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Table of Table contents
Unit 2 Present Perfect and Past Construction and use of the Preterit* (Past ...Simple) ... Simple) Regular and Irregular Verbs The Present Perfect Differences between Present Perfect and
Unit 1 Present
...Preterit* ... Preterit* (Past Simple)
The verb ‘to be’ and contractions
The Present Perfect Continuous
The verb ‘to have’ Present Simple
‘For’ /‘Since’ / ‘Ago’
The negative form – verb ‘to be’, Present
'Ever' / 'Never'
...Simple ... Simple Tags- short answers – verb ‘to be’, Present ...Simple ... Simple
Expressions with the Present Perfect The Preterit Continuous* (Past ...Continuous) ... Continuous)
The Present Simple vs. Present Continuous
Past Perfect
The Present Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
The Affirmative Imperative
‘Used To’
The Negative Imperative Verbs without a continuous form Verbs without a continuous form: exceptions ‘Always’ + Present Continuous
Unit 3 Future The Near Future be + -ing* (Present ...Continuous ... Continuous for Future) The Future – ‘Will’ Future Continuous – ‘Will be doing’ The Future – ‘Will’ + ‘To be going to’
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Unit 4 Modals
Unit 5 Questions
‘Can’ – ability and likelihood
Questions without interrogative words
‘Can’ – perception and knowledge
Interrogative Words
‘Can’, ‘could’, ‘to be able to’
‘How long...’
‘Should’ and ‘Ought to’: advice
Past Interrogatives
‘Should’ and ‘Ought to’: probability
Question Tags
‘Must’ and ‘have to’
‘Which’ / ‘What’
Using ‘must’ for obligation
‘How long…..(for)’/ ‘Since when'
Strong probability using ‘must’
Short Questions
Absence of necessity ‘May’ and ‘Might’
Unit 6 Articles and Nouns
‘Shall’
Definite and Indefinite Articles
‘Would like’: expressing wishes
The Plural
Modal Auxiliaries
Names of Countries: Capitals
Near certainty in the past:
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
...‘must ... ‘must have/ can’t have’
Exclamations with ‘what a’ Construction of Compound Nouns The use and omission of ‘the’ Definite articles with geographical names Nouns without singular forms Negation of the indefinite article
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Unit 7 Pronouns and Determiners Subject Pronouns
Unit 8 Relative Clauses and Dependent Clauses
Object Pronouns
Relative Pronouns and Adverbs
Possessive Pronouns
‘That’ and Dependent Clauses
Reflexive Pronouns
When ‘that’ may be left out
‘No’ / ’None’
‘To hope’ + Dependent Clause
The Possessive More uses of the Possessive The Indefinite Possessive Use of Pronoun ‘one’ Demonstrative Pronouns ‘Here’/ ‘There’ ‘Some’ and ‘Any’ ‘How much’ / ‘How many’ ‘As much as’ / ‘As many as’ ‘Some’ / ‘Any’: singular or plural? ‘Either……or’ ‘Either……. or’ / ‘Neither …….nor’ ‘Everybody’ / ‘Nobody’ ‘Everybody’ / ‘Somebody’ / ‘Nobody’ ‘Each other’ / ‘One another’ Different meanings of ‘all’ ‘A little’ / ‘A bit’ Use of ‘both’
Unit 9 Adjectives and Adverbs Possessive Adjectives ‘Too’ / ‘Too Much’ Placement of ‘Enough’ ‘Also’ / ‘As well’ / ‘Too’ Adverbs of Time / Frequency The Adverb ‘that’ ‘Yet’ / ‘Not yet’ ‘Still’ / ‘Yet’ Compound Adjectives Adjectives ending in –ing and –ed Adjectives ending in –ing The Past Participle as an adjective Adverbs of Degree Adverbs and Adjectives Uses of ‘so’ The placement of ‘even’ ‘Even though’ / ‘Even if’ ‘Quite’ / ‘Quite a few’
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Unit 10 Comparatives and Superlatives
Unit 13 Gerunds and Infinitives Gerunds and Infinitives
Comparing equals using ‘as…..as’
Use of ‘be used to’
Regular and Irregular Comparatives
Use of ‘get used to’
Regular and Irregular Superlatives
Verbs: Reactions and Preferences
‘The more . . . the more’
Verb + Infinitive Clause
A use of the comparative
Verbs expressing a wish to act
Unit 11 Prepositions Prepositions of Time Prepositions of Place Final Prepositions Verbs + prepositions
Unit 12 Conjunctions Conjunctions Use of ‘so’ to express a goal
Expressions followed by the gerund Verbs introducing a second action
Unit 14 Conditionals Present Conditional* and Sequence ...of ... of Tenses with ‘if’* (Zero, First, Second) The Perfect Conditional* (Third Conditional) The Perfect Conditional using ‘should’
Unit 15 Subjunctive and Wishes
