distribution-new.pdf

Notes in electrical distribution and design part 1

/

Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 "

,

.

All rights are reserved to the auther, no part of this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored, photocopied or recorded by any means without the prior written permission of the auther. auther.

2


,

.... )

(

/

. .

/ )

( )

(

100 (

)

3


:

...

" Notes in electrical distribution and design part 1" .

"

" ... : / / .

...

. ... . : 

.

Dialux



. . AutoCAD . . layout



shop dwg (sockets)

  

.

rating

.



. ratings . short circuit , voltage drop 4

 


S.L.D panel boards . telephone and data

 

self study "

"

:" ".

:

/ [email protected]

01099223546

5


:

1. Handbook of Electrical Design Details by Neil sclater , John E. Traister Second Edition Copyright © 2003, 1997 by The McGrawHill Companies .

.

"

"

.2

. .

.3 :

1. http://www.4shared.com/rar/rq_Ea8D-ba/Philips_Lighting_Cataloge.html 2. http://www.4shared.com/zip/UDj44MxSce/Philips.html 3. http://www.4shared.com/rar/qgxeU4Gjba/__online.html soft ..

6


Book content: 1- Medium voltage network. 2- Lighting ( interior & exterior), ( manually & programmable ). 3- Sockets. 4- Circuit breakers. 5- Cables. 6- Voltage drop and S.C. calculations ( Manually & Programmable ). 7- Heat, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC). 8- Panel Boards. 9- Earthing. 10-

Data and telephone.

7


..

electrical distribution

: 1-Design engineer )

( :

)

( .

2-Action and supervision engineer )

( :

.)

..

(

design engineer



outlines conceptual drawing .

conceptual drawing )



( shop drawings .

show drawing ..



.. shop drawing

as-built drawing

shop drawing .)

(

( ..

conceptual drawing

.. 8

.. )


Medium and low voltage networks

M.V & L.V Networks

:

rating

power system

.. Generator

name plate .generated power rating

generated voltage

1- Generated voltage :

indication . 2- Generated power :

indication

S

rated

V .

9



) S = V.I (

C.S.A

Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 " 

. 220 KV 

The transmission of the generated power is excuted on high voltage to reduce starting cost of the transmission network and reduce running cost , as

= √ 3      ∴ℎ ..  ℎ    , =3       ℎ    ℎℎ , S is constant , so

The Starting cost include cost of the C.S.A of the conductors , towers and

construction cost, while the running cost include losses cost.

losses



:

220 kv



75 MVA 

Sload α V s

-

30 MVA < S < 75 MVA . 66 KV 30 MVA

-

33 KV

15 MVA

-

.22 KV

. 11 KV

15 MVA

10

-


: 66 , 33 KV 220 KV 22 , 11 KV

66 , 33 KV

:

11 KV

3

station sub-station

distributers

22 KV

-

station

-

sub-station

-

distributer

RADIAL



0.4 KV . RING

.. substations :

distributer

..

radial feeding

11

schemes


.. less reliable

loads

scheme

.



sub-station

loads

loads



. substation 3 .

2

.feeder

1



C.B. cell

2 1

C.B.

M.V. 3

C.B.s

synchronism

C.B.



C.B.



parallel operation .

circulating current

distributer



:

12

ring feeding


open loop ring

ring main unit ( R.M.U )



Ring main unit (R.M.U):

is the link between the electric distribution company and the client to connect the medium voltage cable to transformer.

R.M.U

contacts



. parallel operation

13


:

customers



1-Small customer,

L.V

250 KVA

2-Large customer,

22 KV

250 KVA

low voltage

Transformer

R.M.U

.

11KV

R.M.U ..

main distribution board



(MDB) ( Pillars : MDB

)

( ) C.Bs isolators

-

Fuses

-

..

(MDB)

Pillars

200 KVA 100 KVA 200 KVA 5 Pillars

-

rating 100 KVA

MDB

1 MVA

Pillar 200 KVA 100 KVA . 200 KVA

14




Pillar .

Pillar

Pillar

) neutral 3ø (

neutral

3ø

MDB

MDB Pillar



cofree .

pillar rating

cofree transformer

m2

cofree



MDB rating

pillar

VA



:

App

Residential buildings

(15:25) VA/m2

40 VA/m2

(60:100) VA/m2

Commercial buildings

----

----

----

load

..

layout



:

)

(

 =  ∗∗   

..

VA

demand load

 = ∗  15


Diversity factor :

:

factor

 0.6

or 0.7 for residential loads.

 0.8

for commercial loads.

0.9:

1 for industrial loads. .

