15100572 Practical Piping Curse

Practical Piping Course

Disclaimer! This short course is not a substitute for accessing and using the Codes directly in conformance to generally accepted engineering practice. Consult the appropriate Codes and references prior to designing and engineering engineering any piping systems. In some jurisdictions, a Professional Engineer must design pressure piping.

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1.0

Introduction

1.1

Definition of of Pi Piping Pipe is a pressure tight cylinder used to convey a fluid or to transmit a fluid pressure, ordinarily designated designated pipe in applicable material specifications. specifications. Materials designated designated tube or tubing in the specifications are treated as pipe when intended intended for pressure service. Piping is an assembly of piping components used to convey, distribute, mix, separate, discharge, meter, control control or snub fluid flows. Piping also includes pipe-supporting pipe-supporting elements but does not include support structures, such as building frames, bents, foundations, foundations, or any equipment excluded from Code definitions. Piping components are mechanical elements suitable suitable for joining or assembly into pressure-tight fluid containing piping piping systems. Components include include pipe, tubing, fittings, flanges, gaskets, bolting, valves and devices such as expansion joints, f lexible joints, pressure hoses, traps, strainers, in-line portions of instruments and separators. Piping is typically round.

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1.2 1.2

Pipi iping Nome Nomenc ncla latu ture re,, Com Comp pone onents nts

Graphic of piping system illustrating

        

header branch connection valve flange expansion joint expansion loop pipe support reducer elbow

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Pipe system essentials: Header

 Main run of piping

Take off

 Branch run

Stub in

Branch reinforcement

 Branch fitting connection made to header by direct attachment of branch   Material added in the vicinity of a branch opening to restore the mechanical integrity of the pipe

NPS

 Nominal pipe size

Pipe support

 Support elements which serve to maintain the structural integrity of the piping system, these are typically non-linear elements

Spring support

a ssembly,  Support provided by an element composed of a spring assembly, these are linear support elements

Snubber

 Support provided by an element composed of a non-linear, damping element

Category D

classifi cation  Within reference of B31.3, a service classification

Category M

classifi cation  Within reference of B31.3, a service classification

Expansible fluid

 Any vapour or gaseous substance, any liquid under such pressure and temperature such that when pressure is reduced to atmospheric, will change to a gas

Hydro test

pressure = 1.5 x MAWP (some of the time)  Test pressure

MAWP

 Maximum allowable working pressure

MDMT

 Minimum design metal temperature

Fracture toughness

CVN (Charpy V Number) at MDMT  Typically measured by CVN

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1.3 1.3

Regu Re gula lato tory ry Acts cts, Cod Code es & Sta Stand nda ards rds Codes Codes are rules for the design of prescribed systems which are given the force of law through provincial, state state and federal legislation. In Canada, Canada, provincial provincial governments have the responsibility for public safety which includes these facilities, among others:

     

Pressure piping Pressure vessels Boilers Pipelines Plumbing systems Gas piping

Alberta Safety Codes Acts and Codes of Practice The following are applicable to the first four f our facilities listed above. Boilers and Pressure Vessels Regulation  Prescribes requirements for registration of pressure vessels, boilers, pressure piping and fittings Design, Construction and Installation of Boilers and P ressure Vessels Regulations  Cites the codes and “bodies of rules” that form part of the regulations  CSA B51 Boiler, Pressure Vessel and Pressure Piping Code  CSA B52 Mechanical Refrigeration Code  CAN/CSA Z184 Gas Pipeline Systems Vessel Code  ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel  ASME B31 Pressure Piping Codes  B31.1 Power Piping  B31.3 Process Piping Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum  B31.4 Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia and Alcohols  B31.5 Refrigeration Piping  ANSI K61.1 Safety Requirements for the Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia  NFPA 58 Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases  DOT Regulations of the Department of Transportation Governing the Transportation of Hazardous Materials in Tank Motor Vehicles  MSS Standard Practice SP 25 Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges and Unions  TEMA Standards of Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association

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Pipeline Act Cites the “minimum requirements r equirements for the design, construction, testing, operation, operation, maintenance and repair of pipelines”:

   

CAN/CSA Z183 Oil Pipeline Systems CAN/CSA Z184 Gas Pipeline Systems CSA Z169 Aluminum Pipe and Pressure Piping Systems Canadian Petroleum Association Recommended Practice for Liquid Petroleum Pipeline Leak Prevention and Detection in the Province Pr ovince of Alberta

Currently, CSA Z662 Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems (This standard supercedes Z183 & Z184)

In the US: As in Canada, some facilities are governed governed by federal regulations. regulations. Interstate pipeline facilities are defined by the:

 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49  Part 192 Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline – Minimum Federal Safety Standards  Part 193 Liquefied Natural Gas Facilities  Part 195 Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline Other pipeline pressure piping codes include:

 ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids  ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Systems

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1.4

Line Designa gnation tion Tables The Province of Alberta Safety Codes Act "Design, Construction and Installation of Boilers & Pressure Vessels Regulations" par 7(2) requires that construction of a pressure piping system must include submission of drawings, specifications and other information and include: (a) flow or line diagrams showing the general arrangement arrangement of all boilers, pressure vessels, pressure piping systems and fittings (b) pipeline identification lists showing the maximum pressures and temperatures for each pressure piping system (c) a list of pressure relief devices, including the set pressure (d) material specifications, size, schedule and primary service rating of all pressure piping and fittings (e) the welding procedure registration r egistration number (f) the pressure pipe test procedure outlining the type, method, test media , test pressure, test temperature, duration and safety saf ety precautions (g) a form, f orm, provided by the Administrator, completed by the engineering designer designer or contractor which relates to the general engineering requirements for design and field f ield construction of pressure piping systems (h) such other information as is necessary for a safety codes officer to survey surv ey the design and determine whether it is suitable for approval and registration

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Problem Set 1 1

Which Which Act Act gov gover erns ns the the des desig ign n of of pla plant nt pres pressu sure re pipin piping g sys syste tems ms in Alber Alberta ta? ?

