People
にんげん、人間 – human (ningen) じんるい、人類 – humanity (jinrui) ひと、人 – person (hito) おとこ、男 – male (otoko) おとこのひと、男の人 – man (otokonohito) おとこのこ、男の子 – boy (otokonoko) おんな、女 – female (onna) おんなのひと、女の人 – woman (onnanohito) おんなのこ、女の子 – girl (onnanoko) あかちゃん、赤ちゃん – baby (akachan) わかもの、若者 – youth, young person (wakamono) わたし、私 – I, myself (watashi) わたくし、私 – I, myself (watakushi [most formal]) く、僕 – I, myself (boku, mainly used by males) お!、" – I, myself (ore, mainly used by males [informal]) あたし、私 – I, myself (atashi, mainly used by females [softer sounding]) し#$じ#、%女 – girl (shoujo) し#$&ん、%' – boy (shounen) Occupations いしゃ、(者 – doctor (isha) かん)し、*護師 – nurse (kangoshi) かん)+、*護婦 – female nurse (kangofu) しかい、歯,(、-いしゃ、歯(者 – dentist (shikai, haisha) .いじか、/01 – politician (seijika) 2ん)し、3護4 – lawyer (bengoshi) し#$$し、564 – firefighter (shouboushi) 7い89かん、:;< – police officer (keisatsukan) =いし、>4 – soldier (heishi) 7んちくか、?築1 – architect (kenchikuka) .ん.い、@A – teacher (sensei) B#$し、C師 – (academic) teacher (kyoushi) かしD、EF – singer (kashu) GHIJK – engineer(enjinia) !ody あし、L、M – foot, leg (ashi) かかと、N – heel (kakato) O&、脛 – shin (sune) ひP、Q – knee (hi"a) もも、R – thigh (momo) あたS、頭 – head (atama) かお、顔 – face (kao) くち、T – mouth (kuchi) くちUる、V – lips (kuchibiru) -、歯 – tooth (ha) -な、W – nose (hana) X、Y – eye (me) ひげ、Z、鬚、[ – moustache, beard (hige) か\、髪 – hair (kami) \\、] – ear (mimi) い、^ – stomach (i) $_、` – arm (ude) ひじ、a – elbow (hiji) かた、b – shoulder (kata) 9X、c – nail (tsume) d、F – hand (te) dくU、Fe – wrist (tekubi)
dのひf、g、Fのh – palm of hand (tenohira) iU、j – finger, toe (yubi) しk、l – buttocks (shiri) おなか、おm n-f、mo – abdomen (onaka) かんp$、q臓 – li#er (kan"$) Bも、q – li#er (kimo) Bんにく、rs – muscle (kin%niku) くU、e – neck (kubi) ここt、u – heart [as in feelings] (kokoro) こし、v – waist, hip (koshi) しんp$、u臓 – heart (shin"$) .なか、wx – back (senaka) ち、y – blood (chi) にく、s – meat (niku) -z、{、膚 – skin (hada) ひ+、|膚 – skin (hifu) }&、~ – bone (hone) •&、€ – chest (mune) か、風‚ – cold [illness] (ka"e) げk、ƒ„ – diarrhea (geri) U#$B、…気 – illness (by$ki) &amily
かpく、1† – family (ka"oku) k#$しん、両親 – parents (ryoushin) こ‡も、子ˆ – children, child (kodomo) ちち、‰ – father (chichi)('otousan') --、Š – mother (haha)('okaasan') 9S、‹ – wife (tsuma) おŒと、 – husband (otto) あに、Ž – older brother (ani) (onsan) あ&、姉 – older sister (ane) (onsan) おと$と、 – younger brother (ot$to) いも$と、 – younger sister (im$to) B#$zい、Ž – brothers, siblings (ky$dai) しSい、姉 – sisters (shimai) ‘+、’‰ – grandfather (sofu) (ojiisan) ‘、’Š – grandmother (sobo) (obaasan) S)、孫 – grandchild (mago) おじ、“‰、”‰ – uncle (oji) (ojisan) お、“Š、”Š – aunt (oba) (obasan) いとこ、従Ž、従姉、従Ž、従、従姉、従 – cousin (itoko) Xい、姪 – niece (mei) おい、– – nephew (oi) *ife
