PREHISTORIC WORLD
Neolithic: Neolithic: the “new” Stone Age (8,000 – 2300 – 2300 BCE), which marked the beginnings of monumental (extremely monumental (extremely large) architecture
corbeled vault: a vault formed vault formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal horizontal courses, courses, cantilevered inward until the two walls meet in an arch
post and lintel: one of the earliest methods methods of architectural architectural construction in which two posts two posts (sometimes called “uprights”) support a lintel (horizontal lintel (horizontal beam which rests across the top)
megalith: a large stone used in the construction of a prehistoric structure
Cromlech: a circle of megaliths, as at Stonehenge
Great stone tower built into the settlement wall, Jericho, ca. 8000-7000 BCE
Neolithic Jericho was protected by 5-foot-thick walls and at least one
stone tower 30 feet high and 33 feet in diameter. An outstanding achievement that marks the beginning of monumental architecture .
Corbeled vault of the main chamber in the passage grave, Newgrange, Ireland, ca. 3200-2500 BCE
The Newgrange passage grave is an early example of corbeled vaulting . The huge stones (megaliths ) of the dome of the main burial chamber beneath the tumulus are held in place by their own weight.
Aerial view of ruins of Hagar Qim, Malta, ca. 3200- 2500 BCE
One of the earliest stone temples in the world is on the island of Malta. The 5,000-year-old structure is remarkably sophisticated for its date, especially in the combination of rectilinear and curved forms.
Stonehenge (3100-2000 BC)
Wiltshire, England
Aerial view (looking northwest) of Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, England, ca. 2550-1600 BCE. Circle is 97’ in diameter; trilithons 24’ high.
The circles of trilithons at Stonehenge probably functioned as an astronomical observatory and solar calendar. The sun rises over its “heel stone” at the summer solstice. Some of the megaliths weigh 50 tons.
Neolithic architecture
Post and lintel construction
Megaliths are 21 to 24 feet tall, including height of lintel, and buried four feet in the ground
Solar and lunar orientation
Stones dragged from far away to this site
Circle of megaliths embrace structure, enclosing it
Inside circle of megaliths is a larger horseshoe-shaped group of megaliths which frame an “Altar Stone”
Horseshoe-shaped stones face midsummer sunrise over “Heel Stone”
“Altar Stone” is a green sandstone taken from a mine in Wales, over 200 miles away
Heaviest stones 50 tons apiece, hauled by sledges (sleds)
Tools for building: ropes, levers, rollers, axes
Built in several phases over hundreds of years on a sacred site on Salisbury Plain
Several Phases (stages) of Construction
Plan of Stonehenge in 2004. Tr ilithon lintels omitted for clarity. Holes that no longer, or never, contained stones are shown as open circles. Stones visible today ar e shown coloured.
The lintels (horizontal monoliths) were fitted to one another using a woodworking method, the “tongue-and-groove joint”
Each stone had clearly been worked with the final visual effect in mind; the pillars widen slightly towards the top, in order that their perspective remains constant when viewed from the ground. The lintel stones curve slightly to continue the circular appearance of the earlier monument. The inward-facing surfaces of the stones are smoother and more finely worked than the outer surfaces.
bluestones Sarsen stones
Open end Facing East trilithons
Lintels Stonehenge
were probably prototypes of the Pyramids in Egypt and of the beehive huts in Wales, Cornwall, Scotland , and Ireland
BEEHIVE HUT
Consisted of wooden huts built on piles in the water for protection against attack
