A Coatings Coatings - Coatings on hot-dipped galvanized steels processed to convert the coating completely to zinc-iron alloys; dull gray in appearance, have no spangle, and after proper preparation, are well suited for painting. A Elevation Elevation - The top level of the boiler firebox where four oil guns are located. The oil guns are used to produce steam and maintain pressure while the boiler is on oil fire. A.G.C. Systems Systems - (utomatic !auge Control" #ydraulic or electric system that supplies the force to the .!.C. roll force cylinders. A Sheet Metal Screw Screw - $heet metal screws with (a" sharp-pointed ends; and (b" fewer threads per inch than type % screws; and (c" deeper threads with bettere gripping power than type %. The industrial &asteners 'nstitue incorrectly labes type an obsolete) thread though it is universally preferred in *+-+ stainless over type %, especially by the marine industry. AB Srews Srews - $heet metal screws with pointed ends similar to type- screws and thread dimensions similar to type-%. Type % screws are seldom used in stainless. Abrasion Abrasion - The displacement andor detachment of metallic particles from a surface as a conseuence of being exposed to flowing solids, fluids or gases. The process of rubbing, grinding, or wearing away by friction. Abrasion Resistance Resistance - egree of resistance of a material to abrasion or wear Abrasion-Resistant Steels Steels - family of steel products developed for those applications involved in sliding andor impact abrasion. Abrasive Abrasive - /aterial for grinding, polishing, blasting, either in loose form or bonded to form wheels, bric0s, or files, or applied to paper and cloth by glue or resin. 1atural abrasives include emery, corundum, garnet, sand, flint, etc. /etallic shot and grit are also used as abrasives in cleaning castings. Abrasive Abrasive - 1atural 2 sandstone,emery,corundum,diamonds, sandstone,emery,corundum,diamonds, or rtificial 2 silicon carbide,aluminum oxide 2 material used for ma0ing grinding wheels,andpaper,abrasive wheels,andpaper,abrasive and lapping compunds. Abrasive Wheels Wheels - 3heels of a hard abrasive, such as Carborundum Carborundum used for grinding. Abrasive Wear Wear - The displacement and or detachment of metallic particles from a surface as a conseuence of being exposed to flowing fluids or gases. Ac1 Ac1 - The temperature at which austenite begins to form on heating. Ac3 Ac3 - 'n hypoeutectoid steel, the temperature at which transformation transformation of ferrite into austenite is completed upon heating. Accelerator Accelerator - substance that hastens a reaction usually acting as a catalyst; as used in sand additive resins.
Accm Accm - 'n hypereutectoid steel, the temperature at which cementite goes into complete solution with austenite. Accorion Ree Steel Steel - #ardened, tempered, polished and blued or yellow flat steel with dressed edges. Carbon content about *.44. /aterial has to possess good flatness, uniform hardness and high elasticity. Acc!m!lator Acc!m!lator - device used to dampen pressure pulsations in the hydraulic and morgoil systems. Acc!rate Acc!rate - Conforms to a standard or tolerance. Acetyl "rib!tyl Citrate Citrate - 5ne of the lubricating oils generally applied on tin /ill 6roducts (tin plate, T&$-chromechrome oxide coated steel, and blac0plate". Aci Aci - *" solution or liuid with a p# less than 7, 8" term applied to slags, refractors, and minerals containing a high percentage of silica. Aci Brittleness #$ic%ling Brittleness& Brittleness& - %rittleness resulting from pic0ling steel in acid; hydrogen, formed by the interaction between iron and acid, is partially absorbed by the metal, causing acid brittleness. Aci Embrittlement Embrittlement - 9mbrittlement during pic0ling due to absorption of hydrogen. Aci $rocess $rocess - process of ma0ing steel, either %essemer, open-hearth or electric, in which the furnace is lined with a siliceous refractory and for which low phosphorus pig iron is reuired as this element is not removed. Aci $rocess $rocess - steel ma0ing method using an acid refractory-lined (usually silica" furnace. 1either sulfur or phosphorus is removed. Acme "hrea "hrea - screw thread having a 8: degree included angel. sed largely for feed and ad
'" coils can be run. Aa'ti (nvestment Casting $rocess $rocess - lost wax process employing one of three methods; centrifugal, vacuum or gravity-pouring casting. Aition Agent Agent - *" ny material added to a charge of molten metal in bath or ladle to bring alloy to specifications, 8" reagent added to plating bath.