いBもの、AB— – li#ing creatures (ikimono) 7もの、˜7— – monster (bakemono) +nimals
‡$™9、動— – animal (d$butsu) šー›ー – cheetah (cht) いœ、 – dog (inu) &こ、ž – cat (neko) $し、Ÿ – cow (ushi) ™た、 – pig (buta) $S、馬 – horse (uma) ひ9じ、¡ – sheep (hitsuji) 8る、¢ – monkey (saru) &£\、¤ – mouse, rat (ne"umi)
とf、¥ – tiger (tora) ¦¦§¨、© – wolf ($kami) $8ª、兎 – rabbit (usagi) kD$、た9、竜 – dragon (ry-, tatsu) しか、« – deer (shika) か¬る、 – frog (kaeru) ®S、蟇 – toad (gama) しし、獅子 – lion (shishi) ¯°H、±² – giraffe (kirin) p$、³ – elephant ("$) とk、鳥 – bird (tori) にわとk、鶏 – chicken (niwatori) O£X、´ – sparrow (su"ume) かfO、烏 – crow, ra#en (karasu) わし、 – eagle (washi) たか、! – hawk, falcon (taka) 8かな、" – fish (sakana) たい、# – red snapper (tai) ¬U、µ¶ – shrimp, lobster (ebi) いわし、$ – sardine (iwashi) S·t、% – tuna (maguro) か9お、& – bonito (katsuo) 8んS、¸¹" – pike (sanma) あじ、' – horse mackerel (aji) 8、( – mackerel (saba) º§、烏) – s.uid (ika) ›»、¼、½" – octopus (tako) •し、¾ – insect (mushi) ち#$、¿ – butterfly (ch$) À、Á – moth (ga) .\、 – cicada (semi) ÃHÄ、ÅÆ – dragonfly (tonbo) ÇÈ›、*É – grasshopper (batta) ÊË、ÌÍ – spider (kumo) ΛÏ、+ – firefly (hotaru) ÐG、,、- – housefly (hae) §、Ñ – mos.uito, gnat (ka) Ò¯Ó°、ÔÕ – cockroach (gokiburi) §›Ö×°、.Ÿ – snail (katatsumuri) ØÙÊI、ÚÛ – slug (namekuji) ¨¨Ü、ÝÞ – earthworm (mimi"u) かい、貝 – shellfish (kai) かい®f、貝殻 – shell (kaigara) çß、àá – li"ard (tokage) =U、â – snake (hebi) Plants
し#く™9、ã— plants (shokubutsu) く8、ä grass (kusa, /hibafu) -な、å flower (hana) \、/ fruit (mi) B、æ tree (ki) - or -Œç、0 or 0Œç leaf (ha or happa) & or &Œこ、è or èŒ子 root (ne or nekko) くB、é stem (kuki) Bのこ、ê mushroom (kinoko) Bく、ë chrysanthemum (kiku) 8くf、1 cherry blossom (sakura)
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こX、ì – uncooked rice (kome) い&、稲 – rice growing in a field (ine) •ª、í – wheat, barley, oats (mugi) î8い、ïð – #egetable (yasai) くzもの、ñ— – fruit for eating (kudamono) いも、ò – yam, potato, taro (imo) SX、ó – beans, peas (mame) zいこん、ôè – 1apanese white radish (daikon) にんじん、人õ – carrot (ninjin) °HÒ、ö÷ – apple (ringo) ¨§H、øù – mandarin orange (mikan) ÇØØ、かんし#$、úû – banana (banana, kansh$) Øü、ý – pear (nashi) Ê°、þ – chestnut tree (kuri) ËË、ÿ – peach (momo) ÃマÃ、んか、蕃茄 – tomato (tomato, banka) スº§、西瓜 – watermelon (suika) &ood
た2もの、食2— food (tabemono) ち#$し#く、朝食 breakfast (ch$shoku, asagohan) ひる)-ん、昼御飯 lunch (hirugohan) ん)-ん、晩御飯 supper (bangohan) )-ん、御飯 cooked rice or food (gohan) \‘、味噌 miso (miso) k#$k、料理 cooking (ry$ri) サラダ salad (sarada) デザーà dessert (de"to) パH bread (pan) サHドºÈš sandwich (sandoitchi) おî9、間食 snack (oyatsu) KºスÊ°ー× ice cream (aisukurmu) 2rink
