FACULTAD DE INGIENERÍA GEOLÓGICA, MINERA, METALÚRGICA Y GEOGRÁFICA ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGIENERÍA DE MINAS “AÑO DE LA CONSOLIDACIÓN DE MAR DE GRAU”
TEMA: DETERMINACIÓN DETERMINACIÓN DE ENTALPÍAS DE DISOLUCIÓN Y REACCIÓNTERMODINÁMICA
DOCENTE: ING. GODELIA CANCHARI SILVERIO
CURSO: FISICO!UÍMICA
HORARIO: ":##$#:## AM% MARTES
SEMESTRE: &#$'I
ALUMNO: •
HUAMÁN MOLINA A(DEL)$*$'##*+
CONTENIDO OBJETIVO:...................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............................. ................... 3 RESUMEN.................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................. ....................... 4 RESEÑA HISTÓRICA..................... ............................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... ......... 5 INTRODUCCIÓN.................... .............................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ......................................... .............................. ..... 7 MARCO TEÓRICO.................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ....................... ............ 8 REACTIVOS Y MATERIAL.................... ............................... ...................... ..................................................... .......................................... 10 PROCEDIMIENTO EXPERIMENTAL.................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ................................10 .....................10 CUESTIONARIO..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............................................ ................................. 13 RECOMENDACIONES..................... ................................ ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ ..... 19 CONCLUSIONES:..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... .................................................... .......................................... 19 BIBLIOGRAFÍA..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......................... ..............19 19
OBJETIVO: Determ!"r #$% %&'e!te% ("#$re% )e re"((*!: •
+E,-erme!t"#. D%$#'(*! )e /)r*,)$ )e %$)$ %*#)$: N"OH+%. 000000000000N"OH+"1.
•
+E,-erme!t"#. Ne'tr"#2"(*! )e )%$#('$!e% )e N"OH +"1. 3 HCL +"1. N"OH+"1. 4 HCL+"1. 0000000000000N"CL+"1. 4 H 5O+#.
•
+E,-erme!t"# 3 -$r #" #e3 )e He%%. Re"((*! )e N"OH+%. 3 '!" )%$#'(*! )e HCL+"1. N"OH+%. 4 HCL+"1. 0000000000000N"CL+"1. 4 H 5O+#.
RESUMEN E# calor de disolución $ e!t"#-6" )e )%$#'(*! +" -re%*! ($!%t"!te. 7H saoln e% e# ("#$r &e!er")$ $ "8%$r8)$ ('"!)$ (ert" ("!t)") )e %$#'t$ %e )%'e#9e e! (ert" ("!t)") )e )%$#9e!te L" ("!t)") 7H soln re-re%e!t" #" );ere!(" e!tre #" e!t"#-6" )e #" )%$#'(*! ;!"# 3 #" e!t"#-6" )e #$% re"(t9$% $r&!"#e%< ($m$ #$ re-re%e!t": 7Hsoln = Hsoln 0 Hcomponentes N$ e% -$%8#e ##e9"r " ("8$ e%t" me)(*!< -er$ e! '! ("#$r6metr$ " -re%*! ($!%t"!te %e -'e)e )eterm!"r #" );ere!(" 3 -$r e!)e >7H soln > A# &'"# 1'e #$% otros cambios de entalpía < -"r" -r$(e%$% e,$t?rm($% e# %&!$ )e 7H soln %er@ !e&"t9$ +0.< 3 -"r"
