– – 2012) DNB Radiotherapy Questions (2006 (2006 Glioblastoma 1. What are Gliadel Gliadel Wafers and why they are thought thought to be be advantageous? advantageous? (2010) 2. Discuss the role, technique of radiation in in glioblastoma multiforme. Describe the usefulness usefulnes s of temozolamide in its management. (2008) 3. Grading of malignant malignant gliomas. (2006)
Medulloblastoma 1. Discuss the role of radiation and and its technique in the treatment of medulloblastoma. medulloblastoma. (2008) 2. Management Management of posterior posterior cranial cranial fossa tumors of of the brain. (2006)
Retinoblastoma 1. Write staging system for retinoblastoma. Enumerate Enumerate treatment treatment modality as per the stage stage of the disease and complications of various radiotherapy methods of retinoblastoma. (2011) 2. Describe the role of brachytherapy brachytherapy in retinoblastoma. retinoblastoma. (2009) (2009) 3. Describe the management management of retinoblastoma retinoblastoma with emphasis on combined combined modality treatment. (2008)
Head & Neck 1. What are recent advances in screening of oral cancers? cancers? Enumerate briefly the gadgetry and t he lab techniques. (2011) …......................................................................................................................................................... ............................. 2. Draw and and describe describe the volumes volumes and portals for irradiation irradiation of Ca maxillary antrum. antrum. (2010) 3. Role and technique technique of radiation radiation in Carcinoma Carcinoma of maxilla. maxilla. (2006) …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................ 4. Describe how anatomy and and lymphatic drainage plays an important important role in radiation treatment planning? Exemplify Exemplify it with treatment of glottic carcinoma. carcinoma. (2011) 5. How organ preservation preservatio n is done done in in carcinoma of supraglott supraglottic ic larynx? larynx? (2010) 6. Management of T2N0M0 Ca larynx with special reference to organ preservation. (2006) …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................ 7. Describe the volume and portals portals for irradiation irradiation of carcinoma carcinoma nasopharynx T2 N0 M0. (2009) 8. Discuss the staging staging of Carcinoma Nasopharynx Nasopharynx and treatment of of Stage I Ca Nasopharynx. Nasopharynx. (2007) 9. Anatomy of the nasopharynx nasopharynx and its drainage areas with with relevance to the natural natural history of carcinoma nasopharynx and its treatment. (2006) 10. Draw and discuss various vario us radiation fields fie lds as applied to various stages sta ges and as applied to the biological behavior of Ca Nasopharynx. Define boundaries and structures therein the various fields. (2006) 11. What do you understand by simultaneous integrated boost? Describe the concept in management of carcinoma of nasopharynx in detail. (2012)
…......................................................................................................................................................... ............................... 12. Describe the radiotherapy radiotherapy techniques available for treating t reating stage I, anterior 2/3 rd of tongue malignancy. (2009) 13. Radiation treatment of T1 N0 M0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma lesion on lateral border of anterior 2/3rd of tongue. (2006) …......................................................................................................................................................... ............................. 14. Prophylactic cervical irradiation in head and neck cancer. (2006) 15. What do you understand by simultaneous integrated boost? boost? Give an example of dose prescription in head & neck cancer. (2009) 16. Latest in pituitary irradiation assisted by surgery/ non-assisted by surgery. (2006) 17. Describe radiotherapy in pleomorphic adenoma of parotid. parotid. a) Its indications; b) Its technique; c) Results. (2011) 18. Nutritional aspects of patients receiving chemotherapy chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Its standardization in management of head & neck cancers. (2007) 19. Discuss the indications, techniques, dose schedules schedules and results of 131Iodine therapy in thyroid cancer. (2012)
Esophagus 1. Describe the indications, indications, techniques, results and and complications of brachytherapy brachytherapy in carcinoma esophagus. (2009, 2012) 2. Discuss the role of chemoradiation in carcinoma esophagus. esophagus. Describe the regimen and associated complications and their management. (2008) 3. Role and and technique technique of radiation radiation in in Carcinoma Carcinoma Esophagus. Esophagus. (2006) (2006)
Lung 1. What is the concept of prophylactic of prophylactic irradiation irradiation in SCLC? SCLC? Briefly give the results. (2011) 2. Describe prophylactic prophylact ic cranial irradiation in SCLC. SCLC. (2009) 3. Biological therapy for NSCLC for NSCLC.. (2007) 4. Briefly discuss discuss the effects of radiation radiation to to lung. (2007) 5. Enlist extra-pulmonary extra-pulmonary symptoms symptoms of cancer of lung. lung. Explain the biological biological basis of these extra extra-pulmonary symptoms. (2007) 6. Principles Principle s of management of SVC of SVC obstruction syndrome in lung cancer. (2006)