の\もの、2\— drink3be#erage (nomimono) ちゃ、茶 tea ('cha') おちゃ、お茶 green tea (ocha) »ーヒー、珈琲 coffee (k$h) ªD$にD$、Ÿ乳 milk (gy-ny-) \£、水 water ('mi"u') ビーÏ beer ('bru') ワºH wine ('wain') /easoning 8と$、砂糖 sugar (sat$) しお、3 salt (shio) し#$i、4油 soy sauce (sh$yu) 4ime じかん、5間 – time (jikan) とB、じ、5 – 5hours (toki, ji) こ\、§!Hダー、暦 – calendar (koyomi, karend) +ん、" – minute (fun) U#$、# – second (by$) ひ、にち、$ – day (hi, nichi) 9B、げ9、% – month (tsuki, gatsu) (6 gatsu 3 (1anuary,7st 8onth)9 Ichi,:i,/an,/hi,;o,u,1yu,1yuIchi,1yu:i (2ecember,7?th 8onth) とし、&ん、' – year (toshi, nen)
(*ast year9 kyonen, this year9 kotoshi, ne@t year9 rainen), Bの$、8くじ9、&$ – yesterday (kin$, sakujitsu) B#$、'$ – today (ky$) あした、あO、\#$にち、($ – tomorrow (ashita, asu, my$nichi) あ8、朝 – morning (asa) (Aesterday morning9 kinou no asa, this morning9 kesa, tomorrow morning9 ashita no asa) ひる、昼 – afternoon (hiru) i$®た、)* – e#ening (y-gata) ん、晩 – e#ening (ban) る、+ – e#ening, night (yoru) $U、,$ – 5day (y$bi) しD$、6 – week (sh-) (*ast week9 sensh-, this week9 konsh-, ne@t week9 raish-) いŒしD$かん、-6間 – one week (issh-kan) Beek 2ays にち$U、$,$ – /unday (nichiy$bi) げ9$U、%,$ – 8onday (getsuy$bi) か$U、.,$ – 4uesday (kay$bi) Oい$U、水,$ – Bednesday (suiy$bi) もく$U、æ,$ – 4hursday (mokuy$bi) Bん$U、/,$ – &riday (kiny$bi) ‡$U、0,$ – /aturday (doy$bi) Beather たい$、17 – sun (taiy$) 9B、% – moon (tsuki) }し、2 – star (hoshi) dんB、3気 – weather (tenki) -!、4! – clear weather (hare) あX、5 – rain (ame) くもk、8k – cloudy (kumori) iB、6 – snow (yuki) か、風 – wind (ka"e) か\なk、7 – thunder, lightning (kaminari) たい+$、8風 – typhoon (taif-) あfし、9 – storm (arashi) ‘f、9 – sky (sora) 2irections and positions Bた、: – north (kita) ひ®し、: – east (higashi) \な\、; – south (minami) にし、西 – west (nishi) ここ – here (koko) ‘こ – there (soko) あ‘こ – o#er there (asoko) \ª、< – right (migi) ひzk、= – left (hidari) $¬、> – abo#e, up (ue) した、ƒ – below, down (shita) S¬、? – front (mae) $しt、@ – behind (ushiro) •こ$、Aこ$ – the other side, opposite side (muk$) ななX、BX – diagonal (naname) dS¬、F? – nearer, more in front (temae) とおい、;い – far (tooi) ちかい、Cい – near, close (chikai) 8aterials
\£、水 – water (mi"u) i、< – hot water (yu) こおk、= – ice (k$ri) iげ、<気 – steam (yuge) ひ、. – fire (hi) Àス – gas (gasu) く$B、9気 – air, atmosphere (k-ki) 9ち、0 – earth, ground (tsuchi) Bんpく、/D – metal, metallic (kin"oku) ‡t、E – mud, mire, clay, plaster (doro) 7•k、> – smoke, tobacco, opium (kemuri) d9、? – iron [&e] (tetsu) ‡$、@ – copper [0u] (d$) Bん、/ – gold [+u]C money (kin) ªん、A – sil#er [+g]C wealth (gin) なSk、B – lead [Pb] (namari) しお、3 – salt [:a0l] (shio) Beights and measures ÙーÃÏ – meter (mtoru) °ÈÃÏ – litre (rittoru) Fラ× – gram (guramu) ¯G – kilo (kiro) ¨° – milli (miri) HHšÙーÃÏ, HHš – centimeter (senchi) ºHš – inch (inchi) /ociety しゃかい、IJ – society (shakai) 7いPい、経済 – economy, economics (kei"ai) かいしゃ、JI – company (kaisha) かいª、JC – meeting (kaigi) ®Œこ$、KL – school (gakk$) îくし#、MN – local go#ernment office (yakusho) \.