2

Are Are proc proces ess s plan plantt wa wate terr line lines s cons consid ider ered ed press pressur ure e pipi piping ng syst system ems? s?

3

For For wha whatt flui fluid d ser servi vice ce cate catego gory ry ma may y a hydr hydro o tes testt be be wai waive ved d per per B31. B31.3? 3?

4

What What is the the diffe differe renc nce e betw betwee een n a pipe pipe elbo elbow wa an nd a bend bend? ?

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2.0

Codes and St Standards The following codes are used for the design, construction and inspection of piping systems.

2.1

The AS ASME B3 B31 Pip Pipiing Co Codes des Piping codes developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers: B31. B31.1 1 Powe Powerr Pip Pipin ing g Piping typically found in electric power generating stations, in industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems and central and district heating and cooling plants. B31. B31.3 3 Proc Proces ess s Pipin Piping g Piping typically found in petroleum refineries, refi neries, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, per, semiconductor and cryogenic plants and related processing plants and terminals. B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Other Liquids Liquids Piping transporting products which are predominately quid between plants and terminals and within terminals, pumping, regulating, and metering stations. B31.5 B31.5 Ref Refrige rigerat ration ion Piping Piping Piping for refrigerants and secondary coolants. B31.8 B31.8 Gas Transport Transportation ation and and Distribution Distribution Pipin Piping g Systems Piping transporting products which are predominately gas between sources and terminals including compressor, regulating and metering stations, gas gathering pipelines. B31.9 B31.9 Buildin Building g Servic Services es Piping Piping Piping typically found in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings and in multi-unit residences which does not require the range of sizes, si zes, pressures and temperatures covered in B311.1 B31.11Slurry Transportation Piping Systems Piping transporting aqueous slurries between plants and terminals within terminals, pumping and regulating stations.

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The following codes are used to specify the geometric, material and strength of piping and components:

ASME B16 Dimensional Codes The ASME B16 Piping Component Standards Piping component standard developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers or the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) B16.1 B16.3 B16.4 B16.5 B16.9 B16.10 B16.11 B16.12 B16.14 6.14 B16.15 B16.18 6.18 B16.20 6.20 B16.21 B16. B16.22 22 B16.23 6.23 B16. B16.24 24 B16.25 B16.26 6.26 B16.28 6.28 B16. B16.29 29 B16. B16.32 32 B16. B16.33 33 B16.34 B16.36 B16.37 B16. B16.38 38 B16. B16.39 39 B16. B16.40 40 B16. B16.42 42 B16.47 6.47

Cast Iron Pipe Fla Flanges and Flanged Fitt ittings Malleable Iron Threaded Fit Fitting ings, Class 150 and 300 Cast Ir Iron Th Threaded Fi Fittings, Cl Classes 12 125 an and 25 250 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings Factory Ma Made Wr Wrought St Steel Bu Buttwelding Fi Fitti ttings Face to Fa Face an and En End to to En End Dim Dime ensions of of Va Valves Forged Fitti ttings, So Socket We Weldi lding an and Threa readed Cast Iron Threaded Drainage Fittings Ferr Ferro ous Pipe ipe Plu Plug gs, Bush Bushin ing gs an and Lo Lockn cknuts wit with h Pip Pipe e Th Thread reads s Cast Br Bronze Th Threa readed Fi Fitting ings Cl Class 12 125 an and 25 250 Cast Ca st Co Cop pper Allo lloy Solde lder Joint oint Pres ressure sure Fitt Fittin ing gs Rin Ring Join Jointt G Ga aske skets and and Groov rooves es for for Ste Stee el Pip Pipe e Flan Flang ges Nonmetallic lic Flat Gasket kets for Pipe ipe Flanges Wroug Wrought ht Co Copp pper er and and Co Copp pper er Allo Alloy y Sol Solde derr Join Jointt Pres Pressu sure re Fitt Fittin ings gs Cast Ca st Co Cop pper Allo lloy So Solde lder Joi Joint nt Dra Drainag inage e Fitt Fittin ing gs – DW DWV V Cast Ca st Co Copp pper er All Alloy oy Pipe Pipe Flan Flange ges s and and Flan Flange ged d Fit Fitti ting ngs s Cla Class ss 150, 150, 300, 300, 400,600, 900, 1500 and 2500 Buttwelding Ends Cast Ca st Co Cop pper Allo lloy Fitti itting ngs s for Fla Flare red d Co Cop pper per Tube ubes Wro Wrought ght Ste Steel el Bu Buttwe ttweld ldin ing g Sh Short ort Rad Radius ius Elb Elbo ows and Re Retu turn rns s Wroug Wrought ht Co Copp pper er and and Wroug Wrought ht Co Copp pper er Allo Alloy y Sold Solder er Join Jointt Drai Draina nage ge Fittings – DWV Cast Ca st Co Copp pper er All Alloy oy Sold Solder er Join Jointt Fit Fitti ting ngs s for for Sove Sovent nt Drai Draina nage ge Syst Syste ems Manu Ma nual ally ly Oper Operat ated ed Me Meta tall llic ic Gas Gas Val Valve ves s for for Use Use in in Gas Gas Pipi Piping ng syst system ems s Up to 125 psig (sizes ½ through 2) Valve lves – Fla Flanged, Threa readed and Wel Welding End Orifice Flanges Hydrostatic Te Testing ing of Co Control Valves Larg Large e Met Metal alli lic c Val Valve ves s for for Gas Gas Dist Distri ribu buti tion on (Man (Manua uall lly y Ope Opera rate ted, d, NP NPS S 2½ to 12, 125 psig maximum) Mall Ma llea eabl ble e Iro Iron n Thre Thread aded ed Pipe Pipe Un Unio ions ns,, Cla Class sses es 1150 1150,, 250 250 and and 300 300 Manu Ma nual ally ly Oper Operat ated ed Ther Thermo mopl plas asti tic c Gs Shut Shutof offs fs and and Valv Valves es in Gas Gas Distribution Systems Duct Du ctil ile e Iro Iron n Pip Pipe e Fla Flang nges es and and Fla Flang nged ed Fitt Fittin ings gs,, Cla Class ss 150 150 and and 300 300 Large rge Diame iametter Stee Steell Fla Flange nges (NPS (NPS 26 thro throug ugh h NPS 60) 60)