Lymphoma 1. Describe various chemotherapy regimens of relapsed Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Enumerate components of such comprehensive therapy. (2011) 2. What is International International Prognostic Index Index for Hodgkin's Hodgkin's Lymphoma? Lymphoma? (2011) (2011) 3. Pathology of Hodgkin's Hodgkin's disease. (2006) 4. Role and technique of radiation for treatment of Stage 1A Hodgkin's disease in supra diaphragmatic region. (2006)
Breast 1. Which chemotherapy chemotherapy protocol is considered considered safest safest during 2 nd and 3rd trimester of pregnant women with breast cancer and why? (2011) 2. Briefly discuss the the rationale and and techniques techniques of partial breast breast irradiation and its results. (2011) (2011) 3. Discuss high dose dose chemotherapy chemotherapy in Ca breast. Discuss its advantages and and disadvantages. disadvantages. (2010) 4. What is new with regards regards to radiation radiation in breast conservation conservation techniques in in Ca breast? (2010) (2010) 5. Describe the indications, indications, techniques techniques & results results of accelerated accelerated partial breast breast irradiation. (2009) (2009) 6. Describe taxanes and and their method of administration. Discuss the role of taxanes in the management of breast cancer. (2008) 7. What is basis for accelerated accelerated partial breast irradiation? irradiation? Describe Describe different methods methods of APBI. (2008) 8. What is preventive oncology oncology and its usefulness? usefulness? Discuss the the various methods of of prevention of breast cancer. (2008) 9. What do you mean mean by screening screening of cancer, what what are aims of screening? screening? Discuss Discuss various methods methods of screening of breast cancer. (2008) 10. A 38 year old lady presents with c T3 N1 M0 infiltrating duct carcinoma of the left breast. Discuss the loco-regional treatment options for the patient. (2007) 11. Role and technique of radiation radiation in post mastectomy mastectomy carcinoma breast. (2006) 12. Radiotherapy in the management of early breast cancer. (2006) 13. Radio therapeutics of Breast Conservation with OR without surgery (2 006) 14. Describe the anatomy of the breast and its drainage areas with relevance to the management of carcinoma breast. (2006) 15. Discuss the various chemotherapy schedules used in triple negative breast cancer. Describe the results of adjuvant & therapeutic combination chemotherapy chemotherapy in triple negative Ca breast. (2012)
Pancreas 1. Discuss briefly briefly on management management of cancer of pancreas. (2011) (2011)
Skin 1. Role and application application of surface surface mould therapy therapy in skin skin cancer. (2006) (2006) 2. Basal Cell Carcinoma. (2006)
Wilm's tumor / Neuroblas Neuroblastoma toma 1. Role of radiation radiation in Wilm's tumor. (2006) 2. Describe the indications radiation dose, target volumes and result of radiation therapy in Wilm‟s tumor. (2012) 3. Describe the indications, schedules, duration and results of combination chemotherapy in neuroblastoma. neuroblastoma. (2012)
PNET/ Ewing's sarcoma 1. Enumerate various various chemotherapy chemotherapy regimens for PNET. PNET. Give full details of therapeutic therapeutic regimen regimen of Ewing's sarcoma. (2010)
2. What is PNET? Discuss its management with specia l emphasis on role and regimes regimes of chemotherapy. chemotherapy. (2008) 3. Fundamentals of comprehensive comprehensive oncological oncological management management of PNET group of tumors with with special reference to its biological behavior. behavior. (2006) 4. Treatment of Ewing's Ewing's Sarcoma Sarcoma of femur. (2006)
Colon, Rectum & Anal Canal 1. a) What are the the fundamentals fundamentals of pre-operative and post-operative post-operative radiotherapy? radiotherapy? b) Compare Compare both strategies in carcinoma rectum. c) Mention few results of important trials. (2011) 2. Briefly discuss the the role and delivery delivery of pre-operative pre-operative radiotherapy in in carcinoma rectum. rectum. (2007) 3. Role and techniques of radiation radiation treatment in carcinoma rectum. (2006) 4. Write the T staging staging of anal canal canal carcinoma. carcinoma. Which chemoradiotherapy chemoradiotherapy schedule schedule should should be the t he first choice for localized anal canal cancer and why? What is the preferred chemotherapy regimen for metastatic anal canal cancer? (2012) 5. Discuss the indications, indications, drugs used, doses and results results of targeted therapy therapy in colon cancer. cancer. (2012)
Bladder 1. Describe the recent recent advances in management of carcinoma bladder. bladder. (2011)
