,with mortar. D. flvr'.sl pound, build.

(35)

M a nb u i l d i S n . L . k d " b u i l d "D . . build.

(36)

Man bcndingovcr a vcsscl.L. D. cJ'.ty "brcwcr".

(40)

Scatcdgod with bcard.D. god.L. sufflx i "1" (whcna god spcaks).

t\

'llr

Jl

--1\r

il 'il

Js \ ij,|

.ld

11\ß

'il

rllr {.:il

rt) ;,r !t l,t ij Lr'l

'ti

I l.ii

li.tl !)r

, "il t,l

1''l l, ' ;

41142) King with bcard,uracus(andflail). D. king.L. sufflx i "1" (whcn

nr;i1a+o;. a kingspcaks) Variants: iii(a+:),,iji(n++),,,i(oot), \E

@7\

Scatcdhcrdsman with staffan
, t,i

!'|

(49)

Syrianwith stick.D. forcigncr.

tr)t

(50)

Seatcdmanof rank;canreplaccA I or ,A.5 I . L. suffix I "1".

(51)

A50 with flail. L. .fps"noble".Ph.Jps.D. noblcperson.

n qtl

l;i

m ry mh f{

"t, ,.

.:;

94 Sign List

/Jt

A (s2)

":i

ii {I;

l

f-'-j

(s3) (s4) (5s)

Noblesquatting with flail. D. noblc;alsousedin placeof A5l .

1,jj c ( 1 2 )

Standingmummy.D. mummy, statuc,image,form.

d

(l7)

Recumbentmummy.D. death,coffin. +

Mummy on bed.D. lie, slccp,die; corpse.

n

(l8)

B. WOMEN

ri

B (l)

Seatcdwoman.D. woman,fcmaleoccupations, fcmalepersonal namcs.L. suffix i "I" (whcna womanspcaks).

(2)

Prcgnantwoman.D. iwr "conccivc",bkl "be pregnant".

(3)

Womangivingbirth.L. rz.si"givc birth".D. givc birth.

(5)

Womansucklingchild.D. sucklc,nursc,carc.

(7)

Quccnwith diadernandflowcr. D. narncof quccn.

(8)

(GardincrA48) Wcavcrwith sticks. L. iri .t "wcavcr".Ph.iry.

D (1) '(t)'

(2) (3)

(a)

,ar -

r|

1

,;rl 1 \

C. ANTHROPOMORPHICDEIl'IES ']

l.lir il

c (l)

Godwith hurnanhcadandsun-disk. (sun-god). L. Rc.N,"Rc" D. sun-god.

(2)

Godwith falconhcad,sun-disk andsignof lifc: likc Cl.

(3)

Cod with hcadof ibis.L. D. Qlm,.ty"(gocl)Thoth".

(4)

Godwith hcadof rarn.L. D. Hnm.u,"(god)Khnurn".

) "I

(6)

Godwith hcadof a caninc.L. D.'lnJt.tr,"(god) Anubis"-

..I )"1

(1)

Godwith hcadof Scth-animal. L. D. "(god)Scth".

(ri)

Ithyphallicgod with f-cathcrs, raiscdarrnanclllail. L. D. Mnw,"(god,r

'ti; ;

tJ'l' ll

.4 ^/l

l'l I

)

,,r. (J/6)

(e) (l0)

'f..

(17)

.5)

(l8)

lt,l

(l9 ltt (2t) (24) ( 2 5t (26)

Min". (21\

ljr

(e)

Goddcss with homsandsun-disk. L.D. Hw.t-.Hr'.n, Hathor" "(goddcss)

','ri

(l0)

Coddcsswith fcathcron hcad.L. D. Ml'i "(godclcss) Maat".

i;t I

).:,-

( 1 1 ) Kncclinggod with annsupliftcd(supporting thc sky),with or without on his head.L.Hh, "(god)Hch";hh numcral"rrillion".Ph hh.

tr

(28)

llrl -r

( 2e)

Sign List 95

t'{

C (12)

d

(17)

Godwith falconheadanddoublefeathercrown.L.D. Mn!.w "(god) Month".

n

(18)

Godwith doublefcather,homsandsun-disk.L.D. (Tl)-lrzn"(god) (Ta)-tenen".

Godwith doublefeathercrown.L.D. Tmn.w"(god)Amun".

D. PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY 1:,1) D (1)

Hcadin profilc.L. /p "hcad".D. hcad,backof hcad,back; forchcad,front. Ph. tp. .?

.".)

(2)

Facc.L.

'iir,

(3)

Lock of hair.D. hair,sorrow,widow; barc,crnpfy;colour.

(4)

Eyc.L. l/'.r"cyc".D. cyc,scc,blind,cry, wakc,watch.Ph.ir

hr"facc".Ph.hr.

, " ' : ' ( 5 1 6 ) Eyc with cyc-paintor cycbrow.D. scc,blind,wakc. ./l\

' ';1

(e)

Eyc with tcars.L. rnl "cry". D. cry.

(10)

hcad.L. D. u,ql).t"wed.jal-cyc". Hurnancyc with markingsof f'alcon's

(l 7 )

L. D. ti.t "figurc,irnagc" Lowcr partof wed.jot-cyc.

(r 8 )

Ear.L. D. r?.r4lr "car".

(19t20)Noscwith cyc andchcck.L. firrl "nosc".D. nosc,srncll, facc,joy; bc angry.Ph.D.in /rnr(liom /urr"facc").

11il ".1-

(2t)

Mouth.L.

(24)

Uppcrlip with tccth.L. r7./ "cdgc,borclcr".

(2s)

Lips.L.. ': .!p.ry"lips".D. lips.

(26)

Lips issuingliquid.D. spit,vornit,blccd.

(27)

Brcast.L.

(2{J)

a fonn of Outsprcad arrns.L. k/ "thc Ka" (thc lit-c-forcc, thc soul).Ph.tr.

(2e)

D28 on standard Rl2. L. ftj "thc Ka" as a divinccntity.

r'j "rnouth".Ph.r'.

'

nlrrl "brcast".D. brcast;sucklc,nursc.

96 SignList

(p D ( 3 1 )

Combinationof D32 andU36. L. hm-kl "kc-priest"'

0

(32)

Arms in attitudeof embrace.D. embrace,open'

'{

(33)

il])

(34)

Arms engagedin rowing.L. hni "row"' Ph' bn' ch) "fight; weapon,fighter". Arms with shieldandbattle-axe.L.

(3s) (36) orl

(37)

0l

(38)

()il

(3e)

Arms in attitudeof ncgation.L. n and nn "'*' "not"' itd'ly "who .... not". D. be ignorant,forgct'Ph' n' t' I'ii N'\''"' I (D37' L . " a r m " ", h a n d "P. h . A l s o f o r a Forearm 38,40, 42),csP.in hicratictexts' \ Forcarmwith'l\-brcad.L. in the roott' t rQi "givc"' alsoin , imi"givc"' Ph'd, d andm' thc impcrativ"lj\'; Foreannwith roundbrcad.D. in ini "givc"' Ph'nti andn' Forcannwith sphcricalvcsscl.D' offcr,prcscnt,sacriticc'

(40) Forcarmwith stick in hand;uscclin placcof 11424' uppcrann bcnt'D' arrn' ( 4 1 ) Forcann,palmfacingdownwarcls, ., :) 'i" l

(42)

shouldcr;bcnd'sing'ccasc'pausc'rcfusc' Likc D4I but with uppcrarln straight'L' ntlt "cubit"' D' cubit'

(43)

Forcarrnwith f'lail.L. !v'i "protcct"'Ph' !w''

(44)

L.D. lrp "control,guidc,lcad"' Ann with'bi-sccptrc.

(4s)

L. D. /'rr' "splcndid,holy"' Arrn with a nhh.t-sccptrc.

(46)

Hand.L. , '

(41)

Handwith curvcdpalm.D. rü"/ "hand"'

c|r.t.Ph-d.

(4e) Fist.D. grab,conqucr. in nurncral10'000' (50) Fingcr.L. 4lt'"fingcr".D. fingcr'Ph' c-lbc li ii I

(504) Two fingcrs.D. straight,cxact' ( s l ) Horizontalfingcr.L. cn-t"nail,claw"'D' nai['claw'mcasurc'takc'

(s2) (53)

D. rnalc.Ph.mt. Ph.andD' Äi' Phallus. L' in Phalluswith fluid issuingfrom it' D' urinatc;poison;husband' N

"in frontof'. I''.n-b;/z

SignList 97

D (54)

Legswalking.L.A\t ir; "come".D. walk, approach, hurry, halt, hesitate.L. nmt.t "step,movement".

i\\,

(55)

Legswalking backwards.D. backwards,turn about;again.

il

(56)

Lcg. L. rd "foot".D. leg,foot,thigh.Ph. tt) pd,127wcr, (3)sbk,(\ gh or ghs.

'i1 \

(s8)

Leg.Ph.ö.

r'Ii |,)\

(60)

D58 combinedwith a vcssclfrornwhich watcrflows.L. w'b "purc".

JJl

(61)

Tocs.L. sil "toe".D. toc.Ph..sll. E. MAMMALS

jr,ot E (l) ;rl 'Il

Q)

Aggrcssivcbull. L. in,.'4 f ; nftl "strongbull" (cpithctof thc king).

(3)

Calf. D. Calf,cattle.

i::tt (6) 5,t

Bull. L. t-i "bull,ox". D. cattlc,hcrd.

(i)

Horsc.L. ssm.t"horsc".D. horsc,tcam. Donkcy.L. D. ci "donkcy".

llr,r,l (B)

Kid. D. smallcattlc.Ph.D.and Ph.ih.

,'it-,-,.t (9)

Ncw-bornantclopc.Ph.in,.

i,l

(10)

Rarn.D. ram,shecp.D. flnm.w "(god)Khnum".

'tt il

( 12)

Pig.D. rri "pig".

fu (r3) Cat. D. ntiw "cat". ,\' ll 'l''\

(r4)

Dog (slughi).D. dog.

jackalor dog.L. 'lnp.w"(god)Anubis". ( r 5 ) Recurnbcnt D. Anubis.

r l ; N , ( 1 6 ) El5 on a shrine;likc E15.L. hr.ysJ/j "hc who is overthe sccrets".

Iru

(17)

Jackal.L. D. slb'Jackal,judge".

98 Sign List '};x E (18)

(20)

wolf (? a canine)on a standard.L. or D.wpi-w).w/ "the openerof the ways", "(god) WePwawet"' L. Stft,Swty,"(god) Seth".D. Seth,turmoil, The Seth-animal. storm,thunder.

4,-J el)

E20 recumbent.D. turmoil, storm.

1,r\"

Lion.L. mJi"lion".D.lion.

(22)

-4'.\ (23) o.nrzr\ (24)

lion. L. ru, "lion". Ph. rw,ln(. Recumbent

ff^

Elephant.D. )hw "elephant".Ph-D-ibw "Elephantine"'

e6)

tr; ej)

Panther.L.D. )hy "panther".

Giraffe.D. sr "foretell",mmy "giraffe".

6,t

(31)

Goatwith cylindcr-sealhung aboutits neck.L. D. s'/r "rank, honour".

!i':"

(34)

Descrthare.Ph. wn. F. PARTS OF MAMMALS

yl

F (l)

Hcad of ox. ReplaccsEl ftl "ox" in offeringformula'

(-.lr , s)

(3) (4)

Ph.D.j.r "strcngth".Ph' il' Hcadof hippopotamus.

)!/{

(5)

Ph.D' in sJi' Ph.Jsl. Inaccuratcly Hcadof antelope.

)t1

(6)

Forepartof anteloPe.Likc F5. ' ''74; .f / "ram,headof ram" and. - { {' ' tO Hcad of ram.D. in -. .f.yr "majesty,honour,worth, dignity".

'7c,

Q)

Forepartof a lion. L. hl.t "bcginning'front",hl.ty"heart"'

W

(s)

Forcpartof ram. Like F7.