‘So that’ + ‘may’ or ‘can’
Present Subjunctive
Similarity: ‘like’ and ‘as’
Past Subjunctive Wishes and Regrets
Unit 16 Passive The Passive Voice The Impersonal Structure
Unit 17 Reported speech The Sequence of Tenses* (Reported
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Unit 18 Phrasal Verbs The Main Postpositions* (Common phrasal ...verbs) ... verbs) Phrasal Verbs
Unit 20 Other ‘There is/are’ Time ‘Have’ or ‘make’ without ‘to’ ‘To let’
Unit 19 Expressions
‘When’ / ‘while’ + Present
‘To get’ + Adjective
‘How’ + Adjective or Adverb
‘To look forward to’
‘Had better’ / ‘Would rather’
‘Kind of’ followed by a noun
Expressions of Preference
‘To be likely’
Words ending in ‘ever’
‘To be left’ / ‘To have left’
‘Whether’
‘For the sake of’
Emphatic 'do’
Expressions with ‘to have’
Verbs expressing impressions
Baseball Expressions ‘To be at stake’ Expressions of Increase
...and ... and feelings ‘I am told’
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GRAMMAR BOOK
Present The verb ‘to be’ and contractions The verb ‘to be’ expresses existence, action, or occurrence. Conjugation of ‘to be’
Contraction of ‘to be’
Use + examples ( as a stative verb)
I
am
I’m
I am a student.
You
are
You’re
I’m a student.
He /She /It
is
He’s / She’s / It’s
We
are
We’re
He is my brother.
They
are
They’re
He’s my brother.
Negative contraction ‘to be’
Question
Negative ‘to be’ I
am not
I’m not
You
are not
You’re not or You You aren’t
He /She /It
is
He’s / She’s / It’s not or
not
He / She / It isn’t We
are not
Am I?
Is he/ she/ it?
We’re not or We We aren’t Are we / you / they?
They
are not
They’re not or They They aren’t
The verb ‘to have’ The verb ‘to have’ is used to express possession, ownership, qualities or characteristics. characteristics. The verb ‘to have’ Negative ‘to have’ Question I
I don’t have
You
You don’t have
Do + I + have…? you
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eClass English
Present Simple
We use the present simple for:
Present simple affirmative
◌
things that are true in general
◌
things that happen sometimes or all the time
◌
to describe regular actions, events or habits
Present simple negative
Present simple question
I
work
I
don’t work
Do + I + work…?
You
work
You
don’t work
you
He /She / It
works
He / She /It
doesn’t work
we
We
work
We
don’t work
they
They
work
They
don’t work
Does + he + work? she it
Examples I work everyday. He works everyday.
Examples I don’t work everyday. He doesn’t work everyday.
Third person (He / She / It) You must always add an –s to the verb.
Examples Do you work everyday? Does he work everyday?
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GRAMMAR BOOK
The Negative Form The negative form of the verb to be expresses the nonexistence, nonaction, or non occurrence of an action. Structure
Examples
The verb ‘to be’ Add : not or not or n’t to contractions
I
am
not
You
are
not
He /She /It
is
not
We
are
not
They
are
not
They are not not my friends.
(aren’t)
He is not my brother.
(isn’t)
Present Simple Add :
do not
(I, you, we, they)
or don’t
does not
(he, she, it)
I
don’t work.
You
don’t work.
He / She /It
doesn’t work.
We
don’t work.
They
don’t work.
or doesn’t
I don’t play don’t play football on the weekends. He doesn’t go doesn’t go to university.
Tags – short answers When we answer a question with ‘yes’ or ‘no’, it is usually followed by a tag which is a repetition of the verb ‘to be’ or an auxiliary. The verb ‘to be´ Am I a teacher?
Yes, you are.
No, you’re not. / you aren’t.
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eClass English
The Present Simple and Present Continuous The present simple describes a present condition, regular or general action; the present continuous describes the action that is currently taking place. Use
Examples
- Regular actions or events
I always eat eggs for breakfast.
The Present Simple - When talking in general - Facts
He often has English class.
- Often used with adverbs of frequency – sometimes,
Banks lend money to make profits.
often, always, never etc.
The Present Continuous .
- The action is not happening
Catherine wants to work in Italy, so
at the time of speaking.
she is learning Italian. (but perhaps she isn’t learning exactly at the time of speaking) He is having English class at
- Now
the moment.
