Written language, Written language, an an ancient way of storing and retrieving information invented to record huge new influx of information after the agricultural revolution, is obsolete 废 弃 的 no now w an and d sl slow owly ly replac replaced ed by new technology, which is a positive step forward in the evolution of human technology and carries great potential for a total positive redesign of education.
Parents' own birth order can become an issue when dynamics in the family they are raising replicate 复 制 the family in which they were raised. Agati notes common examples, such as a firstborn parent getting into "raging battles" 恼 火 的战争 with a firstborn child. "Both are used to getting the last word. ach has to be right. But the parent has to be the grown!up and step out of that battle," he advises. When youngest children become parents, Agati cautions that because they "may not have had high expectations placed on them, they in turn may not see their ids for their abilities." But he also notes that since youngest children tend to be more social, "youngest parents can be helpful to their firstborn, who may have a harder harder time time with with social social situat situations ions.. #hese #hese parents parents can help help their their eldest eldest ids ids loosen up and not be so hard on themselves. $om %usan &it says her own birth order didn't seem to affect her parenting until the youngest of her three children, (ulie, was born. (ulie was nine years younger than &it's oldest, (oshua, mirroring the age difference between %usan and her own older brother. ") would see (oshua do to (ulie what my brother did to me," she says of the taunting 嘲弄 and teasing 戏弄 by a much older sibling. ") had to try not to always tae (ulie's side. 偏袒 " Biases can surface 浮出水面 no matter what your own birth position was, as *ori %ilverstone points out. "As a middle myself, ) can be harder on my older daughter. ) recall my older sister hitting me," she says of her reactions to her daughters' tussles.
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Prohibition Act, also nown as the 2olstead Act, prohibited the manufacture, sale, transportation, importation, exportation, delivery, or possession of intoxicating li3uors for beverage purpose. Prohibition, which continued for thirteen years, nearly destroyed what had become a thriving and national industry. 4ne of the loopholes 漏洞 in the 2olstead Act allowed for the manufacture and sale of sacramental wine, medicinal wines for sale by pharmacists with a doctors5 prescription, and medicinal wine tonics 6fortified wines7 sold without prescription. Perhaps more important, Prohibition allowed anyone to produce up to two hundred gallons yearly of fruit 8uice or cider. #he fruit 8uice, which was sometimes made into concentrate 浓缩果汁 , was ideal for maing wine. People would buy grape concentrate from 0alifornia and have it shipped to the ast 0oast. #he top of the the container was stamped in big, bold letters9 caution9 do not add sugar or yeast 酵母 or else fermentation will tae place: %ome of this yield found its way to bootleggers 走 私 throughout America who did 8ust that. But not for long, because the government stepped in and banned the sale of grape 8uice, preventing illegal wine production. 2ineyards stopped being planted, and the American wine industry came to a halt.
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#his year5s 1obel Peace Prie 8ustly rewards the thousands of scientists of the
/nited 1ations 0limate 0hange Panel 6the )P007. #hese scientists are engaged in p q excellent, painstaing wor that establishes exactly what the world should expect from climate change. #he other award winner, former /% 2ice President Al
and containing =scientific errors> by a British 8udge7 to expect -! foot sea!level rises over this century. ?e ignores the findings of his 1obel co! winners, the )P00, who conclude that sea levels will rise between only a half! foot and two feet over this century, with their best expectation being about one foot. #hat5s similar to what the world experienced over the past +@ years.
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Pascolena lorry, whose 8ob was herding goats in 1amibia when it gained independence6Point +7, because of her 8ob she treated wildlife as enemies and so did others in that community6Point -7, but she changed her view later at her ;s, then built her career in tourism6Point ;7 and along with other members of the village beneted from efforts of government.6Point C7
Hence the sequence of the rings in a tree cross-section is like a message in Morse code formerly used for sending telegraph messages; dot-dot-dash-dotdash in the Morse code, wide-wide-narrow-wide-narrow in the tree ring sequence. Actually the tree ring sequence is even more diagnostic and richer in information than the Morse code, because trees actually contain rings spanning many different width, rather than the Morse code choice between dot or dash. ree ring specialists !known as dendrochronologists" proceed by noting the sequence of wider and narrower rings in a tree cut down in a known recent year, and also noting the sequences in beams from trees cut down at various times in the past. hey then match up and align the tree ring sequences with the same diagnostic wide#narrow patterns from different beams. +. #ree &ing9 tree ring dating, also nown as dendrochronology, can be used to determine the age of trees and reconstruct past climate, by cutting down the trees, counting the rings and studying the se3uence and width of the rings.