?l

(e)

Headof leopard.Writtenfwicc:L. D.ph.ty "strength"'

f 'f

( 1 0 ) Hcad and neckof an animal'D. throat;swallow' (l l)

Formof Fl0 in the Old Kingdom.

1tz1 (13)

Headand neck of a canine.Ph. wsr.

,-1

1 v

Hornsof ox. L. ltp./ "crown of head,horns".Ph. wp'

Sign List 99

:::_ F (16)

Horn. L. db"horn". D. horn.Ph.ch.

N

(17)

Fl6 and a vesselfrom which liquid issues.L. D. cäw"purification".

(18)

Elephanttusk.D. tooth;bite, laugh.Ph. hh, hw.

1zo;

Tongue.L. rus"tongue";im.y-r) "overseer".D. tongue;taste.Ph. ns.

:

(21)

Ear of ox. L. msQr"ear".D. ear;hear,be deaf.Ph. sQm,idn.

.l,

(22)

Hind partof a lion. L. ph.wy"hindquarters". Ph.or Ph.D.ph, tdl.

,..i

(23)

Forelegof an ox. L. bp! "foreleg,arm". D. forelcg,arm, strength.

(2s)

Leg of an ox.L. whm.t"hoof'. Ph.whm.

(26)

Skinof goat.L. fin.t "hide,skin".Ph.ftn.

(27)

Hide of ox. D. hidc,leather,mammal.

(28)

Variantof F27.L. s3ä"dappled,variagated" in T],i slhlw.ty

,

\

ri;ii ' ',

"variagatedof fcathcrs"(cpithctof god Horus).

"r' r,

eg)

Hide of ox piercedby arrow.L. D. s/i "shoot".Ph.sr.

(30)

Water-skin.Ph. Jd.

;i i

( 3 1 ) Threefox skinstied togcther.Ph. ns.

i:,

(32)

Belly of anirnalwith teatsandtail. L. ä./ "torso,body".Ph. lr.

\-\

(33)

Tail. D. sd "tail".Ph.D.sd.

"

(34)

Heart.L. ib (occasionallyalsoht.ty) "heart".D. hcart.

(35)

Heartandwindpipe.Ph. nfr.

(36)

Lung with windpipc.Ph.sml.

e:-)

Backboncwith ribs.L.D. il.t "back".

r)

(39)

Backbonewith marrowissuingfrom it. Ph. iml!.

,\

(40)

Backbonewith marrowissuingfrom both cnds.Ph. jw.

(41)

Backbonewith vertebrae.D. psj "back",Jc./"slaughter".

(42)

Rib. L. .!pr"rib". Ph.spr.Confusionwith Nl l.

(44)

Leg boneof ox with meatattached.Originally two signs(seldom

1r

,i

:'\

100 Sign List distinguished) for:

F (44)

-

.i h1

,::\

Ph'D' iwc' (") D 1;;;l;'thigh of o*"' Ph' and \'r)'l'" sw'/ "leg of beef'' Ph' isw' (b) D. in 1 ' Ph'klh' pftr' clbn'D' turn around' D' intestines Intestines' (4614'7) bodilypart' (51) Pieceof meat'D' meat'

tl

(52)

, ','

Excrcment'D' lrs"excrerncnt"' G. BIRDS

\\ c (r)

Egyptianvulrurc'Ph' l

\;

buzzard.nl-t' Long-lcggcd

(4)

. (i... ,,farcon,,. ,, n bift I in 'i,irt, D' :Falcon.L. Hr.w' "(god)Horus"' in placc hicratictcxtsregularlyused (7) Falconon a standard.D. gocl;in of A40. "(god)Ncmty"' (7A) Falconin boat'L' Nm'ty of Gold"(titlcof king' Sl53)' Falconon Sl2. L' Hr'u'-nhw"'Horus (8) "(gocl)Rc-Harakhtc"' (e) Falconwith sun-disk'L' Rc'u-Hr'u'4t3'ty of Sokar' D' in r^l;r"(gocl)Sokar";hrl"'Henu-Barquc" Sokar-barquc. (l0) c'frn(cl1m'cl3nl "divincimagc"' Imagcof falcon'D' in (l l) ntwl' mt' ru'ra" ( 1 4 ) Vulturc.D. vulturc'Ph' Mut"' ( l s ) Vulturewith flail' L' Mw't "(goddcss) Uto on baskets' Nckhbctand thc snakc-goddcss ( 1 6 ) The vulturc-goddcss (titlc of king' $ 153)' i.^,vfiy "rnJfwo Ladics"

'i;\. (s) i'\

.J:., ini:. (-;rl

\1., [,].\ l.\". ,ö!r! {\ ''l\.

1\

h)

\t ,

\rl"

(17)

O w l .P h 'n '

\i:

(21)

Scnnärguinea-fowl'f-'

\,'-

(22)

HooPoe'Ph' 4h'

\,.

(23)

4t\

(24)

't;1;

nh "neh-bird"'Ph' rlt'

Ph'D' in the sameword' commoners"' Lapwing'L' rlty't "subjects' Likc G23' Lapwingwith twistcdwings'

-

---.

SignList 101

e

)i

4_ F _T

G (25)

Crcstedibis. L. )! " akh-spirit"(thetransfigureddeceased). Ph. lb.

(26)

Ibis on a standard.D. in Bhw.e "(the god) Thoth".

(21)

Flamingo.D. flamingo.Ph. dJr.

(28)

Blackibis.Ph.gm.

(29)

ph. bi. Stork.L. b) " ba-spüt"(theempowered spiritof thedeceascd).

(30)

Thrcestorks. L. bl.w "souls,power".

(31)

Heron.D. hnw "phoenix".

4,,,

(32)

Heronon a perch.L. D. h(h "be inundated".

(\ ,T-

(33)

Egrct(?).L. sdl "seda-bird". Ph.D.sdl "trcmblc".

(35)

Cormorant. Ph. '&.

(36)

Swallow.Ph.wr.

(31)

Sparrow.D. small,cvil, incomplctc, empty,sick.

(38)

Gooscor duck(not alwaysdistinguishcd frornG39).L. )pd "bird". D. goosc,bird,flying anirnals(c.g.grasshoppcr). Ph..qbin ?,,,. lliil Ghh "(goclofcarth)Geb".

(39)

Pintailduck.Ph.si. Flyingduck.L. , ',. r, , 'o-pj "fly". Ph.p).

b ^F 4

F

:K

)ilr-

-(..

i\

N N 2

\>

(40) (41)

Duckalighting. D. alight,bird.Ph.D.lrr.Appcarsas D. for no apparcntrcasonin variouswords;alsoin placcof G40.

(42)

Duck.L. w.fi "fattcn".D. in dfl "provisions".

$

(43)

Quailchick.Ph.w.

&

G7)

Duckling.L.li "duckling". Ph.ri.

thlr

(48)

Thrceducklingsin ncst.D. .fr "ncst".

g

(4g)

Threeducks'headsprotrudingfrom watcr.L. D. i",).r.{ "birdpool","nest".

(51)

Egret(?) catchingfish.D. to fish.

t;,'

F-

102 Sign List (transitive)"' c (52) Goosepicking up grain'D' in snm"feed

&

' Bird with humanhead'L' b) "Ba-spirit"

N

(s3)

@

(s4) Trussedgooseor duck.D' bird; offer' Ph' snQ' H. PARTS OF BIRDS

"l

H (l)

-1. litt

't,

(2) (3) (4)

D' w|n "wring neck Headof pintail duck.For G38' L' )ptt "bird"' (of a bird)". wSm' Headof a bird with a crcst'Ph'D' mic' Hcad of a sPoonbill.tn'O' rtt:",., i'l \i' nr"w "terror"' In a Hcad of vulture.Ph.D.nr in ' writing of rm1l|trJi"PcoPlc"'

(s)

Wings.D. wings:flY.

li I

(6)

Fcather.L. fJI sr.r "feather"'Ph' sw'mlc't'

\\

(8)

L' sl "son"' Egg.D.cgg;goddcss'

ffidF

REPTILES T.AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS AND

;1 :;,,

(6)

Ph' 'Ji' Lizard(Tarentolamauritanica)'D' lizard' bc grccdy' Crocodile.L. msh "crocodile"'D' crocodilc; Ph' ' " iti'y "sovereign"' angry.Twocrocodiles: aggrcssive, "collcct(oncsclt)"' Crocodile,tail curvcdinward'Ph'D'slll Crocodilctail with scalcs'Ph' km'

(7)

Hckat"' Frog.D. krr "frog";I-Ift'r"(goddcss)

I (l) (3)

(s)

(e)

Tadpole.Ph.hfn;numcral100'000' D' fathcr'Ph"f it' Horncd viper(Cerastescerasles)'

(10)

Cobra.Ph. a/.

(8)

(l 2 ) (1 3 )

goddcss' Cobrain positionof attack'D' uraeus' Wadjet"of Buto' Cobraon basket.D'Wl/'yt "(goddess)

Sign List 103

i,.t- t (t+) K. FISHES

K (l) (2) (3)

Bulti-fish (Tilapia nilotica).D. fish. Ph. in. A fish (Barbusbynni).Ph.D. in bw.l"abomination,taboo". E A fish (Mugil cephalus).Ph. c/ in title r r 'd mr "administratorof a district".

(4)

Oxyrhynchus fish (Mormyrus kannume).Ph. hL

(s)

hane).D.rm.w "fish".Ph.bs. A fish (Petrocephalus L.INSECTS AND SMALL ANIMALS

.t.\ t.t ii,,t

r,\ .(

L (l)

sacer).L. bpr "dung bcctle" . Ph. hpr. Dung bcctlc (Scarabaeus

(2)

Bce.L. bi .t "bcc". Ph. hit.

(6)

Bivalveshell.Ph.!1t in !/w.t "offeringtable".

(1)

Sclkis". Scorpion.L. SrA.r"(Scorpion-goddcss) M. TREBS AND PLANTS

M (l)

Trce.D. trcc.Ph. ilm, im.

(2\

Hcrb.D. plant,flowcr.Ph.hn,ls; rarc:for suffix-pronoun .i "I". lst pcrsonsingular.

(J,t

Branch.L.,,

I

(4)

Palmrib. D. bc young. Ph. rrtp.lnthc group)',:',rnplsp (altcrnativc rcadingltl.t-sp)"regnalycar".Ph.D.in /r "timc"; oftencombincd '1 (M7).Alsoin ' (M5), | 1vo; o. i[ , with othcrsigns:.1, Tl-mri "Egypt".

.,]

(8)

Poolwith lotusflowers.L. I'J'1.li "lofuspool,mcadow".Ph.Ji;

I

fil "wood,trcc".D. wood,objcctof wood.Ph.lt.

IfYeYj

)!1inthegroupi;, , lfr.r "inundation(scason)".

104 Sign List a . - M (l l)

Floweron longtwistingstalk'L. D' wdn "offer"'

I

f tZl

Lotusflower.Ph.bl; numeral1,000'

T

f f :l

Papyrusstalk.L. wlQ"papyrusplant,papyruscolumn"'Ph'w)8,wQ'

;fi

(15)

Clump of papyruswith budshangingdown' D' papyrus,watery terrain,swamp,Lower Egypt.Ph-i!, mh.

(16)

Clumpof papyrus.Ph.hl, alsomh (like Ml5)'

(l7)

R c e dP . h .i .

(18)

Reedcombinedwith D54. ln rr'l;r,iyi "come"'

(19)

Conicalloavesbctwccna sliccof brcadanda vesscl'L' D' in i!.11 / l i,L,li , , cilr./ "offering". r,, , .j Threcrccdsand thrcc shoots.L. and D iilfli ', .sfi./ "marshland,flat land,ficld".Ph.sn, in Placcof M21.

O0\ (21)

Likc prcvioussignwith a loop at sidc.r-. ]!]r,T;ir\\ ,r,, "hcrb,plant". Ph.sru.

l

Q2)

1

fzfl

Rushwith shoots.Two signs:I 1 ph. ,,. ' '\ Ph. .sw. ".tlt./-plant". Plant.L. i

i

(24)

with D2l M23 cornbined

i

(26)

plant,pcrhaps flowcringform of M23.L. !m( "UppcrEgypt".Ph.Jlllc.