- For temporary situations
Banks are lending more money (these days) to encourage businesses to expand.
I’m eating.
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GRAMMAR BOOK
The Present Continuous
Present continuous: something is happening now / at the moment / currently Past
Now
Future
I’m working. He’s playing football. They’re watching television.
Structure + Examples The verb ‘to be’ + verb –ing I
am
(not)
verb-ing
I am working.
He/she/it
is
(not)
verb-ing
Chris is writing a letter.
We/you/they
are
(not)
verb-ing
We’re having dinner.
Question: What are you doing now? What is he doing now?
We are I’m eating.
running.
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eClass English
The Affirmative Imperative
Sit down.
You can use the imperative form to give an order , a warning or warning or advice.
Affirmative Imperative you (singular + plural)
Structure
Examples
Infinitive without ‘to’
Be Quiet! Walk down the street
I, he, she, we, they
Let + object pronoun +
Let me check in
infinitive without ‘to’
the dictionary.
Let + noun phrase +
Let Mark sit there.
infinitive without ‘to’
Let’s (us) go to the beach.
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GRAMMAR BOOK
Verbs without a continuous form Some verbs are never or hardly ever used in continuous forms. Many of these non-continuous verbs refer to states rather than actions.
Mental and emotional states To believe To doubt To feel (= have an opinion) To imagine To know To (dis)like To love To hate To prefer To recognize To remember To see (= understand) To suppose To think (= have an opinion) To understand To want
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eClass English
Verbs without a continuous form: exceptions Certain verbs which do not normally take the continuous form may take it in some cases.
Verbs of perception When they express ‘voluntary actions’
To see To hear To feel To smell To taste I’m seeing Lynn tomorrow. I see what you mean.
NOT I’m seeing what you mean Stative verbs Expressing notions of belief,
To think (to reflect)
preference, feelings or an
What are you thinking about?
intellectual activity.
NOT to think ( have an opinion)
.
What are you thinking of it? What do you think of it?
‘Always’ + Present Continuous
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GRAMMAR BOOK
Present Perfect and Past Simple The Preterit (Past Simple)
USE To talk about completed actions or finished events that happened at a specific time (yesterday, last year, etc.)
I watched television yesterday. Regular Verbs: For regular verbs add –ed add –ed For regular verbs ending in –y , drop the –y , add –ied I
watched
I
didn’t watch
You
watched
You
didn’t watch
He/she/it
watched
He/she/it
didn’t watch
Did you watch? he/she/it
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eClass English
Irregular Verbs For the preterit (past simple) and past participle of regular verbs add -ed However, for irregular verbs there are no rules. You must memorize them. Here are some common irregular verbs:
Verb
Past Tense
Past Participle
be
was/were
been
begin
began
begun
catch
caught
caught
choose
chose
chosen
do
did
done
drink
drank
drunk
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GRAMMAR BOOK
The Present Perfect The Present Perfect is used to indicate actions that happened in a unfinished period of time.
Structure
Past Participles
I/you/we/they
have
+
past participle
go
gone
He/she/it
has
+
past participle
have
had
take
taken
Have
I/you/they/we
+
past participle….?
eat
eaten
Has
he/she/it
+
past participle…?
drink
drunk
sing
sung
Uses
Examples
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eClass English
Differences between the Past Simple and the Present Perfect Uses
Examples
Past Simple
I saw three movies last week.
When the time period has finished
(the action has finished in a specific time period in the past).
Present Perfect
I have seen three movies this week.
When the time period has not finished
(the week has not finished, so more actions in this time period may take place).
Past Simple
Martin has crashed his car last year.
To indicate “old” information Present Perfect
Martin crashed his car again.
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GRAMMAR BOOK
The Present Perfect Continuous We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until this moment in the present.
u r e t u S t r u c t
he y / t h / we t / yo u w I/ I y it / s he i/ t He s
h a v e h a s
ng b – i n ve r b + n e be ng b – i n ve r b bee n + . ? ng … ? b – i n r b e v + bee n ?
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eClass English
‘For’ / ‘Since’ / ‘Ago’
For, since, ago =
to say how long something has been happening.
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GRAMMAR BOOK
‘Ever’ – ‘Never’
‘Ever’ =
at some/any time up to now
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eClass English
Expressions with the Present Perfect The Present Perfect is used to indicate unfinished past actions, past actions when the time is not specified, and when a past action is relevant now.
Structure + Use
Examples
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GRAMMAR BOOK
The Preterit Continuous (Past Continuous)
Preterit Continuous =
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eClass English
The Past Perfect For actions that happened before related past events or times. Structure I/we/they/you +
had
(=I’d etc.)