-r$(e%$% e!)$t?rm($% e# %&!$ %er@ -$%t9$ +4. T$)"% #"% re"(($!e% 1'6m("% e%t@! "($m-"")"% 3" %e" -$r '!" "8%$r(*! $ '!" #8er"(*! )e e!er&6"< 1'e e! &e!er"# %e m"!;e%t" ($m$ ("#$r L" Term$1'6m(" e% #" -"rte )e #" Term$)!@m(" 1'e e%t')" #$% ("m8$% )e e!er&6" e! #"% re"(($!e% 1'6m("% E! &e!er"#< e%te calor de reacción )e-e!)e !$ %*#$ )e #" !"t'r"#e2" 1'6m(" )e (")" -r$)'(t$ 3 (")" re"(t9$< %!$ t"m8?! )e %'% e%t")$% ;6%($% Se )e;!e e# ("#$r e%t@!)"r )e re"((*! ($m$ e# ("m8$ )e e!t"#-6" re%'#t"!te )e# -r$(e%$ )e #" re"((*!< 8"$ '!" -re%*! )e "tm< ($me!2"!)$ 3 term!")$ ($! t$)$% #$% m"ter"#e% " #" tem-er"t'r" )e 5C ! +%. 4 5 HC# +m = <. ⎯⎯ !C#5 +m = <. 4 H 5 +&. →
L$% ("#$re% )e re"((*! -'e)e! )eterm!"r%e -$r me)($!e% ("#$rm?tr("%< e! #$% ("%$% e! 1'e ?%t"% -'e)e! re"#2"r%e e! ;$rm" r@-)" 3 ($m-#et" A#&'!$% ("#$r6metr$% $-er"! %$t?rm("me!te "")e!)$ $ e,tr"3e!)$ ("#$r )e# %%tem" -"r" m"!te!er #" tem-er"t'r" ($!%t"!te Otr$% "(t"! ")"8@t("me!te< '%"!)$ '! %%tem" "%#"!te E# t-$ m@% ($rre!te ($!%t" )e '! re(-e!te "%#")$< ($! "&'"< )e!tr$ )e# ('"# %e -r$)'(e #" re"((*! L" !e'tr"#2"(*! )e %$#'($!e% "('$%"% )#')"% )e '! @()$ -$r me)$ )e '!" %$#'(*! "('$%" )#')" )e '!" 8"%e< e% '! t-$ -"rt('#"r )e re"((*! 1'6m(" e% '!" reacción de neutralización L" !e'tr"#2"(*! )e '!" %$#'(*! "('$%" )e HC# ($! '!" %$#'(*! )e N"OH -'e)e %er re-re%e!t")" -$r #" %&'e!te e('"(*!: HC# +"(. 4 N"OH +"(. ⎯ N"C# +"(. 4 H 5O +#. →
RESEÑA HISTÓRICA L" term$)!@m(" !"(e< " -r!(-$ )e# S XIX< ($m$ '!" &r"! %6!te%% 1'e tr"t* )e '!;("r #" e,-#("(*! )e #"% );ere!te% ;'er2"% !tr$)'()"% e! #$% -r$(e%$% me(@!($%< e#?(tr($%< 1'6m($%< t?rm($% 3 m"&!?t($% E%t" %6!te%% %e %'e#e ($m-"r"r ($! #" /e(/" -$r #" me(@!(" !et$!"!" e!tre #" )!@m(" (e#e%te 3 terre%tre 3 ($me!2* -$r e# -r$(e%$ )e '!;("(*! )e #$% e%t')$% )e# ("#$r 3 )e #" me(@!(" ($!%)er")$% ($m$ (e!("% %e-"r")"% +Ar$!%< K. E%te -r$(e%$ ;'e ($m-#e$ 3 #$ re%'mrem$% e! 9"r$% /t$% m-$rt"!te% 1'e m"r("r$! %' )e%"rr$##$ /"%t" ##e&"r " ($!%$#)"r%e ($m$ (e!(" " -r!(-$% )e# %&#$ XX E# -rmer$ )e #$% -r$8#em"% 1'e t'9$ 1'e re%$#9er #" (e!(" )e# ("#$r ;'e #" );ere!("(*! e!tre e%te ($!(e-t$ 3 #" tem-er"t'r" Gr"("% " #" ($!%tr'((*! 3 '%$ )e term*metr$%< J$%e-/ B#"( +50KK. )e;!* $-er"($!"#me!te #" tem-er"t'r" )e '! ('er-$ ($m$ e# !mer$ 1'e m"r("8" e# term*metr$ -'e%t$ ($!t"(t$ ($! ?# 3 e# ("#$r %e e!te!)6" ($m$ "#&$ 1'e %e !ter("m8"8"! #$% ('er-$% " );ere!te tem-er"t'r" /"%t" ##e&"r "# e1'#8r$ t?rm($ A%6 -'e%< e# ("#$r %e )e;!* re#"($!@!)$#" ($! #" 9"r"(*! )e tem-er"t'r" 3 #" m"%" )e# ('er-$ ("#e!t")$ $ e!;r")$ Se ;'e ($!%tr'3e!)$ #" ("#$rmetr6" ($m$ '! m?t$)$ +e# )e #"% me2(#"%. 1'e -ermt6" -re)e(r 3 ($!tr"%t"r #" tem-er"t'r" )e e1'#8r$ "# -$!er e! ($!t"(t$ )$% ('er-$% " );ere!te tem-er"t'r" E! re#"(*! " #" !"t'r"#e2" )e# ("#$r "'!1'e< ($m$ )(e Ar$!% +K.< B"($!< H$$e 3 Net$! m"!te!6"! e! e# %&#$ XVII 1'e e# ("#$r er" '!" -r$-e)") )e# ('er-$ ("#e!t")$ re%'#t"!)$ )e# m$9me!t$ +98r"t$r$. $ "&t"(*! )e %'% -"rte%< )'r"!te e# %&#$ XVIII /"86"! -r$#;er")$ m'(/"% te$r6"%< t"!t$ e! e#e(tr()") ($m$ e! 1'6m(" 3 e! ("#$r< 8"%")"% e! ;#')$% A%6< -$r eem-#$< #$% e;e(t$% e#?(tr($% er"! )e%(rt$% " 8"%e )e ;#')$% 3 e;#'9$% 1'e !ter("m8"8"! #$% ('er-$% e#e(tr2")$% 3 #$ m%m$ $('rr6" e! #" e,-#("(*! )e #$% e;e(t$% m"&!?t($% +F'r* 3 G'%"%$#"< KK. E# ;#$&%t$ e! e# ("%$ )e# ("#$r< er" #" te$r6" )e# ("#*r($ e! #" 1'e %e %'-$!6" 1'e e# ("#$r er" '!" %'%t"!(" m"ter"# ;$rm")" -$r -"rt6('#"% 1'e %e re-e#6"! e!tre %6 -er$ 1'e er"! "tr"6)"% -$r #"% -"rt6('#"% )e #"% %'%t"!("% $r)!"r"% +H$#t$! 3 R$##er< KQ. L" m"3$r $ me!$r "tr"((*! e!tre #"% -"rt6('#"% )e ("#*r($ 3 )e #"% %'%t"!("% e,-#("8" #" );ere!te ("-"()") ("#$r6;(" )e ?%t"%