With an abundance O of low!priced labor relative to the /nited %tates, it is no surprise that 0hina, )ndia and other developing countries specialie in the production of labor!intensive Ž6的 products. or similar reasons, the /nited %tates will specialie in the production of goods that are human! and physical! capital intensive because of the relative abundance of a highly!educated labor force and technically sophisticated e3uipment in the /nited %tates. #he division of global production should yield higher global output of both types of goods than would be the case if each country attempted to produce both of these goods itself. or example, the /nited %tates would produce more expensive labor!intensive goods because of its more expensive labor and the developing countries would produce more expensive human and physical capital!intensive goods because of their relative scarcity of these inputs. #his logic implies that the /nited %tates is unliely to be a significant global competitor in the production green technologies that are not relatively intensive in human and physical capital. 1evertheless, during the early stages of the development of a new technology, the /nited %tates has a comparative advantage in the production of the products enable by this innovation. ?owever, once these technologies become well!understood and production processes are designed that can mae use of less!silled labor, production will migrate to countries with less expensive labor.
Why and to what extent should parents control their children5s #2 watchingD #here is certainly nothing inherently wrong with #2. #he problem is how much television a child watches and what effect it has on his life. &esearch has shown that as the amount of time spent watching #2 goes up, the amount of time
devoted not only to homewor and study but other important aspects of life such as social development and physical activities decreases. #elevision is bound to have it tremendous impact on a child, both in terms of how many hours a wee he watches #2 and of what he sees. When a parent is concerned about the effects of television, he should consider a number of things9 what #2 offers the child in terms of information and nowledge, how many hours a wee a youngster his age should watch television, the impact of violence and sex, and the influence of commercials. What about the family as a wholeD )s the #2 set a central piece of furniture in your home: )s it fliced on the moment someone enters the empty houseD )s it on during the daytimeD )s it part of the bacground noise of your family lifeD Eo you demonstrate by your own viewing that television should be watched selectivelyD Parents should thin how much television a child watches and what effect there might be6Point +7 as research has shown more time spent on watching #2, the less time they have allocated to other activities6Point -7, they also need to consider the content and time spent weely on #26Point ;7, by pondering ‘’ various aspects lie the role of #2 in family.6Point C7
)n around -; BP 6Before Present7, hunter!gatherers called the %an ac3uired domestic stoc in what is now modern day Botswana. #heir population grew, and spread throughout the Western half of %outh Africa. #hey were the first pastoralists “” in southern Africa, and called themselves Fhoihoi 6or Fhoe7, which means 'men of men' or 'the real people'. #his name was chosen to show pride in their past and culture. #he Fhoihoi brought a new way of life to %outh Africa and to the %an, who were hunter!gatherers as opposed to herders “” . #his led to misunderstandings and subse3uent conflict between the two groups. #he Fhoihoi were the first native people to come into contact with the Eutch settlers in the mid +Gth century. As the Eutch too over land for farms, the Fhoihoi were dispossessed, exterminated, or enslaved and therefore their numbers dwindled. #he Fhoihoi were called the H?ottentots5 by uropean settlers because the sound of their language was so different from any uropean language, and they could not pronounce many of the words and sounds. #he Fhoihoi used a word while dancing that sounded lie H?ottentots5 and therefore settlers referred to the Fhoihoi by this name I however today this term is considered derogatory.–的 #he settlers used the term HBushmen5 for