,]

tzq)

I

f,ol

Podcontainingswcct fruit-Ph.n!m. ' Swcctroot(?).L. D. in' n,rr"swcct".

ll!

Qll32) Rootof thc lotusplant.D. grow.Ph.D.rrl. (33) Thrccgrains.L. i'" i/ "barlcy".D. com,grain.

\i r \

'- Ph.r's.

Y i\

(34) (35)

iYna.,,uut'Yl'' "''"'bel't"crnmcr"' Earof cmmer.L. D. in li ', "hcaps,pilcs". Heapof grain.D.ch(.w

f'f

(36)

Shcafof flax.ph. Qr.

i]

f+ol

Bundlcof rceds.Ph. ls.

g2)

Blossom(?).Ph.wn (oftcnreplaccdby Zll)'

$'

/t\

l€\

@

Sign List 105

I"'h,u 1+:; Vine trellis on prop.D. wine, garden,figs. I 1++; Thorn.D. thom, sharp.Ph.spd. N. SKY, EARTH, WATER

' , N(t)

'1'

chief'. Sky.L. D. p./ "sky".L. hr.y."upper,

e)

from it. L. grh "night".D. night, Sky with somethingsuspcnded darkness.

'llll'

(4)

(.)

(5)

Waterfallingfrom sky.L. ild.t "dew".D. dew,rain. (") Sun.L. r'.h, "sun,day";hrw.w "day";in datcsi') is readsw. tomorrow,pcriodof time. D. sun,rise,yesterday,

r,"r

(6)

Sunwith uracus.L. D. Rc.w"(sungod)Re".

,ti

(1)

Sunon thc signT28.Abbrcviationro. ll .1 .-\t"' fir.r-lrr-,.w"what bclongsto theday".

t,l

(8)

rays;rise.Ph.w,bn,hnmnt.t. Sunwith rays.D. sunshinc,

()

(e)

"Ncw-moonfcstival"; L. pscJn.Qw Moon with lowerhalf obscurcd. Abbr.ps! in psq!.t"Enncad(nincprimacvalgods;asscmblyof gods)".

()

( 1 0 ) Moon partiallyobscurcd.Likc N9.

, \

( 1 1 ) Crcsccntmoon.L. i% "rroon".In datcs:iäd "rnonth";othcrwisc I

\t

,

r:

\

/=\

(12)

usuallywrittcn .{ ,,r or i . D. moon.Somctimcsconfuscdwith F42. LikcNl l. Alsor.,, (l7th/ carlylSthDyn.).

,r.

( 14)

pcriod(timc).Pl"t. sbl, cl(u,)) Star.L. " sbi "star".D. star,constcllation, in *rl

@

dwl./ "ncthcrworld".

(l5)

Starin circlc.L. dwl.t (dl.t) "ncthcrworld".

(16)

Flatlandwith grainsof sand(alsowithoutthcsc '). L. rr tti "land, thusalsoin 1.t earth".Ph./t. D. land,carth,estatc(41.r),

(11)

Likc Nl6.

(18)

Sandytract.L.

(20)

shore.Ph.wglh. Tongueof land.D. sandbank,

o. ,,, iw "island".D. desert,foreignland.

106 Sign List

=r

N (21)

\\ /

(23) t

Tongueof land.L. T,: idb "shore"(dual * :: idb.wy "thetwo terms. banks","Egypt").D.earth,land,geographic Irrigationcanal.D. inigatedland,alsoforN2l.

Ph-mic. (23A) (GardinerAal l). Moundof earth,pedestal. I i l tl l

mlir

(24)

Plot of landwith irrigationcanals.L. ., sp-i./"district,nome". D. district,nome(province),namesof nomes,garden.

l/\/r

(25)

Desertland.L. ,-. /tis./."desert,forcignland".D. descrt,mountains, foreignland,cemetery.

r'"

(26)

mountain.L. 4/w "mountain".Ph.q/w. Sand-covercd

rtI

(21)

Sunrisingovermountain.L.

4' \\

(28)

Ph.&t. Sunrisingovcra hill. L. &c "hill of thesunrisc".

,/i

(29)

"/'\.

(30)

r7). Sandyhill-slopc.Ph.t (alsotranslitcratcd ' l/.I "mound". L. D. Moundof earthwith bushcs.

r,,',

(3I )

gcncralcxprcssion Roadwith bushcs.L. , ," wl.t "road".D. roacl,a^sccnd, Ph. hr,wl. (c.g. "hcrc"), distance. location of

,,

(33)

mctal,mincrals,mcdicincs. Grainof sand.D. sand,granularsubstanccs,

.rI

(34)

Now U304.

(35)

Ripplcof watcr.Ph.n. Thrceripplcsof watcr ll t. ^* "watcr".D. watcr,liquid;drink,wash.Ph.nw. ' Canalwith watcr.L. ' ) ntr "canal".D. river,lakc,sca(oflcn

l\/\/l

i

(

(36)

togcthcrwith ä).

i/r I "placeof sunrise/ sunsct,horizon".

Ph.mr, mi.

l

i r, J (Ji) "pool". Ph. .f. Variants N38

,

(3'l)

Pool. L.

',a'

(40)

of N37 andD54 in Jrn"go". Combination

tl,f j

r, N39 rLijiriirrrr

(41/42) Wcll filledwith watcr.D. wcll,pool.Ph.hm,bi),ph.

O. BUILDINGS AND PARTSOF BUILDINGS

o (1)

House.L.

pr'.n,"house". D. house,building,place.Ph.2r.

o

Sign List 107

'J' o (2)

Ol andT3 combined.InT pr.w hd"treasury",lit.: "houseof silver".

5r;

(3)

Combination of Ol, P8,X3 andW22.In ö[! pr.t-br*"funeraryoffering".

l;l

(4)

Shelterof mattingin field. Ph. ir.

L]

(6)

)r

Planview of rectangular enclosure. L. Nfl hw.t"largebuilding,templc, tomb."

(9)

Basket(V30) on top of house(06). Nbl-hw.r "(goddcss) Nephthys".

l\'\l

(10)

Falcon(G5) in house(06). Hw.t-Hr.w "(goddess) Hathor".

l'l

(ll)

P a l a c e . L . i l iI c f t " p a l a c e " .

i|rrr{

(16)

Gatesurmounted by uraei. L. inl""'l tly.ty "vizier".

[xtl (22) 1,1[,] (23)

na

i)-

L

Openhut with ccntralpost.L. 1

,h"hut, hall".D. hut,hall.Ph.sft

Throneswith canopyusedin thc Scd-fcstival. L. in l,li"if ,[]

andD.ir f
0 hth-sct"Sed-festival".

A fl

e4) rzsl

Pyramid.L. mr"pyramid".D. in namcsof pyramidcomplcxcs.

,fr

Q6)

Stele.L. D. wd "stele".

I

(za)

Colurnnwith tenonat top.L. iwr "column,pillar". Ph.iwn.

. ,,ll es)

Obclisk.L.D. t[n "obclisk".

Tent-pole.Ph.cl.

\ /

( 3 1 ) Door lcaf.L. ci "door".D. door,opcn.

I ll

e2)

-

(34)

Gatcway.D. door,gateway.t.]l sfrl "door". '" Bolt. L. r "boltrr.Ph.s, alsofor R22.

,^

(3s)

Combination of O34 andD54. Ph.D.in wordsimplyingmovement beginningor endingwith s: ,ll sbi "go, send",r',\ \'-

si "perish";also

in \\ -,a' rzs "bring,offer".

ll

'f

(36)

Wall. L. llll inb "wall". D. wall. bulwark.fort.

(38)

Comerof wall. D. comer,angle,councilof officials(L. gate,strcct.

!,i krh.t1,

108 Srgr Zrst

O (39)

rl

(40)

brick Block of stone.D.inr "stone"; 1e18hl Stairway.D.L.stairway,e.g.,.,,l ,var.,"I r(w)d "slairway"; \?

.k\

c).. \Ä,'

, vär.,

htyw "terrace,terracedhill".

,fllr

(42)

Fence.Ph.Jsp.

Y

(44)

Emblemof godMin. L. in Y'' andD. i" { !\ S''f ;rr., "office,rank". .|: harim". ip.t "privateapartments andD. in Vault.L. in ' I t Townplanwith crossroads. L. nw.t(niw.t)"town".D. village,town,

'11

(45) (4g)

city, Egypt,nomc,cslate. (.)

(50)

Ph.sp. Thrcshing-floor with grain.D. thrcshing-floor. P. SHIPSAND PARTSOF SHIPS

. . ,\

p (l)

Boaton watcr.D. ship,boat,barquc;travcldownstrcam/north.

\';'

(lA)

ovcrturn.upsct. PI upsidcdown.D. capsizc,

,llli

e)

travclsouth. Sailingboat.D. sailupstrcam,

\: *

(3)

Sacrcdbarquc.L. n,ii "sacrcdbarquc".D. in thc namesof various sacrcdbarques.

f-l

(4)

Fishingboatwith nct.L. - lä

(s)

Mast(P6)with sail.L. giw "wind,air,brcath".D. wind,storm,sail.

'/

)l

w&c "fishcrman".

I I

(6)

Mast.Ph. %c.

(8)

Oar (alsowrittcnhorizontally.c.g.in Ph.!uw,.

\

( rl )

Mooringpost.D. mooringpost,to land.Also for Aa28( Ärl).

Q (l)

ntlchtw). D. oar,ruddcr.

Q. DOMESTIC AND FUNERARY FURNITURE ' ^ Wsir(orisir')"(god) Scat.L. in ll '' .i./ "seat,placc".Ph.st:s in J Osiris";i/rr.

,'l

(2)

Wsir(or-islf "(god)Osiris". Portabfeseat.Ph.., in ,]"11

r

(3)

Stoolof reedmatting.Ph.p.

v

Sign List 109

r-r Q(6)

il

Coffin.L.D. lgrs.t"coffin,burial".

(7)

Brazierwith flame. D. fire, flame; cook,be

hot;torch,wick.

R. TEMPLE FURNITURB AND SACRED SYMBOLS ' 0,

R(4)

Breadofferingon mat.L. htp ,,altar, offering,bc plcased,, .Ph.lttp. ' 'il Censer.f. ph. klp, kp. k)p ,,fumigate,,.

(5) i't,

(j)

Bowl for incensewith smokcrising from it.L. snyr ,,inccnsc,,. Also l'r. . ,.7 ln ,"ilri orl,\\ bi "öa_spirit,,.

(8)

Polc.wrappedin clothrvithcndof cloth aspcnnant;old signfor a numcn.L. n1r ,,god,,. ph.n1r.

-1, (ro) jl rrrt (t2) 'i\;r

r

[ .t" i

i

(13)

Columnof stalksor carsof com buncllcd togcthcr.L. /r1 ,,djcd_pillar,,. Ph.4d. Standard uponwhich rcligioussyrnborsarcbomc. D. standard. Cornbincdwith nurncrous signsfbr clcitics1c.g.CZOil ). Falconon a stanclard, in frontof hirnii fHO). I ,J",,,_,inur.[ ,,wcst,

(,0)

Fcathcron a standarci. L. i'

(15)

Spear-standa.a. l. "i".1.,,i)h.t ,,cast,,"[ tl.)). i]h.y ,,lcft,,.Frorn the l8th Dynasgonwardsph. iä through confusionwltn | ;f (U23).

(tn) (22)

|.{

Cornbination of Rg,T2gandpartof N25.L. ltr.t_ruü.,,nccropolis,,.

(24)

rrur./ ,,wcst,,, i: \,.1-..,. w,ttm.y,,right,,.