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ASME B36 Piping Component Standards Piping standards developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers / American National Standards Institute: B36.10 B36.19

Wel Welded and Seamless Wro Wrought Steel Pi Pipe Stainless Steel Pipe

Other ASME or ANSI B73.1 B73.2 B133.2

2.2

Horizontal, End Suction Centrifug fugal Pump mps s Vertical In-line Centrifugal Pum ps Basic Gas Turbine

NEPA Codes National Electrical Protection Association Piping covering fire protection systems using water, carbon dioxide, halon, foam, dry chemical and wet chemicals. NFC - NFPA Codes National Fire Code / National Fire Fir e Protection Association NFPA 99 Health Care Facilities Piping for medical and laboratory gas systems.

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2.3

CSA Standards Canadian Standards Association CSA Z662 - 94 Oil & Gas Pipeline Systems This standard supercedes these standards:

 CAN/CSA Z183 Oil Pipeline Systems  CAN/CSA Z184 Gas Pipeline Systems  CAN/CSA Z187 Offshore Pipelines Other CSA Piping and Component Codes: B 51 B 53 B 52 B 63 B 137.3 B 137 137.4 W 48.1 W 48 48.3 Z 245.1 Z 245.11 Z 245.12 Z 245.15 Z 245 245.2 .20 0 Z 24 245.2 5.21 Z 276

Boilers and Pressure Vessels Identification of Piping Systems Mechanical Refrigeration Code W elded and Seamless Steel Pipe Rigid Poly-Vinyl Chlor loride (PVC PVC) Pipe Poly Polye ethy thylen lene Pipin iping g Syste ystems ms for for Gas Servic rvice e Mild Steel Co Cov vered Arc-Wel Welding Electro trodes Low-Alloy Steel Ar Arc-We c-Wellding El Electrodes Steel Line Pipe Steel Fitti ngs Steel Flanges Steel Valves Exte Extern rnal al Fusi Fusion on Bond Bond Epox Epoxy y Coa Coati ting ng for for Ste Steel el Pipe Pipe Exte Extern rna al Po Polye lyethy thylen lene Co Coatin ting fo for Pip Pipe e LNG - Pr Production, St Storage and Handli ng

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2.4

MSS St Standa ndard Pr Practices These are piping and related component standards developed by the Manufacturer’s Standardization Standardization Society. The MSS standards are directed at general industrial applications. The pipeline industry makes makes extensive use of these piping piping component and quality acceptance standards. SP-6 P-6

Stan tandard dard Finis inishe hes s for for Co Cont ntac actt Face Faces s Pipe ipe Flan langes and and Co Con nnec nectin ting End Flanges of Valves and Fittings

SP-25 P-25

Stan tandard dard Ma Mark rkin ing g Syst Syste em for for Valv Valves es,, Fitti ittin ngs, Flan Flang ges and Un Unio ion n

SP-44

Steel Pipeline Flanges

SP-5 SP-53 3

Qual Qualit ity y Stan Standa dard rds s for for Stee Steell C Cas asti ting ngs s and and Forg Forgin ings gs for for Val Valve ves, s, Flan Flange ges s and Fittings and Other Piping Components C omponents - Magnetic Particle

SP-5 SP-54 4

Qual Qualit ity y Stan Standa dard rds s for for Stee Steell Cas Casti ting ngs s and and for for Valv Valves es,, Fla Flang nges es and and Fitt Fittin ings gs and Other Piping Components - Radiographic

SP-5 SP-55 5

Qual Qualit ity y Stan Standa dard rds s for for Stee Steell Cas Casti ting ngs s and and for for Valv Valves es,, Fla Flang nges es and and Fitt Fittin ings gs and Other Piping Components - Visual

SP-58 P-58

Pipe ipe Ha Hang nge ers and Supp upport orts - Ma Mate teri rial al,, De Desi sig gn and Ma Manu nufa fac cture ture

SP-61

Pressure Testing of Steel Valves

SP-69

Pipe Ha Hangers an and Su Supports - Se Selection an and App Appllication ion

SP-75

High Test Wrought Butt We Welding Fittings

SP-82 SP-89 P-89

Valve Pressure Testing Methods Pipe ipe Ha Hange ngers and Sup Supp port orts - Fa Fabric bricat atio ion n an and In Insta stalla llatio tion Pra Pract ctic ices es

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2.5

API American Petroleum Institute The API standards are focused on oil production, refinery and product distribution services. Equipment specified to these these standards are typically more robust than general general industrial applications. Spec. Spec. Spec. ec. Spec. Spec. Spec. Spec. Spec. ec. Spec Spec..

5 5L L 6D 6D 6FA 6FA 12D 12F 12J 12J 12K 12K

Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std.

594 598 599 599 600 600 602 602

Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. td. Std. Std.

603 603 607 607 608 608 609 610 610

Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std.

611 611 612 612 613 613 614 614

Std. Std. Std. td. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std.

615 615 616 617 617 618 618 61 619 9

Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. td. Std. Std.

