Dissertation Report

“

Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas

”

A Dissertation Report Submitted by

Shweta Deshmukh In partial fulfillment fulfillment of the requirement for the the degree Of

Master of Technology in Urban Planning

Guided by Dr. Rajashree Kotharkar

Department of Architecture and Planning Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur, 440010 2017-2018


“


”

A Dissertation Report Submitted by

Shweta Deshmukh In partial fulfillment fulfillment of the requirement for the the degree Of

Master of Technology in Urban Planning

Guided by Dr. Rajashree Kotharkar

Department of Architecture and Planning Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur, 440010 2017-2018

2


Department of Architecture and Planning VISVESVARAYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, Nagpur-440011

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Project (Dissertation) titled “

Heat Stress in Urban areas

”

Has been carried out and submitted by Shweta Deshmukh

3rd Semester M. Tech. (Urban Planning), year 2017-18 towards Partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of Master of Technology (M.Tech.) in Urban Planning from V.N.I.T. (Deemed University). Under the guidance of

Dr. Rajashreee Kotharkar (Project Guide)

Dr. Sameer Deshkar Project Co-ordinator

Dr. Vinayak S Adane Head of Department

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UNDERTAKING I, Ms. Shweta Deshmukh, the author of the dissertation titled “Heat “Heat Stress in Urban areas”, areas”, hereby declare that this is an independent work of mine, carried out towards partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Masters of technology Degree in Urban Planning at the Department of Architecture and Planning, VNIT Nagpur. The work has not been submitted to any other organization organization / institution for the award of any Degree/Diploma.

…………………………………………… Shweta Deshmukh

Enroll. No. MT16UPL015 M.Tech in Urban Planning (2016-2018) Department of Architecture and Planning VNIT Nagpur Date: 4th Dec, 2017

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DECLARATION The content produced in the dissertation report is an original piece of work and takes due acknowledgement of referred content, wherever applicable. The thoughts expressed herein remain the responsibility of the undersigned author and have no bearing on or does not represent those of Department of Architecture and Planning, VNIT Nagpur.

…………………………………………… Shweta Deshmukh

Enroll. No. MT16UPL015 M.Tech in Urban Planning (2016-2018) Department of Architecture and Planning VNIT Nagpur Date: 4th Dec, 2018

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AKNOWLEGEMENT It is genuine pleasure to express my deep sense of thanks and gratitude to my guide Dr. Rajashree Kotharkar, Associate professors, Department of Architecture and Planning V.N.I.T, Nagpur. Her dedicated and keen interest and her overwhelming attitude to help her students had been solely and mainly responsible for completing my work. Her timely advice and meticulous scrutiny and scientific approach have helped me to a very great extent to accomplish this task. I owe my gratitude to Dr. Sameer Deshkar, Project Coordinator, Department of Architecture and Planning VNIT, Nagpur. And Dr. V.S Adane, Head of Department for f or their keen interest and timely suggestions have enabled me to complete my dissertation. I thank all my batch mates, for their kind help and co-operati on throughout my study period. It is my privilege to thank my parents, husband, son and all my family members for their constant encouragement throughout my research period.

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CONTENTS UNDERTAKING ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................. .......................4 DECLARATION ............................................................................................................. 5 List of figures ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................. ....... 9

.................................................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................ ..... 10 List of Tables ........................................... CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................ ................................................................... ....................................... ................ 11

1.1 URBAN CLIMATE .......................................................... ................................................................................ ....................................... ................. 11 1.2 THERMAL COMFORT .............................................................. .................................................................................... ............................ ...... 12 ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ......................... .. 12 1.3 URBAN HEAT ISLAND ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................. ......................... .. 12 1.4 NEED FOR THE RESEARCH............................................ ................................................................... .................................... ............. 13 1.5 AIM .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................... ..............14 1.6 OBJECTIVES ............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ....................................... ................. 14 1.7 SCOPE ............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................ ..... 14 1.8 LIMITATIONS .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. ....................................... ................. 14 1.9 METHODOLOGY................................................ ....................................................................... ............................................. ............................ ......14 ................................................................. ............................ ..... 16 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................... 2.1 HEAT STRESS .............................................. .................................................................... ............................................ .................................... .............. 16 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................... ............................................................................... .................................... .............. 16 2.1.2 COMFORT INDICES/ HEAT INDICES......................................... INDICES.......................................................... ................. 17 2.1.3 GLOBAL SCENARIO ............................................... ...................................................................... ....................................... ................ 18 2.1.4 INDIAN SCENARIO ............................................. .................................................................... ........................................... .................... 19 2.2 URBAN HEAT ISLAND STUDIES (UHI) ...................................................... ............................................................ ...... 19 2.2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................... ............................................................................... .................................... .............. 19 2.2.2 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF STUDIES............................................. .................................................. ..... 20 2.2.3 ANALYSIS OF STUDIES ................................. ....................................................... ............................................. ......................... .. 20 2.3 URBAN FORM/ URBAN STRUCTURE ............................... ..................................................... ................................ .......... 21 7

Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas 2.3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................... ............................................................................... .................................... .............. 21 2.3.2 URBAN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION ......................... ............................................... ................................ .......... 21 2.3.3 PARAMETERS OF UHI STUDIES ........................................ .............................................................. ......................... ... 23 ................................................................ .....................26 CHAPTER 3: IDENTIFIED STUDY AREA ........................................... 3.1 HEAT WAVE IN INDIA .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................... ... 26 3.2. CLIMATIC EXTRIMITIES ............................................ ................................................................... ....................................... ................ 28 3.3 DETERMINING AREA OF STUDY .......................................... ................................................................. ............................ ..... 28 CONCLUSION ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ......................... .. 29

References .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................... .............. 30

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List of figures FIGURE 1 SHOWING FACTORS DETERMINING COMFORT .............................................................. .............................................................................................. ................................ 12 FIGURE 2:SHOWING SCALES OF UHI STUDIES (OKE, 1997) ........................................................................................ 13 FIGURE 3 SHOWING EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE EXTREMITIES -IPCC REPORT,2007 ........................................................... 13 FIGURE 4 SHOWING METHODOLOGY OF STUDY ......................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... .. 15 FIGURE 5 SHOWING EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HUMAN HEALTH (CLIMATE COMMISSION REPORT, 2011) ..................... 16 FIGURE 6 SHOWING HEAT INDEX (NDMA, 2016) ......................................................... .................................................................................................... ........................................... 19 FIGURE 7 FLOW DIAGRAM SHOWING THE SELECTIN CRITERIA ....................................................................................... 20 FIGURE 8 SHOWING LCZ- BUILDING TYPES CLASSIFICATION (SOURCE: AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY MAGAZINE, 2012 ............................................................................................................................................................. 22 FIGURE 9 SHOWING LCZ CLASSIFICATION- LAND COVER TYPES ..................................................................................... 23 FIGURE 10 SHOWING DEATHS CAUSED BY HEAT WAVE (IMD ANNUAL REPORT ) ............................................................... 26 FIGURE 11 SHOWING (LEFT): HEAT WAVE 2015AFFECTED AREA(NOAA) (RIGHT) SHOWING HEAT WAVE 2016 WARNING MAP (IMD) .................................................................................................................................................... 27 FIGURE 12 SHOWING HEAT WAVE AFFECTED STATES .................................................................................................. 27 FIGURE 13 SHOWING METEOROLOGICAL REGIONS IN INDIA ...................................................................................... .. 28 FIGURE 14 GRAPH SHOWING CLIMATIC EXTREMITIES OF 60 STATION OF CENTRAL METEOROLOGICAL REGION ........................ 29

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List of Tables TABLE 1 SHOWING COMFORT INDICES

17

TABLE 2 INDICES BASED ON HEAT STRESS MODEL

18

TABLE 3 SHOWING INDICES BASED ON HEAT BUDGET MODELS

18

TABLE 4 SHOWING APPROACH AND SCALE OF UHI STUDIES

20

TABLE 5 SHOWING CLASSIFICATION METHODS AND PARAMETERS STUDIED IN UHI STUDIES

23

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Urbanization and climate change are the two well discussed phenomenon in research which show how the anthropogenic activities are interacting with the natural phenomenon and causing substantial change in our quality of life. This change though gradual is affecting our livelihood and existence. Therefore there is a need to understand the causes, impacts and study the possible factors responsible for the change. This st udy focuses on the types of heat stresses an urban area experiences and the factors responsible for them. Study includes the approaches adopted in previous researches and the parameters used for the same.

1.1 URBAN CLIMATE Urban areas which are a concentration of population over a smaller geographic area experience a different climate then the surrounding areas. Moreover they act as growth center and attract more people with better employment opportunities and better future prospects further intensifying the change. Urban areas are thus more susceptible to the impact of climatic change (HABITAT, 2012) Urban climate differs from the surrounding areas on following parameters; 

Temperature – Temperature – higher higher than the surrounding areas, known as urban heat island.