the %an, a term also considered derogatory today. $any of those whom the colonists called HBushmen5 were in fact Fhoihoi or former Fhoihoi. or this reason, scholars sometimes find it convenient to refer to hunters and herders together as HFhoisan5. When uropean settlement began, Fhoihoi groups called the 1ama3ua were settled in modern day 1amibia and the north!eastern 0apeJ others, including the Forana, along the 4range &iverJ and the
Eiasporas ™š的›œ8 communities which live outside, but maintain lins with, their homelands I are getting larger, thicer and stronger. #hey are the human face of globaliation. Eiaspora consciousness is on the riseJ diasporans are becoming more interested in their origins, and organiing themselves more effectivelyJ homelands are revising their opinions of their diasporas are the stigma žŸ attached to emigration decline, and stepping up their engagement effortsJ meanwhile, host countries are witnessing more assertive diasporic groups within their own national communities, worrying about fifth columns and foreign lobbies, and suffering outbreas ¡ ¢ of Hdisaporaphobia5. #his trend is the result of five factors, all of them connected with globaliation9 the growth in international migrationJ the revolution in transport and communications technology, which is 3uicening the pace of disporans5 interactions with their homelandsJ a reaction against global homogenied culture, which is leading people to rethin their identitiesJ the end of the 0old War, which increased the salience of ethnicity and nationalism and created new space in which diasporas can operateJ and policy changes by national governments on issues such as dual citienship and multiculturalism, which are enabling people to lead transnational lives. Eisporas such as those attaching to 0hina, )ndia, &ussia and $exico are already big, but they will continue to growJ
the migration flows which feed them are liely to widen and 3uicen in the future.
#he co!evolutionary relationship between cows and grass is one of nature's underappreciated £¤O¥¦的 wonders §¨J it also happens to be the ey to understanding 8ust about everything about modern meat. or the grasses, which have evolved to withstand © ª the graing « “ of ruminants ©¬@, the cow maintains and expands their habitat by preventing trees and shrubs from gaining a foothold ®¯° and hogging ±² the sunlightJ the animal also spreads grass seed, plants it with his hooves, and then fertilies it with his manure ³. )n exchange for these services the grasses offer ruminants a plentiful and exclusive supply of lunch. or cows 6lie sheep, bison, and other ruminants7 have evolved the special ability to convert grassL which single!stomached creatures lie us can't digestLinto high!3uality protein. #hey can do this because they possess what is surely the most highly evolved digestive organ in nature9 the rumen ´ . About the sie of a medicine ball, the organ is essentially a forty!five!gallon fermentation tan in which a resident population of bacteria dines µ¶ on grass.
1o animal is capable of asing 3uestions or generating problems that are irrelevant to its immediate circumstances or its evolutionarily designed needs. When a beaver builds a dam, it doesn't as itself why it does so, or whether there is a better way of doing it. When a swallow flies south, it doesn't wonder why it is hotter in Africa or what would happen if it flew still further south. ?umans do as themselves these and many other inds of 3uestions, 3uestions that have no relevance, indeed mae little sense, in the context of evolved needs and goals. What mars out humans „·Y¸ is our capacity to go beyond our naturally!defined goals such as the need to find food, shelter or a mate and to establish human!created goals. ¹’º?umans's uni3ue capacities to as 3uestions that beyond natural needs
?uman remains »¼ are a fundamental part of the archaeological ’½¾的 record, offering uni3ue insights into the lives of individuals and populations in the past. *ie many archaeological materials human remains re3uire distinctive and specialised methods of recovery, analysis and interpretation, while technological innovations and the accumulation of expertise ¿ÀÁÂ have enabled archaeologists to extract ever greater amounts of information from assemblages of seletal material. Alongside analyses of new finds, these advances have consistently thrown new light on existing collections of human remains in museums, universities and other institutions.