Prostate 1. What are the components components of Risk Stratification Stratification in carcinoma of prostate? prostate? a) Components; Components; b) Description of groups; c) Briefly about therapy decisions. (2011) 2. Describe the the dosimetry techniques techniques & results of of prostate brachytherapy. brachytherapy. (2009) (2009) 3. Describe the role of of IMRT in the treatment of carcinoma carcinoma prostate. prostate. Describe the steps involved involved in treatment planning and execution of the treatment. (2008) 4. Neoadjuvant Neoadjuvant therapy for locally locally advanced carcinoma prostate. (2007) 5. Role and principles of IMRT IMRT in the treatment of prostate cancer. (2006) (2006)
Testis 1. Classify testicular testicular tumors.Enumerate tumors.Enumerate the diagnostic diagnostic procedures procedures of staging staging and evaluations. evaluations. (2009) 2. Describe the treatment treatment of stage stage I seminoma seminoma of of testis. (2009) (2009)
Ovary 1. Discuss chemotherapeutic chemotherapeutic regimens regimens for epithelial ovarian cancers. cancers. (2010) 2. How do you justify justify re-emergence of of radiotherapy radiotherapy in ovarian cancers? cancers? Outline the most most suitable radiation technique in ovarian cancers. (2010) 3. Describe the the role of radiation radiation in epithelial ovarian tumors tumors at present. present. (2008) 4. What is interval cytoreduction in Carcinoma Ovary? (2007) 5. What is new and old in role of radiotherapy in ovarian cancers? (2006) 6. Discuss the risk stratification stratification in choriocarcinoma. choriocarcinoma. Describe the chemotherapy chemotherapy protocols protocols & results results for the various groups. (2012)
Cervix 1. What are the recent advances in in very early and very late stage of cancers of of uterine cervix? (2011) 2. Discuss different different options of treatment available available for cancer cervix cervix stage IB. IB. (2010) 3. What is elective para-aortic lymph node irradiation in carcinoma uterine cervix? Discuss advantages and disadvantages disadvantages of this technique. (2010) 4. Describe the prescription prescription and reporting reporting parameters in in intracavitory brachytherapy brachytherapy of carcinoma carcinoma cervix as per the International Commission on Radiation Units and measurements (ICRU) report 38. (2009) what is the relevance of these parameters in modern brachytherapy? (2012) 5. Describe the role role of elective para-aortic lymph lymph node irradiation irradiation of carcinoma carcinoma of uterine cervix and and discuss the technique in detail. (2008) 6. Renal management management of patients receiving radiation radiation and chemotherapy for various cancers & various sites. Detail the management for multiple myeloma, lymphoma & cancer cervix. (2007) 7. Radiation treatment of carcinoma carcinoma cervix Stage-1. (2006) (2006) 8. Brief review of literature in pre operative radiation in cervix and its results as compared with chemo RT. (2006)
Brachytherapy 1. What are various methods methods applied applied for brachytherapy brachytherapy dose calculations calculations in gynecological gynecological cancers? cancers? (2011) 2. a) Describe Describe Patterson & Parker Rules. Rules. b) What are their different applications applications in in Brachy? (2011) 3. What is Paris system of of Interstitial Brachytherapy? Brachytherapy? What rules govern govern it and how is the the dose calculated? Describe Describe different methods of dose calculations. calculations. (2010) 4. What are different dose dose rates used in brachytherapy? brachytherapy? Describe Describe biological basis basis of HDR and PDR brachytherapy and advantages & disadvantages of each. (2010, 2012) 5. What is pulse dose dose rate brachytherapy? brachytherapy? Write its clinical clinical applications. applications. How does does it compare with with LDR & HDR? (2009) 6. What are the various types of dose rates used used in brachytherapy? brachytherapy? Describe their potential potential advantages & disadvantages. (2009) 7. Describe LDR, MDR, HDR and PDR brachytherapy. What do you understand by image based brachytherapy and its usefulness? (2008) 8. Biological basis of HDR and and LDR/MDR. LDR/MDR. Please compare advantages and and disadvantages. disadvantages. (2006) 9. Interstitial brachytherapy. (2006) 10. Pulsed brachytherapy. (2006) 11. Brachytherapy and organ preservation. (2006) 12. Characteristics of an ideal brachytherapy source. Briefly discuss the use of Iridium-192. (2006) 13. Describe the physical parameter of Ir-192 and its clinical applications in radiation therapy (2012)
Electron therapy 1. Describe the indications & techniques of whole body electron therapy. (2009)
2. Electron beam therapy (2006) 3. Explain the characteristics characteristics of electron beams used used in radiation therapy. therapy. Discuss briefly briefly the various parameters to quantify the electron beam (2012)
Photodynamic Therapy 1. What is photo photo dynamic therapy? Discuss Discuss its components components and and applications. applications. (2010) 2. Photodynamic Photodynami c therapy (2007)
Hyperthermia 1. Enlist the modifiers modifiers of radiation and describe describe the mode mode of action and results results of hyperthermia. hyperthermia. (2010) 2. Describe principles and radiobiology radiobiology of hyperthermia. hyperthermia. (2008) 3. Principles Principle s of Hyperthermia and Radiation (2006) 4. Describe the radiobiologi radiobiological cal basis, clinical clinical applications applications and results of of hyperthermia. (2012) (2012)