E%te m$)e#$ t"m8?! )"8" ('e!t" )e #" )%t!(*! e!tre ("#$r %e!%8#e 3 ("#$r #"te!te e! ;'!(*! )e# t-$ )e '!*! )e #$% @t$m$% )e ("#*r($ ($! #$% )e #$% m"ter"#e% E! e# ("%$ )e# ("#$r %e!%8#e< #$% @t$m$% $r)!"r$% %e r$)e"8"! )e '!" "tm*%;er" )e ("#*r($ 3 e! e# )e# ("#$r #"te!te< %e '!6"! )e m"!er" m@% ;'erte %eme"!te " #"% ($m8!"($!e% 1'6m("% +Ar$!%< K. A%6 ($m$ #" te$r6" )e# ;#$&%t$ ;'e -'e%t" %er"me!te e! ('e%t*! -$r L"9$%er ($! %'% !9e%t&"($!e% %$8re #" ($m8'%t*! 3 %$8re #" $,)"(*! )e #$% met"#e%< e! ("m8$ e%te 1'6m($ m"!t'9$ e# ("#*r($ ($m$ '!" )e #"% %'%t"!("% %m-#e% )e %' ;"m$%" T"8#" A/$r" 8e!< t"m8?! /"3 1'e te!er e! ('e!t" #"% "-$rt"($!e% )e #" r"m" 1'6m(" " #" ($!%tr'((*! )e #" Term$)!@m(" &e!er"# )'r"!te t$)$ e# %&#$ XIX 1'e te!e! -$r ;!"#)") )e%(r8r #" e!er&6" 1'6m(" 3 re#"($!"r#" ($! #" ;"m$%" ";!)") )e #"% %'%t"!("% -"r" e,-#("r %' re"(t9)")< "'!1'e 3" %e /"86" !tr$)'()$ e%" )e" e! %&#$% "!ter$re%< -$r eem-#$< e! #" e,-#("(*! )e# ;e!*me!$ )e# ;'e&$ E! He%% "%'me #" /-*te%% )e L"9$%er 3 e%t')" m@% )ete!)"me!te e# ("#$r )e re"((*! ('"!)$ m)e e# ("#$r )e )#'(*! )e )%$#'($!e% "('$%"% )e @()$ %'#;r($ )e );ere!te% ($!(e!tr"($!e% "")?!)$#e% -"rte% "#6('$t"% )e "&'" -'r" M@% t"r)e< J'#'% T/$m%e! e! e,-#(t* #" )e" )e 1'e e# ("#$r #8er")$ er" re"#me!te '!" me))" )e #" ";!)") 1'6m("< e!'!("!)$ ")em@% e# 1'e )e%-'?% %er@ )e!$m!")$ -$r Bert/e##$t ($m$ -r!(-$ )e# m@,m$ tr"8"$: P"r" 1'e '!" re"((*! 1'6m(" %e -'e)" -r$)'(r " '!" tem-er"t'r" m"!te!)" !9"r"8#e< e% !e(e%"r$ 1'e e%t" re"((*! 9e!&" "($m-"")" )e '! )e%-re!)me!t$ )e ("#$r E# m%m$ D'/em (rt(" e%t" ";rm"(*! 3 me!($!" 1'e e%te -r!(-$ )e8e re%tr!&r%e " -r$(e%$% 1'6m($% )e &r"! 99"()") 3 %$#$ -'e)e 't#2"r%e -$r #$% 1'6m($%< e! e%t$% ("%$%< -"r" 9er e# %e!t)$ )e #" re"((*! -$%8#e Pre%e!t"< "# m%m$ tem-$< '! ($!'!t$ )e ($m-'e%t$% ('3"% re"(($!e% )e ;$rm"(*! %$! e!)$t?rm("% ($m$< -$r eem-#$< e# "!/6)r)$ /-$(#$r$%$< e# $2$!$ 3 e# "&'" $,&e!")" 1'e t"m8?! %e -r$)'(e! "'!1'e %$! !e%t"8#e% M'3 -$%8#eme!te e!($!trem$% );('#t")e% )e "-re!)2"e re%-e(t$ " #$% -r$(e%$% e%-$!t@!e$% e!)$t?rm($%< !(#'%$ e! #$% m@% %m-#e% ($m$< -$r eem-#$< #"% 9"-$r2"($!e%< 1'e %er@! );6(#e% )e e,-#("r e!er&?t("me!te -$r #$% e%t')"!te%
INTRODUCCIÓN U!" )e #"% );ere!("% 8@%("% e!tre #" e9$#'(*! )e# /$m8re 3 #" )e #$% )em@% "!m"#e% e% 1'e e# /$m8re tr"!%;$rm" %' me)$ "m8e!te tr"t"!)$ )e ")"-t"r#$ " %'% !e(e%)")e%< me!tr"% 1'e #$% "!m"#e% %e ")"-t"! " #" N"t'r"#e2"< t$)$ e##$ me)"!te e# t"!te$ )e !'e9"% %$#'($!e% 3 #" %e#e((*! !"t'r"# )e #"% 8'e!"%< e% )e(r< me)"!te e# "-re!)2"e E# /$m8re t"m8?! em-e2* " tr"!%;$rm"r %' e!t$r!$ me)"!te t"!te$%< -er$ ($! e# tem-$ "-re!)* " &e!er"#2"r #" e,-ere!(" )e #$% %'(e%$% ;"9$r"8#e% 3 ($m'!("r#$% " $tr$% /$m8re%< %'r&e!)$ "%6 e# me("!%m$ )e #" /ere!(" (e!t6;("< 1'e /"(e !!e(e%"r" #" re-et(*! )e #$% t"!te$%< 3 1'e %e );ere!(" )e #" %m-#e e,-ere!