+
past participle
(gone, seen, finished etc.)
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GRAMMAR BOOK
The Past Perfect Continuous
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eClass English
‘Used To’
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eClass English
Demonstrative Pronouns: ‘This’, ‘That’, ‘These’, ‘Those’ The demonstratives this, that, these, those show those show where an object or person is in relation to the speaker.
this
that
these
This (singular)
Refers to an object or person near the speaker
These (plural)
Examples:
those
Is this John’s this John’s house? This is This is a nice surprise! That (singular)
Refers to an object or person further away
Those (plural)
Examples: Who owns that house? that house? That’s nothing That’s nothing to do with me.
Position
Examples:
a) Before a noun.
This car This car looks cleaner than that car. that car.
b) Before the word one.
This one This one is more expensive.
c) Before an adjective + noun.
Do you remember that wonderful that wonderful day in June?
d) Alone when the noun is understood.
I’ll never forget this. this.
‘Here’ / ‘There’
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GRAMMAR BOOK
‘Some’ / ‘Any’ Use ‘some’ / ‘any’ to describe an undetermined quantity. Use with both countable and uncountable nouns.
‘Some’: in positive sentences, offers and requests.
I have got some money. Would you like some water? (offer) Can I have some bread? (request) $
I have some money.
‘Any’: in negative sentences and questions
I haven’t got any money. Do you have any information?
I don’t have any money.
‘Any’: to express total permission, possibility, or restriction. restriction.
Feel free to ask questions at any time. Any of these designs are fine.
‘Any’: to express possibility or indifference.
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eClass English
‘A lot of’, ‘Much’ / ‘Many’
Use ‘a lot of’ with mass and count nouns in
Ann has a lot of meetings.
positive sentences, negative sentences and questions.
I have a lot of work to do.
Use ‘much’ with mass nouns in negative
Ann doesn’t have much time to see New York.
sentences and in questions. How much coffee did you drink? Use ‘many’ with count nouns in negative
I don’t have many classes today.
sentences, positive sentences and in questions. Did many people come to the party?
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GRAMMAR BOOK
‘How much’ / ‘How many’ ‘How much/many’ = to ask questions about quantity ‘How much’
+
uncountable nouns
How much money do you want? How much time do you have?
‘How many’
+
plural countable nouns
How many friends do you have? How many books are there?
‘As much as’ / ‘As many as’ To compare two things that are the same. ‘as much as’
Use with:
Examples:
singular, uncountable nouns
You have as much money as I do. (= the same amount)
‘not as much as’ ‘as many as’
You don’t have as much money as I do. plural, countable nouns
There are as many parks in Santiago as there are in Buenos Aires.
‘not as many as’
There aren’t as many parks in Santiago as there are in Buenos Aires.
We can use ‘as much as’ + ‘as many as’ without a noun also. Here the comparative refers to the previous clause or an implied or previously stated s tated noun. It’s twice as much as the rent. (=It’s twice as much money as the rent)
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eClass English
‘Some’ / ‘Any’: singular or plural? ‘Some’, ‘any’, ‘none’, ‘all’, ‘most’
Examples:
When they refer to a singular noun,
Some of the meal was really good.
the verb is singular.
None of the presentation is interesting.
When they refer to a plural noun, the
Some of the books are quite funny.
verb is plural.
None of the stories are interesting.
‘Either…or’ A negative clause must must never contain more more than one negation. negation. So, we use ‘either’ after a negative negative verb. ‘Either’ is always placed at the end of a clause. It means ‘too’ / ‘as well’ I’m not happy. I’m not not happy either. (not ‘I’m not …too’)
I can’t cook. I can’t cook either.
(not ‘I ‘I can’t …too’)
I’m not
I’m not
happy.
happy either.
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GRAMMAR BOOK
‘Either……. or’ / ‘Neither …….nor’
‘Either…….or’
Use
Example
A choice between 2 things
I want either fruit juice or coffee.
? or ?