:

pillar rating

demand load

VA :



  = Σ      & = ΣVA of Pil ars   = ΣVA of Transformers∗div.factor   = ΣVA of loops

(sum of demand load of buildings)

. load estimation

16


Street lighting arrangement )

.. :

( poles

category

poles

1-Single sided :

:

poles

2-Double sided with offset ( zigzage) :

poles

poles :

17

zigzage


3-Double sided ( off opposite ) :

:

poles

4-On median :

arm

pole

)

(

:

pole . 18

poles


1m

pole

1m

ℎ∶ℎℎ   ∶ℎ    ,   ℎ = 0.85∶1 8m

poles

:

8m

.

arm

7m *

h=8m 8m range

h : 2h

pole distance

16m

( .) * )

..

( . 3h : 4h

19

Pole distance


.. "

Senior engineer

"

junior engineer "

"

"

-

"

-

fresh graduated engineer .. "

..

" . 8m

"

"

"

..

100 km ..

8m poles

"

10 m

"

1.2 h

  +1=1001  ..

2000 L.E

pole ..

" ..

"

20 million L.E poles

"

"

" "

"

"

"

"

..

3h pole distance

"

"

  =1+ 10 25 =401  20

Contribute 25 m


8m ..

.. .. "

600 poles

poles

"

..

..

"

"

.. 12 m ..

poles "

"

..

double sided offset (zigzag) w = 1.5 h 1.5*8 = 12m )

(

check .. ..

double sided offset ( zigzag ) double sided offset ( zigzag )

 ℎ= 1.5

21

= 1.5 ℎ

pole

:




*

double sided ( off opposite )

..

12 m

"

double sided

 ℎ= 2

"

..

8m 4m )

( glare

..

8m

.

.. 12 m

single

.. !



sided

w = 12 m 36m

3h poles 80m

40m

. not reliable

double sides

double sided offset 22




on median  ..

:

8m

on median

w = 16m

8m single sided 12 m

unsymmetrical 8m

23


on median

-1

on median

-2

zigzag

.

arm

zigzag

8m

arm .)

( 10 m

pole

12 m

..

poles

)

width & height & watt 250 w

pole

8m

400 w

pole

12 m

1600 w

pole

15 m

wattage .

24

(


Interior lighting schemes

1- Direct lighting :

( work plan

90% 10% )

..

. . diffuser

25

Diffuser



Reflector




2- Semi_direct lighting :

30% work plan

70 %

3- Indirect lighting :

10%

work plan

direct lighting ..

90%

) ISO

(

4- Semi_indirect lighting :

work plan

30%

70%

) . semi-indirect

(

semi-direct

26

..

semi_direct


general lighting

general diffusing

.

Types of lamps There are two type :

1- Filament lamps ,

.

)

27

(


2- Gas discharge lamps . :

filament lamps



1- Tungstun lamp 2- Carbon lamp 3- Incandescent lamp :

gas discharge lamps

1- Fluorescent lamp :

Produce light by establishing an arc between two electrodes in an atmosphere of very low pressure mercury vapor in a camper (glass tube) .

2-High intensity discharge lamps :

This produces light when a high pressure arc is passed through a gas vapor, divided to 28




Mercury lamps



Metal halide

29




High pressure sodium

Note :

flourscent

Watt

18 w

36 w

58 w

Length

60 cm

120cm

150 cm

:



wattage

wattage :

incandescent

.)

(

-

.

fluctuating

life time

-

incandescent lamp

-

decorative . dimmers 30




Types of luminaires : standard ..

.. :

*

Phillips, emco, 3brothers , egylux, …. ...

emco

Interior luminaires

Fluorescent

low Bay and high Bay

Spot

Bed head unit

EXit

Exterior luminaries

Open area and sport stadiums

Street

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

31

Garden and fences

Decos


Notes :

3

Fluorescent



1*18

2*18

Watt

3*18

4*18 60* 60

Housing

1*36

cm2

2*36

3*36

4*36

flourcent lum. identified by

Ocean polimers

Diffuser

Opal

Persmatic

Reflector

.

4.5

4 32

120*60


8m

5m

high Bay

8m

high Bay

low Bay

low Bay

decoration .



bathrooms

spots

receptions



lux

8w

exit

hospital luminaire



bed head unit



sockets :

index protection ( IP )

exterior luminaires



alpha, beta &Gama luminaires :x y dust

: x -

From 0 to 6 : y -

From 0 to 7

LUMINAIRE

ALPHA

BETA

GAMA

IP

66

54

43

33


Decos



.

head

open area & sport stads

flood

. .

spot

Golb

34

garden & fences




Interior lighting calculations (manually)

The purpose of lighting is to serve the needs of persons .... )

(

.

Basic definitions, 1- Light

-

Is the medium through which we can recognize the world surrounding us.