620 620 630 630 650 660 660 661 661 670 670 671 671 674 674 675 675 676 677 677

Line Pipe Pipeline Valves Fire Fire Test Test for for Valve alves s Field Field Welded Welded Tanks Tanks for Storag Storage e of of Prod Product uction ion Liquid Liquids s Shop Shop Welded Welded Tanks Tanks for Storag Storage e of Produc Productio tion n Liquid Liquids s Oil and and Gas Sepa eparat rators Indi Indire rect ct Typ Type Oil Oil Fie Field ld He Heat ater ers s Waf Wafer and Waf Wafer-Lu -Lug Check Valves Valve lve Inspec pection and Testing Meta Me tall Plug Plug Valv Valves es - Flan Flange ged d and and Butt Butt-We -Weld ldin ing g Ends Ends Stee Steell Gat Gate e Valv Valves es-F -Fla lang nged ed and and Butt Butt-We -Weld ldin ing g Ends Ends Compa Co mpact ct Stee Steell Gate Gate Valv Valves es-F -Flan lange ged d Thr Threa eade ded, d, Weldi Welding ng,, and and Exte Extend nded ed-Body Ends Clas Class s 150, 150, Ca Cast st,, Co Corro rrosi sion on-R -Res esist istan ant, t, Flang Flanged ed-E -End nd Gate Gate Valv Valves es Fire Fire Test Test for for Soft Soft-S -Sea eate ted d Quar Quarte terr-Tu Turn rn Valv Valves es Meta Me tall Ball Ball Valv Valves es-F -Fla lang nged ed and and Butt Butt-W -Wel eldi ding ng Ends Ends Lug-a g-and Wafe Waferr-Ty Typ pe Butter tterffly Valve lves Cent Ce ntri rifug fugal al Pumps Pumps For For Pet Petrol roleu eum, m, Hea Heavy vy Du Duty ty Ch Chemi emica call a and nd Gas Gas Industry Services Gene Genera rall Pur Purpo pose se Stea Steam m Tur Turbi bine nes s for for Re Refi fine nery ry Serv Servic ices es Spec Specia iall Pur Purpo pose se Stea Steam m Tur Turbi bine nes s for for Re Refi fine nery ry Serv Servic ices es Spec Specia iall Purp Purpos ose e Gear Gear Un Unit its s for for Ref Refin iner ery y Serv Servic ices es Lubr Lubric icat atio ion, n, S Sha haftft-Se Seal alin ing g and and Con Contr trol ol Oil Oil Sys Syste tems ms for for Spe Speci cial al Pur Purpo pose se Application Soun Sound d Co Cont ntro roll of of Me Mech chan anica icall Equi Equipme pment nt for for Re Refin finer ery y Servi Service ces s Gas Turb Turbin ines es for for Re Reffine inery Servic rvice es Cent Ce ntri rifu fuga gall Com Compr pres esso sors rs for for Gen Gener eral al Re Refi fine nery ry Serv Servic ices es Reci Re cipr proc ocat ating ing Co Comp mpres resso sors rs for for Gener General al Re Refin finer ery y Serv Servic ices es Rota Ro tary ry-T -Typ ype e P Pos ositi itive ve Disp Displac lacem emen entt Comp Compre ress ssor ors s for for Gene Genera rall Refin Refiner ery y Services Desi De sign gn and and Con Const struc ructi tion on of Lar Large ge,, Weld Welded ed,, Low Low Pres Pressu sure re Stor Storag age e Tank Tanks s Tube Tube and and He Head ader er Dimen Dimensi sion ons s ffor or Fired Fired He Heat ater ers s for Re Refin finer ery y Ser Servi vice ce Wel Welded Steel Ta Tanks for for Oil Storag rage Heat He at Exch Exchan ange gers rs for for Gene Genera rall Re Refi fine nery ry Serv Servic ice e AirAir-Coo Coole led d He Heat at Exch Exchan ange gers rs for for Gene Genera rall Re Refin finer ery y Serv Servic ice e Vibr Vibrat atio ions ns,, Axi Axial al Pos Positi ition on,, and and Bear Bearin ingg-Te Tempe mpera ratu ture re Monit Monitor orin ing g Sys Systems tems Spec Specia iall Purp Purpos ose e Co Coup upli ling ngs s for for Re Refi fine nery ry Serv Servic ice e Posi Positi tive ve Disp Displa lace ceme ment nt Pump Pumpss-Re Reci cipr proc ocat atin ing g Posi Positi tive ve Disp Displa lace ceme ment nt Pump Pumpss-Co Cont ntro roll lled ed Volu Volume me Positi sitiv ve Disp Displa lace ceme men nt Pum ump ps-R s-Rotar otary y Gene Genera rall Pur Purpo pose se Gear Gear Un Unit its s for for R Ref efin iner erie ies s Serv Servic ices es

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API (cont’d) Std. Std. 678 678 Std. Std. 1104 1104 Std. Std. 2000 2000

Acce Accele lero rome mete terr-Ba Base se Vibr Vibrat atio ion n Mo Moni nito tori ring ng Syst System em Weldi Welding ng Pipe Pipelin lines es and and Re Rela late ted d Faci Facilit litie ies s Venti Venting ng Atmosph Atmospheri eric c and Low Low-Pr -Press essure ure Storag Storage e Tanks Tanks - Non Non-Refrigerated and Refrigerated

RP 530 530 RP 560 560 RP 682 682 RP 1110 1110

Calcul Calc ulat atio ion n for for H Hea eate terr Tub Tube e Thic Thickn knes ess s in in P Pet etro role leum um Re Refi fine neri ries es Fired He Heater for for General Re Refine inery Servic vices Shaft aft Se Sealin ling Sys Syste tem m fo for Ce Centrif trifu ugal gal an and Ro Rotary ary Pum Pump ps Pres Pressu sure re Test Testin ing g of Liqu Liquid id Petr Petrol oleu eum m Pip Pipel elin ines es

Publ. Publ. 941

Steel Steel fo forr Hydr Hydroge ogen n Servic Service e at at Elev Elevate ated d Tempe Temperat rature ure and Pressu Pressures res in Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants Safe Safe Welding Welding and Cut Cutting ting Practi Practices ces in Refin Refineri eries es Safe Safe Entr Entry y and and Clean Cleaning ing of Petr Petrole oleum um Stor Storage age Tanks Tanks

Publ. Publ. 2009 2009 Publ. Publ. 2015 2015

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2.6

ASTM There are numerous American Society for Testing and Materials designations cover the specification of wrought materials, forgings and castings used for plate, fittings, fi ttings, pipe and valves. The ASTM standards standards are directed to dimensional standards, standards, materials and strength considerations. Some of the more material m aterial standards referenced are: A 36