Either you come to class or you do the
Either ‘Neither……..nor’
work at home. To exclude 2 things
I can neither read nor write French. She’s neither nice nor helpful.
neither (not + either)
‘Everybody’ / ‘Nobody’
eryone one)) dy’ (ev (every rybody’ ‘Everybo ‘Eve le) people) (allll the (a the peop
singula sing ularr
nds.. ds frie friends ody nee need Everyb Eve rybody d fr iends. iends. ple nee need people All the the peo
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eClass English
‘Everybody’ / ‘Somebody’ / ‘Nobody’ with question tags
lar verbs. u g n i s y b d follo we the plural. in th d y are fo o s i b o g n a ta t , y e d h th t o eb tag, tion ta ques ti ybod y, som a y b E ver y d e w follo th the y are fo f f i , r e v e w o H s ybod y need E ver y the y ? t th singular s, don ’ t d n e i r ) fr f e n o y y ry bod y (e ver E ve y the people ) (all th (someone ) y d o b e m o S
singular
) t kno w who n ’ t o d e w t u b ( a person one ) No bod y (no ) (no people
singular
to go has to Somebod y the y ? t th on ’ t shopping, d
no ws, do k y y l l a e r y d Nobo th the y ?
kes Mike. i l y d o b o N le: m. E xamp r o fo f e v i i t i s o the p erb in th Nobod y + v
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GRAMMAR BOOK
‘Each other’ / ‘One another’ ‘Each other’ and ‘one another’ can be used interchangeably. They show a reciprocal relationship between the subjects in the sentence.
John and Paul looked at each other. (= John looked at Paul / Paul looked at John)
‘Each other’ and ‘one another’ can be used in the possessive. They took each other’s hands. We often meet at one another’s places.
Formerly, it was said that ‘each other’ was used for a relationship between two subjects whereas one another was used for a relationship between more than two subjects. Today, however, most do not observe this distinction. Maria and Jorge love each other. (Two subjects) The children are sitting opposite one another. (More than two subjects)
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eClass English
Different meanings of ‘all
‘All’ = all of something limited. It is used with uncountable or plural countable nouns.
‘All’ + noun ‘All (of)’ +
All cities have the same problem. the
All the children the children at this school are tall.
this/that/these/those (demonstrative)
All these books these books are mine.
my/your etc. (possessive adjective)
I have spent all my money. my money.
Personal Pronouns personal pronoun + ‘all’
Have you read these books? I’ve read them all.
‘all of’ + personal pronoun
I’ve read all of them.
with Subject Pronouns Subject (pronoun) + ‘all’ + simple verb
The girls all left. all left.
Subject (pronoun) + modal auxiliary / ‘to be’ + ‘all’
We will all have some juice. They are all ready all ready to go.
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GRAMMAR BOOK
‘A little’ / ‘A bit’ ‘A little’ / ‘A bit’ = a small quantity
Structure
Use
Examples
‘A little’
Use with uncountable nouns.
We want a little fresh air.
It can also replace the noun to
‘Do you want some coffee?’
avoid repetition.
‘A little, please.’
‘A bit of’
Use with uncountable nouns.
We want a bit of fresh air.
‘A little’
Adverb of degree.
We’re a little busy today.
‘A little’ + adjective
This tooth aches a little.
Verb + ‘a little’ Little
Use with countable nouns.
I have little time to finish the report.
‘A bit’
Often replaces ‘ a little’ as an adverb.
Can you drive a bit slower?
‘A few’
Use with countable nouns.
I have a few books I can lend you.
It can also replace the noun to avoid
‘How many science fiction novels
repetition.
do you have?’
(negative connotation)
‘Few’ (negative connotation)
‘A few.’ Use with countable nouns.
I am lonely. I have few friends.
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eClass English
Use of ‘both’
‘Both’ = two elements I want both books.
With nouns
Both shirts are good. With determiners Before a noun with a determiner (the, this,
I want both (of) those books.
my, your, those etc.) ‘both’ and ‘both
Both (of) the books.
of’ are possible. With object pronouns (me, you, him, her, it, us, them)
Both of them are my sisters.
Use ‘both of’ before the pronoun.
She has invited both of us.
‘Both’
She has invited
be
after object
both.
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8
Relative Clauses and Dependent Clauses
GRAMMAR BOOK
Relative Pronouns and Adverbs
Relative pronouns are used in relative clauses. A ‘clause’ is part of a sentence. A ‘relative clause’ tells us which person or thing the speaker means.
The woman who lives next door is a doctor. relative clause A relative clause joins two sentences: I met a woman. She speaks two languages. she who I met a woman who speaks two languages. WHO WHO
people
I know a lot of people who live in London.
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eClass English
There are two types of relative clauses. Defining Relative Clauses
Non- defining Relative Clauses
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
My brother Jim, who lives in London, is a doctor.