Precipitation- more as cities act as a hygroscopic nuclei due to pollution



Humidity- less due to more runoff and evaporation.



Radiation- more energy gain due to more concreted surfaces.



Winds- change in wind patterns, where building and canyons act as wind barriers or wind tunnels.

The heating of urban areas due to climatic extremes and the formation of urban heat island is adding to the human discomfort (EPA, 2014) having environmental, social and economic impacts on the population. Amongst the various urban climate studies, studies focusing on temperature parameter are identified to t o understand the factors and their effect on comfort in urban areas (Mahant, 2014).

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1.2 THERMAL COMFORT Thermal comfort as defined by ASHRAE is, “State of mind in humans that express satisfaction with the surrounding environment” environment”. Comfort studies are done in both indoor and outdoor conditions. The outdoor thermal comfort is the focus in this literature study. The determining factors of comfort can be divided into two; namely localiz ed factors and personalized factors. Localized factors are context specific specif ic and mainly depend upon location, latitude and altitude. Whereas personal factors depend upon the well-being i.e health, clothing, activity level etc.

PERSONAL FACTORS: Health, Clothing & Activity level

FACTORS DETERMINING COMFORT

LOCALIZED FACTORS: air movement, velocity, temperature, humidity, radiation

Figure 1 Showing Showing factors factors determining determining comfort

1.3 URBAN HEAT ISLAND An urban heat island is a phenomenon, were urban areas are warmer than the surrounding areas. Urban areas consumes energy, water and land resources changing the land use and land cover of an area. These areas have greater percentage of developed area (built areas) which are warmer than the surrounding areas because of the conversion of natural and permeable surface to dry and non-permeable surface experiencing the urban heat island effect. (Gale, 2008) Urban heat island is a relative factor as it depends on the character of adjacent areas, thus UHI is more intense when surrounding is forest and less intense when it is arid region. r egion. It is the development of area which causes the temperature change due to various factors. (IPCC, 2007) The intensity of urban heat island depends on various factors studied on different scales. The scale of UHI studies are divided in both vertical and horizontal scale as explained by fig2. (Gert-Jan Steeneveld, 2011)

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Figure 2: Showing Showing Scales Scales of UHI studies studies (modified from Oke, 1997) 1997)

Vertical scale of urban canopy layer is the one directly related to human comfort studies which can be studied at different horizontal scales- local level, city level, regional level. Studies related to the urban canopy layer are identified for literature review.

1.4 NEED FOR THE RESEARCH The change in climatic conditions throughout the globe and the anthropogenic activities is leading to various climatic extremities. The tropical countries are having temperature and precipitation extremities leading to hazards like heat wave, drought, flooding etc. According to the IPCC report (AR4). The temperature extremities are changing the local climate thereby increasing the probability of occurrence of extremes as shown in fig3.

Figure 3 showing showing effect effect of temperature temperature extremities extremities -IPCC report,2007 report,2007

This extremes affect human health and welfare along with other impacts. The change affects the localized factors of comfort leading to human discomfort. When the discomfort 13

Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas is above the adaptable change the body system fails. Therefore it is necessar y to understand the discomfort parameters studied through the identified approach to classify urban areas into comfortable, Tolerable and dangerous zones to propose some adaptation and mitigation measures. (Tahbaz, 2010)

1.5 AIM To study the heat stress in urban areas (Indian context)

1.6 OBJECTIVES 

To understand the factors influencing the urban climate and its corr elation with comfort.



To understand different comfort scales and heat i ndices used globally and in India.



To study various urban heat island studies in India, to understand the diff erent factors governing it and explore the different approaches and classification method adopted at different scale.



To determine the past trends of heat related rel ated extremities in India with the help of meteorological data.



To identify the appropriate approach, classification method and the paramete rs to be studied in Indian context.

1.7 SCOPE The study will focus on social impact of heat stress st ress in urban areas in Indian context.

1.8 LIMITATIONS This study is limited to social impact due to urban heating and does not consider the environmental and economical impacts of heat stress. Urban heat island studies in India are studied, limited to a vertical scale of urban canopy layer.