、O – store (mise) ÎPÏ – hotel (hoteru) こ$じ#$、QD – factory (k$j$) か&、/ – money (kane, most commonly okane) 89、R – bill [of money, eDgD, a thousandyen bill] (satsu) こに、S銭 – small change (ko"eni) 9k.ん、釣k銭、お9k、お釣k – change (tsurisen), change (otsuri) じ‡$-んいB、T動EFG – #ending machine, slot machine (jid$hanbaiki) BŒU、VW – ticket (public transport, fine) (kippu) BŒd、VF – stamp (kitte) =uman made objects =ome 9く¬、X – desk (tsukue) いO、Y子 – chair, position (isu) たた\、H – a tatami mat (tatami) と、I – door, family (to) とUf、Z – door panel (tobira) ドK – door (doa) S‡、J – window (mado) +とん、[団 – futon (futon) げんかん、\K – entrance (genkan) い¬、1 – house, home (ie) G!]ー›ー – ele#ator (erebt) Gス§!ー›ー – escalator (esukart) _んB、L気 – electricity (denki)
4ools くª、M – nail, spike (kugi) ひも、N – string, cord (himo) なわ、縄 – rope, string (nawa) +くt、^ – pocket, bag (fukuro) かん、O – leather bag (kaban) か8、P – umbrella, parasol (kasa) かª、Q – door bolt, key (kagi) ち#$こく、R_ – sculpture, engra#ing (ch$koku) /tationery ™ん$·、`ab – .uill(bunb$gu) ºHÊ – ink (inku) cH – pen (pen) ÄーÏcH – ballpoint pen (b$rupen) Sん&んひ9、d'S – fountain pen (mannenhitsu) ¬んe9、BS – pencil (enpitsu) +_、S – brush for writing or painting (fude) šfーÊ – chalk (ch$ku) 7しÒ×、5しÒ× – eraser (keshigomu) ¬んe97£k、BSgk – pencil sharpener (enpitsuke"uri) じ#$ª、hT – ruler (j$gi) iーà – notebook (n$to) にŒB、$U – diary (nikki) §Çー – book co#er (kab) +$と$、jk – en#elope (f-t$) -8\、V – scissors (hasami) ÎÈš¯ス – stapler (hotchikisu) 0lothes +く、l – clothes (fuku) $+く、ml – western clothing (y$fuku) Bもの、n— – kimono (kimono) わ+く、ol – 1apanese clothing (wafuku) ‘_、p – slee#e (sode) ¬k、q – lapel, collar (eri) Ä›H – button (botan) šrÈÊ、stスØー、IÈパー – "ipper, "ipper fastener (chakku, fasun, jipp) ]Ïà – belt (beruto) く9、u – shoe (kutsu) く9した、uƒ – sock (kutsushita) X®&、vW – glasses (megane) 4ransport d9‡$、?w – railway (tetsud$) ¬B、X – station (eki) ひこ$B、*xG – airplane (hik$ki) く$こ$、9y nひこ$じ#$、*xDo – airport (k-k$, hik$j$) \ち、w – street, way, road (michi) ‡$t、wz – road (d$ro) Çスdい、Çス{ – busstop (basutei) とおk、|k – a#enue (t$ri) _んしゃ、LY – train (densha) くるS、Y (じ‡$しゃ、T動Y) E car (kuruma, jid$sha) *anguage もじ、`} – letter, character, script (moji) じ、} – a letter, character (ji) かんじ、Z} – 0hinese character (kanji) ひf®な、h[~ – hiragana syllabary characters (hiragana) §›§Ø、•[~ – katakana syllabary characters (katakana)