Radiofrequency ablation 1. What are the methods and indications indications for radiofrequency radiofrequency ablation? ablation? (2010)
Total Body/ Hemi-body Irradiation 1. Describe the indications and and techniques of total body irradiation. irradiation. (2010) 2. Describe short short notes on stochastic stochastic effects of whole body body irradiation. irradiation. (2008) 3. What is Hemi-body irradiation? irradiation? Write its indications, techniques techniques & results. (2009, 2012)
Sentinel node biopsy 1. Enumerate sentinel sentinel node biopsy sites. What is the significance significance of doing sentinel sentinel lymph node biopsy in oncological management? (2010)
Radiotherapy in benign diseases 1. Enumerate the conditions conditions where where ionizing radiations radiations are used in non malignant malignant disease. Describe treatment planning and dose schedule of one of them. (2011) 2. Discuss the role of of radiotherapy in the treatment treatment of benign diseases. diseases. (2008)
IORT 1. Write the rationale, indications, indications, techniques techniques and complications complications of intra operative radiotherapy radiotherapy for abdominal malignancies. (2009) 2. What is the rationale of intra operation operation radiotherapy? Describe Describe the procedure procedure and methods of irradiation and its clinical application. (2009) 3. Fundamentals of of IORT. Procedure, description, description, doses doses and target volume volume delineations delineations vis-a-vis dose delivery. (2006) 4. Results of IORT IORT as applied to various sites. sites. List the the sites and results. (2009) (2009) 5. Describe the rationale, rationale, techniques, techniques, indications indications & results results of IORT. (2012)
Cranio-spinal irradiation 1. Describe biological biological basis of various various CNS tumors. Draw radiation radiation fields of craniospinal radiation radiation with demarcations. (2011) 2. Describe the pathway of circulation circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. What is its relevance in conditions where craniospinal irradiation is advocated? (2009) 3. Enumerate the indications indications for craniospinal craniospinal irradiation. Describe Describe the technique used to deliver deliver neuraxis radiation. (2007) 4. Craniospinal irradiation (2006)
Pre-operative RT 1. What are the various sites where where you shall recommend recommend pre operative radiation radiation to achieve achieve better results than otherwise? (2006)
Virus/ Oncogene/ Vaccine 1. Classify etiological etiological factors of of cancer. Discuss the role role of viruses in etiology etiology of cancer. cancer. (2010) 2. What are oncogenes? oncogenes? Name Name some some with the function of of their gene products? (2009) (2009) 3. Describe Human Human Papilloma Virus Virus Vaccines. Enumerate Enumerate the virus strains strains responsible for human human genital cancers. (2009) 4. HER-2/Neu oncogene (2007) 5. a) What are the vaccines vaccines that prevent cancers? cancers? b) What are the incidences of of those cancers that can be brought down by these vaccines? (2011)
Chemo-radiation 1. Principles and and basis for chemoradiation: chemoradiation: discuss advantages and disadvantages. disadvantages. (2008) 2. Fundamentals of chemo-radiation. chemo-radiation. (2007) 3. What is the biological biological basis of chemoradiation? chemoradiation? Discuss Discuss its relevance in clinical clinical practice citing citing two examples. (2006) 4. History of chemo-sensitized chemo-sensitized radiation radiation in India as you knows. Its biological basis and sites where where best results are achieved. (2006) 5. Nobility awardees “Torch Bearers” of Chemo sensitized Radiotherapy in India. Comprehensive short review of chemo sensitized Radiotherapy dating back to early fifties. Procedures and ancillary supports required for chemo sensitized sensitized radiation. (2006) 6. Method of acquiring acquiring resistance resistance by a malignant malignant cell to chemotherapy chemotherapy and radiotherapy. radiotherapy. (2007) (2007)
Chemo/ Biotherapy 1. Discuss justification of monoclonal of monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy. Enumerate various monoclonal antibodies and malignancies malignancies treated t reated by them. (2011) 2. Describe VEGF and angiopoietin as applied oncotherapeutics. oncotherapeutics. (2011) 3. Justify role of intra-peritoneal of intra-peritoneal chemotherapy, chemotherapy, its biological basis and the malignancies that can be treated with it. (2010)