(" e! 1'e #$ 1'e %e ($m'!(" !$ %$! /e(/$% %!$ te$r6"% E# -r$(e)me!t$ )e t"!te"r !'e9"% te$r6"% %&'e %e!)$ #" 8"%e )e# m?t$)$ (e!t6;($ -"r" e# e%t')$ )e #" N"t'r"#e2" 3 %' tr"!%;$rm"(*! e! -r$9e(/$ )e# /$m8re P$r e%$ ($! e# tem-$ %'r&er$! e,-e(t"t9"% %$8re e# ("#$r )e #$% ('er-$%< ($! e%t$ !"(e #" term$)!@m(" e! e# 1'e %e e9"#" ($m$ #" ("!t)") )e e!er&6" 1'e -$%ee! #$% ('er-$% !ter("m8" ($! %' e!t$r!$< m@% t"r)e ##"m")$ e!t"#-6" E# e%t')$ )e #" e!t"#-6" %e /" ($!9ert)$ e! '!" /err"me!t" m'3 m-$rt"!te -"r" re%$#9er '!" &r"! 9"re)") )e -r$8#em"% e! #" !)'%tr" 1'6m(" U!" )e #"% t"!t"% "-#("($!e% -$r eem-#$ e% e# )e #$% 9"#$re% ($rre%-$!)e!te% )e #"% e!t"#-6"% )e (")" '!$ )e #$% ($m-$!e!te% )e '! %%tem" re"(($!"!te e! #" e('"(*! )e# ;#'$ m$#e('#"r )e ("#$r< e! ($!'!(*! ($! e# )e #"% ($!)'(t9)")e% t?rm("% ($m$ '!" )e #"% -r$-e)")e% term$)!@m("% )e #$% m"ter"#e% )e ($!%tr'((*! )e #$% e1'-$%< e! #$% e;e(t$% t?rm($% 1'e %e -'e)e! )er9"r e! #$% m%m$%
MARCO TEÓRICO De%)e e# -'!t$ )e 9%t" )e #" !&e!er6" 1'6m(" re%'#t" )e &r"! m-$rt"!(" %"8er< 1'e &r"! ("!t)") )e #"% !)'%tr"% 1'6m("% 't#2"! "m-#"me!te #" tr"!%;ere!(" )e ("#$r e! %'% -r$(e%$% Per$ % 8e! e% (ert$ 1'e #" Term$1'6m(" e%t"8#e(e #"% 8"%e% te*r("% )e# m"!e$ )e# ("#$r e! #"% re"(($!e% 1'6m("%< )e%)e e# -'!t$ )e 9%t" e,-erme!t"#< #" ("#$rmetr6" !$% -ermte ('"!t;("r 1'? t"!t$ ("#$r ($m$ '!" ;$rm" )e #" e!er&6" "8%$r8)" $ )e%-re!))" e%t@ -re%e!te e! '!" re"((*! Determ!"r e%t" e!er&6" -re%e!te e! '!" re"((*! e% -$%8#e 8"$ )$% ($!)($!e% term$)!@m("% 3" %e" " -re%*! ($!%t"!te< $ " 9$#'me! ($!%t"!te P"r" )eterm!"r e,-erme!t"#me!te e! '! ("#$r6metr$< #" e!er&6" "8%$r8)" $ )e%-re!))" )e '!" re"((*! ($m$ e% e# ("%$ -"rt('#"r )e# ("#$r )e )%$#'(*! )e# ("r8$!"t$ )e %$)$< e% ($!9e!e!te -rmer"me!te -#"!te"r '!" e('"(*! )e# 8"#"!(e &e!er"# )e ("#$r e! e# %%tem"< e% )e(r:
+.
E! e%t" e('"(*! e% !e(e%"r$ )%t!&'r< 1'?! &"!" e!er&6" e! e# %%tem" 3 1'?! #" (e)e E! e# ("%$ -"rt('#"r 1'e !$% -#"!te" e# -r$3e(t$ e,-erme!t"#< #" re"((*! )e )%$#'(*!< re%'#t" )e #" ;$rm": A +%. 4 B +"(. AB +"(. 4 )%$#'(*! +5. N$t"m$% 1'e "# )%$#9er%e e# ($m-'e%t$ >A> e! e# )%$#9e!te >B> e%t" re"((*! )e )%$#'(*! e% #" -"rte )e# %%tem" 1'e (e)e e# ("#$r< 3 -$r #$ t"!t$ #" e('"(*! +. %e tr"!%;$rm" e!: +. A/$r"< % "!"#2"m$% > &"!")$> ?%te )e8e ($rre%-$!)er " #" ("!t)") )e ("#$r 1'e "8%$r8e #" -"rte )e# %%tem" ("#$r6metr$0"&'" ($!te!)" 3 ")em@% e# %$#'t$ >A> 1'e %e "&re&" -"r" re"#2"r #" re"((*! )e )%$#'(*!< -$r #$ t"!t$ te!em$% 1'e:
+.
S e# -r$(e%$ %e re"#2" " >P = (te> e!t$!(e%:
+.
+Q.
A1'6 )e;!m$% #$% 9"#$re% )e >m C- 7T> ($m$ >W>< #" ($!%t"!te )e# ("#$r6metr$< 1'e e% #" ("!t)") )e ("#$r 1'e "8%$r8e e# ("#$r6metr$ -$r &r")$ )e tem-er"t'r" E# t?rm!$ %&'e!te ($rre%-$!)e "# ("#$r 1'e "8%$r8e e# %$#'t$ +N" 5CO. ('"!)$ " ?%te %e #e !(reme!t" #" tem-er"t'r" )e%)e #" tem-er"t'r" "m8e!te /"%t" '!" tem-er"t'r" m"3$r +" #" tem-er"t'r" )e #" tr"!%(*! /)r"t$0%"# "!/)r$< e! e%te ("%$ -"rt('#"r "-r$,m")"me!te C. P$r #$ t"!t$ #" e('"(*! +. %e tr"!%;$rm" e! #" e('"(*! +Q.< #" ('"# !$% -ermte -#"!te"r e# 8"#"!(e )e ("#$r e! e# ("#$r6metr$< -"r" #" re"((*! )e )%$#'(*! )e# ("r8$!"t$ )e %$)$ +A.< 3 "%6 )eterm!"r e# ("#$r )e )%$#'(*!