1.9 METHODOLOGY Keeping in view the objectives the methodology was framed as shown below;

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Figure 4 showing showing methodology methodology of study

15


CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 HEAT STRESS The body maintains the core temperature required for the normal functioning. (Bene, 1990). The change in temperature of the surrounding areas change the way human body reacts. The thermoregulatory system of the body adapt to a cert ain level of change, but when the change is above adaptable level the system enters the stress level before the total failure of the system. Heat stress is when body can no longer regulate temperature and becomes too hot. Human body undergoes the three stages due to rise in temperature as shown; Human Discomfort → Heat stress → Failure of the system 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION

In hot temperature the body maintains the temperature through sweating. The heat stress intensities can be tolerable or dangerous depending upon three factors; high temperature, high humidity and sun exposure. (NCBI, 2000) Heat stress leads to heat exhaustion causing dizziness, headache, fatigue, nausea etc. and heat stroke where body system fails leading to organ fail ure and can be fatal. (NCBI, 2000)

Figure 5 showing showing effect effect of climate change change on human human health health (climate commission commission report, report, 2011) 2011)

As shown in figure, Hughes and McMichael study shows that temperature above 39ºC leads to heat exhaustion and temperature above 42 ºC leads to heat stroke, but the body enters the heat stress as the body’s core temperature which is 37 ºC. 37 ºC. (Hughes, 2011)

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Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas The behavior of the body also depends upon age, gender, weight and various other parameters thus to quantify the average tolerable levels there are various indices develop which quantify the comfort and heat stress. 2.1.2 COMFORT INDICES/ HEAT INDICES

As discussed earlier the comfort of a person depends upon personal and localized factors. These localized factors are temperature, humidity, air movement and radiation. The scale which combines the effect of all the parameters is called comfort index or thermal index. There are two most adopted comfort indices which are as follows;

Table 1 showing comfort indices

Comfort index given by

ASHRAE ISO

(International

Location

United States Standardization

Europe

Organization)

This comfort indices are developed depending upon the location and has different specification given for different climate types within those continents. But, many countries like don’t have comfort indices. There are various heat indices developed depending upon three different models namel y; Heat stress model - considers two parameters Temperature and Humidity Heat budget model - considers the total energy gain and dissipation. dissipat ion. This model considers

all the four parameters temperature, humidity, wind and radiation. locat ion. Parameters Synoptic approach model - considers more parameters relevant to the location. like dew point temperature, visibility, sea level, air pressure, etc. are used to classify days that are meteorologically homogeneous to form an index. This approach is comparatively new and still under modification. This approach is mostly adopted in US cities like Washington DC, Philadelphia, Dayton etc. (WHO, 2009)

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Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas 2.1.3 GLOBAL SCENARIO

Based on the models, following are the heat indices used worldwide: (Mahant, 2014) BASED ON HEAT STRESS Table 2 indices based on Heat stress Model

INDICES

SR.

AREA

PARAMETERS

NO

1

Heat index

USA (NWS,

Temperature and Humidity

NOAA) 2

Humidex

Canada

Temperature and humidity

3

Wet Bulb Globe

UK (ISO)

Air temperature, air movement,

Temperature (WBGT) 4

Discomfort index (DI)

radiant temperature, humidity Israel

WBT, DBT, (Tmin. Tmax & Humidity)

5

Tropical Summer Index

Asia (for warm

air temperature, globe

(TSI)

humid areas)

temperature, humidity, air velocity

BASED ON HEAT BUDGET MODEL (Tahbaz, 2010) Table 3 showing indices based on heat budget models

SR

INDICES

AREA

PARAMETERS

NO

1.

Perceived Temperature

Globally (first used

Air temperature, mean radiant

Index (PT)

in Germany)

temperature, relative humidity, wind speed & air pressure

2.

3.

Physiological

Europe

Air temperature, air movement,

Equivalent Temperature

radiant temperature, humidity

Index (PET)

and heat fluxes

Outdoor Standard

Australia (Sydney)

Air temperature, mean radiant

Efficient Temperature

temperature, relative humidity,

(SET*OUT)

wind speed

18

Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas 4.

Universal Thermal

United States

Climate Index (UTCI)

Air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, water vapour pressure, metabolic rate

2.1.4 INDIAN SCENARIO

In India, heat stress based model is used, considering two parameters temperature and relative humidity. Heat Index was published by NDMA in 2015, it is adopted from US with threshold limits of temperature maximum 40º C and relative humidity of minimum 40%. The heat index thus has a limited application as various Indian cities experience maximum temperature above 40º C with the relative humidity more than 40 %.