4. What are the methods methods to enhance the effect of chemotherapeutic chemotherapeutic agents on on tumor being treated treated by it? (2010) 5. Discuss role of taxene of taxenes s as radiosensitizers. Give some references. (2010) 6. Taxanes in cancer management (2006) 7. What is the rationale rationale behind behind integrating integrating molecular targeting approaches with radiation? Give examples of clinical situations where it has given encouraging results. Enlist associated complications. (2011) 8. What is targeted therapy? therapy? What are various group of drugs used for targeted therapy? Discuss its role in the treatment of CA Colon. (2008) 9. Targeted therapy therapy in cancer. Describe Describe in in point-wise manner. (2007) (2007) 10. EGFR (2007) 11. Trastuzumab (2007) 12. Rituximab (2007) 13. Imatinib Mesylate (2006) 14. Capecitabine (2006) 15. Epipodophyllotoxins (2006) 16. Describe various modifiers used to t o counter associated chemotherapy toxicities. (2008) 17. The tumour markers that can detect or point towards cancer in human body even before the symptoms have appeared. (2007) 18. Serum Ca 19.9 Determinations (2007) 19. Describe the oncotherapeutic use of thalidomide along with a brief note on its historical use. (2011) 20. Discuss the role of sorafinib sorafinib in oncology practice under the the following headings: headings: a) Indications b) Dose c) side effects d) clinical trials (2012) 21. Discuss the indications, dose schedules, side effects and results of Erlotinib in modern oncology practice. (2012)
Clinical Trial 1. a) What is evidence collection in oncological sciences? b) How do you carry out an Interim Analysis? c) Discuss in brief UICC (IACR) recommendations for follow up in cancer patients? (2011) 2. What is randomized clinically controlled double blind trial? trial? What are the methods to collect enormous follow up data for final analysis for such trials? (2010) 3. Describe design of phase of phase III clinical trial in oncology. (2009) 4. What are univariate and multivariate analysis? analysis ? How does one evaluate survival analysis on univariate and multivariate multivariate analysis? (2009) 5. What do do you understand by the terms – terms – sensitivity, specificity and predictive values in relation to screening of cancers? cancers? (2009) 6. Screening and early diagnosis in cancer management. (2006) 7. What is a clinical trial? Discuss Discuss its different phases. phases. (2008) 8. Meta analysis. analysis. Brief description of how it is done, advantages & disadvantages. disadvantages. (2006)
9. Describe Kaplan Meier survival curves for survival analysis in oncology. (2009) 10. Kaplan Meier Curves (2006) 11. Discuss survival analysis in oncology and discuss the merits and demerits of the methods used in survival analysis. (2010) 12. Compare empirical versus evidence based radiotherapy. radiotherapy . (2008) 13. Describe the terms „sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and odds ratio‟ as used in statistical analysis. (2012) 14. What are the various steps for practicing evidence based medicine. What are the NCCN categories of consensus for treatment guidelines? (2012) 15. Write short notes notes on: a) Survival analysis b) Log rank test c) Kaplan Meier Meier graphs. (2012) (2012)
Palliative/ Supportive 1. Describe WHO Ladder of of pain management. management. What do you understand by term 'Cyclical analgesics'? (2011) 2. Discuss principles of palliation. palliation. Describe stages involved in pain management of cancer. (2010) 3. What are the isotopes isotopes used for non sealed radio nuclide of bone metastasis. Write their indications, dose and results. (2009) 4. What are different unsealed radionuclides? Discuss their physical characteristic characteris tic and needfulness in bone metastasis. (2008) 5. Role of of various Radio Radio nucleotides nucleotides in in Palliative Palliative Therapy. (2006) 6. Strategies and infrastructure to manage febrile neutropenia. neutropenia. (2010) 7. Describe your initiatives for pre, intra & post radiation care of the patient receiving radiation therapy alone. (2007) 8. Stem cell treatment (2007) 9. Discuss strategies of nutritional of nutritional back-up for the patients receiving radiation, chemo-radiation and high dose chemotherapy. (2010) 10. a) What are gynecological gynecological oncological emergencies? emergencies? b) Enumerate them. c) Describe management of one of them. (2011) 11. Enumerate oncological emergencies. What are t he fundamentals of their management? management? (2010) 12. Describe pathophysiology of radiotherapy and chemotherapy induced nausea /vomiting nausea /vomiting.. Outline the management of this condition. condition. (2010) 13. Discuss management of haematuria in patients who have received whole pelvic radiation in the past. (2010) 14. Discuss the skin and mucosal radiation reactions during curative radiotherapy. Describe the mechanisms and grades and their treatment. (2008) 15. Effects of radiation on the bone marrow and its relevance to clinical practice. (2006) 16. Compare various dose schedules for palliative radiation therapy of metastasis in bones. Describe the primary sites commonly responsible for metastasis to bones. (2012)
Physics 1. a) Enumerate the various aspects of radiation of radiation treatment planning. planning. b) Describe its importance on