REACTIVOS Y MATERIAL 0H)r*,)$ )e %$)$ e! #e!te"% 0V"%$ )e -re(-t")$% 5mL 0)%$#'(*! )e HCL M 0V"%$ )e -re(-t")$% "',#"r 0D%$#'(*! )e N"OH M 0F$#" mL 0V)r$ )e re#$< e%-@t'#"< 9"r##" )e 9)r$ 0Term*metr$
PROCEDIMIENTO EXPERIMENTAL -Para inicio del experimento hemos construido un calorímetro, hecho de la siguiente forma:
I!tr$)'(m$% 9"%$% )e te(!$-$r )e!tr$ )e $tr$ )e t"# ;$rm" 1'e 9"3"m$% $8te!e!)$ e# m$)e#$ )e# ("#$r6metr$ E! e# ("#$r6metr$ /"3 '! e%-"($ 1'e e% )$!)e r@ '! 9"%$ )e -re(-t")$ )e 5mL< e# ('"# %e '%"r@ -"r" #$% e,-erme!t$% A/$r" % ($#$("m$% 9"%$% %$8re 9"%$% %e -'e)e $8%er9"r 1'e /"3 e%-"($% %! re##e!"r< e%t$ -'e)e $("%$!"r -?r))"% )e ("#$r -$r #$ t"!t$< %e re##e!" t$)$ #$% e%-"($% #8re% )e m"!er" 1'e #" -?r))" )e ("#$r %e" #$ m@% m6!m$ U!" 9e2 3" re##e!")$ #"% -"rte% #8re%< ($&em$% #" t"-" )e# ("#$r6metr$ 3 re"#2"m$% '! $r;($ e! #" -"rte %'-er$r )e e%t"< )e m$)$ 1'e e# $r;($ -ermt" e# !&re%$ )e# term*metr$ 3 #"% #e(t'r"% 1'e %e re"#2"r@ e! #$% e,-erme!t$%
-En los experimentos se necesita saber el calor específico del calorímetro por lo que es el sig. Paso a hallar.
T$m"m$% mL )e "&'" )e%t#")" " '!" tem-er"t'r" T 3 ($#$("m$% )e!tr$ )e# ("#$r6metr$ e#"8$r")$ L'e&$ t$m"m$% mL )e "&'" )e%t#")" 1'e /" %)$ -re9"me!te /er9)" 3 t$m"m$% $tr" tem-er"t'r" T5 E(/"m$% e%t" "&'" /er9)" /"(" e# 9"%$ )e# ("#$r6metr$ r@-)"me!te 3 t"-"m$% !me)"t"me!te T$m"rem$% #" tem-er"t'r" (")" % ($! e# term*metr$ -$r '! !ter9"#$ )e tem-$ )e m!'t$% Se $8t'9$ #$ %&'e!te: Tem-$+%. Q K 5 5 5 5
Tem-er"t'r"+C. 5 K Q Q Q Q
A/$r" -r$(e)em$% "# (@#('#$ )e# C- )e# ("#$r6metr$ C=0m"&'"Ce"&'" +T-r$m0T5. +T-r$m0T. C= 0K+Q0KK. +Q05. C=KQQ("# C
-El siguiente paso es hallar el calor específico del metal en este caso el del cobre.
U%"m$% tr$2$% )e ($8re ('3$ ("#$r e%-e(6;($ e% K5("# &C
E! '!" t"r" -e%"m$% & )e ($8re< #'e&$ /er9rem$% '! 9"%$ )e -re(-t")$ )e QmL )e "&'" C$#$("m$% e# ($8re e! '! t'8$ )e e!%"3$ 3 #$ %$%te!em$% ($! '!"% -!2"% -"r" ("#e!t"r#$ (')")$%"me!te )'r"!te '! "-r$, )e m!'t$% U!" 9e2 /e(/$ e%t$< ($#$("m$% #$% & )e ($8re e! e# ("#$r6metr$ 3 ('"!)$ ($#$("m$% #" t"-" 9$#9em$% " t$m"r #" tem-er"t'r" (")" %e&'!)$% Se $8t'9$ #$ %&'e!te: Tem-$+%. Q K 5 5 5 5
Tem-er"t'r"+C. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
CUESTIONARIO De;!r e !)("r #"% '!)")e% m@% ($m'!e% )e: a) emperatura
L" tem-er"t'r" e% '!" m"&!t') ;6%(" 1'e !)(" #" !te!%)") )e ("#$r $ ;r6$ )e '! ('er-$< )e '! $8et$ $ )e# me)$ "m8e!te< e! &e!er"#< me))$ -$r '! term*metr$ .
