CHAPTER # 6 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIO RECOMMENDATIONS NS
The present research was conducted to document the indigenous knowledge of ethnoveterinary practices against gastro-intestinal nematodes and scientifically validate some widely used ethnobotanicals being currently used in the ethno-veterinary medicinal system of Pakistan, for their anthelmintic activity. For this purpose, documentation of 41 plant species was done which were used in 49 different traditional recipes representing 39 genera and 27 families for the treatment of helminthiasis. Most frequently used plants ( ≥5 times) were Brassica campestris L. and Mallotus philippinensis philippinensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. which represented the families
Brassicaceae and Euphorbiaceae respectively. Most frequently used part of the plant was leaves (n=10) followed in order by seeds (n=9), whole fruit (n=5), aerial parts and whole plant (n=4), fruit (n=3), bulb (n=2) and bark, rhizome, rhizome, stem, stem plus root and twigs (n=1). Five recipes out of forty-nine (10.2%) were containing more than one plant species and rest 44 (89.8%) were containing single plant species. Out of these 41 plants, a total of 10 plants were selected to be tested in vitro and in vivo studies. All the plant materials were procured from local market and fields (Sahiwal, Pakistan), identified and authenticated by a botanist in the Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The materials were dried in shade, ground finally in powder in electric grinder, and stored in cellophane bags at 4°C until use. In vitro screening for anthelmintic activity of crude aqueous methanolic extracts of different plants
was carried out using egg hatch test (EHT) and adult motility assay (AMA). The methanolic extracts of the plants were used for in vitro studies on Haemonchus Haemonchus contortus. contortus. In AMA the motility/survival of the worms was selected as the criteria for the anthelmintic activity. All plants demonstrated anthelmintic activity in both the tests EHT and AMA. These plants were;
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Trianthema portulacastrum L., Lagenaria siceraria siceraria (Molina) Standl., Tribulus tresstris L., Musa paradisiaca paradisiaca L., Albizia lebbeck lebbeck (L.) Benth., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, Bambusa arrundina arrundinacea cea
(Retz.) Willd., Digra muricata muricata L., Mangifera indica L. and Ziziphus mauritiana mauritiana Lam. For in vivo studies same 10 plants were used. The experiment was conducted on sheep Haemonchu chuss contor contortus tus, naturally infected with mixed gastrointestinal nematode species including Haemon Trichostrongylus colubriformis , Trichostrongylus axei , Strongyloides papillosus and Trichuris ovis.
All the plants were found to possess varying anthelmintic activity. This activity also varied in the form of plants used, i.e., crude powder and methanol extract. The best in vivo anthelmintic activity based on EPG reduction reduction was exhibited exhibited by CAME of Trianthema portulacastrum L. (70%), Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. (56%), Tribulus tresstris L. (52%), Musa followed by Lagenaria paradisiaca paradisiaca L. (51%), Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (47%), Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (46%), Bambusa arrundinacea arrundinacea (Retz.) Willd. (43%), Digra muricata L. (40%), Mangifera indica L. -1
mauritiana Lam. (35% PT) at dose rate of 8 g kg body weight at day 15 PT. (36%) and Ziziphus mauritiana
The results indicate that biochemical contents responsible for anthelmintic activity are present in plants. plants. There There were were no observed observed untoward untoward effects effects of of any plant or the the form form of drug used. Conclusions and recommendations
1.
These types of surveys provide a baseline data of ethno-anthelmintics which may contribute to further investigations in relation to a professional ethnoveterinary medicinal approach.
2.
The plants considered in this study and used in ethnoveterinary system of Pakistan have a potential potential to to be used used as anthelminti anthelmintics. cs.
3.
Information gained from this study will be made available to all livestock farmers in the region, through veterinarians, agricultural agents or some other means of dissemination. The farmers can benefit greatly from seeing the information about the performance of the
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various plants, plants, according to standardized standardized methods of formulation, formulation, dosage
level and
treatment regimes. However, it is recommended that further research be carried out on large number of animals, identification of active ingredients of plants with proven anthelmintic activity, standardization of dose and toxicity studies for drug development. In addition to this, large number of samples of the same plant from different geographic areas should be subjected to experimentation keeping in view the possibility of differences in chemical composition of the same plant having different soil origin.
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