The relative clause tells you which person or thing
The relative clause does not tell you which person
the speaker means.
or thing the speaker means. (We already know
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GRAMMAR BOOK
‘That’ and Dependent Clauses A dependent clause cannot stand alone alo ne as a sentence. It is usually attached to an independent clause. When the main clause is in the preterit, the dependent clause (introduced by ‘that’ or a relative pronoun) is also in the preterit. If it is in the present, then the dependent clause is in the present also. Reported Speech When ‘that’ is used in reported speech, the dependent clause should follow the rule of agreement. (see reported speech)
Relative Clauses – (Omission of ‘that’) ‘That’ is used as a relative pronoun in relative clauses. When the relative pronoun is an object pronoun it pronoun it can be omitted in a defining d efining relative clause*.
*see ‘relative pronouns and adverbs’ for an explanation on the difference between a defining and non-defining clauses.
Subject or Object Pronoun?
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eClass English
When ‘that’ may be left out ‘That’ may be left out in the following situations:.
Reported speech
After many reporting verbs ‘that’ can be
James said (that) he was
left out.
feeling better.
Examples: said, thought, suggested However, ‘that’ cannot be dropped after
James replied that he was
certain verbs
feeling better.
Examples: replied, shouted, disagreed After adjectives
In ‘that’ clauses after some adjectives,
I’m glad (that) you’re all right.
‘that’ can be left out. Conjunctions
‘That’ can be left out in an informal style
Come in quietly so (that)
in some common two-word
she doesn’t hear you.
conjunctions such as:
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GRAMMAR BOOK
‘To hope’ + Dependent Clause
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eClass English
Adjectives and Adverbs Possessive Adjectives A possessive adjective is used with a noun to indicate possession, ownershi p or close relationship.
Possessive adjectives
Examples
(subject pronoun)
We use:
Use
I
my
I like my job.
possessive adjective + a noun
You
your
You like your job.
to show possession
He
his
He likes his job
She
her
She likes her job.
It
its
It likes its food. (The dog)
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GRAMMAR BOOK
‘Too’ / ‘Too much’/ ‘Too many’
‘Too’ / ‘too much’ / ‘too many’ = More than you want, more than is good. This is a negative concept.
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eClass English
Placement of Enough
‘Enough’ = sufficient, adequate He can’t reach the shelf. He’s not tall enough. Structure After adjectives and adverbs
Examples I’m not tall enough. You drive fast enough.
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GRAMMAR BOOK
Adverbs
An adverb modifies a verb. It helps to tell ‘how’, ‘ho w’, ‘when’ or ‘where’ the action took place. pla ce. To make an adverb: Adjective adverb: Adjective + –ly Examples: Accidently
Quickly
Angrily
Safely
Badly Exceptions and Irregular adverbs: These are some words that are adjectives and adverbs: hard, fast, late, early Good (adjective) Good (adjective) Your English is very good. You speak English very well.
well (adverb) well (adverb)
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eClass English
The Adverb ‘that’
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GRAMMAR BOOK
‘Yet’ / ‘Not yet’
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eClass English
‘Still’ / ‘Yet’ Still = something is the same as before
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GRAMMAR BOOK
Compound Adjectives
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eClass English
Adjectives ending in –ing and –ed Ending in –ing
Use
Examples
Subject + verb ‘to be’ +
When the adjective ends
I hate snakes. They’re terrifying.
adjective + –ing
in –ing, it means that the
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eClass English
Phrasal Verbs The Main Postpositions / Common Phrasal Verbs A phrasal verb consists of a verb and a preposition or adverb tha t modifies or changes the meaning. Here are some common phrasal verbs in English. Preposition Away
Use Estrangement: Estrang ement: to go away
Example All evidence of the crime was swept away.
Disappearance: to sweep away Back
Backward movement: to stand back
The student answered back to the teacher.
Return to point of departure: to bring back Reply: to answer back Down
Downward movement: to go down
Please turn down the radio; it is very loud.
Writing: to write down Decrease: to turn down In
Inward Inwa rd movement move ment:: to get in
I will drop in later and see how you are doing.
Visit: to drop in Off
On
Averting: to put off
I have put off my dental appointment.
Departure: to go off / to take off
because I have a class.
Start: to turn on / switch on
Can you turn on the fan please?
Continuation: to go on Out
Outward movement: to move out
I always eat out on Fridays.
Outside: to eat out Distribution: to give out Over
Repetition: Repetit ion: to say over
I will have to think over your offer carefully.
Action done with care: to think over Up
Upward movement: to climb up Increased volume: to speak up
Speak up, I can’t hear you.
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GRAMMAR BOOK
Phrasal Verbs
A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning different from the original verb. Example: Example: I ran into my teacher at the movies last night. RUN + INTO = MEET He ran away when he was 15. RUN + AWAY = LEAVE HOME
Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. An intransitive verb cannot be followed by an object. Example: He suddenly showed up. SHOW UP cannot take an object.