SccptrcS40with lcathcr.L. .t Wj.s.r,,Thebcs,,. 'tt Two bclemnitcs? ,,(god) L. yf n, Min (of Coptos),,;,.rotl. theciry Lctopolisin theDclta.pi bm Two bowsin a shcath.L. or D. ^, ,triti luf;) ,. ,,(goddess) Ncith,,. s. cRowNS, DRESS,STAVES

r/ ,,1,,s (ttz)

Whitecrownof UppcrEgypt.L. ,. hL.t,,thc White Crown,,.D. Whitc Crown.

ll0 SignList

V ,V

S (3/4) Redcrownof LowerEgypt.r.i{ asr.t"theRedCrown".D. Red Crown.Ph.n. rr'I

V,,V. 6ß)Doublecrown.L. !1,

sf;m.ty"thetwo mightyones(i.e.crowns)".

D. doublecrown.

{-d

(j)

The blue crown.L. fiprl "the blue crown". D. blue crown.

ü

(8)

TheAtdcrown. L. )f "theAtdcrown".D. Atef-crown.

tt

(e)

.L. Sw.ty"doublefeather".D. doublefeather. Two feathers

(lo)

Hair bandwith tiedbow. L. l\\ *lh.r"wreath"; bind,hew".Ph.mdh.

t')

(l l)

Omamentalbroadcollar.L. ws! "broadcollar".Ph.wsfu.

rf'""]

(12)

xif'

(15)

metals. L.',,,,,'nbw"gold".D. gold,precious Collarof beads. " glass".D. fäiencc, Pectoraloffaicnce.L.1if ; lhn.t "faicncc, glass,gleam,dazzle.

((',,r\

( l8)

for omamentalcollar.L.D. mni.t "counterpoise, Counterpoisc Menil".

l,)

(le)

attachcdto nccklacc.L. in 1' '\\ llt ., (alsorcads$.wty1 Cylindcr-scal "Seal-bcarcr. trcasurcr".

tl

(20)

(\

{ I , i rndfr"ro

O-r')

attachcdto necklaccseenfrom front.L. filn "seal";D. in Cylindcr-scal Ii ' Jt.ry a treasurer"; ; . I/ " fitm.w(alsoreads$.v,ty) "seal-bearcr, unit of value.D. scal,seal-ring;to seal.Ph.!tm. a) / \

7(

Q2)

Ph.sr. Shouldcr-knot.

4

e3)

Knottedstripsof cloth.L. D. [$'11a^d "unitc".

(24)

Girdleknot.L. ..

il ,ii

ei) (28)

Stripof clothwith two strandsof a fringe.L.D. mnfi.t "clothing".

I

(zg)

/.r./ "knot,vertebra".Ph.1s.

D. clothing;clothe,be naked,cover, Pieccof clothwith selvedge. uncover,hide. Foldedcloth.Ph.s. Abbr. for snbintheformuluY Üll 'nl,(.. ) wdl(.w) snh(.w) "may he live, be prosperousandhealthy".

SignList lll

f:

S (32)

sil.t "pieceof cloth".Ph.sij.

far.\

(33)

Sandal.L.8 i th.t "foot,sandal".Ph.tb.

(34)

Sandalstrap(or phallussheath?).Ph.cn!.

(35)

(also ) sun shademadeof ostrichfeathers.L. i fan". D. shade.fan. standard.

(37)

Fan.L. D. hw "fan".

(38)

Shepherd's crook.L. I

l I

:tl

Pieceof clothwith fringededge.L. D. t

/--l a

.)

I

Jw./ "shade,

,?1\

(3e)

hkl.t "sccptrc".Ph.hkl. Also uscdfor S39. Peasant's crook. Ph.cw.r.

(40)

Sccptrcwith forkedbaseandheadof Seth-animal.L. wls " Wassceptre". Ph.w-ls.Oftenusedin placcof 54l.

(41)

U4l with spiralshaft.Ph.d(m.Also rcplaccdby S40.

(42)

Sccptreof authority.L. D. 1t;(hJ "aba-sccptrc", 12;slm lal"sekhemcbl, sceptre", slm, ltrp. 1b)sistrum,(3)brp "to lead,guide".Ph.

(43)

Walkingstick.L. mdw "stick,staff'. Ph.nzd. T. WARFARE. HUNTING. BUTCHERY

T (l)

Prchistoricmaccwith dish-shapcd hcad.Ph.mn. mn in"*' nt n=k "takefor yoursclfl"

I

(3)

Macewithpcar-shapcdhcad. L. hd"macc".Ph.hd(confuscdwithV24).

1i

(8)

Daggcr.Ph. tp.

(9)

Compositcbow of hom.L. D., ,

(10)

Compositebow with string.Likc T9.

' ' pcl.t "bow". Ph.pd.

(10A) (GardinerAa32)Archaicbow.f-. in

X\

t

ll, '

I f;-Sry "Nubia".

(l l)

Arrow. D. arrow.Ph.sin,swn.

(12)

Bow-string.L.D. rvd "bow-string"-Ph.nvd, ir, ii. 'l\ Also in' ' lq $ labbreu n Sl dir "subdue".

(13)

Piecesofwood boundatjoint. Ph.rs.

ll2

SignList

T (14)

'l

Throwing-stickandclub (foreignweapon).D.lgmi"throw-stick,tkow, create".D. foreignpeoples.Ph.(lm, cu,/.Also for D50.

(17)

Chariot.L.D.wrr.yt"chariot".

( 18)

Crook(S39)with packagcandknife; equiprncntof prehistoricchieftain(?). L. i n .fnzs"following(n.);fbllow".

)) 11 ,1,

(19)

Harpoonof bone.D. bone,harpoon.Ph.lts,gn.

(21)

Harpoonwith a barb.L. - . .wc"onc".

(22)

with two barbs.L. 't' or arrow-head Spcar-hcad

(24)

Fishingnct.D. nct.Ph.cft,i/r.

(25)

Floatof rccds.Ph.dbt.

(28)

Butchcr'sblock.Ph.llr'.

(30)

slaughtct. Knifc.D. knife,sharp;cut,

(31)

Ph.sJn. Knifc-sharpencr.

(32)

of T3l andD54.Ph.s.fin. Combination

(34\

Butchcr'sknifc.Ph.run.

sn.nw"two". Ph..i/?.

! ._1i-

U. AGRICULTURB, CRAFTS

..), U (l) \i (6)

Sicklc.Ph.ml.

...1r

(9)

with grainspouringfrom it. L. , Com-rncasurc measurcof grain.

'';/r

-:^ l-'\

Ph.mr. Hoc.D. hoc(n.),cultivatc.

l-i!

ill "barlcy".D. grain,

( I 3)

Plough.D. plough.Ph.hb, Snc.

:i) '

( 15)

Slcdgc.Ph.rm.

\r

( 17)

Ph.,qrg. Pick cxcavatinga pool.L. gr3 "found,establish".

(19)

Carpcntcr'sadze.Ph. nw.

(21)

Ul9 on a blockof wood.L. slp "cutup".Ph.s/p.

ez)

Chisel,graver.Ph.mn!.

'-. "'1'

tl

Vr. rl,

lnl (-r

*

Sign List lt3 U (23) (24) (26) (28)

(30)

,i stonevessels. L. l. ,,lhm.t ,,craft, art,. " Drill usedto boreholes in beads.L. i .I i,l .trl ,,op"n,,.--"' Fire-drill.ph.dl. Abbreviarion for w ,nb(w) Drill usedto hollow out

snh(.w),,May herive,prosper ,"nilili:formura ""a pottcr's ph.

(32)

wgt(.w)

kiln.

ri. (30A) (GardinerN34) Crucible.L..r.r copperor bronzc.

'

\l'

Chisel(?). ph. mr, tb.

bil (?),hm.r('/) "coppcr,,. D.

(33)

Pcstlcandmortar.D. wcight; prcssdown,bc hcavy. ph. .rmn. Abbrcviationin .Ji ,,,,l1.smn,,natron,,, 1r.,,',,,, lrr^rr,,bronzc,,. Pcstle.ph.ti, t.

(34)

Spindlc.ph.b.r.f.

(3s) U34cornbinccl with 19.Likc U34. 6,azl1Warpstrctchcdbchvccrt two uprights'

D' in ntrltl"hit(a mark)", "adhcrc

to (a path),,.

(4a24) Old Egyptian tbnn of Aa23. (36) tl

(38) |

Clubuscclby fullcrsin washing.ph. hm. Balancc. ,,balance L. D. n!11.t ,,.

(39/40)postof balancc. D. balancc; lift

v (l)

up,carry.ph.D.r1.' ,,lilt up,raisc,,.

V. ROPE,BASKETS, BAGS ETC.

^l?fi.1;Jtrirf-

warp ofship: ctrag, pult, bind, ph..r?; suround.

(2)

Bolt (o34) with corclto

(4)

Lasso.ph. n,i.

(6)

Cord.ph..fs.

(7)

V6 with endsdownward.ph.

drawit. L.

irz.

. .vj ,,clrag, pull,,.ph. .vi, is.

ll4 SignList

(12)

thc 4th and5thnames D' circuit'name'Surrounds Oval cartouche' ofaking,see$ 153' ct'k' looscn'Ph' Band.D. band,garland'roll of papyrus;

(13)

' Tether.Ph'1'Var' " (Vl4)'

(15)

with D54' L' ill "to take'seize"' Vl3 combined

ilil

(16)

Hobble.Ph'sl'

)(

(17)

I

(19)

rl '"

(20)

tlli'si "protcction"' l' )(I , var' Lifeprescrver' ' md't "(cattlc-)stall" Hobblefbr tctheringanimals'L' D' D. maqsack'shrinc'Ph' tml' l:rlr' Ph'mg!in numcral10' Vl9 withoutcross-bar'

e2)

Whip.Ph.nft.

()

V (10)

\

T3'

t ,l

stick' Ph'w8' Canbc confuscdwith QU25) Corclwounclon Ncttingnecdlc'Ph'cQ'cnc-l QO

i

fzsl

Wick of twistcdflax'Ph' lt'

I

(2g)

Swabof tuftsof fibrc' Ph'sk' u'1ft'

(30)

Wickcrworkbaskct'L' ' '

(31)

Baskctwith handlc'Ph'k'

:",

(33)

cloth'pcrfutnc;tic up' l3agof lincn'L' s'{r'"lincn'cloth"'D' 'q' Ph' 's'lr,infrcqucntlY

It

(36)

Ph.ftn. Containcr.

(37)

D' in Brurdagc'?

rrb'l "baskct"'Ph'rb'

Ph'D'in lrlr'"bandagc"'

rr rJ irlr' "hcrd".

W. VESSELSOF STONEAND EARTHI']NWARE Y ii

W (l) (2)

' ,.),

(3)

,

(4)

ungucnt"' ungucntvcsscl'D' mrl'r't'nlr'l'r"ointrncnt' Scalccl (calcitc)'Ph'bis' Scalcdvcsselofalabastcr (calcitc)bowl'D' festival'Ph'hb' Alabastcr Q 22)'D' fcstival(ci' O23)' W3 combincdwith

SignList 115

iü

'

'

W (5)

T28 andW3 combined.L. D. hJh,'festival,,

(1)

ph.ß1, ib. Granitebowl.D. granite,Elcphantine.

(9)

Jugwith handlc.ph. l1nm.

(10)

Cupor basket. D. cup,bowl.ph. i%, ws!, hnr.

(1 l)

Ring standfor potteryvessels. Old form yy12J;l L D. : ,l rs.r ,,throne,,. Ph..e.

(14)

Waterpot.Ph./rs.

(15) Wl4 with watcrpouringfromit. D. bc cool,libatc. : "' _'(' , l " 17/18) Threcor four waterpotsin a stancl.ph.hnt. (19)

Milk jug in a nct.ph.mr, mi.

: "

(20)

Milkjug. D. irt.r "milk".

"

(2l)

Wincjars.D. irp "winc".

Q4

Bccrjug.L. hnk.t',bccr,,. D. bccr,dry mcasurc, tributc.1n ri;;f !i wdp.v,"butlcr".

(23)

Uscdasa dctcrminativc likc W22;also forurlp.v, ,,butlcr,,.