O$じ、€} – numbers (s-ji) KÏst]Èà – alphabet (arufabetto) Gーマ} – orean [language], /outh >orean [language] (ch$sengo, kankokugo) 8edia }ん、ƒ – book (hon) か\、_ – paper (kami) d®\、F_ – letter (tegami) しん™ん、†` – newspaper (shinbun) じし#、‡a – dictionary (jisho) パˆ»H – personal computer (pasokon) 0olors いt、‰ – color (iro, shikisai) あか、赤 – red (aka) Bいt、Š‰ – yellow (kiiro) \‡k、緑 – green (midori) あお、‹ – blue (ao) •f8B、Œ – purple (murasaki, murasakiiro) しt、 – white (shiro) くt、黒 – black (kuro) ŽHÊ – pink (pinku) ちゃいt、茶‰ – brown (chairo) -いいt、‰、&£\いt、¤‰ – grey (haiiro, ne"umiiro) ¦!HI – orange (orenji) Others ¬、絵 – picture (e) おん®く、楽 – music (ongaku) kか、理, – science (rika) 8んO$、‘€ – arithmetic (sans-) !Bし、b’ – history (rekishi) ちk、“理 – geography (chiri) たいいく、” – physical education (taiiku) ス–ーÖ – sport (sup$tsu) üスP× – system (shisutemu) じ#$}$、—c – information, news (j$h$) ひ9$、˜™ – necessity (hitsuy$) 2んB#$、šd – study (benky$) いfい、›e – re.uest (irai) :umbers !い、œG、 – "ero (rei, "ero) いち、- – one (ichi) に、ž – two (ni) 8ん、Ÿ – three (san) ん、し、 – four (yon, shi) )、¡ – fi#e (go) tく、¢ – si@ (roku) なな、しち、£ – se#en (nana, shichi) -ち、¤ – eight (hachi) BD$、く、¥ – nine (ky-, ku)
じD$、¦ – ten (j-) ひゃく、§ – hundred (hyaku) .ん、¨ – thousand (sen) Sん、d – ten thousand (man) おく、f – one hundred million (oku) ひと9、-9 – one, one thing (hitotsu) +た9、ž9 – two, two things (futatsu) \Œ9、Ÿ9 – three, three things (mittsu) Œ9、9 – four, four things (yottsu) い99、¡9 – fi#e, fi#e things (itsutsu) •Œ9、¢9 – si@, si@ things (muttsu) なな9、£9 – se#en, se#en things (nanatsu) îŒ9、¤9 – eight, eight things (yattsu) ここの9、¥9 – nine, nine things (kokonotsu) とお、¦ – ten, ten things (t$) +bstract nouns こ! – this, it (kore) ‘! – that (sore) あ! – that o#er there (are) ‡! – which (dore) こちf、こŒち – this direction, thing, person, or place (kochira, kocchi) ‘ちf、‘Œち – that direction, thing, person, or place (sochira, socchi) あちf、あŒち – that direction, thing, person, or place o#er there (achira, acchi) ‡ちf、‡Œち – which direction, thing, person, or place (dochira, docchi) ひ\9、©ª – secret (himitsu) じ‡$、T動 – automatic (jid$) ない$、«¬ – content (naiy$) -、 – hem, piece, strip (haba) .いしB、®¯ – formality (seishiki) 7Œこん、g° – marriage (kekkon) げんPい、h± – now (gen"ai) いS、' – now (ima) かこ、i² – past (kako) \fい、³´ – future (mirai) +djecti#es &orms いい、い、µい – good (ii, yoi) O)い、¶い – ama"ing (sugoi) Ofしい、·4fしい – wonderful (subarashii) わるい、悪い – bad, inferior (warui) たかい、¸い – e@pensi#e, high (takai) ひくい、¹い – low (hikui) îOい、ºい – cheap (yasui) おおBい、ôBい – big ($kii) ちい8い、S8い – small (chiisai) }‘い、jい – thin (hosoi) +とい、1い – thick (futoi) +るい、»い – old (furui) あたfしい、†しい – new (atarashii) わかい、若い – young (wakai) かるい、軽い – light, easy (karui) おもい、¼い – hea#y (omoi) î8しい、½しい – easy, simple (yasashii) •£かしい、kしい – difficult (mu"ukashii) îわfかい、¾fかい – soft (yawarakai) かたい、¿い、lい – hard (katai) あ9い、mい、Àい – hot (atsui)