UÄÅ’ÆÇÈ)ÉB @NU4 %ince Australians (ennifer ?awins and *auryn agle were crowned $iss /niverse and $iss #een )nternational respectively, there has been a dramatic increase in interest in beauty pageants Ê Ë in this country. #hese wins have also spared a debate as to whether beauty pageants are 8ust harmless reminders of old!fashioned values or a throwbac 复½ÌÍ to the days when women were respected for how good they looed. 4pponents argue that beauty pageants, whether its $iss /niverse or $iss #een )nternational, are demeaning Î to women and out of sync ¸ 步 with the times. #hey say they are nothing more than symbols of decline. )n the past few decades Australia has taen more than a few faltering ÏÐ的 steps toward treating women with dignity ÑK and respect. Ooung women are being brought up nowing that they can do anything, as shown by inspiring role models in medicine such as -; Australian of the Oear Professor iona %tanley. )n the +s and Gs, one of the first acts of the feminist movement was to picet beauty pageants on the premise Òa that the industry promoted the view that it was acceptable to 8udge women on their appearance. #oday many young Australian women are still profoundly uncomfortable with their body image, feeling under all inds of pressures because they are 8udged by how they loo. Almost all of the pageant victors are wafer thin, reinforcing the message that thin Ó e3uals beautiful. #his ignores the fact that men and women come in all sies and shapes. )n a country where up to N of young Australians.
As far as prediction is concerned, remember that the chairman of )B$ predicted in the fifties ÔÕ.Ö that the world would need a maximum of around half a doen computers, that the British Eepartment for ducation seemed to thin in the eighties that we would all need to be able to code in BA%)0 and that in the nineties $icrosoft failed to foresee the rapid growth of the )nternet. Who could have predicted that one ma8or effect of the automobile would be to banrupt × Ø的 small shops across the nationD 0ould the early developers of the telephone have foreseen its development as a medium for person!to!person
communication, rather than as a form of broadcasting mediumD We all, including the 'experts', seem to be peculiarly inept Ù Ú 的 at predicting the liely development of our technologies, even as far as the next year. We can, of course, try to extrapolate ‚Û from experience of previous technologies, as ) do below by comparing the technology of the )nternet with the development of other information and communication technologies and by examining the earlier development of radio and print. But how 8ustified UÜÝÞß的 ) might be in doing so remains an open 3uestion. Oou might conceivably à8áÍ的 find the history of the British and rench videotex áâãäåæ systems, Prestel and $initel, instructive. ?owever, ) am not entirely convinced that they are very relevant, nor do ) now where you can find information about them on!line, so, rather than tae up space ç5è here, )'ve briefly described them in a separate article. Predict the development of technology. )B$ ézêƒëìíUêƒîïð 火 , êƒ的èñB;ò the development of information óU development of radio and print.
)ndia is a leading maret for producing more and more software engineer who at the same time can mae programming and )nnovative business technologies and they are getting almost +Q@th of the salary of their counterparts in /%A . #heir dual ability can be seen as alarming for the future of innovative business technologies in )ndia as compared to the united %ates. ?owever some economist claim that it would not be the case. As we don5t now what )ndia can manufacture even after having large numbers of software engineers because when it comes to manufacturing , 0apital is the main re3uirement and /%A is 3uite sufficient in investment as it has investors readily available.
What is the solution for nations with increasing energy demands, hindered by fre3uent power cuts and an inability to compete in the international oil maretD or ast Africa at least, experts thin geothermal energy is the answer. $ore promising still, the Fenyan government and international investors seem to be listening. #his is 8ust in time according to many, as claims of an acute energy
crisis ôõ are afoot Ü]µö6 due to high oil prices, population spies and droughts.
When an individual drives a car, heats a house, or uses an aerosol ~üý hair spary, greenhouse gases are produced. )n economic terms, this creates a classic negative externality þ]0 . $ost of the cost 6in this case, those arising from global warming7 are borne ÿ¤ by individuals other than the one maing the decision about how many miles to drive or how much hair spary to use. Because the driver 6or sprayer7 en8oys all the benefits of the activities but suffers only part of the cost, that individual engages in more than the econcomically efficient amount of the activity. )n this sense, the problem of greenhouse gases parallels the problem that occurs when someone smoes a cigarette in an enclosed space or litters the countryside with fast!food wrappers. )f we are to get individuals to
reduce production of greenhouse gases to the efficient rate we must somehow induce 诱导 them to act as though they bear all the costs of their actions. #he two most widely accepted means of doing this are government regulation and taxation, both of which have been proposed to deal with greehouse gases. individual car 的使用)b8,f+6的责任œ#[)缴纳的费用`Y高4 政府应该出面宏观调控来达î更?的效果)E如可以增加 cost or taxation4