(24)

Sphcrical vcsscl.Ph.rrw;n in rrrÄ'"I" ö 26.Appcarsln placcof l ) 't'i in,il,,il:" 4trJt.r,,council,,, if " Ä../,,build,,(phonctic clctcnnina!i] tivc r\ ll);archaicphonogranr n uscclas phoncticco'nplcrncnt in i lrrl "protcct". ' W24cornbincd with D54.In . rri "brins".

,

I I

(25)

X. I,OAVESAND CAKES , it : ,,,

X (l)

' Brcacl. L. i,'

ph. r. t,"brcacl,,.

(213) Brcad.D. brcacl. (4) (6)

ph. .sn. Loaf of brcad.D. brcad,food,off-crings. Loaf of brcadwith rnarkof bakcr'sfingcr.D. in ,, , p).t ,,loaf,. Ph.D.in I pi.I "prirncval timc".

116 SignList

x (7)

Half-loaf of bread.D. gs.w "half-loaves";sn.w "food offering";l/ abbrev.forwnm"eat". l

(8)

Conicalloaf. L. ri rdi and/n\qli "giu.".

Y. GAMES,INSTRUMENTS FOR WRITING AND MUSIC - ,, I V 1t;

Roll of papyrustied with stringandsealed.L. ..

mQ).t "roll of

papyrus,book". D. in words that cannotbe picturedbut only written: ctc.;abbrev.for'jt'vL,"' dmd "total". abstractnouns,adjcctives, (2)

Oldcrform of Yl withoutstring;after I lth Dyn. graduallyreplaccd n

b yY l . rlY

i,il

(3)

rccdpen. palcttc,bagfor powdcrcdpigments.and Writing equipment: "to writc,writing",with D. )ir\ "scribc"'Ph' r- 14I .r.f(sJi,oldcr.s/11) s.{ (sJ/, oldcr slri), nc'.

f1 li{

(5)

Garnc board with picces.Ph. ntn.

(6)

Game picce. L. D. ihl "gamc piecc"; abbrev.lbl "dattccr".Ph'D' ibi'

(8)

Sistrutn.L. D. s.l.l./ "sistrum". D. in sarneword.

Z. STROKES,GEOMETRIC FIGURES, SIGNS ADOPTED FROM HIERA'I'IC '.: rronc'r; signin numcrals "onc"($ 39)' Strokc.L. D. - ir ttc

Z (l) I

;I ;

(2/3)Thrccstrokes. D. plural.Ph.n' (ascnding)' (4)

D. dual.Ph.,v(ascnding). Two obliqucstrokcs.

(5)

curvcd.Sec$10b. Diagonalstrokc,

(1)

Ph. n, derivcd liorn hicratic sign for

(S)

Oval. D. .fr?tr"oval, circlc, circuit"'

(9)

tbn, Two crossedsticks. D. brcak, cross,rcckon. Ph. swi, sc-l,ltsh, wp, wr.

'

C+:'

Sign List ll7 it

li'

z (11)

Two crossed pranks.ph. im, w(n)m.Sometimes in placeof M42. Aa. UNCLASSIFIED

()

Aa (l)

Basket,seenfrom above. ph. !. pustulc(?) grand(?) 'i':,r, bandage (?) L. D. bil ,r ,,embalm,,; .h,., , "cauldron."D. wound (n.), sickness;suffer,b;,*;]].,1;;r, ,".ton,,, cmbalm,stink, be nanow. ph. wht, gi. part of ship'sstearing gear?L. *, Up.,,,thehepet_implement,,. Ph. hp.

{r

(2)

/^ ,\

(5)

AA

(6)

An implement. D. in tmJ,,mat,.ph.D. tml,6.

' tr

(7)

Doubtful.D. orph.D.it.' .. .,or

(8)

Canal(?)L. ,, Qlt t,,esratc,,. ph. kn.ph.D. dldl.t,,council,,. Wrongly rcplacesN24,V26, O34.

(t l)

SecN23A

(13)

Doubtful.Olderform

'

'

AaI4.L.

,,s,,.,itc,,. " rpr

gs ,,sidc,,.ph. gs,im, m.

, ,t | (ll/18) Lid of quivcr.ph. st. Ii

(19)

Doubtful.ph.D. /rr.

ii

(20)

Tassel(?) ph. cpr.

,r,

(21)

ii

rzsr

ll

(30)

n l,

(32)

L

Carpentcr's tool (?) L. or D. ,1,"..", \) _ ,N,I wQ, ,,tojudge,,. V \i, v \/ (23124)SceafterU35. ' ll' I (25) L. (?) sml "stolist,,(pricstlytitlc). 1 IZAS ph.D.sbi (oftenreplaccdby f l4). ,0, (27) Doubtful. ph. nd.

'l Brick-makcr's striker. orderform auzg.ph.k(t.confused witn! pt t. ornamcntal friczc atuppcredgeof walls, originally the boundends of reedsthat were uscd to reinforcemud wälls and which protruded from the top of the wall. L. o. O. lll ,,omament,. ftkr SceTt 0A.

,r # 'hlf,

IV. EXNNCISES SCRIPT !8 /l(|. X n 8* 55 \...-, A-rl a,(: \-A\; s;

1,i*\\ \ ! )'. .-(

ltf,, sss&e1rrN3;' ,,.,11,

5.E1, H, li-,

3,

(3)

(-) "'",'.;., []i"t,. .i]irr,: ;t."$,, !i,,.,,ji, ,l',-.,..o., , N,^-, _5''., 'iil,. ,ä, . ,,i\,.,.,., i* i lfN\\f,, ;{), ",'li,r'\,l.''

(4)

i:', ,;.,., X

(2) (

1i,,.,, l" .

''' \,;ri,i',,.,",'*'\\ ji-n, ij'i). i''r,',1 ll

lä4\' ,i)'",,',i,,,,'tt^','\f $ $ 6&l1r;r,\:il,l)r\

li,l' l, !Xdir"l^1

(4)

il,. ,, lli i li'r Yr',i\ ri.:'i,1, .J,,,,\)1,:: , 1''lili;r,; - . ii;,,i^: \ I' \'r''h,,riiJ, ii, :i-::,;' 'l':l r':','! -.\rii'i)' I i \ Nr-\.-'',,r; \ir'oll'N,t..)it, - , lll;,.. r\l , lil' , (, , ,o],"', Äl'.

(5)

I ,a,!\\r\., t !\i'(, ,,,'lr,'i. r|.,.,\t.!\','''ili ,iil)i.'(,i,!ii,0,

(2) (3)

'

(6) (7)

l,l.Ii,'i,?11\t;-., q*, *ri, --ii, Lt-*(,;.,', illli ' ,)f'Xjb, 'il.\A- r[{q..'y""\lä, ","\, ..''1, tiir'\} {ft1,\\l'

(8)

(e) (10)

"{\::ffil

Exercises l19

T,I _!dl,?li,

[r ('3)l\*=:';,.'n,l\\

tl'l,t

al

.;:rl

,.J.[\ . -. ; ,-'r;'r:

.r,i1,,.1_i, }ti,(,,)\)/=j.*,*..*,

, (. \::" 'll,' !\',. ii.,u,

I.

/-l

gorl ''' Nfiil, 1t,. ti. r ^ r l ü t'rl ll'i''

,l-\,.ii,

l \\.

ll,$,,ill,ii, rii'.1\.,'',i

''il'li'' ''r r. litit'i['\,,, i'.,. i'tYiri'i),\ i i \:\ ]i'.,ji, li ,i',i ., iiii].r,r

',1',iiji,illi',....u, (16) -I,'.r,,"1i, -!, fil,,ni'",. il i ,',ii'r, ll*'t, .',),, , l t l ' ( , N . . \ \ , ' ( , . j , o i i u , j i " , i , . , j " , , \. ( ) ,

1 r 1I I L \ } \ , )

,,u,]1]',4, r'rr,{\irN I il';t\,ii[,i,,,,,, ;;,; I , ,' ,i! ili,iri, yii ,;\,,11, t'qlli.,Nr.,,, * " ;.. , \, ",, ,1, ir,\,fi1:.rrrr ? ]i!;,, (20) l,,',f";.,.* ,',,',, ffiil,*.'t.I i *];. 'l',[1], 1,r-^', t ,-, .,1,.,,JI. , i'.,ri\; {,\,",,1x)ji,,i u sg7,e& 'ii'1, ', ' n,lf".r, I l, ,fi;'-,n ss g l0 a) (l)i

l;

i ;

tt,

l,

t",

''' l'."i,I trl:,'1,

',, [',

], ,, i,\:{, :: , ,,

, s , 1 , " t, ,, i , , , ' ,

groc)l. N'o,'Ji, i,rr'Ji, ,lt)

,ll*

()

g l 0 c )2 . i i i ; i i i l ' I , ;

groc)r. u.i)0 N,

I\l''ro'S

I20 Exercises

-?; ; *;';'' l-,, ;', h, ?Jl $10c)r.u. ({*;..n,)(il;l".$) ("\\".-'$) fr",.'..J fl{i) (|*+--j$) (l',-:l\ ,?) ("ffi1 +b) f,,,. {'}) ( iriX.- ) ACCIDENCE AND SYNTAX $$ 18 & 19 Genitive

'

t,l l'.t' lr ] rrl'h\,,

. liil. to I _^^" (5) ,r,l! (+;furL'"r

t"[]\"-,' rrr\",,il"T.il'; r'rI I l' 'ii,,, .' , '-' ( s ), , I

t',

, * , ' , ' , , t t t tl j i

'

trolt]]

'l i i Y i ( 1 2 ) , \ N ,:,,.(r3) \i " *'

*:l

I l],F1,, 1,0;,v,')i_y; r,rr.'", li

rrt,*..

,.

.,.1.,,,,

S$22-25 Adjectives

(r) .li trl, , i

\\

":.J* (r).-''ruf.

'l o tl I\i i \\,, ,u, ''|i;ii 1z;L lf:l , iji. rnr] .1\\l il (ro)'îlr] (ß)

l

' -

a.

'r

:\

(14)

...

'

,

l

$ 28 Suffix Pronouns

(r) ]il

tu

tt lT,* t' trl lit trl'- ";$" '''' (o)

l.,\:. . rtl*!ti,' lY,t (u)-',Ytq $$ 29-33 DemonstrativePronouns

(r)il..'l: (2)ll] rrr..( $lq'i ,0,:'',,'NN*li]llilt

Exercises 121

6X N,lil$'l$(oN(il"*='bft# S$ 42-47 AdverbialSentences

(r)',,' Nc{'l [\ rrr{* _N'o-., rrr{bNq N?!;g(|ü ü :-,-N" (a)Hesubduedtheforeignra'as,f lh,f.,'l .st...-'Nll,,\|,, l -i1.,j. | ,r,']lh-.l\\\ir "ll ,Nf l.. (6)rheybesiegedthecity,üii/!.

i

1{r:l\N. "f"jil,__ .! ,^.11 ,;jiltyili\.',iXi ,r,t>,-..fii"''. ,\,ij;iiTN,, rrlji:",1i,. !\ .l' *;*,.,.,, (e)*^-ffl - il-''\,11

1l , , r ( r 0 ) - : : , \ l ) . ! t ' . i r , f ' , i l *( r ) r g r c w u p i n E r k a b ,

' llil.1f ( i.,-1,1) r,rrI ll, \1..,.tt _'.Ft',,{i Tl\)l - ..\i:* .t,'X i\ i, *--^

ItÄ"'*" ,,tt:I

$ 48-52 NominalSentences

(;. tf:j,.,),,Jii5 1r;Jl, . (r) li ,,\...],-..'^'.ir iit rrl),(,ol.i',1 /'].'^'.,.',1,, (4),.t)^ljt',1 .;jfil tullt]-l'!i,*N.{,flb.;. ,l,jl 1r;.t'-.,. l,\Llüli I I rrrl;,' ttr.ll,rll-,'i',ilil ' '.