Figure 6 showing showing Heat Index (NDMA, (NDMA, 2016)

2.2 URBAN HEAT ISLAND STUDIES (UHI) 2.2.1 INTRODUCTION

Urban rural temperature difference due to urban structures consist ing of roads, buildings, vegetation cover etc. is called urban heat island. is land. This phenomenon is a relative factor. It depends upon various factors like location, altitude, size of city, compactness of city (Bin Zhou, 2017) 2017) proximity to water bodies, vegetated areas, population size etc. (Rajashree Kotharkar, 2015)

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Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas 2.2.2 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF STUDIES

Urban heat island is studied in Indian context. All the s tudies in India are studied to understand different approaches, horizontal scales and urban structure clas sification methods. As all the studies are UHI STUDIES IN INDIA

selected the cities are from different climatic zones and

SELECTION OF URBAN CANOPY LAYER VERTICAL SCALE

therefore the intensities of UHI change. And so does

SEECTION OF HORIZONTAL SCALE OF CITY LEVEL AND MICRO LEVEL

the classification methods.

Figure 7 Flow diagram diagram showing showing the selectin selectin criteria

2.2.3 ANALYSIS OF STUDIES

Basically, the UHI studies are done by two approaches- ( Ravina More1, 2015) 

RS, GIS



Observatory Survey (stationary, mobile)

The RS/GIS studies are done through satellite imaginary and therefore the data interprets the land use land cover changes and the difference in Land Surface Temperature are measured. This studies give a regional and city level UHI intensities but does not give the micro level UHI intensities. Some studies though show different intensity at micro level but fail to validate it. The identified Indian UHI studies are as follows; Table 4 showing approach and scale of UHI studies

SR.

UHI STUDIES

APPROACH

SCALE

NO

1.

(Ramchandra T.V, 2010)

RS/GIS

City level (not validated at micro

Bangalore

level) 2.

(Robin Agrawal, 2014)

RS/GIS

City level

RS /GIS

City level

Nagpur

3.

(Kikon, 2016)Noida

20

Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas 4.

(Aneesh Mathew, 2016),

RS/GIS

City level

(Juri Borbora, 2014),

Fixed station survey

City level and micro

Guwahati

and mobile survey

level (data validated)

(George Thomas*, 2014),

Fixed station and


Kochi

mobile survey


Chandigarh

5

6.

(LCZ) 7.

8.

9

10

(Amirtham, 2016), Chennai

Fixed station and


mobile survey


(Ansar Khan, 2016),

Fixed station and


Kolkatta

mobile survey


(Rajashree Kotharkar, 2015),

Fixed station and


Nagpur

mobile survey


(Dr. Rajashree Kotharkar,

Fixed station and


2017), Nagpur

mobile survey


All the latest study show the use of fixed station and mobile survey as it gives UHI intensities at micro level which can help urban planners to take the required measures at different locations within city. The survey were validated through instruments- loggers and primary surveys.

2.3 URBAN FORM/ URBAN STRUCTURE 2.3.1 INTRODUCTION

As the mobile surveys or stationary surveys require a classification method for the urban structure different classification methods were studied. The urban geometry is responsible for the different intensiti es of UHI (Youpei Hua, 2016) It depends upon building density, road width and composition of green space and water bodies within a city. 2.3.2 URBAN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION

The urban climate classification was first fi rst developed by Chandler in 1965 where he classified London into 4 zones based on its climate, cli mate, physiography and built morphology (Chandler, 1965).

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Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas Later in 1990’s in US, cities were classified class ified based on urban morphology, street configuration and construction material (Effefsen, 1990)) Using these two classification system an urban Local Climate Zone classification (LCZ) ( LCZ) was developed by Oke and Stewart, (Oke, 2006) . This system classifies different zone based on built types and land cover types. This classification defines the building types based on compactness, vertical development of building (high rise, mid rise, low rise), building material and land cover t ypes. The classification is as shown below;

Figure 8 showing showing LCZ- building building types types classification (source: (source: American American Meteorologica Meteorologicall society magazine, magazine, 2012 2012

Along with building typology it also classifies land cover types shown as below;

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Figure 9 showing showing LCZ classificationclassification- land land cover types types

This classification is globally accepted because it classifies all the cities depending upon height, density and land cover and it can be customized as per the development and character of the city. 2.3.3 PARAMETERS OF UHI STUDIES Table 5 showing classification methods and parameters studied in UHI studies

SR.