E# ($!(e-t$ )e ("#$r e%t@ "%$(")$ ($! '!" tem-er"t'r" m@% "#t"< me!tr"% 1'e e# t?rm!$ ;r6$ %e "%$(" ($! '!" tem-er"t'r" m@% 8"" L" tem-er"t'r" %'e#e me)r%e e! &r")$% Ce#%'% +ZC.< 3 t"m8?! e! &r")$% F"/re!/et +ZF. $ ($! '!" '!)") )e tem-er"t'r" "8%$#'t" ($m$ e% e# We#9! +W. E# (er$ "8%$#'t$ + W. ($rre%-$!)e " 05< ZC
b) Energía interna
L" e!er&6" !ter!" %e )e;!e ($m$ #" e!er&6" "%$(")" ($! e# m$9me!t$ "#e"t$r$ 3 )e%$r)e!")$ )e #"% m$#?('#"% E%t@ e! '!" e%("#" %e-"r")" )e #" e!er&6" m"(r$%(*-(" $r)e!")"< 1'e %e "%$(" ($! #$% $8et$% e! m$9me!t$ Se re;ere " #" e!er&6" m(r$%(*-(" !9%8#e )e #" e%("#" "t*m(" 3 m$#e('#"r P$r eem-#$< '! 9"%$ )e "&'" " tem-er"t'r" "m8e!te %$8re '!" me%"< !$ te!e e!er&6" "-"re!te< 3" %e" -$te!("# $ (!?t(" L"% ("!t)")e% re#"($!")"% ($! #" e!er&6"< 1'e %$! -"rt('#"rme!te t#e% e! #" term$)!@m(" 1'6m(" %$! #" e!t"#-6"< #" e!er&" #8re )e He#m/$#t2 < 3 #"e!er&6" #8re )e G88%
d) raba!o
Se )e!$m!" tr"8"$ ('"!)$ '!" ;'er2" +1'e 't#2" #" me))" !et$!. m$9#2" '! ('er-$ 3 #8er" #" e!er&6" -$te!("# )e# m%m$ E# /$m8re $ #" m@1'!" 9e!(e '!" re%%te!("< ($m$ -$r eem-#$ ('"!)$ %e #e9"!t" '!" ("" P"r" me)r e# tr"8"$ %e re#"($!" #" )%t"!(" e! 1'e %e )e%-#"2" '! ('er-$ 3 #" ;'er2" em-#e")" L" '!)") )e tr"8"$ e% e!t$!(e% e# re%'#t")$ )e# -r$)'(t$ e!tre #" '!)") )e ;'er2" -$r #" )e #$!&t') T"m8?! /"3 1'e te!er e! ('e!t" #" )re((*! )e #" ;'er2" 1'e -'e)e %er /$r2$!t"#< 9ert("# ' $8#('"
e) Entalpía
L" E!t"#-6" e% #" ("!t)") )e e!er&6" )e '! %%tem" term$)!@m($ 1'e ?%te -'e)e !ter("m8"r ($! %' e!t$r!$ P$r eem-#$< e! '!" re"((*! 1'6m(" " -re%*! ($!%t"!te< e# ("m8$ )e e!t"#-6" )e# %%tem" e% e# ("#$r "8%$r8)$ $ )e%-re!))$ e! #" re"((*! E! '! ("m8$ )e ;"%e< -$r eem-#$ )e #61')$ " &"%< e# ("m8$ )e
e!t"#-6" )e# %%tem" e% e# ("#$r #"te!te< e! e%te ("%$ e# )e 9"-$r2"(*! E! '! %m-#e ("m8$ )e tem-er"t'r"< e# ("m8$ )e e!t"#-6" -$r (")" &r")$ )e 9"r"(*! ($rre%-$!)e " #" ("-"()") ("#$r6;(" )e# %%tem" " -re%*! ($!%t"!te
5 Re%-e(t$ " #" -re&'!t" "!ter$r< (#"%;("r )(/"% 9"r"8#e% %e&! %' )e-e!)e!(" ($! #" m"%" INTENSIVA Tem-er"t'r" E!t"#-6"
EXTENSIVA E!er&6" !ter!" Tr"8"$
De;!r e !)("r #"% '!)")e% )e: a) caloría:
L" )e;!(*! $;("# )e%(r8e #" ("#$r6" ($m$ #" ("!t)") )e e!er&6" ("#$r6;(" !e(e%"r" -"r" e#e9"r #" tem-er"t'r" )e '! &r"m$ )e "&'" )e%t#")" )e <ZC " <ZC " '!" -re%*! e%t@!)"r )e '!" "tm*%;er" L" #$("#$r6" +%6m8$#$ ("#. e% &'"# " ("# U!" ("#$r6" e% e1'9"#e!te " < J b) calor específico
E# ("#$r e%-e(6;($ e% #" ("!t)") )e ("#$r 1'e %e !e(e%t" -$r '!)") )e m"%" -"r" e#e9"r #" tem-er"t'r" '! &r")$ Ce#%$ L" re#"(*! e!tre ("#$r 3 ("m8$ )e tem-er"t'r"< %e e,-re%" !$rm"#me!te e! #" ;$rm" 1'e %e m'e%tr" "8"$< )$!)e ( e% e# ("#$r e%-e(6;($ E%t" ;*rm'#" !$ %e "-#(" % %e -r$)'(e '! ("m8$ )e ;"%e< -$r1'e e# ("#$r ""))$ $ %'%tr")$ )'r"!te e# ("m8$ )e ;"%e !$ ("m8" #" tem-er"t'r" E! e# %%tem" !ter!"($!"# %'% '!)")e% %er@! -$r t"!t$ J[& 0[W0
c) capacidad calorífica
L" ("-"()") ("#$r6;(" %e -'e)e e,-re%"r ($m$ #" ("!t)") )e ("#$r re1'er)" -"r" e#e9"r e! ZC< #" tem-er"t'r" )e '!" )eterm!")" ("!t)") )e %'%t"!(" C'"!t$ m"3$r %e" #" ("-"()") ("#$r6;(" )e '!" %'%t"!("< m"3$r %er@ #" ("!t)") )e ("#$r e!tre&")" " e##" -"r" %'8r %' tem-er"t'r"
L" ("-"()") ("#$r6;(" +C. +-r$-e)") e,te!%9".< %e e,-re%" ($m$ >("#$r> %$8re >&r")$% (e!t6&r")$%> 3< -$r t"!t$< te!e #"% %&'e!te% '!)")e%:
E# ("#$r e%-e(6;($ +(. +-r$-e)") !te!%9". te!e #"% %&'e!te% '!)")e%:
d) calor integral de solución