;}. fu )lt (s)-^-."^r!-i

i.1inprace oris),f{ f !i" '

$$ 53-55 pw-Sentence

fi ,,\fr:r}ilN[] * ililil 6rllll,i;it',f ,il lt \..1! " * rrr,{}''\\s. l,jlüiä$iir*-,,r,lNrrri'ri)Nä ror \')*,,,S'Ä(,....,.*.n1.'. to\',('(z)l\\ll\\l-; N/l ,,,ä \\1.].='ll*rnr,,,,,,jl \)'

122 Exercises

$ 56 AdjectivalSentences

rrrAl-:ü: (2)>{n^$N*ffi(3)A=f^-=-: (4) =f I- ^b- 6 (oA=r:$ bä : >ffi =l ^t : (s) n^.a

f\öAf\\\*n

J]r H

tzl d | l l F *l 'o

l\\f---'r

n

+ suffix: "her ".. $ 35ltslÖtsooo* 1 r=tpr cp.

,n,5b+$:0: of Possession $ 58 Expressions

*S$l'jffi (3)r\+blTtor (,)m (2)r\[l"+$ä? oäP, (oYSS(D=N{l*:==-gR=: (a):$+ä - äft:qINq{ 'n'll[' ri ] 1i THE VERB $ 6T lmperative

zN-=Sq pr$üNg<>TÄS*3 r,rqäJ"S+b (1) ,o,Q-N\'+b- =7t; (5)zNq=,Flnq:b$ ?

TT:rllW-UAb$-+NSJ'1fÄ [N=fr* -=$ ö - ] Öt T\ A3 "f,* -- )? - f- FlTuuu?['tQ

Iu SÖ-*-b t : f N-" fIN ö -ä i:tq N 5\-11

S-qR1[tqNNf :ÖtNT*['S-'fr lIN0t 3ffils4s=,'q#-qK,:*3[,:

Exercises123

$$ 69-70 CircumstantialsQm=f and Aorist sQm=fI irr=f

)l 3 = N t l )fiS E,T,,o75Subj (r)h $ > ^- $ z N F, ($zssuuj

(2)e=e\\t\1*.!t)a J ? l*+ü=9i?:fr=\qN \\t[ (3)=[JN]ö*

toruNN^l*:J-N1^

,oNN^$ N z\=iS=l * =;[l* : =Niq:N i -Tl* =;$? hl rll{3usF3teä (6)[9=S$ -- f N = [ \ 8* S ö N = = ä ]* ö N ;' $ B

|'-,^

( 7 ): S :

-\\

(9)'"

l]\<-<-\

(8)<>Y

.--!il\.--^.r)'l:

-û& t E-:<.-

e^f-n -.

f, al

!

'-*

PerfectsQm.n=f $ 71 (Present)

,,,j{3$=N=qlÖ

.-NY}?ö (r+Innn $8s21

^ q:S$

g ^0 t:rh*l-lE=*{?i$ @ (2)$;++Yz-q gqT=niÖ$ z\ @-lzNB:S rorq$'NqNY$ gf ? +\N ? \\ä:$ (5):üffi* *NNTf,l ,.,., TR \V=üS-N$? l;*Nä^ f-?=tr,'il,; t zsiQ]m-*,l;, --t E5b$l(suui.',er'-r

o flfroNG

iS NX$.oN^SN5 Ä :Ä -N3ätrI\ \ oS4lrui

124 Exercises

z

9- ^

6*

Y]

:.Nn -l

I

M$ t l l^n i\ \ lil _l_f)\<>

fl ^ +* Ll

Form loves" Relative $ tot)

:

he (mrr.rJ"thatwhich a

€-

rl =S*RN:\ügq:,oqq$

3-'k* W-& 4 $:HlZ =S *f ; "XAf; tsr rsrdfl,r S \ F \ ->'{S($n'): IJ ?5: l) s "--= sRi* r,or

-,,',{b:A fr\fu \- h\n3&SUllr:rf HNln ^ q- :Nhv--'l\'[=:q-Tffq]tr ,-\ A t'""1 il_

(\ \\\

rffir u lj |l\_

*)*j)\W

,.1 : | "*YT

^

->r, !

|

?s_

$ 72 HistoricPerfectsim=f I iri=f

,',fiS$[* e -- ;> (2)N5:-A*-$:HX$|XNATA =7 *qlÔ6qq:e:-bp SGdmi$s0a)

,r,Iq*&

(s,_lm.rw=1' Passivc N76) N X-

"1";fo'-

:

S

.--$ü

$ 73 The Form sQm.t=f

(r):hÖl;.- " A/$-^-8tr(2)8:--offilqq".o N : $q-^-$:lifl r,rN=S\::?fie'?fi; rAr-:

X O,,r, sQm=fI iri(.y/w)=f $ 74 Future(Prospective) ,_

^-

(r)..-n-,

-

nI\

üN..sh::N:

->44

rl *l

l ( 2 )c - : J r y t

-

fn:onrJf^ (3)äqq$?nNg*-- (4)mf$fN

.n

Exercises 125

-N ('l= b,TTn,T,lib=i Y#,7 + N 3^ f,ig b @',7, ._n_0|1r_= (t t t

r tlö)-

I iri(.Y)=f sQm=f $ 75 Subjunctive

(,) i ; * I'!=e *Ö* N T *: )N":--N5*

(2) K ffiäS A:il.1; =oorQ orq.?s - gqT*ö (4) [b^qq':tuh$ oqK--m$gNF 3-H: j*$g= (7) A=,u,h*U0*:@,QIdN$= o'tQ$"äb ? =*F\^* N"$Ä: ) :: r'rJI f

uN^qqn -Y ?:*q i=i * f-?,{ t;iir5nY*(e) 5 Nä il,1 ^ q:'.fi M -? fl _$Z i - rq* " fl r'or5{{ö *_r'c osiris)

r.rgNf (,,)H"=^ :qq{S*=-+SNJIJ].Aö "ASi:g * x,:, r(S-- ?fl b i ä *- $\ P * |H: I b ;];* \o effi1 * (rr) Tjl lsz }S- ?'il*=: 3 tS S 76 t' Passive

_ ,n, \ < _ >_ ::*\Lot pcasant saysof thcchicfstcward:-, .i, ..' (l) Theeloqucnt >

N

q

tr

N

S

*

(n"r", as in othcrtcxtswrittcnin hicraticscript,- rr is writtcn

Q N [ :- 0 -- b L-1tr.=-{|ä u$ rorA-,-!),r, I ; =: -.::> thc lcttcrof thc king broughtto him:|]:: i:; Sinuhcsaysrcgarding

ff :j

126 Exercises ,^ p' v & e -r T S , , \ o : , - - - , - ^ r ^ ^ ^ - r L ^the ^ + Lking: ^r.i * E1 describes Sinuhe ^ lH1+;

:-s

S\*-lS.^=-tsttrr

- nn*)"0 -}('{NbÄ^}W1f lT-NS

v {

-

$ 77 PerfectivePassivesQm(.wly)=f

$, , '(zrFi$+:üq*lbePN S .)NHrsn'offii.:Fe

Sri 8:-Es . __",:_

'on'o) It};Äi: .-#Nä T Ytr J-mllft {ä oQ^f J-fr KepK=$@ g^]'$ tzrA Q$(se,)/tr$S[ ror t*N,1,o*)?'oN_n" \0i (s)N=äNVNV -

(u',.r.*Pcrfcctive RclativcForm$ 107"whichyou havcdonc")

$

H S

$ 80 ContingentTenses ! * X fn, *0* .,.x-,4*flliloy& (l)-()

)))\\H-*

1-

-l

n 0 | -.1- -.-nR\

o

tz)--tl)Ix

I

I\+l"*

..(Sil8"\i ?

fiornsr./in thcbcllywhichhasnocxit, suffcring f T\ e $ S trl If yousccsornconc o

i,

-1

i , F\ \ C : i l l

A

nF\

.x/

\\^

-1 " '| (4)oncwhoclocsX,.

1\

+

'i>,

.

.

r\

F, - ,<---rJ;rJr\^N

* |,, -l e \ L . i r ' [ \ ö f l. - , ' ] X _ 9 o T f \ l!\l ! .r- Ä)$ t"Ä,8\ f 1 5 ; S h o u l d X l r a p p c n . q ;N \ = .:l

1\

\ , X^ l l l l l , l )'.- i\ i

lrr S 81 Old Perfective <)uq

(l)^F^S-N\\'*1,!

I

nr., :'*^^_-,-;ä-Qx

r

i

C

0/l Y 0 \V\ rl \\\ l\ /l/l* " rX X a l l - b ^ rL t s \ ) r r L N h ' - ' , ö 1 3 > 4 : :

fi; -,"ISHN; b S$AHll e\--,,$

:r

= Yr\\ : (3)

--: --':

Exercises 127

:"S$-T+ .:^H$(4)A*=-U-fi:il ?Älq?fY >NlJ{l o>T"*S=:lqNm (6)TRg +N.-:$ g6?n'r3$S:F ^"-^Slffilql+"Jr]l-glfi $$ 82-85Infinitive

-= or-NdAFrN*=Aq o -NIf;ö;?A,,, iQf; q*g*S +üA.?i{l^: :.HIr,0, !-ÄNffi .'.*1"\N" :?AI--{IW*- of}flJ.*N=--,o j,0, JS^[J--N # *- : [l* T'=3 r= =1T x : Ib ; :! "$:iad rzrt>N ==?lUl=* 3,'0,l{n$ : * N N q:n$.,ft Construction $ 86-88 Pseudo-verbal

,,i{I" } ÄHä.= bÄz -\ S[eö*- qS ?[=ö ryo., Q*!: il'1,= ö o: $$s2-s3) rrr$, =- ?I : 0 $S $i ll rrr{ b etö !.!

H^-N= - roiN =SS'-- äN .-":- +r': lll i $ ,'iQSil * -- iq; \\ E ob., toi^F\\ S AK $',.^,bqä -Njq; r'r{}S'-?,t'N; ,r,Y*[ü: --'"))n

128 Exercises

q; s N3*Nrffi ^.* tn'€?Y T A=b-*F: ?R: \\6Ut'orQlS:F? ffiKN$'Nhqb; giS'; t,,r{}n?T*>hÄ:'}iQ> r'nfrJ)

* N Nq*s$l; q$.:?*N\sb

er==*HQ-:=E=

r,rtffi$#-^bl]*

S$ S9-97 ComPlexVerb Forms $ 91 PresentPerfectwith iw

Nl-l *lt{R prQb*\\S#}T un," r,rQQ^*KA

lJ_,,,Q}'FÄ*t3Ötil$.1..,i*'trNqqs,orQbdlSq QbFl'!Ê l rrt<--Ao trr{}+ *;-S[JNtl,,rr 1o;

K-qr? +:*älq::\\=l t'rqb:qfl;Ntn^ $S-3& ' (tl ^fo?: l-:llqJ-*\\q){'-\N:-r- K=-ff

gelb orQb=*$i- t'r{}=}W--Sü--='bOS g e r c .r , l Q l F . t J ] l ä = - b " ' - z \ " 4 - \

$ $e 8 r' 0 2" t h a t ' 'o '{s'I't't

which is heard")

$ 92 CornPlexAoristI

g[= ÖA=-="T]-Q *5-N"lN-l? fl?ii$ + (.',E'N (}$ gqT tor u---#.ägl.,r{S?$^}Y.=- *l?,a",lt$ ,r,Q

Exercises 129

llNö$ll3 ;6::f,=*.q! ^

fl$o r[*3

aJ t,t

:

o{b:*NN*

^ - __-,rr)- 1

$ 94 Complex Futureilat=fr sQm

(r)Allwho rcad',, { bl T, --L) S T*.S

-t-*=N$q<:.}

qSESAq! ;