UHI STUDIES

CLASSIFICATION

PARAMETER

NO

1.

2.

(Ramchandra T.V, 2010)

Land use land cover

Land surface

Bangalore

changes

temperature

(Robin Agrawal, 2014)

Land use Land cover Normalised Difference

Nagpur

changes

Vegetation Index (NDVI) and

23

Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas Normalized difference impervious surface index (NDISI)

3.

(Kikon, 2016) Noida

Land use land cover

NDVI, Normalized

changes

difference built up index(NDBI), emissivity, Albedo

4.

(Aneesh Mathew, 2016)

Land use land cover

Land surface

Chandigarh

changes

temperature and % Impervious Surface Area

5

(Juri Borbora, 2014),

Identified transit and

Temperature and

Guwahati

4 stations identified

Relative humidity

for stationary loggers 6.

7.

(George Thomas*, 2014),

Local Climatic Zone

Temperature and

Kochi

classification

Relative humidity

(Amirtham, 2016),

Analysed according

Temperature, relative

Chennai

to temperature

humidity, clothing and

humidity index and

net radiation

Relative Strain Index 8.

(Ansar Khan, 2016),

25 Random selected

Numerical simulation

Kolkatta

observation sites

model used, temperature and relative humidity

9

(Rajashree Kotharkar,

Land use land cover

Temperature and

2015), Nagpur

and population

relative humidity

density

24

Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas 10

(Dr. Rajashree Kotharkar, 2017), Nagpur

Local Climatic Zone

Temperature and relative humidity

Local climatic zones are the most recent and globally accepted classification method and the parameters studies are temperature and relative humidity which are validated at local level with the use of loggers. Therefore further study will involve urban structure classification based on Local Climatic Zone.

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CHAPTER 3: IDENTIFIED STUDY AREA 3.1 HEAT WAVE IN INDIA To study the heat stress in urban areas it is important to understand the heat extremities and identify the regions in India which are more susceptible to heat stresses. Heat wave is one of the natural disaster caused by temperature extremities. Heat wave is one among the top three natural killer s as per NCRB. The heat wave is defined as, as, “the state where the maximum temperature at the grid point is 3ºC 3 ºC or more than the normal temperature, consecutively for three days or more”. (NDMA, more”. (NDMA, 2016) The data from the IMD annual reports show the no. of fatalities caused by heat wave, which are at increase in recent years;

Figure 10 showing showing deaths deaths caused caused by heat heat wave (IMD annual report) report)

The IMD gave different threshold limit depending upon temperature maximum and terrain of an area. Depending upon these threshold limits IMD releases warning maps and affected area maps in India.

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Figure 11 showing showing (left): (left): heat wave wave 2015affected 2015affected area(NOAA) area(NOAA) (right) showing showing heat wave wave 2016 warning warning map (IMD)

The states which are affected by heat wave and are more susceptible to heat stress are as shown in fig. (IMD, 2017) There are total 13 states affected by heat wave.

Figure 12 showing showing heat heat wave affected affected states

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3.2. CLIMATIC EXTRIMITIES The temperature or precipitation extremes need not necessarily lead to natural calamities but they definitely affect the human comfort. This This extremes develop heat stress in individuals. Therefore it is necessary to understand the trend of climatic extremities over a longer period of time

3.3 DETERMINING AREA OF STUDY IMD divides India into 6 Meteorological regions as shown in fig.

Figure 13 showing showing Meteorologic Meteorological al regions in India

As the study requires a bulk of meteorological data, it will be feasible to select the central region as the regional Centre is at Nagpur. The central Meteorological region consist of Madya pradesh, Chattisgarh and Vidarbh area. IMD provides the data for more than a century of climatic cli matic extremities for all meteorological stations with the help of which a graph is prepared;

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Figure 14 graph graph showing showing climatic extremities of 60 station of of central meteorologica meteorologicall region

This graph shows the increase in frequency, intensity and extent of climatic extremes in recent year, further emphasizing the need of study in i n the selected region.

CONCLUSION The identified approach, parameters and classificat ion method could be used for analyzing the heat stresses in urban areas. The same framework will be used for further study. Any urban area in Central meteorological region will be selected depending upon the available meteorological data. The city will be classified as per Local Climatic Zones to study the heat stress parameters of Temperature and Relative humidity. The zones can be identified as comfortable, tolerable & dangerous zones for taking the required adaptation and mitigation measures.

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