Se )e;!e ($m$ #" 9"r"(*! )e e!t"#-6" 1'e %e -r$)'(e "# )%$#9er '!" )eterm!")" ("!t)") )e %$#'t$ e! (ert" ("!t)") )e )%$#9e!te L" 9"r"(*! t$t"# )e ("#$r< -$r m$# )e %$#'t$< ('"!)$ #" )%$#'(*! %e /" ($m-#et")$< e% e# ("#$r !te&r"# )e %$#'(*! E# ("#$r !te&r"# )e )%$#'(*! 9"r6" ($! e# !mer$ )e m$#e% )e )%$#9e!te e! #$% 1'e %e /" )%'e#t$ e# %$#'t$
e) calor de dilución
C'"!)$ %e #e ")($!" m@% )%$#9e!te " '!" %$#'(*!< -"r" )%m!'r #" ($!(e!tr"(*! )e# %$#'t$< e% ($m! 1'e %e #8ere $ "8%$r8" ("#$r ")($!"# E# ("#$r )e )#'(*! e% e# ("m8$ )e ("#$r "%$(")$ "# -r$(e%$ )e )#'(*! C'"!)$ '! -r$(e%$ )e )%$#'(*! e% e!)$t?rm($ +"8%$r8e ("#$r. 3 " )(/" %$#'(*! %e #e )#'3e< -$%ter$rme!te #" m%m" )%$#'(*! "8%$r8e m@% ("#$r )e #$% "#re)e)$re% C"%$ ($!tr"r$ e% ('"!)$ '! -r$(e%$ )e )%$#'(*! e% e,$t?rm($< -'e% "# ")($!"r )%$#9e!te< #8er"r@ m@% ("#$r " #$% "#re)e)$re%
PROBLEMAS: E# ("#$r )e ($m8'%t*! )e #" #e" e% ("# & \C'@# e% #" ("!t)") )e #e" 1'e )e8em$% 1'em"r -"r" $8te!er 5 ("#]
7
12 × 10
3
cal= 4 × 10
cal ×m g
m=30000 g=30 kg
5 E# ("#$r )e ($m8'%t*! )e #" !";t" e% ("# & \C'@# e% #" m"%" )e !";t" 1'e )e8em$% 1'em"r -"r" $8te!er ("#] 40 × 10
7
3
cal =11 × 10
cal ×m g
m =36360 g=36.36 kg
P"r" ("#e!t"r & )e '!" %'%t"!(" )e C " Q C ;'er$! !e(e%"r"% ("# Determ!e e# ("#$r e%-e(6;($ 3 #" ("-"()") t?rm(" )e #" %'%t"!(" 4000 cal
=800 g×Ce× ( 60− 0 ) ℃
Ce= 0.083
cal g℃
P"r" ("#e!t"r 5 & )e '!" %'%t"!(" )e%)e C /"%t" C ;'er$! !e(e%"r"% 5 ("# Determ!e e# ("#$r e%-e(6;($ 3 #" ("-"()") t?rm(" )e #" %'%t"!(" 12000 cal
=2000 g×Ce× ( 80 −10 ) ℃
Ce= 0.036
cal g℃
\C'@# e% #" ("!t)") )e ("#$r !e(e%"r" -"r" e#e9"r #" tem-er"t'r" )e 5 & )e ($8re )e C " C] C$!%)ere e# ("#$r e%-e(6;($ )e# ($8re &'"# " K ("# & C
( 200 g )
(
0.093
cal g℃
)(
80
−10 ) ℃=Q
Q= 1302 cal
Físico-Química
Q C$!%)ere '! 8#$1'e )e ($8re )e m"%" &'"# " & " #" tem-er"t'r" )e 5 C Se!)$: Ce +($8re = K ("# & C.Determ!e: ". #" ("!t)") )e ("#$r 1'e %e )e8e (e)er "# 8#$1'e -"r" 1'e %' tem-er"t'r" "'me!te )e 5 C " Q C 3 8. \('@# %er@ %' tem-er"t'r" ('"!)$ %e"! (e))"% "# 8#$1'e ("#]
( 500 g )
4
10
(
0.093
cal g℃
)(
60
cal =(500 g )( 0.093
−20 ) ℃=Q
Q=1860 cal
cal )( T − 20) ℃ g℃
T =235.05 ℃
U! 8#$1'e )e & )e /err$ %e e!('e!tr" " C \C'@# %er@ %' tem-er"t'r" ('"!)$ %e retre! )e ?# 5 ("#] S"8e!)$ 1'e: Ce /err$ = ("# & C 2000 cal
=( 300 g )( 0.11
cal )( 100 ℃ − x ) g℃
x =39.4 ℃
Se"! & )e /err$ " #" tem-er"t'r" )e C Determ!e %' tem-er"t'r" )e%-'?% )e /"8er (e))$ ("# S"8e!)$ 1'e: ( /err$ = ("# & C 1000 cal
=( 400 g )( 0.11
cal )( x −8 ) ℃ =¿ g℃
x =30.73 ℃
K U! ("#$r6metr$ )e ($8re )e Q & ($!te!e 5 & )e "&'" " 5 C E! e# ("#$r6metr$ e% ($#$(")$ '! -e)"2$ )e "#'m!$ )e m"%" 5 & " Q C Se!)$ #$% ("#$re% e%-e(6;($% )e# ($8re 3 )e# "#'m!$< re%-e(t9"me!te &'"#e% " K ("# & C 3 5("# & C )eterm!e #" tem-er"t'r" )e e1'#8r$ t?rm($
Q cobre + Qagua =Qaluminio
( 60 g )
(
0.093
)
cal ( x −20 ) ℃ + ( 25 g ) g℃
( x −20 ) ( 30.58 )=( 60 − x ) ( 26.04 )
(
1
(
0.217
cal g℃
( 30.58 + 26.04 ) x =( 26.04 ) ( 60 )+ (30.53 ) ( 20 )
x =38.39 ℃
Ing. D !inas
)
cal ( x −20 ) ℃=( 120 g ) g℃
"#gina 17
)(
60
− x ) ℃
Físico-Química
\C'@# %er@ #" tem-er"t'r" ;!"# )e '!" me2(#" -re-"r")" )e 5 & )e "&'" " C< & )e "&'" " C 3 & )e "&'" " C]
( 25 g )
(
1
)
cal ( x −15 ) ℃ +( 15 g ) g℃
(
1
)
cal ( x −37 ) ℃ =( 45 g ) g℃
(
1
cal g℃
)(
50
− x ) ℃
x =37.41 ℃
U! ("#$r6metr$ )e ($8re ($! m"%" &'"# " & ($!te!e 5 & )e "&'" " C U! ('er-$ )e "#'m!$ " #" tem-er"t'r" )e C %e ($#$(" e! e# !ter$r )e# ("#$r6metr$ E# ("#$r e%-e(6;($ )e# ($8re e% K ("# & C 3 e# )e "#'m!$ e% 55 ("# &C S"8e!)$ 1'e #" tem-er"t'r" )e e1'#8r$ e% C \C'@# e% #" m"%" )e# ('er-$ )e "#'m!$ +"-r$,m")"me!te.]