the basis of fundamentals of ICRU of ICRU.. (2011) 2. Write short note on tumor volumes in RT planning of brain tumors only. (2010) 3. Describe the the various concepts concepts as defined by ICRU ICRU report no. no. 50 & 62 (2009) 4. Describe ICRU-50 ICRU-50 & 60. Discuss their their application application in practice of radiation radiation oncology. oncology. (2008) 5. Describe and define various various tumor/target volumes volumes for clinical radiation radiation purposes. purposes. (2007) 6. Target volumes in radiotherapy. radiotherap y. (2006) 7. ICRU report no 62. What is DVH? Why it is important in treatment treatment planning? planning? (2012) …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................ 8. Describe a collimator. collimator. What are the various types types of of collimator collimator s in a treatment machine? machine? (2009) 9. Multileaf collimator (2006) ............................................................................................................................................................ 10. What are the aims and properties of shielding? shielding? What are the fundamentals of prescribing a shield? What are the types t ypes of blocks used? (2009) 11. a) Define and describe wedge filters and compensators. compensators. b) Procedures involved in deciding or prescribing both as per the requirement. 12. What is beam modification and its method? Describe wedge filters in detail. (2008) …........................................................................................................................................................ ................................................ 13. What is therapeutic therapeutic ratio and how it helps in clinical application of radiotherapy? (2008) 14. Write notes on Therapeutic Therapeutic Ratio, Dose-time factors and its impact on local tumor control & survival. (2007) 15. Therapeutic ratio (2006) …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................ 16. Describe percentage depth dose. dose. What are the various factors which influence percentage depth dose? (2009) 17. Percentage depth dose and its application in radiotherapy. (2006) …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................ 18. Describe the physical properties of any five isotopes used in brachytherapy. brachytherapy. (2011) 19. Describe the physical characteristics & clinical uses of Iridium-192 in radiotherapy. (2009) 20. Enlist Radioactive isotopes used for the therapeutics of human diseases. Describe at least three of them in detail with regards to their oncological application. (2007) 21. a) Decay scheme of Cobalt 60. 60. b) What will be the activity of 12000 Curie Cobalt-60 source after 5 years? (2011) 22. Describe the radioisotopes radioisotopes used for non sealed radionuclide radionuclide therapy for palliation of bone metastasis under under the following heads: heads: a) Physical parameters parameters of radioisotopes radioisotopes
b) Dose
prescribed c) Results (2012) …......................................................................................................................................................... …..................................... .................................................................................................................... 23. Describe the social aspects of medical physics. (2007) 24. What is ALARA principle? Explain how this concept has been used for radiation protection. (2012) …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................ 25. What is the significance of positioning and immobilization in radiation therapy? What are the steps in the process of patient set up and how to improve its accuracy? (2010)
26. What are the different types of immobilization devices used in brain tumor t umor radiotherapy? radiotherapy? (2009) …........................................................................................................................................................ …........................................................................ ................................................................................ 27. Describe how to evaluate the radiotherapy radiotherapy plan generated with respect to dose volume histogram and biological indices. (2011) 28. What are cumulative cumulative & differential dose volume histograms? What W hat are the advantages & limitations of dose volume histograms? (2009) 29. What are the t he cumulative cumulativ e and differential differen tial dose volume volu me histograms (DVH)? What are the advantages and limitations of DVH? (2008) …......................................................................................................................................................... ............................. 30. What is CT simulator , how it differs from conventional CT scan? Discuss its role in radiotherapy treatment planning. (2008) 31. Simulators (2006) ........................................................................................................................................................... 32. What is EPID? EPID? Describe the principles and its uses. (2009) 33. Compare the advantages advantages and disadvantages of linear accelerators and Co-60 teletherapy machines. (2006) 34. Applications of CT imaging in oncology practice (2006) 35. Film Dosimetry (2006) 36. What are the various types of radioactive of radioactive decays? decays? Give one example of each. (2009) 37. Describe the principles of radiation protection. protection. How will you observe and apply them in radiotherapy department? (2008) 38. Describe procedures involved in commissioning commissioning of o f a Linear Accelerator . (2011) 39. What What are the functions of following components components of linear accelerator: accelerator: a) wave guide b) modulator c) magnetron d) flattening filter (2012) 40. Enumerate the