9Xたい、Áたい – cold (tsumetai) 8•い、Âい – cold (samui) おいしい、Ã味しい – delicious (oishii) $Sい、Ã味い、Äい – delicious, appeti"ing (umai) S£い、Å味い – tastes awful (ma"ui) あSい、úい – sweet (amai) かfい、Æい – hot [spicy] (karai) し#Œçい、3Œçい – salty (shoppai) に®い、Çい – bitter (nigai) $9くしい、Ãしい – beautiful (utsukushii) &eelings
$!しい、Èしい – happy (ureshii) たのしい、楽しい – fun (tanoshii) かなしい、Éしい – sad (kanashii) 8Uしい、Êしい、Ëしい – lonely (sabishii) 8\しい、Êしい、Ëしい sad, lonely (samishii) こわい、Ìい、Íい – scary (kowai) いたい、Îい – painful (itai) かiい、Ïい – itchy (kayui) く8い、Ðい – stinky (kusai) 9fい、Æい – painful, heartbreaking (tsurai) Gerbs Oる – to do (suru) îる – to do (yaru) F@istence いる – to e@ist [for animate objects] (iru) ある – to e@ist [for inanimate objects] (aru) なる – to become (naru) おこる、Ñこる、nる – to occur (okoru) あfわ!る, h!る – to appear (arawareru) いBる、ABる – to li#e (ikiru) $•、A•、o• – to gi#e birth (umu) しœ、Òœ – to die (shinu) こわ!る, p!る – to breakin (kowareru) in intransiti#e sense 8o#ement いく、xく – to go (iku) くる、´る – to come (kuru) か¬る、帰る、Óる – to return (kaeru) あるく、歩く – to walk (aruku) と™、*™ – to jump, to fly (tobu) お·、Ô· – to swim (oyogu) +ctions $)く、動く – to mo#ein (ugoku) お‡る、Õる – to dance (odoru) &る、Öる – to sleep (neru) $た$、E$ – to sing (utau) か•、q• – to bite (kamu) た2る、食2る – to eat (taberu) の•、2• – to drink (nomu) 8わる、×る – to touch (sawaru) なげる、Øげる – to throw (nageru) も9、Ù9 – to hold (motsu) $9、Ú9 – to hit, to strike (utsu) な·る、Ûる – to hit, to strike (naguru) 8O、jO – to point (sasu) 8O、ÜO – to stab (sasu)
8O、ÝO – to raise or e@tend one%s hands (sasu) 7る、Þる – to kick (keru) Oわる、ßる – to sit (suwaru) た9、à9 – to stand (tatsu) -しる、áる – to run (hashiru) 0hanges of state あく, 9く – to become unoccupied (aku) こ•, r• – to be crowded (komu) いる, ™る – to need (iru) かわく, âく – to become dry (kawaku) \zO, ãO to disturb, to disarrange (midasu) \z!る, ã!る to be disturbed, to become confused (midareru) 9か¬る, ä¬る to ser#e, to work for (tsukaeru) ‘なわる, sわる to be furnished with (sonawaru) O·!る, t!る to e@cel, to surpass (sugureru) ひ¬る, Á¬る to grow cold, to get chilly, to cool down (hieru) 8Xる, 覚Xる to wake, to become sober, to be disillusioned (sameru) 8Xる, ÁXる to cool down (sameru) •く, Aく to face, to turn toward (muku) たお!る, å!る to fall, to collapse (taoreru) かたSる, æSる to harden, to solidify, to become firm (katamaru) $Sる, çSる to be filled, to be surrounded, to o#erflow (umaru) $も!る, çも!る to be buried, to be co#ered (umoreru) SO, 増O to increase, to grow (masu) +¬る, 増¬る to increase, to multiply (fueru) =る, uる to decrease (heru) -£!る, !