( 50 g )
(
0.094
cal g℃
)(
100
−50 ) ℃ + ( 250 g )
(
1
cal g℃
)(
100
−50 ) ℃ =( m )
(
0.22
cal g℃
)(
50
−10 ) ℃
m =1447.16 g
5 U! 8#$1'e )e -#"t!$ )e m"%" Q & e% retr")$ )e '! /$r!$ e !me)"t"me!te ($#$(")$ e! '! ("#$r6metr$ )e ($8re )e m"%" &'"# " & 3 1'e ($!te!e & )e "&'" C"#('#"r #" tem-er"t'r" )e# /$r!$< %"8e!)$ 1'e #" tem-er"t'r" !("# )e# "&'" er" )e C 3 1'e %'8* " C E# ("#$r e%-e(6;($ )e# -#"t!$ e% )e ("# & C 3 e# ("#$r e%-e(6;($ )e# ($8re e% )eK ("# & C
( 100 g )
27.9
(
0.093
cal g℃
)
( 13 −10 ) ℃ + ( 340 g )
+ 1020=2.1 T −27.3
Ing. D !inas
(
1
cal g℃
)
( 13−10 ) ℃ =( 60 g )
T =512 ℃
"#gina 18
(
0.035
)
cal ( T −13 ) ℃ g℃
Físico-Química
RECOMENDACIONES 0Se 't#2* '!" ;$#" ($m$ me)$ )e tr"!%-$rte )e "&'" )e%t#")" -$r1'e e% m@% -re(%$ 1'e '!" -r$8et" 0Me)r 8e! e# term*metr$ -"r" 1'e #$% (@#('#$% %e"! ($rre(t$% 0Her9r e# "&'" ($! e# tem-$ e,"(t$ !)(")$ e! e# e,-erme!t$ 0L$% 9"%$% em-#e")$% "%6 ($m$ #" ;$#" )e8e! e%t"r 8e! %e($% 3 #m-$% e,e!t$% )e $tr" )%$#'(*!
CONCLUSIONES: Hem$% -$))$ $8%er9"r 1'e /em$% re"#2")$ #$% $8et9$% -r$-'e%t$% )e# e,-erme!t$ e# ('"# -rete!)6" 1'e e# "#'m!$ )eterm!e )e m"!er" em-6r(" #" e!t"#-6" )e )%$#'(*!< !e'tr"#2"(*! 3 re"((*! )e '!" %'%t"!(" e! '! me)$ "('$%$ P"r" e##$ )e8* ($!$(er e# m"!e$ e !ter-ret"(*! )e #" term$)!@m(" )e!$m!")" ("#$rmetr6" 3 " tr"9?% )e e##" 1'e e# "#'m!$ %e ;"m#"r(e ($! #" )eterm!"(*! e,-erme!t"# )e #$% ("m8$% e!er&?t($% 3 #" ;$rm" )e ('"!t;("r#$% E! 8"%e " e%t$ (")" "#'m!$ e#"8$r* '! ("#$r6metr$ ($!%tr')$ " 8"%e )e te(!$-$r te!e!)$ e! ($!%)er"(*! #" tr"!%m%*! )e# ("#$r -"r" %' )%e$ )e ;$rm" 1'e -ermter$! "# e%t')"!te ('"!t;("r #$% ("m8$% )e #" e!t"#-6" )e '! %%tem"
BIBLIOGRAFÍA $%%&'((cincia-)asica-*&+imn%a,.n%(so,ucion.$%m $%%&'(()s++./m%.u&m.s(isi/o+o()3(2&&n/ics(is%o+ia0/0,a 0T+mo/inamica.&/6 $%%&'((.+/a,c.o+g(&/6(90(904030.&/6 $%%&'((ma%+ias..u)a.a+(30(T"5.&/6 $%%&'((:ona-;uimica.),ogs&o%.&(010(0(ca,o+-/-/iso,ucion--//i,ucion.$%m, $%%&'(()s++./m%.u&m.s(isi/o+o()3(2&&n/ics(is%o+ia0/0,a 0T+mo/inamica.&/6 Ing. D !inas
"#gina 19
Físico-Química
Ing. D !inas
"#gina 0