various radiation
monitoring devices. W hat
is
the basic principle
of
thermoluminiscent thermoluminiscent dosimeter (TLD)? Name three crystals used in TLD. (2012) 41. Describe the photoelectron effect. Describe its physics and clinical implications. implications. (2012)
Modern Radiotherapy 1. What is cyber knife? knife? Discuss in short its principles and indications for its use. (2010) 2. What is cyber knife? Describe its construction and usefulness in radiotherapy. (2008) …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................ 3. What are the advantages advantages and disadvantages disadvantages of 3D of 3D CRT? CRT? Give brief published evidence. (2010) 4. 3DCRT (2006) …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................ 5. Reverse planning in radiotherapy. (2007) 6. IMRT fundamental difference with 3DCRT (2006) …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................ 7. IGRT (2006) 8. IGRT. Discuss Discuss inverse inverse and forward planning. (2006) (2006) …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................
9. What is tomotherapy? tomotherapy? Describe its principle and construction. How it differs from linac based arc therapy? (2010) 10. Describe the rationale & clinical applications of tomotherapy. (2009) 11. Describe Tomotherapy. Tomotherapy. (2007) 12. What is the fundamental basis of tomotherapy? Describe the equipment available and advantages & disadvan d isadvantages tages over conventional teletherapy techniques. (2012) ............................ …........................................................................................................................................................ 13. Comparison of x of x knife & gamma knife. knife. (2007) 14. Compare X-Knife and Gamma Knife, at least 9 characteristics for comparison for both. (2006) 15. Procedural and
Radiobiological Radiobiological
comparisons for f or
X-Knife
and
Gamma
Knife.
(2006)
…........................................................................................................................................................ …................................................................................... ..................................................................... 16. Describe in brief the principles of PET-CT. PET-CT. Enumerate its role in oncological management with special reference to lymphomas. lymphomas. (2010) 17. Discuss the principle of PET scan? How it is superior to CT scan? What is its a pplication in radiotherapy planning? (2008) 18. What is PET-CT? P ET-CT? Describe the principle & role in
management of
cancer. (2007)
…......................................................................................................... …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................................... 19. What is proton therapy? therapy? Give physical rationale and clinical application. (2010) 20. Proton beam therapy: its source and clinical applications. applications. (2008) 21. Write the physical and clinical characteristics characteristics of neutron beam therapy. Mention important clinical trials regarding their use in radiation oncology. …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................ 22. Describe the principles, indications & advantages of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. Therapy. (2009) 23. Boron capture therapy and it application. application. (2006) …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................ 24. Gated radiotherapy (2006) 25. Discuss the management of motion in radiation treatment and planning and delivery. (2012) 26. Describe dose guided radiotherapy. radiotherapy. (2009) ................................................................................................ ............................................................. .......................... …............................................................................................................. 27. Define stereotactic
radiosurgery radiosurgery
and
stereotactic radiotherapy.
What
are
the
biologic
considerations in relation to above? Describe in brief radio-surgical techniques employed in the treatment of tumor. (2011) 28. What is stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)? Describe the indications, doses, schedules and results. 29. Discuss the role of stereotactic body radiation therapy in early stage lung cancer. Discuss the technique and the results. (2012)
Radiobiology 1. Discuss the biological basis of radiation oncology and describe the intention of radiation treatment. (2008) 2. Describe fundamentals fundamenta ls of radiobiology. (2007) …......................................................................................................................................................... .............................