る to de#iate (ha"ureru) +とる, 1る to grow fat (futoru) -じSる, èSる to begin (hajimaru) おわる, vわる to finish, to close (owaru) BXる, wXる to decide (kimeru) /enses \る、xる – to see (miru) Bく、聞く、聴く – to hear, to listen (kiku) 8わる、×る – to touch, to feel (sawaru) か·、é· – to smell (kagu) /peech い$、ê$ – to say (iu) -なO、yO – to speak (hanasu) かたる、\る – to tell (kataru) かく、aく – to write (kaku) •、z• – to read (yomu) Bork 9か$、ë$ – to use (tsukau) 9くる、ìる、íる、{る – to make (tsukuru) なおO、îO、0O – to fi@, repair (naosu) Odる、|dる – to discard, throw away (suteru) とる、ïる、ðる、}る – to take (toru) おく、ñく – to put (oku) Fmotions かなし•、Éし•、òし• – to be sad (kanashimu) なく、óく – to cry (naku) わf$、ô$ – to laugh (warau) おこる、õる – to be angry (okoru) }Xる、öXる – to encourage (homeru) しかる、÷る – to scold (shikaru) tこ™、ø™ – to celebrate, to be jubilant, to ha#e joy, to ha#e delight, to ha#e
rapture (yorokobu) tこU、øU – joy, delight, rapture (yorokobi) な·8Xる、ùXる – to console, to consolate, to pro#ide empathy (nagusameru) あBる、~Bる – to be disinterested, to be bored, to be tired of, to be weary (akiru) お‡tく、•く – to be astonished, to be surprised, to be scared (odoroku) +cti#ities あ$、J$ – to meet, to inter#iew (au) あ7る、€7る – to opentr, to unwraptr (akeru) あ‘™、™ – to play (asobu) あ9Sる、úSる – to gatherin (atsumaru) $る、Fる – to sell (uru) ¬る、ûる – to obtain [some benefit or knowledge] (eru) おる、üる – to breaktr, to foldtr (oru) か$、‚$ – to buy (kau) Bる、Vる – to cut (kiru)H Bる、nる – to wear [on the upper body] (kiru) -く、ýく – to wear [on the lower body] (haku) か¬る、変¬る – to changetr (kaeru) か¬る、þ¬る – to e@change, to substitute, to replace (kaeru) しXる、ƒXる – to closetr (shimeru) しXる、„Xる – to tie, to fasten (shimeru) しXる、ÿXる – to comprise, to account for (shimeru) しる、知る – to know (shiru)H 9か!る、疲!る – to get tired (tsukareru) _か7る、出…7る – to go out, to depart (dekakeru) -たfく、†く – to work [eDgD, at a job] (hataraku) -なO、放O、‡O – to let go of (hanasu) îO•、休• – to rest, to take a break, to go to bed (yasumu) わか!る、"か!る – to split intoin, to be di#ided (wakareru) わか!る、ˆ!る – to partin, to separatein, to break upin (wakareru) tr transiti#e sense in intransiti#e sense H conjugates as a u#erb +d#erbs も$ – already (m$) Sz – still, yet (mada) £Œと – always ("utto) とdも – #ery (totemo) こ$ – like this (k$) ‘$ – like that (s$) ああ – in that other way () ‡$ – how (d$) しし – often (shibashiba) Prenoun adjecti#al この – this (kono) ‘の – that (sono) あの – that (ano) ‡の – which (dono) Interjections -い – yes (hai) いい¬ – no (iie) 0onjunctions _も but (demo) しかし – but, howe#er (shikashi) ‘しd – and then, 4hen (soshite) ‘!に – besides (soreni)