(2){b$:TN;

er:*q$\$

=ö6

$ 95 Introducedby %c

orFjfJl:ö"-q N$ (2)fl*A )*[J#i:i=[.?, (3) ?:6i:* [J =^ --8,, T ß (4) i : j*tl- b. jlp-ö lq: q ; o fljSz--N g $$--irg{^öl^ rurF 4)o F:$'^'N g $61-:"+: bl (s) F:=:ffi --:-

q*flNb**11b,_, wn.in $ 96Introducedby

(,) 5q*[": S=ö":-S$ e)fr|V^S?tr*$m e#{V^S?ß0,--"?* $ 97 FiniteVerb Formsintroducedby m=kor. is1

(,)N5oNJ^SYI\m=*\n &J.'iI

fl$^^$' l',ii{;=

* rrr,\r.I rr:1

:, (3)Statemcnrregardingfieldstakenat

130 Exercises

QI listofbooty), (follows thebattleof Megiddo

tloql-=-S$fla$"''5f (4)NN

^^

N

*

N I lX N C l'*'

J1): .:.'3-'"-TzlrQ

{{ "'I * \\'i\ !^--n b N Si^'.N +r=fä h s ;'""'':"'1 lFN4-$:lf; $$ 89-97 Text Passage

?: $ *s64*&?llH &?- qN6SNY ^Sö&? w N g $ t= e N W=*\&?+ä SN I = F: F -- m -i = * =: * T K F N ä I ü \\ ts = h N :? $ tb N ^ A T >=:=i?: ;tbb S,-ä":--l--x?lH$i fn*8"+SN-A"T3-=Nil'J?fNEr : $ 98-104ParticiPles

I H Â A== ^t$ or3 lY *+tN = g ^ G==?Y ,,,E+$HS:;Eb orQÖ>S+äffilhbÖNq ).n-+:ffiil *F,, '#^,TNä^3 t'r$f^* rorQl^tN G:=b":t'rjl e*r ,uif,=+äbAl>\\= hb -:.^bll$ eu t,r€i ? iqq*!J-q*'äi?fi: (ro)'N*hlq: ,n,vlä$hS*ü=ÖtN:T ,,,,fNö .- &,XN,.P,I=N"+\HsN$XQr''r{S

Exercises 131

Itrö:?g=NF @#=S#=tq=_Ng$=Ne lUl l\ (. 1. .4. )R>\st- \ \ \sl i l S 105-111RelativeForms

=+ (2)lTgS+:.? (,)g\qq+:>Sg'Wt":-ln - STR| ßf (3)TNWY-fl +-bT5\*3 I *,Sil.nFb"Sf

('++*==B"*ll,*nS-N:Sill""*==*|]*W rurSäSN+;l*qN (DAl;AAbf*S,',Qbl = - qNIJI^'rtXHl*A:h\ ,n,b::.-= h ? * r'or3iqqb*blSN:l$J;l r,,rf*Sln (r2)Heisagod,ff u":TR$iqNu Hi rrr*o\

N\=:

ä; (,4)^FN:&Xg-tl r'rrA$3=>qq*A q-N* r,oS^trflöl{:J (traN*hlqÄ; r,,r3{ö ^S)^+l:qN ?$*+, r'nr*A rror5lg.S^-lq,r',F : qIö^lq; eullxN?^-I\:-Ä:Xsä-ilÄ -L-

/A4

^

e\ö

(23)*=€-N\o^$ 112 Verbal AdjectivesQmly--fy

,',I$Ae=Sq^-Stl;Nä^f?,,,tä:Sl$:

132 Exercises

a + Nln.l:l+lN&f ; ?N Äe:=^f äbi:h r ,!\rj^=+!fl-T+l =Öfif, :NXT +,. (3)q,\itr <:irs,'rläl3ne€c.: iyi.tpw iri-n=f $ 113NanativeConstruction

I)l ; =I.-:fi =t prFäo$3-,,,3;F:l +TRlffi Q=ö.---,,,?^83:34 (ol$üN^'b:l-l-Tn (5)T\\;"b:[tlR$:Nffi ^ qqä--+: ffi:a (o*) ..-- ö 3|l* N r: ft > bH :|Q$ eNr'FN Jts'''r

+$?=;NtulxN== $ 114ModalYerbpli

(,)*öKo^l^

gtNblWlÄblI t'rAl^<>Xqq^8

r,r*Nbi-4'XNeiaN*T1l Word Order $S 119-120The in-Construction

;Jl ,,,{*HSl*q- N#tr+ä:Öl* (2)q*Y$lrffi '",Yji,,,ä=? !-:, tor{*[S=11=":o3*Y+]N A.---p::.--==z (s)ä3SoX6-fllu,t,{*l'H

I\q=Kqq$*--il*3 (e)*\h"-tr{:.NL (s) g?l'$Hl{ t,or*\ J $:=:

,,'rQ*K*=Sq

!E

Exercises 133

Tib...=f;5:FSi?

r,,r-NStjr3${f i*Jf "

(the box JFr q* ihÄ * X N p b S ^,,N = * = -U[;üa<--:1"

e/+An/l,%^

withoutintroduction S$ 123-126Topicalisation

(,)g$=3$ (2)J;ä -l* (3)N51,=*+ä(4)='=)'N-C ojN ? B"q\+brurffiFE*f.. +^Mt'rJbÄ*Jb---+ ö*ll^ ,,,T$F*\3Nä *qiffi * tr$T* t $'öqQ$i{g f -- 8* tr "tr introducedby ir$S 127-t29 Topicalisation

t,r(-Nü:ln* b$[J -J":A-NUHg,XNT6ll =qq-bt4|$NIE ,r,{--*f-lfi..-=::*f Nr1N HU.Nilu=z=fg:* S-*-'Xg+,,, {-_,i f,l,-Nn q {: ; : \\ t4{? N = }.,r. "x "b* h +: ; N _N,0, \eZ\\*ll -tl.\l

lr{

I

ll 0

$$ 130-132ConditionalSentences $ 131Followingir n

A

A4t

\F

1,y(-q3=3 .s.:r':,r,Q:rN:f+:l

H==g

S: a:

Gr{:q3=q}=4$N3=_,0,(_luN

134 Exercises

{-^FN:{JQüN* l:S (s) ö*}l H$$ "bffi q

..

^/*

-lq:... types by othersentence $ 133 Without introductionor conditionexpressed

(2)\'Ti'Fl"F ')^FN-N:6>J QJN hq;= q= I r==?=ül,0, q-fr ä$: h,T...,r,5=5==#

tîS:6HS:I fl ,+*?qJ'S: N $a \\=*QQä N>=+^fl=l-t='l I ='N )F,-{@NNNqSSq " - *( 1

o

; tYAllJ

/\

...

S 133-147 Negationof theverb $ 135 Negationof the irnPerative f.\

, , ' ,N -

+

- -i\

n f)

,,Nll't''-i

'v-

e:

(\

tzl$\a'-rT"

r rt)*r#<-all"l

Aorist 1 iv'=J'sim'4 $ 136 Negationof Circumstantialsy'm=J'(or

- a'-aQ\\;I^,r, q-- S € - :jS ') N = $#Y =ö ;

NN .--+ä b S*IT K"=-{5"--Nl' Y i *- 1+qb..=-a-@N IH: +b 3:: x s € ": N S €': Pj N F& $ 137Negationof Aorist sQm=f

r +e+ül;; ^b= ä:;:-? {}r': ,,,QSl; g ?g }\q^q - - y t r - A \ l ' rK

fl"\fl-'-srlUo'll

Exercises135 S 138Negationof (Present)perfectsQm.n=f 1. Paratacticmain clause (l) Thisexample is preceded by examprc (2)of g r38.2(seebelow), -^- E

F

Ä$: Y: (,)qbtr:q -N @:I * T-cto- -^-y

F-Nn-z:b ?,*S ,"Nn$f ff,-a,*1)fr,nlNT : Ig ö *-'L-+ _N- : $* * $N * $ N ä * :q üN ,.---

€o >< ,l --x A

I lt t t:

(Notc:thcsuffix.lstpers.sg.subject is gcneralry notwrittcn.)

2. In subordinate clauses

b NfqS=-$-Kld j =_$H !x* ^ $=:qN (,)q (2) Sinuhc,ur,, R"$ .4"- b$?flt\+;b#J

T

-.^b Kb ö^b$-^-+ .- ö & -- ?$-^-z\,;ii,*.=..i li":\l''!..* z \ ^ ell$ lN;i\

Sö $

$ 139Negationof FuturesQm(.y)=f

(r): n: N.g=.*-JeA3* Y,aKl" Yä.t-,r.,'ä{]J

ÄN|l;llni $ 140Negationof Subjunctive sQm=f

u,{N

Futurc) $ 142Negationof ComplexVerb Formswith i w

gNtrF s$$K trF x6 I\ ='* 4-G $ Jl^S.-, a)(,)--^* l, | , 1r;---ö^q{$*^"^}--= S,-,(3)*ö8g:9

136 Exercises -FFl

n

fl f\

:

R

.\',4c)

{ l1-}

| | l\tFlJ:-hh\o:

rrrQ-l{=ä Ao 1,... b)rrrQ-=N=7:'^-s\ä* * Iz N t S *F -- - q) g?b d -'- $Q- | truth)

,,,T9Ö--"-[-Sö":,(cn

0 6\Q\ il Ö l-^-l\

c ) ( r )* l ' o ) l f

lN\n,*fq

6

\-

._='l

l.l

^

-4-

(2) The guardian saYS:*

{Zt,-

*

\----f

$;:^--Sfr:3$ $ 143Negationof infinitive

(r):l*N=8-{toN}, ,,',naN

-= H -

N:"

7*ÄNI-ANNil 1r;

F'-N = * whatisit,Djcdi, (4)Khufuasks:

: maypassthcbordcr, business S ,r',Nubians whoareon lcgitimatc

S

+ $'^ tr

l-flN"l .:NQs*K ll} iN 3@(eI [* : ll 6sffi: * ($31 g-o ä= :l^ tr : ?tr S *-Hb= $$ 144-145Negationof participles

-: (,)6l+iÄNN&t ,',ÄN:*:-dÊ8N=-?fr l^-!-T\'S,r,3ÄN=)KcN*"=S:E $ 146Negationof RelativeForms g god, * (l) Amunis anefficacious

SR F I 3

;-

*

i"--Ä

-

-r-;-,

:

s l{8

Exercises137 - Form $ 147Negationof the sQm.ty--fy (l) Maytheywhotransgress my command becutoff fromthisgod,;:'

* 5N fl

5.1': ,.-, ts-&[nÄN I; |= s FS: :Hl) $ 148 Questions

qbqtsA-" (,)q*qbH*=effie:F (2)q*qäEAlq q* qbz:i"$X N h (4)!*--fl N --ASN :; *-(3) $ 149 RelativeClauses

Ns.Näf l**yf ,,,ll--|> q* ö^$= ?: q* ^.,T gq^**T\bq--+tr2\._'ö*= Il..Nq* ob,r,43

.zN : e X,,, q- :: : -Nrn4 i YnX N = -$" z -!\I^

gqhsfl^(4)E{ffi qN,"If,:;,F Nä* Jb^,,ll^ i, | öN^^ ;i) S';(6) ;:

(8) ^S b"--;äx osiris,

| r,,351 b* ; N Ylg$"(e);-'=

Y{bc l

(,')obREil 15,,,,KN^HJ3=qq? NLfl_N

)ÂY=qq ?,. LKx1lF:- gtrT

ExeRcrses V. RPeorNc l. QueenTiy (Scarabof AmenhotepIII)

: +ü*- * ":":I q'$r lxd',i i : )\.. a-Lqq")

'] :,l1 h ^ I ":]";:--.:'!l",..' i ),r'''til" '"' { I\

r N '..'N.l,.'-, ''1{

IV) 1tt*" of Thutmosis

' rf:,1'"rr t,, li"il,': :' :r"il-i:,li1,:11..'li,'(i"'l'l*l ' 'ii' *..$?i,,1li,..tf

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t-' o li{it'ili N r ^ o \ i ) . r . , ' , r , i . , , , 1 1; ' t - . * ^ -- r ,

'ti

lll'lii'".J'niii.''

l t [ i l f ; : ' ) 1, r )x ' i ;

4. Two Royal Inscriptionsfroln Schcl

': ' ",1.1," ,. * r it rnrllil, , I tlrii ',.lii. , .;'11 l . . i' ,,,,,\,;,.:l;.i,ii,)),\.'...'" ,'l)' ;, )i.liiil L \. ...