Specification f or Structural Steel

A 53

Specif ecific ica atio tion for for Pip Pipe e, Ste Stee el, Black lack and and Ho Hott –Dipp Dippe ed, Zin Zinc Co Coated ted Weld Welde ed and Seamless

A 105

Specif ecific ica atio tion for for For Forg gings ings,, Ca Carbo rbon Stee Steel, l, for for Pip Pipin ing g Com omp pone onents

A 106

Specif ecific ica atio tion for for Se Seamle mless Ca Carb rbo on Stee teel Pip Pipe e fo for H Hig igh h Temp Temper era ature ture Service

A 18 181

Specif ecific ica atio tion fo for For Forg gings ings,, Ca Carbo rbon St Steel eel for for Gen General ral Pu Purpo rpose Pipin iping g

A 18 182

Specif ecific ica atio tion fo for For Forg ged or or Rol Rolle led d All Allo oy Steel teel Pipe ipe Fla Flang nge es, Forg Forged ed Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High Temperature T emperature Service

A 193 193

Spec Specif ific icat atio ion n for for Allo Alloy y Stee Steell and and Stai Stainl nles ess s Stee Steell Bolt Boltin ing g Ma Mate teri rial als s for for Hig High h Temperature Service

A 19 194

Specif ecific ica atio tion fo for Car Carb bon an and All Allo oy St Steel eel Nut Nuts s fo for Bol Bolts ts for for Hig High h Pre Pres ssure sure and High Temperature Service

A 23 234

Specif ecific ica atio tion for for Pip Pipin ing g Fit Fitti tin ngs of of Wro Wrough ught Car Carbo bon n Ste Stee el an and All Alloy oy Steel teel for Moderate and Elevated Temperatures

A 33 333

Specif ecific ica atio tion fo for Se Seamle mless and Weld Welde ed Ste Stee el Pip Pipe e fo for Lo Low Tem Temp peratu rature re Service

A 35 350

Specif ecific ica atio tion for for For Forg gings ings,, Carb Carbo on an and Lo Low All Allo oy Ste Stee el R Re equiri uirin ng No Notch tch Toughness Testing for Piping Components

A 35 352

Specif ecific ica atio tion for for Ste Stee el Ca Cast stin ing gs, Ferr Ferrit itic ic and Mart artensi ensittic fo for Pre Press ssu ure Containing Parts Suitable for Low Temperature Service

A 42 420

Specif ecific ica atio tion for for Pip Pipin ing g Fit Fitti tin ngs of of Wro Wrough ught Car Carbo bon n Ste Stee el an and All Alloy oy Steel teel for Low Temperature Service

A 69 694

Specif ecific ica atio tion fo for For Forg gings ings,, car carb bon an and All Allo oy Ste Stee el fo for Pip Pipe e Fla Flan nges, es, Fittings, Valves and Parts for High Pressure Pr essure Transmission Service

A 707

Specif ecific ica atio tion for for Fla Flang nge es, Forg Forge ed, Ca Carb rbo on and Allo Alloy y Stee Steell fo for Lo Low Temperature Service

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Problem Set 2 1. A project project award award has has been been made. made. At the kick kick off meeting, meeting, the the PM advises advises that piping design will be to B31.4. The facility is steam piping in a refinery refinery extending extending from the boiler to the tank tank farm. What do you do or say and why? why? 2. A liquid liquid pipeline pipeline is to be built to Z184. Z184. You raise an issue. issue. Why? 3. What flange flange specificati specification on wou would ld you expec expectt to reference reference for a gas pipeline pipeline facility? facility? Show the development of your answers.

18


Section 1 – Attachments Please refer to specific documents cited: Fig 100.1.2(B) of ASME B31.1 Fig 300.1.1 of ASME B31.3 1996 Fig 300.1.1 of ASME B31.3 1999 Fig 400.1.1 of ASME B31.4 Fig 400.1.2 of ASME B31.4 Fig 1.1 of CSA Z 662 Fig 1.2 of CSA Z 662 Table of Contents CSA Z 662

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3.0

Supple plemental Doc Documents

3.1 3.1

Owne Owner’ r’s s Spec Specif ific icat atio ions ns & Docu Docume ments nts Many of the Owners in the industries we service are technically sophisticated and will often have supplementary supplementary specifications, specifications, standards or practices. It is the intent of these documents to clarify and provide interpretation of the legislated Codes and industry accepted standards standards specific to the Owner’s facilities. These specifications typically go beyond the requirements of Codes and without exception do not contravene a Code requirement. Owner

Specification

Exxon / Imperial Oil

International Basic Practices (IBP’s)

.

Shell

3.2 3.2

Petro-Canada

Petro Canada Engineering Standards

Husky Oil

Engineering Design Specification ( EDS) Project Design Specification (PDS)

Syncrude Canada

Syncrude Engineering Standards

Suncor Inc

Suncor OSG Technical Standards

Dow Chemical

Engineering Practices

Celanese

Celanese Edm onton Standards Methanol / Braun Engineering Site Standards Corporate Engineering Standards PIP (Process Industry Practices)

Enbridge

Enbridge Engineering Standards

Cont Contra ract ctor or’s ’s Spec Specif ific icat atio ions ns & Docu Docume ment nts s The engineering contractor and may be called upon to provide the engineering specifications for a project if an Owner does not have his own standards standards or if required by terms of the contract.

20


Problem Set 3 1

What What is is the the typi typica call pre prece cede denc nce e of of doc docum umen ents ts for engi engine neer erin ing g sta stand ndar ards ds? ?

2

Can Ca n the the Own Owner er’s ’s eng engin inee eeri ring ng stan standa dard rd ove overr rrid ide e a Code Code prov provis isio ion? n?

3

Unde Un derr wha whatt con condi diti tion ons s can can the Owne Owner’ r’s s sta stand ndar ard d ove overr rrid ide e a Cod Code e pro provi visi sion on? ?

4

How Ho w wo woul uld d you you dev devia iate te fro from m an Owne Owner’ r’s s engi engine neer erin ing g spec specif ific icat atio ion? n?