Some phrasal verbs are transitive. A transitive verb can be followed by an object. Example: I made up the story. ‘Story’ is the object of ‘made up’. Some transitive phrasal verbs are separable. s eparable. The object is placed between the verb and the preposition. Example: I talked my mother into letting me borrow borrow the car. TALK INTO = PERSUADE PERSUADE Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. The object is placed after the preposition. Example: I ran into an old friend yesterday. RUN INTO = MEET BY CHANCE Some transitive phrasal verbs can take an object in both places. Example: I looked the number up in the phone book. I looked up the number in the phone book.
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eClass English
WARNING! Although many phrasal verbs can take an object in b oth places, you must put the object between the verb and the preposition if the object is a pronoun. Example: I looked the number up up in the phone book. CORRECT I looked up the number in in the phone book. CORRECT I looked it it up up in the phone book. CORRECT I looked up it it in in the phone book. INCORRECT
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19 GRAMMAR BOOK
Expressions
‘To get’ + Adjective
The verb ‘to get’ has many different
‘To get’ + adjective :
meanings such as:
to become, show a change of state
To obtain
Some adjectives used with ‘get’
get hungry
To receive
Examples:
get thirsty
To buy
It gets dark early in winter.
get tired
To reach
I’m getting tired of working
get ready
To arrive (at a place)
such long hours.
get serious
To become
It is getting warmer.
get wet get better get prepared get dressed get bigger
Get dressed
‘To look forward to’ ‘To look forward to’ = To think of a future event with anticipation Structure Verb ‘to be’ + ‘look forward to’ + noun Example: I am looking forward to the vacation. Structure Verb ‘to be’ + ‘look forward to’ + gerund
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eClass English
‘Kind of’ followed by a noun
‘kind of (a/an)’ + noun When you ask for a more precise definition
What kind of (a) problem are you having?*
or description of something.
What kind of experience do you have? * It is more informal to include ‘a’
To describe something in an approximate way,
She’s kind of rude.
not precise.
It’s a kind of telephone but plays music as well.
‘Kind of like (/a/an)’ + noun To compare one thing to another in an
It looks kind of like an earring, but is much bigger.
approximate or partial way.
‘Kind of’ = sort of / type of
What sort/type of computer is that? = What kind of computer is that?
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GRAMMAR BOOK
‘To be likely’
‘To be likely’ = high probability of something happening.
Present ‘To be likely’ + infinitive
He is likely to pass the exam. The meeting is likely to be very long.
Past ‘To be (was/were) likely’ + infinitive
The meeting was likely to be very long.
Negative ‘To be unlikely’ + infinitive
He is unlikely to come.
Related expression ‘It is likely that’
It’s likely that it will rain. It’s unlikely that it is very cold there.
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eClass English
‘To be left’ / ‘To have left’ ‘To be left’ /‘to have left’ = remaining, not used, still there Structure ‘to be left’
Example This is a passive structure. The weather was bad. Few people were left on the streets.
Subject + ‘be left’ to have left
This is an active structure.
Subject + ‘have’ + direct object + ‘left’
Do you have any rooms left? Yes, we have some rooms left.
‘For the sake of’ ‘For the sake of’ = in the interests of Structure
Examples
‘For’ + noun / noun phrase +’ -’s sake’
For John’s sake For the children’s sake
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GRAMMAR BOOK
Expressions with ‘to have’
Use
s les Example
the with the ions wi expression some fixed ex are so Here ar ‘to have’ verb ‘to To have a bath To have lunch To have a rest look To have a loo
to’ + in f initive ‘To have reason to’ consequences) and co lyze causes an ( to analyz ing’ with something ‘To have to do wi is) topic is the to what th say wh to sa ( to
bath yesterday? you have a ba Did yo later. will have lunch lat We We wi out. rest before going ou ike to have a re I’d I’d like is! look at this! Have a loo
inued success. for continu hope fo to ho reason to have rea We We ha
ancial fina with our fin do wi to do report has to The re rter. quarte last qu the las lts for the results
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eClass English
Baseball Expressions Baseball is an important part of American culture. Its influence is so strong that it has become the source of many expressions that are used in informal and business contexts. Expression
Example
Touch base
It’s good to touch base with base with clients regularly.
Playing field
Now that more companies have made offers, we’re dealing with a bigger playing field.
On the ball
Our new attorney seems to be on the ball.
Ballpark figure
I can only give you a ballpark figure.
In the ballpark
The offer isn’t in the ballpark yet.
Big league
We’ll move into the big league if league if we secure this deal.
To cover one’s bases
This is a complicated transaction; make sure to cover your bases.