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ReadingExercises 139

b.

-rN, .,',' , []: il flF . "'l-1iij 1W[1,..', L'ri til A+l] [,_ ','.. :,\ " ',*^-

,r..-rtJ' 't $ Ä -l - l"Jt\.q-

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)) -.4,.: .?-"-=ir''\,\ ll<".- ::'l !.rr.f ..1.t.._ i "-- * * ]__,' : 5=I ;

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'r i, 11 " /

/'.".'".,*".,*.

'Ö\'l" /l

5. FromtheBiograph y otii)tt

I) 1r,-" of Scsostris

t:, llhlr,tti[1*l;'i4tlt."^!i * \N,,..\iilil *i.' il"" \ 1i * i' ; l lif:;,'il\\ \'.: iii| \\ l I lf \: il,lq *. lll.. \, it *' iilil

i r;ir, . ; ! f:':'qTäjll-:l',.aT'i* .,,r .,., \)!t, ti,r

.*.;;,S , lN,-^\,\I$ ''ij't\'',,, \,:.,' - " )r'i;I\,"\i'll ,' ;,rr. *

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',,,': - ,r'iiLl ll ,, I;lr: I il,1 ,.'- fi\ )i'( ] lujji |* *-; *- 'j,\ ' . l.i {) -^-{,,}',,.. _.l ,..1, _,l ,ii -^-i1llr,,i ^ |lil u'll'1111,*,; 'i'l\..,, 'i\! ,'tir-, .. l,l^*i'r....,),, .l ,r;,ljXil"--u,.;-i,Iq\,

j[\ll *!i'-;,.\\Fi' ,, ]{*ir N)\).** Trs--,, ,-1_!i: i.t,i,r,,_c,I\:iy$l ;1i'lXil . lf _lii!i'.* ri.;it,lii,T\|{f,,, * N'1,.""]).' :ll 0*yjlii ,,,t.l..orl,! *r,"1,äijt

,I f Xd

140 ReadingExercises

":.'fi.,\ "'- $ ^; t\ S.---= .--',,!?, JNj I'"11, I q N l.- i q\\ {.tNj \r ..'}l]| .:l

: ll..i\ M,,bl-_|

?

e1': ^-. \\ oj,lq \"\I - ,,-l\.11

-*'' r'rN Il fi * _b $i= ytr' ,,'i*

S. <:

-''t)'u$,:$*"unt,t \\.) I{i}*t't,,.,t,},:}d}.{;l}* I i '),il. il::)"' \\,$.t',i r..o $lq Jr ^- Yi{\ \\S l\rjir.'' | ,l:.1 ::',,\'*'ln s..,, ).' ?'"'ir'\N"),'t\\",' i tt *'*' rn).. i ii S * f-i''i,'!\,$lii'$,i,,uy'i\).. i\.1{j]'i } ,r\"}',i',tii,,}..i -',.' ul'-,.,'_i,.l.f ,.4J \;l[',llif .. )l-,11, l" ,,. \1ol ]l'',,,_,'ull,, tlh\i.=".,lti\);,ilt,'. ,"ii'it:ll(;r,'1;\l..".,i 1"""_,: !t

')\. * )\,r1 lh.. .,\\ : 16 ,T,,, \ s:.;it ^ ji\"[T i] " ',, q\f'"-i:\ ,,i]{}.. I\.*-^,n$ i:l^ ...,y{i,,.,"."l,i;r 't'l' ' r,l "n I\ 4\' ,",'N. . u ** : -\f!i I lji' r'r..l; l't\ir ;lb " ll\')ti/ i . I }ji' {'\i }ji'* .'.i;,ij: Tx li1.-\\r,[ ". .\r:*:

*)\,,[ .5 ,,i ,i l"*,$ *-]\j-1,r,,' I;.;li 'Tl\'-,,,..., .'r.\1,"-orl] :f ,, 1: if*:i) -]1,,fior$ " ',\\\'.1{!i',,: !x\\ 'i\ ll(,,'i\1,'"'.-'I l"'" I

I rr. *Iii

\i5riIjiio \1..Iji,r.r-\i!i'\\:

I lr

^rfi.-,\') ,,iiu :;:11,. \\U,,\|l l - .,?;.'.-\.".;l '..' q\|... . t..;"' Ix. .i.\\ '1, 'i.,'ie,',r''.'

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ReadingExercises l4I

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"'..,,' ,, [\li].,'i llrll " ffi|,,,\l\" ,1, \1.''1.., \J\'(\. _1i,.;

_ , N:l ;]il;1

" \,[{i]..: - Til\\d"_'\i,?1,.,,r^r\}.. -;"

".,lil , '^ql\fu n'trllll

\l:i !.\1i,$h: $iil,.. .; ..=..* * {$* - ;..'hljj'?,;.i$t' ' r l\Y" lt-",""::l l" .ff X.,l \'i -.'l rn .'I/;,,--.,, rr"".\

I I / q0' ^'N:" ',, ,il.,;tli'i'l ' ''.---*ll1"'l\'ll-f

cr l

r \[/ . .,\.f .r,ll..rr: : rl""_.]r ijt,,, \,]q,,Ti\rr.l\ifi",, ,._.* : f *yjie rJ-i\ fl}*flü,,t.*.\\, ..-,,*;_;,$tr_',,rXila .)'-q(,i,..-$-','i. $"li {i\tl, , gll.l'. | "' '.],_ 'N,l,l _..,*..'izj; \\.l_--.].,,. * ,,:; rrc ; Ä*.,'. _^* . l .,,,_,

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e e 1^'äii!t,llS'.,' f *\:-, 1'' ^\iYt?r.,... .,,... S \ ,nrn,$.=J t' : I * $i,I\ Tt; e: ., : f :' ll I\ YJ *,: J1.. S,,,.,,..*,._,..._ ...:r$?ll \)*_,.^hni,.. .Nuft


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-\\ I tut-i--S$ N rngq'*ir(,;.tir:_:.. ,,\,\.._ >,r,\i-Ii-=\\l]f^l ütT._.NrllT__ rllTft

',"-:*[[["=f '*{(o{*:; I\ - Ft+"til

7. From the GebelBarkal Steleof ThuhnosisIII

-^-)+,\i Ix;.ill].' u""r. . _jl: I : \)4 g'_',,,\,)'-^',"u ,.. ,9) :fj1ll..N .,l'._ * .-tji: .. }.lqf'.!i,Ji'.l* Nil ll ,i\xil : i ..li,t'r \r 1r i ,l '. ' 'tri 11, -: {'}.'^'\\ ii,. ,'',* ,ill', ,Y}ijil ; \\ lt., ,\ .?.i:r lt ,.._^ '-''',*..5;i'r,1].'.'jn,,.'i'.:]:.ll*I.'.:,

,ll;:.ir;.,|i " ro,,,1,,\, 1lll,,,c.iii4,il q\)... i:\,, ;*,fI.^trq,\i-ir,, ;'f;-'\

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:".|,'.,,\]"f ''L'i, i.,..N, 'l\ !.;'" ,.|1\',,'li*,...,, hJi - ;? 'tN ,n.;,'1iirt'l. i'',.,f 1]",''-W'i,r*l ,_l ^,lllii,^,11T,..,n ü :;(.".\) lI , ' l]\'\'..}}:."i*:.; .*^,.,.., l : sil] \$'* lt\\.,L ijh.. . "'l

\\\)isl:i'J)",,\\ .[(q\i].[ N..*l.]'r'tiX I \f \\1,* ';

,,{,.llll ).,t'.'$9"*ft,{"..1' "ü j,\1, [f .* i.,.,r1.]11.. ] h\ii])]. ii,nr

,";.'111,,\ii-. . , ,"1111. ',,,"*ti:ri,ii1f i.11\f *--lt** jitiiti')l{iii ,r-.1 -*;*,.,.,,

\\il'1,.,\\..',T', Irr: .:;.:ä,,

144 Reading Exercises

8. Fromthc Autobiography of *$t:,1,",1.

1r,,n"Amcnhotcpll)

\;l\i _- '''.1;:, it, i;1,,,r,,;iiu'iii'ti :l_*. _ ..,,,'t,,,,,|(ii:_:, -'; ilir1';',' - :'ritl / *,f t * l,'r11;lii:t ;-^.* l,. --*!i "'',' iL,li

I X. () .. ','i,Iil,lli. ' rljt---i),,-'.-)i1ii'',, !f !;\'lltlt,rtjl ,, .,.\'''-,.-.,1,'i'. u.,-l ii,.l:;,,r --.-l.t'r. ill3l , ,!i?-:?i,,;;.,r,,1"11 *!,1lfilll). ,'f )it U,,;li.. ,. ,,.,'pl\ir,,n[i'iij.,!3{ .."",, :*i,,1-:-i]'' ,,,,,iiill l" ]I-*:il, l\i,1..

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,(

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Indices 177

3. INosx To THE HInRocI-ypHIC SIGN LIST

Yl\ ]r1

A. Men

I

Yir itil

\fi' l)

ftl yt Xl h l,{ iii ii fil;li, ;ijyii,,ir"- j,jl;1,$l ,fi r;j dl 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 101213t41516n19212223

lJ,ij d' .,ilill lijj ,,4rrii ,li 4ii ,{ gi ;[ *Yiji 'ji ,'] e

24 25 26 27 28 2 9 3 0 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 t 4 9 5 0 5 l

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s2 53 s4 55

B. Women

iri il # dfirr.iL t,l t2

3518

C. Anthropomorphic ll lji Dcitics | 2

3

,i il f^ i ri l4' trj ilä 6

A T

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t2 l 7 l 8

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D. Partsof thc Hurnan Bodyt23456g |,

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5 0 4 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 55 6 5 8 6 0 6 l

E,.Marnmals L;rt;rr "i,l|t{i, 1236789 ' ( , , , il, ' ' r . ' )' , \ i; 23 24 26 27 3t 34

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F. Partsof Mammals

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47 51 52 G. Birds

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27 28 29 30 31 32 33 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 47 48 49 5t 52 53 54

178 Indices

H. Partsof Birds

-V- tl x t2345

6 )

I. Amphibious Animals. Reptiles

Fe

? FG

8

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1*I 3

S. Crou'ns.D:.Staves P $.j_' -

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6

7

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5

T. Warfarr'.H-: Butchc-n

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123

4

L. Insectsand LesserAnimals

1267

0 u.M.rreesandplanrs |

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3

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2 0 2 l 2 3 2 3 A 2 42 s 2 6 2 1 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 t 3 3 3 4 3 s 3 6 3 t 4 0 4 1 4 2 O. BuildingsandPartsof Buildings

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26 28 29 31 32 34 35 36 38 39 40 42 44 45 49 s0 P. Shipsand Partsof Ships

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23 24 26 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 40 42 43 44

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U. Agriculru:;

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Q. DomcsticandFuncrary Fumiture R. TcmpleFurniture and SacredSyrnbols

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Y. Garnc-s. Ir..:: Music

Z . S t r o k c s .C : ' - ' S h a p e sS . :r:from Hicr::-;

Aa. Unclassl=c

Indices 179

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S. Crowns,Dress,

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tzJ

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T. Warfare,Hunting, Butchcry (.. /Ä ,lfi " .. \-. )"

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U. Agriculture,Crafts

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22 23 24 26 28 3030A

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2t 22 23 24 25 X.Brcadand Cakcs

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Y. Games,Instrumentsfor Writing, Music

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Z. Strokes,Geometric r Shapes,signsadopted I from Hicratic

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180 Indices

Solnctlox oF SIcNSOnoBRnoBv Snnpe Tall narrowsiens

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A Concise Grammar of Middle Egyptian.PDF

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