ななf – that is because, being because (na"enara) 4erminations of #erbs $、$ – #olitional ending [$ for u#erbs, $ for ru#erbs]9 '*et%s' or 'I will' (u, y$) .る、8.る – causati#e ending [.る for u#erbs, 8.る for ru#erbs]9 to make [someone do something], to allow (seru, saseru) !る、f!る – passi#e #erb ending [!る for u#erbs, f!る for ru#erbs]9 to be J#erbedK [eDgD, 食2f!る, 'to be eaten'] (reru, rareru) ‘$z – indicates that it seems the #erb occurs [eDgD, 'It seems he ate'] (s$da) た – informal pasttense (ta) たい – indicates desire to perform #erb (tai) zt$ – indicates that it seems the #erb occursC also used to ask whether the #erb occurs (dar$) ない, ん – informal negati#e (nai, n) [ん is a slurred #ersion and sounds a little masculine] œ – archaic informal negati#e ['he hath', 'thou didst', etcD] (nu) SO – formal nonpast ending (masu) Particles 0ase ® – subject marker, but (ga) _ – at, by (de) と – and, with (to) に – indirect object marker (ni) の – possession marker, of (no) = – to (e) [:ote9 = is normally read he, but when used as this particle its reading changes to e] S_ – to (made) かf – from (kara) k – than (yori) を – direct object marker (o) 0onjuncti#e おU、及U – andC as well as (oyobi) か – whether (ka) かも – might be, possible that (kamo) ‘しd – and then (soshite) ‘!とも – or (soretomo) zの – things like Jlist of thingsK, including, such things as (dano) 99 – ongoing occurrence (tsutsu) [similar to な®f but has different tone, and both actions ha#e e.ual weight] d – te form of #erb or adjecti#e [see e@planation] と – when, if, that (to) な®f – while, though, both (nagara) なfUに – as well as (narabini) なk – whether or not (nari) に – to JsomewhereK, by JsomeoneK (ni) の – possession (no) の_ – so (node) Sた、又 – also, again (mata) Sた-、又- – or alternati#ely (matawa) も – also, too (mo) î – and (ya) &inal & – emphasis and .uestion marker, e.ui#alent to 'rightL' (ne) か – .uestion marker (ka) な – the copula particle used after .uasiadjecti#es (na) かしf – I wonder (kashira) 8 – ness (sa)
Œ7 – particle indicating that the speaker is trying to recall some information ['Bhat class is ne@t kkeL'] (kke) +d#erbial こ‘ – emphasis (koso) 8¬ – e#en (sae) しか – only (shika) Of – e#en (sura) くfい、·fい – appro@imately, about (kurai) z7 – only, as much as (dake) zŒd – howe#er (datte) Œたf – casual topic marker (ttara) [collo.uial form of to ittara (if you refer to 5C as for 5] Œd – said that (tte) _も – also, or (demo) ‡こt – (particle used to indicate that what precedes it is an e@treme e@ample and strongly negates it) (dokoro) な‡ – for e@ample (nado) なf – if [for #erbs]C subject marker [for nouns] (nara) なんか – casual under#alue, dislike, lack (nanka) なんd – casual under#alue, dislike, lack (nante) - – topic marker (wa) [although ha is the hiragana used, wa is the pronunciation) かk、Œかk – just, full of, only (bakari) S_ – until (made) も – too, also (mo)