21


4.0

Pipin g Design Piping design deals with the:

     

analytical design material selection geometric layout fabrication inspection specification component specification

of piping and piping components.

4.1

Failure Me Mechanisms Piping and piping components may fail if inadequately designed, by a number of different mechanisms. These failures, in the majority majority of cases are either either load controlled or displacement controlled failures.

     

 

Pipe rupture due to overpressure Bending failure in pipe span Elbow cracking after 10 years of service, 5000 cycles of heat up to 500 F On heat up, a line comes into contact with adjacent header which is at ambient temperature During startup on a cold winter day in Grande Prairie, an outdoor gas line located above grade and constructed to Z662 is suddenly subjected to full li ne pressure and ruptures. A 12” Sch.40 header, bottom supported, 40 feet long runs vertically up a tower and connects to a nozzle. nozzle. On steam out of the vessel, a 1’ deflection is observed in the the pipe and remains after the steam out procedure is completed and the pipe returns to ambient temperature. A header of a reciprocating compressor has been stressed checked; during operation vibration vibration is observed in the line. During the unit turnaround, turnaround, cracking is found at midspan in the wrought piping material. A stress check determines that a hot, high alloy line does not pass the flexibility flexibili ty requirements per B31 B31.3. .3. Twenty-five cycles are expected expected over the lifetime of the line.

22


4.2 4.2

Code Code Cons Consid ide erati ration ons s for for De Des sign ign Design of piping systems is governed governed by Codes. All codes have a common theme, they are intended to set forth engineering requirements requirements deemed necessary for safe design and construction of piping i nstallations. The Codes are not intended to apply to the operation, examination, inspection, testing, maintenance or repair repair of piping that has been placed in service. service. The Codes do not prevent the User from applying the provisions of the Codes for those purposes. Engineering requirements of the Codes, while considered necessary and adequate for safe design, generally generally use a simplified approach. A designer capable capable of applying a more rigorous analysis shall have the latitude to do so, but must be able to demonstrate the validity of such analysis.

Design Conditions Design conditions refer to the operating and design temperature and pressure that the piping system will operate at over the course of its design life.

23

Practical Piping Course Code Design Temperature & Design Pressure Code B31. B31.1 1

B31. B31.3 3

B31. B31.4 4

B31.8 31.8

Design Temperature The The pip pipin ing g sha shall ll be desi design gned ed for for a meta metall tem tempe pera ratu ture re representing the maximum sustained condition expected. The design temperature shall be assumed to be the same as the fluid temperature unless calculations or tests support the use of other data, in which case the design temperature shall not be less than the average of the fluid temperature and the outside wall temperature. The The des desig ign n tem tempe pera ratu ture re of each each comp compon onen entt in in a pipi piping ng system is the temperature at which, under the coincident pressure, the greatest thickness or highest component rating is required in accordance with par. 301.2

Design Pressure The internal design pressure shall be not less than the maximum sustained operating pressure (MSOP) within the piping system including the effects of static head.

The design pressure of each component in a piping system shall be not less than the pressure at the most severe condition of coincident internal or external pressure and temperature expected during service, except as provided in par. 302.2.4. The The desi design gn temp temper erat atur ure e is the the meta metall temp temper erat atur ure e The piping component at any point in th e piping system expected in normal operation. It is not necessary to vary shall be designed for an internal design pressure which the design stress for metal temperatures between –20 F shall not be less than the maximum steady state operating pressure at that point, or less than the static and 250 F. head pressure at that point with the line in a static condition. The maximum steady state operating pressure shall be the sum of the static head pressure, pressure required to overcome friction losses and any required back pressure. No des design ign tem tempe pera ratu ture re.. The The Cod Code e men menti tion ons so onl nly y Design pressure is the maximum operating pressure ambient temperature and ground temperature. (1975) permitted by the Code, as determined by the design procedures applicable to the materials and locations involved.

24


Code Design Temperature & Design Pressure (cont’d)

Z662 Z662

For rest restra rain ined ed pipi piping ng,, the the temp temper erat atur ure e dif diffe fere rent ntia iall sha shall ll be the difference between the maximum flowing fluid temperature and the metal temperature at the time of restraint.

The design pressure at any specific location shall be specified by the designer, shall not be less than the intended maximum operating pressure at any location, and shall include static head, pressure required to overcome friction loss and any required back pressure.

For unrestrained piping, the thermal expansion range to be used in the flexibility analysis shall be the difference between the maximum and minimum operating temperatures.

25


Code Design Temperature & Design Pressure (cont’d)

Z662 Z662

For rest restra rain ined ed pipi piping ng,, the the temp temper erat atur ure e dif diffe fere rent ntia iall sha shall ll be the difference between the maximum flowing fluid temperature and the metal temperature at the time of restraint.

The design pressure at any specific location shall be specified by the designer, shall not be less than the intended maximum operating pressure at any location, and shall include static head, pressure required to overcome friction loss and any required back pressure.

For unrestrained piping, the thermal expansion range to be used in the flexibility analysis shall be the difference between the maximum and minimum operating temperatures.

25


Design of Piping – B31.1 B31.1 essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items: Minimum thickness for pressure: tmin =

or t =

P  Do  2( SE  PY )

+A

P  d  2 SE  2 yPA 2( SE  Py  P)

The limit is based on the limit stress being less than the basic allowable stress at temperature. This limit is based on the static yield strength of the material. Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings (S L ): SL  Sh ; stress due to sustained loadings shall be less than the basic allowable stress at temperature. Sustained loadings loadings are those due to pressure, pressure, self weight of contents & piping and other other sustained loadings particular particular to the situation. The limit is based on the static yield strength of the material.