Home run
Jenny hit a home run with run with that deal.
Play hard ball
We’re going to have to play hard ball if ball if we want to get this deal.
Right off the bat
Dan started criticizing right off the bat.
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GRAMMAR BOOK
‘To be at stake’ Structure
Use
Example
‘To be’ + ‘at stake’
To be threatened or endangered.
If we don’t respond to this
This may be used to talk about threats
crisis now, our financial
to someone or something’s well-being
stability will be at stake.
or reputation. The firm’s reputation is at stake following the recall of stake following
its latest product. These expressions are similar in meaning ‘to be b e at stake’: ‘to be in jeopardy’, ‘to be on the line’, ‘to be at ri sk’
Expressions of Increase There are several different words and expressions to describe increase. Use
Expression
Example
To describe increase in a
To rise
Share values rose steadily rose steadily last quarter.
general way.
To climb Next year, productivity should climb sharply. climb sharply.
To talk about slow or
To creep up
gradual increase.
To edge up To inch up
Stocks crept up crept up last quarter. Prices are inching up due up due to inflation.
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20
eClass English
Other
‘There is’ / ‘There are’
Affirmative Singular: There is
Negative
Question
There is not
Is there…….?
There isn’t There’s not Plural:
There are
There are not There aren’t
Examples:
Are there…..?
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GRAMMAR BOOK
Dates
st
nd
First 1 , Second 2 , Third 3 Ordinal Numbers
th
th
rd
th
th
th
Fourth 4 , Fifth 5 , Sixth 6 , Seventh 7 , Eighth 8 , th
th
Ninth 9 , Tenth 10 … th
st
nd
rd
th
st
nd
rd
20 , 21 , 22 , 23 …. 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ….
Days
Weekly Calendar Week of_______________ Sunday
Years Up until the year 2000,
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
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eClass English
Time
What time………?
= what time of day?
What time is it? What time do you get up?
O’clock The time + o’clock = indicates an exact hour. It’s six o’clock.
British English To express a time after the hour we use ‘past’.
11
12
1 2
10
11
4
8 7
6
5
12
1
11 2
10
3
9
4
8 7
6
5
12
1 2
10 3
9
3
9 4
8 7
6
5
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GRAMMAR BOOK
American English To express a time after the hour we use ‘after’. (except for the half hour)
11
12
1
11
2
10
7
6
1
7
6
11 10
12
11
2
10 3
9
12
3 4 7
5
It’s quarter after three.
1
2
8
1 2 3
6
5
It’s twelve thirty.
To express a time after the half hour and before the hour we use ‘to’.
9
1
9
4
8
12
10 3
5
It’s twenty after four.
11
2
9
4
8
12
10 3
9
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eClass English
‘Have or ‘Make’ without ‘to’ Use
Structure
Example
To cause someone to
to ‘have’ or ‘make’ +
I had him service my car.
do something
direct object + infinitive without ‘to’
He made me laugh so much.
To cause something
‘to have’ + direct object +
He had his car repaired.
to be done
past participle
She had her hair cut.
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GRAMMAR BOOK
‘To Let’
‘Let’ means the same as ‘to allow’ or ‘to permit’ but is more informal.
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eClass English
‘When’ / ‘While’ + present With conjunctions of time, like ‘when’ and ‘while’, we use the present tense. Structure ‘Will’ + verb, conjunction of time + present simple Examples: Examples: They will eat when they arrive. While I am in Santiago, I’ll call you.
C
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GRAMMAR BOOK
‘Had better’ / ‘Would rather’ Structure ‘Had better’
Use
Examples
Subject + ‘had better’ + infinitive
-A firm suggestion
You had better tell her the
without ‘to’ Subject + ‘had better’ + not
bad news. -An order
You had better not finish the cake!
-To show preference
I would rather go for a swim.
+ infinitive without ‘to’
‘Would rather’ Subject + ‘would rather’ + infinitive without ‘to’
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eClass English
Words ending in ‘ever’ The words whoever, whatever, whichever, however, whenever, wherever mean mean it doesn’t matter who/ what / which etc. (‘any person who’, ‘any thing that’ etc. or ‘the unknown person who’, ‘the unknown thing that’)
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GRAMMAR BOOK
‘Whether’ ‘Whether’ = to talk about choices or alternatives. Like ‘if’ it expresses uncertainty.
The differences between ‘whether’ and ‘if’:
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eClass English
Emphatic ‘do’ For emphasis we can put do in an affirmative clause. Use
Examples
Insistence on speaker’s point of view.
She does look does look pretty.
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GRAMMAR BOOK
‘I am told’
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