3. a) Compare in a tabular tabular form various radiation radiation fractionation schedules and their specific indications. b) Describe in brief their early and late normal t issue effects. (2011) 4. Describe radiobiological basis of fractionation. fractionation. Discuss various altered fractionation regimens used in radiotherapy. (2010) 5. Describe the radiobiologi radiobiological cal basis of fractionation and and describe various various fractionations. fractionations. (2008) 6. Discuss the principles underlying the the concept of fractionated fractionated radiotherapy. radiotherapy. (2006) 7. Dose, time fractionation fractionation in radiotherapy. radiotherapy. (2006) …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................ 8. Dose rate effect in radiotherapy. radiotherapy. (2006) …........................................................................................................................................................ …........................................................................................................................................................ 9. What are are the the current current issues in normal tissue tolerance? tolerance? Enumerate 15 sites and their radiation tolerance. (2010) 10. Radiation dose tolerance of at least 20 sites in human body. (2007) 11. Write short note LENT and SOMA scales. (2012) …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................ 12. How will you classify Radiation Damage? Damage? Enumerate various methods of radiation damage repair. (2011) 13. What are the types of biochemical repair of DNA due to radiation? radiation? Describe each mechanism briefly. (2009, 2012) 14. Describe DNA damage by radiation & define radio sensitivity and radio curability. curability. (2007) …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................ 15. Tumor Lethal Dose (2006) 16. What is “radiation “radiation bystander effect” effect” and how it is applicable in clinical practice? (2008) 17. What is CHART? CHART? Describe this fractionation regimen in detail and its results in head & neck cancers. (2008) 18. Radiobiology of HDR, LDR and PDR (2006) 19. Discuss the biological basis, techniques & results of CHART technique. (2012) …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................ 20. What is linear quadratic isoeffect model? model? How best can we utilize this modality clinically? clinically? (2011) 21. What is linear quadratic model? model? How best can we utilize this model clinically? (2009) 22. What are various physical dose models in radiotherapy? Discuss the basis and applications of linear quadratic equation. (2008) …......................................................................................................................................................... ............................. 23. Describe the pathology of radiation of radiation induced cataract. cataract. What are the various methods methods for reducing does to lens? (2009) 24. What is tumor angiogenesis? angiogenesis? Describe the pathophysiology of activators and inhibitors in its pathology. (2008) …......................................................................................................................................................... ….................................................................................................. ....................................................... 25. Define LET, RBE and OER and their implications in radiotherapy. (2008) 26. Define RBE. Discuss briefly the factors f actors affecting RBE. (2006) 27. What is LET? W rite biological and clinical implications. Draw a graph showing relationship
between LET, OER and RBE. (2012) …........................................................................................................................................................ ............................ 28. Various phases of cell cycle and their vulnerability by specific chemotherapy drugs & radiation (cell phase specific cytotoxicity of radiation & chemotherapy). chemotherapy). (2007) …......................................................................................................................................................... ............................. 29. Enumerate radiation and chemotherapy toxicity modifiers. modifiers. Discuss one of them in detail. (2010) 30. Biological climate modifiers in radiation therapy. (2007) 31. Methods to enhance the cytotoxic effects of radiation. (2006) 32. Chemical radioprotectors in radiotherapy. (2006) 33. What is the hypoxic cell sensitizer? What are the characteristics of an ideal radiosensitizer? Enumerate all hypoxic cell sensitizer. (2012) …........................................................................................................................................................ …......................................................................... ............................................................................... 34. Describe in brief b rief cell cell survival curve and its implications in radiation research. (2011)
Misc 1. Classify uncertainties in radiotherapy & describe them in point wise manner. (2007) 2. Write a short note on preventive oncology. oncology. (2010) 3. Multistage carcinogenesis (2006) 4. Recent advances in organ preservation with special reference to Radiotherapy applications. (2007) 5. New Radiation substances in therapeutic radiology and their application (2006) 6. Methods of monitoring of monitoring the treatment response & follow-up in the patients receiving combined modality treatment (surgery or chemotherapy & radiotherapy). (2007) 7. Discuss the effects of radiation radiation on the a) central nervous system system & b) kidneys. kidneys. (2006) (2006) 8. Leukoplakia (2006) 9. Prophylactic cranial irradiation (2006) 10. Describe the indications, dose schedules, radiation techniques and results of prophylactic cranial irradiation (2012) 11. Management of extragonadal of extragonadal germ cell tumor . (2006) 12. Comment on economizing oncological management for patient f rom poor socio -economical strata. (2011) 13. What is immunohistochemistry and how it forms the basis of identifying cell of origin in metastasis of unknown origin? (2011) 14. Discuss the late effects of radiation treatment of normal kidneys. What is the radiation tolerance of normal kidney? (2012)