Design of Piping – B31.1 B31.1 essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items: Minimum thickness for pressure: tmin =

or t =

P  Do 

+A

2( SE  PY )

P  d  2 SE  2 yPA 2( SE  Py  P)

The limit is based on the limit stress being less than the basic allowable stress at temperature. This limit is based on the static yield strength of the material. Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings (S L ): SL  Sh ; stress due to sustained loadings shall be less than the basic allowable stress at temperature. Sustained loadings loadings are those due to pressure, pressure, self weight of contents & piping and other other sustained loadings particular particular to the situation. The limit is based on the static yield strength of the material. Slp=

P  Do 4  tn

The computed displacement stress range S E : SE  SA = f(1.25 S c + 0.25 S h). SE stresses arise from the constraint of the thermal strain displacements associated associated with the expansion expansion of pipe due to temperature. The limit is based on fatigue considerations. considerations. Where the sum of the longitudinal stresses is less than S h, the difference may be used as an additional thermal expansion allowance. 2

SE =

Sb  4  2

S t

2

ii M i  i o M o Sb 

2

Z

26

Practical Piping Course B31.1 (cont’d) The computed displacement stress range S E: The factor “f” is a stress range reduction factor:

Cycles, N 7,000 and less > 7,000 to 14,000 >14,000 to 22,000 > 22,000 to 45,000 > 45,000 to 100,000 > 100,000 to 200,000 > 200,000 to 700,000 > 700,000 to 2,000,000

Factor, f 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

27

Practical Piping Course Design of Piping – B31.3 B31.3 essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items: Minimum thickness for pressure:

t=

P  D 2( SE  PY )

or t =

P  D 2 SE

or t =

 SE  P   (Lame Equation)   (1   SE  P  2  

D

The limit is based on the limit stress being less than the basic allowable stress at temperature. This limit is based on the static yield strength of the material. Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings (S L ): SL  Sh ; stress due to sustained loadings shall be less than the basic allowable stress at temperature. Sustained loadings loadings are those due to pressure, pressure, self weight of contents & piping and other other sustained loadings particular particular to the situation. The limit is based on the static yield strength of the material. The computed displacement stress range S E : SE  SA = f(1.25 S c + 0.25 S h). SE stresses arise from the constraint of the thermal strain displacements associated associated with the expansion expansion of pipe due to temperature. The limit is based on fatigue considerations. considerations. Where the sum of the longitudinal stresses is less than S h, the difference may be used as an additional thermal expansion allowance.

28

Practical Piping Course Design of Piping – B31.4 B31.4 essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items: Minimum thickness for pressure: t=

Pi  D 2S

The limit is based on the limit stress being less than the basic allowable stress at temperature. This limit is based on the static yield strength of the material. S  0.72  E  SMYS , where SMYS is the specified minimum yield strength of the material Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings (S L ): SL  0.75  SA where SA = 0.72  SMYS SL, the stress due to sustained loadings shall be less than 0.75 x the allowable stress range, S A at temperature. Sustained loadings loadings are those due to pressure, pressure, self weight of contents & piping and other sustained loadings particular to the situation.

The computed displacement stress range S E : For restrained lines: SL = E  a    v  Sh  0.9 SMYS For unrestrained lines: SE  S A

29

Practical Piping Course Design of Piping – B31.8 B31.8 (1975) essentially limits the pressure design design consideration to three items: Design pressure: P=

2  S  t

D

FET

F = design factor for construction type (includes a location location factor) E = longitudinal joint factor T = temperature derating factor S  SMYS , where SMYS is the specified minimum yield strength of the material Total combined stress: The total of the following foll owing shall not exceed S: a) Combin Combined ed stres stress s due to to expan expansio sion n b) Longi Longitud tudina inall pressu pressure re stres stress s c) Lon Longitud gitudinal inal bendin bending g stress due due to internal internal + externa externall loads Further, The sum of (b) + (c)  0.75  S  F  T

The computed displacement stress range S E : B31.8 applies itself to the above ground piping in discussing expansion and flexibility to a temperature of 450 F. For these “unrestrained” lines: SE  0.72  S

30

Practical Piping Course Design of Piping – CSA Z662 Z662 essentially limits the t he pressure design consideration to three items: Pressure Design: 3

P=

2S  t  10  F  L  J  T

; units are metric

D F = design factor = 0.8 L = location factor per Table 4.1 (appear to be safety factors) J = longitudinal joint factor T = temperature derating factor S = Specified Minimum Minim um Yield Strength (SMYS) Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings (S L ): For restrained lines (below ground): Sh - SL + SB  0.90  S  T ; where, S L =

v  Sh  E  a  

(below ground)

* note conservatism with respect to definition of T, Code requires use of temperature at time of restraint Sh - SL + SB  S  T ; ( above ground, freely spanning segments) segments) The computed displacement stress range S E : For unrestrained lines (above ground): SE  0.72  S  T

31

Practical Piping Course Design of Piping

The Design Effort Continuum

Code

Code +

Calculation Method Simple

Complex

Answer Quality

Conservative

Accurate

Effort Least

Most

32

Practical Piping Course Design Loads The Codes prescribe minimum rules for fo r stress conditions and alert the designer explicitly to some of the loadings likely to act on a system. In addition to the previous listing, most of the Codes specify design rules for:

 Occasional loads such as wind & earthquake  External pressure The Codes caution the designer to consider the effect of other loadings and their impact on the stress state of the system:

     

impact events (hydraulic shock, liquid & solid slugging, flashing, transients) auto- refrigeration, seasonal temperature variations vibration discharge reactions temperature gradients bi-metallic connections

 effects of support & restraint movements  cyclic effects The Codes do not explicitly alert the designer to other loadings which may cause failure in the piping system, including:

 buckling (shell & column)  nozzle loadings on attached equipment, such as  pumps, compressors, engines  pressure vessels  steam generating equipment  fired heaters  heat exchangers  loadings on in-line equipment such as flanges, valves, filters, strainers

33

Practical Piping Course 4.3

Material Se Selection

Key Considerations

 Material specification  Chemical Composition  Mechanical Properties toughness  Brittle fracture toughness  Carbon equivalent  Inspection  Repair Welding Procedure

34

Practical Piping Course Brittle Fracture

Brittle fracture refers to the often catastrophic failure of materials when subjected to stresses at a lower temperature which the materially would normally be able to withstand at higher temperatures. A “transition temperature” can be defined at the 13.5, 20, 27 J (10, 15, 20 ft-lb) f t-lb) energy level. Charpy test resutls for steel plate obtained from failures of Liberty ships revealed that plate failure never occurred at temperatures greater than the 20-J (15 ft-lb) transition temperatue. This transition temperature varies with the material and is not used as a criterion.