-

Light is a kind of electromagnetic waves

2- Nature of light

light The various forms of incandescent bodies are the source of light and the light emitted by such bodies depend upon its temperature i.e. As temperature increases, the wave length of radiated energy become smaller and smaller and enters into the range of the wave length of light. Then, The wavelength which can produce the sensation of light varies from 380 nm to 780 nm . 35


3- The four basic lighting quantities

-

Luminous flux (

ø )

The amount of light radiated per second by light source. Unit: lumen (lm) or candela(Cd), Cd = 18: 30 1m

Symbol:

ø 36


-

Luminous intensity ( I )

The amount of light radiated by a light source in a given direction. Unit: candela (cd) or lm/steradian Symbol: I

-

Illuminance: (E)

The amount of light falling on a unit of surface. Unit: lx (lx = lm/m 2) Symbol: E (E) is independent of the direction from which the luminous flux reaches the surface. -

Luminace ( L )

The amount of light radiated by a unit of apparent surface in a given direction )

m2

(

Unit: candela per m 2 (cd/m2) Symbol: L

37


4- Lamp efficiency

or

luminous efficacy

Lamp efficacy

or

luminous efficiency

         =    =/ 5- Light laws



Inverse square law

Illumination is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source and the surface luminous intensity (I)

.

38

illumination

Notes in electrical distribution and design " part 1 " 

Cosine law of incidence

Illumination is proportional to the cosine of the angle of incidence

 ∝cos = ∗cos Ø

Ø :

39

lamp


)E ) *

E

∗ . = ∅ ∗ .∗ Ø

lamps

N

lamp

Ø

N

.=  .  =ℎ   factor

The effective candle power of all lamps due to accumulation of dust or dirt on lamps globes, reflectors, walls, ceiling is taken into account by including the maintenance factor

40


M.f LLf 1-

0.8

M.f

For residential )

( deprecation

workplane 2-

0.6 : 0.7

For industrial & out-door lighting

.

deprecation

Also...

 =    =.  It’s the ratio of the lumen actually received by the work plan to the total

lumens emitted by the source

∅           = ∅   

41


:

factor

Surface reflection factor -1

f c – ceiling reflection factor f w – wall reflection factor f f – floor reflection factor

∗ ℎ .= + ℎ∶ = ℎ = ℎ ℎ=ℎℎ     

Room Index (RI) -2

uf

f c , f w , f f RI

RI

f c , f w , f f = .. , .., ..

uf

f c , f w , f f =

42

….

, ...,... f c , f w , f f = ... , ..., ...


Uf

ρf ρf

ρw

ρw

ρc

R .I

R .I

ρc

0.8 Uf

ρc, ρw, ρf

∗ = ∅∗∗ N 6

: field arrangement or matrix arrangement

6

2*3 or 3*2 8*5 m2 :

43

5.3


8 ∴3=8→= 3 =2.67  ,2=5→=2.5  check

x,y space to height check ratio

height from luminaire to work plan

check ..

distance bet n two luminaires

   → 0. 8  1       →ℎ           ℎℎ .

1m

work plane

space to height ratio wattage . ratio

44


Interior lighting calculation ( using dialux ) :

check .1

 → ≥0.3    → ℎ     1

ideal

.2

    =  =   → ≥0.4    → ℎ   within ±10%

E

Eav

. accepted

:

dialux )wizard ( .. wizard

..

..wizard

options ..

wizard

:

45


1. Project info. Input 2. Room geometry query, calculation parameters &luminaire selection 3. Placement of luminaires, calculation and visualization of the results 4. Specification of print options & print out . Export as PDF and dilux project . :

..next

Project info.

.. ..next

46


:

data input

given wall zone

reflection factors

work plane

maintenance factor

lux lux

wall zone ..

....

my database

luminaire !

user_defined height

suspension height mounting height

work plane ..next

47


Calc. & results

std

Planned E

Em from arrangement …. LX ....

E

suggestion

arrangement

!

checks

48

calculate


next result output

49


save

pdf wizard

next

50


..

red

:

The guide : 









Indoor lighting Outdoor lighting treet lighting Light scenes Emergency lighting



Day light



Energy evaluation



Sport site lighting



Adjust lighting

insert

Project manager

..

Project manager 



:

)Taps(

5

Project – Objects – Clours luminaire selection - Output-

51


. Output

..

Project

..

Project

dialux

..

red

Room1 width

new interior project length

)

( Project manager

3D General

ok name

height

Room1 .. ..

Right )Room1(

Edit

click

)Room1(

room geometry

indoor ... +

lighting

- +

)Room1( :

work plane options

52


. wall zone

work plane

Project manager

ceiling options Name

Transparency

ρf

Texture

ρc

material

Roughness . ceiling

ceiling .)

General

Settings

*

File

Standard values Room

walls options

default reflection factors

53

distribution-new.pdf

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