35

Practical Piping Course Transition Temperatures

36

Practical Piping Course Charpy Testing

37


38


Minimum Required Charpy V Notch Impact Values (B31.3-1999) Energy

Specified Minimum Tensile Strength

Number of Specimens

Fully Deoxidized Steels

Other than Fully Deoxidized Steels

Joules

Ft-lbf

Joules

Ft-lbf

18 16

13 10

14 10

10 7

20 16

15 12

18 14

13 10

27 20

20 15

… …

… …

(a) Carbon & Low Alloy Steels SMTS  65 ksi 65 ksi  SMTS  75 ksi

Average for 3 specimens Minimum for 1 specimen

75 ksi  SMTS  95 ksi

Lateral Expansion 96 ksi  SMTS

Minimum for 3 specimen

0.015 in

(b) Steels in P-Nos. 6, 7, 8

Minimum for 3 specimen

0.015 in

39

Practical Piping Course Impact Testing Exemption Temperatures – B31.3

40

Practical Piping Course Minimum Required Charpy V Notch Impact Values (CSA Z 662-1999)

41

Practical Piping Course Minimum Required Charpy V Notch Impact Values Values (CSA Z 662-1999) 662-1999) (cont’d)

42


Material Selection – Common Specifications f or Carbon Steel Systems Commodity P i pe

Pipe – Low Temp Pipe – High Temp Boltin g

Nut Fitt ings Fitt ings – Low Temp Fitti Fitting ngs s – High High Temp Temp Flanges

Flan Flange ges s – Low Low T Tem emp p Flanges – High Tem p

Valves

Valves – L ow ow Tem p Valv Valves es – Hig High h Tem Temp p

B31.1

B31.3

B31.4

B31.8

CSA Z662

ASTM A 106

ASTM A 53 API 5L

ASTM A 53 API 5L

CSA Z 245.1

ASTM A 333 Gr. 6 ASTM A 106 ASTM A 193 B7

ASTM A 333 Gr .6 ASTM A 106 ASTM A 19 3 B7 ASTM A 320

ASTM A 53 API 5L API 5LU ASTM A 333 Gr.6 ASTM A 106 ASTM A 193 B7 ASTM A 320

ASTM A 333 Gr.6 ASTM A 106 ASTM A 193 B7 ASTM A 354 ASTM A 449 ASTM A 194 2H MSS SP-75

CSA Z 245.1

ASTM A 194 2H ASTM A 194 2H ASTM A 194 2H ASTM A 234 W PB ASTM A 234 W PB ASTM A 420 WPL6 ASTM A 420 WPL6 ASTM A 420 WPL6 ASTM ASTM A 234 234 WPB ASTM A 234 WPB ASTM A 234 WPB ASTM A 216 WCB ASTM A 216 WCB ASTM A 105 ASTM A 105 ASTM A 105 ASTM A 181 ASTM A 181 ASTM A 181 ASME B16.5 ASME B16.5 ASME B16.5 ASTM ASTM A 350 350 LF2 LF2 ASTM A 350 LF2 ASTM A 350 LF2 ASTM A 352 LCB ASTM A 352 LCB ASTM A 105 ASTM A 105 ASTM A 105 ASTM A 181 ASTM A 181 ASTM A 216 WCB ASTM A 216 WCB ASTM A 216 WCB ASTM A 105 ASTM A 105 API 6D ASME B16.34 API 600 API 600

ASTM A 350 LF LF2 ASTM A 352 LCB ASTM ASTM A 216 216 WCB WCB

ASTM A 350 LF2 ASTM A 352 LCB ASTM STM A 216 216 WCB WCB

ASTM A 105 ASTM A 372 MSS SP-44

CSA Z 245.

CSA Z 245.11 CSA Z 245.11

CSA Z 245.12

CSA Z 245.12

ASTM A 105 API 6D ASME B16.34 ASME B16.38

CSA Z 245.15

CSA Z 245.15

43

Practical Piping Course 4.4 4.4

Fabr Fabric icat ated ed Tees Tees & Are Area a Rei Reinf nfor orce ceme ment nt See Codes for details.

Practical Piping Course 4.4 4.4

Fabr Fabric icat ated ed Tees Tees & Are Area a Rei Reinf nfor orce ceme ment nt See Codes for details.

44


4.5

Flexibil bility An Analysis Typical Typical Stress Analysis Criteria This stress analysis criteria establishes the procedure, lists critical lines and piping stress/design stress/design liaison flow sheet to be followed. Lines to be analyzed: compressors, turbines and other rotating rotating equipment  all lines attached to pumps, compressors,

 all lines attached to reciprocating compressors  all relief piping  all lines 3” and over attached to non rotating equipment  all category M piping  all lines on racks  all lines which the piping designer is uncomfortable with  all vacuum lines  all jacketed piping  all tie-ins to existing piping  all non metallic piping regeneration lines  all steam out, decoking and regeneration

 all lines 16” and larger  all lines 6” and larger over 250C  all lines over 400 C  all lines specifically requested by the stress department.  all lines specifically requested by the Client. ASME B31.3 discusses the need need and execution execution of flexibility analysis. Paragraph 319.4.1 319.4.1 lists the conditions under under which flexibility analysis may be waived. waived. If formal analysis is deemed necessary, follow the requirements of paragraph 319.4.2. 319.4.2. The other Codes will have similar provisions.

45


5.

References [1]

ASME B31 Piping Codes

[2]

Hertzb Hertzberg erg,, “Defo “Deformat rmation ion & Frac Fractur ture e Mechan Mechanics ics of Engine Engineeri ering ng Mat Materia erials” ls” 3 rd Ed Wiley

[3]

CSA Z 662 Oil & Gas Pipe ipelines

46

15100572 Practical Piping Curse

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