Aen!m Aen!m - That portion of a gear tooth that extends from the pitch circle to the outside diameter. Aeline Steelma%ing $rocess $rocess - /ethod of producing a precision casting of steel or steel alloys using aluminolthermic process and lost wax, followed by centrifugal action. Aecm) Ae1) an Ae3 Ae3 - 9uilibrium transformation temperatures in steel. Aeration Aeration - /a0ing contact between air and a liuid by spraying liuid into the air or by agitating the liuid to promote absorption of air. lso act of fluffing molding sand. A*S "ests "ests - number of standard tests determined by merican &oundrymen?s &oundrymen?s $ociety to evaluate molding and core sands. Age +arening +arening - #ardening by aging, usually after rapid cooling or cold wor0ing. The term as applied to soft, or low carbon steels, relates to a wide variety of commercially important, slow, gradual changes changes that ta0e place in properties of steels after the final treatment. These changes, which bring about a condition of increased hardness, elastic limit, and tensile strength with a conseuent loss in ductility, occur during the period in which the steel is at normal temperatures. Agglomerating $rocesses $rocesses - >&ine particles of limestone (flux" and iron ore are difficult to handle and transport because of dusting and decomposition, so the powdery material usually is processed into larger pieces. The raw material?s properties determine the techniue that is used by mills. *" $'1T9@ %a0ed particles that stic0 together in roughly one-inch chun0s. 1ormally used for iron ore dust collected from the blast furnaces. 8" 69AA9T$ 'ron ore or limestone particles are rolled into little balls in a balling drum and hardened by heat. B" %@'9TT9$ $mall lumps are formed by pressing material together. #ot 'ron %riuetting (#%'" is a concentrated iron ore substitute for scrap for use in electric e lectric furnaces. Aging Aging - change in the properties of certain metal and alloys (such as steel" that occurs at ambient or moderately elevated temperatures after a hot wor0ing heat treatment or cold wor0ing operation. Typical properties impacted are hardness, yield strength, tensile strength, ductility, impact value, formability, magnetic properties, etc. $ee also 1on-aging. Air *!rnace *!rnace - @everbatory-type furnace in which metal is melted by heat from fuel burning at one end of the hearth, passing over the bath toward the stac0 at the other end. #eat also is reflected from the roof and side walls. Air +arening Steel Steel - steel containing sufficient carbon and other alloying elements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums from a temperature above its transformation range. $uch steels attain their martensitic structure without going through the uenching process. dditions of chromium, nic0el, molybdenum and manganese are effective toward this end. The term should be restricted to steels that are capable of being hardened by cooling in air in fairly large sections, about 8 in. (D* mm" or more in diameter.
Air +eaters +eaters - %an0 of boiler tubes located in the exhaust gas ductwor0 which preheats the incoming combustion air by transferring heat from the exhaust gases passing through them to the incoming air passing around them. 6reheating the air reduces boiler fuel reuirements. Aircra,t !ality !ality - enotes stoc0 of sufficient uality to be forged into highly stressed parts for aircraft or other critical applications. $uch materials are of extremely high uality, reuiring closely controlled, restrictive practices in their manufacture in order that they may pass rigid reuirements, such as magnetic particle inspection (@efE erospace /aterial $pecification 8B4*". Air-i,t +ammer +ammer - type of gravity drop hammer where the ram is raised for each stro0e by an air cylinder. %ecause length of stro0e can be controlled, ram velocity and thus energy delivered to the wor0piece can be varied. Air !enching !enching - ccelerated cooling of alloy in an air stream from temperatures above the cB temperature. Air Scale Scale - $cale left on ferrous metal in processing, usually from heating in presence of air. Airblasting Airblasting - cleaning operation, as cleaning sand from molds. A(S( Steels Steels - $teels of the merican 'ron and $teel 'nstitute. Common and alloy steels have been numbered in a system essentially the same as the $9. The '$' system is more elaborate than the $9 in that all numbers are preceded by lettersE represents basic open-hearth alloy steel, % acid %essemer carbon steel, C basic open-hearth carbon steel, C% either acid %essemer ar basic open-hearth carbon steel, 9 electric furnace alloy steel. Alcla Alcla - Composite sheet produced by bonding either corrosion-resistant corrosion-resistant aluminum alloy or aluminum of high purity to base metal of structurally stronger aluminum alloy. The coatings are anodic to the core so they protect exposed areas of the core electrolytically during exposure to corrosive environment. Align Align - To ad
Alloy Alloy - substance having metallic properties and composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is metal. sually possesses ualities different from those of the components. Alloy Steel Steel - $teel with modified properties that is made by combining iron with one or more elements in addition to carbon. lloys change the properties of the steel ma0ing it, for example, harder, more formable, etc., depending on the combination and amounts of alloys used. n iron-based mixture is considered to be an alloy steel when manganese is greater than *.FDG, silicon over 4.DG, copper above 4.FG, or other minimum uantities of alloying elements such as chromium, nic0el, molybdenum, or tungsten are present. n enormous variety of distinct properties can be created for the steel by substituting these elements in the recipe. Alloy S!rcharge S!rcharge - The addition to the producer?s selling price included in order to offset raw material cost increases caused by higher alloy prices. Alloying Element Element - ny metallic element added during the ma0ing of steel for the purpose of increasing corrosion resistance, hardness, or strength. The metals used most commonly as alloying elements in stainless steel include chromium, nic0el, and molybdenum. Al'ha Bron0e Bron0e - copper-tin alloy consisting of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. Commercial forms contain = or DG of tin. This alloy is used in coinage,springs,turbine,blades,etc, Al'ha - ,errite ,errite - %ody-centered cubic type of pure iron stable below *F74& (:*4C". Al'ha (ron (ron - The polymorphic form of iron, stable below *F74 (degrees" &. has a body centered cubic lattice, and is magnetic up to *=*4 (degrees" &. Al'ha Martensite Martensite - form or stage of martensite of somewhat arbitrary distinction, probably representing the least developed and most distorted stage in the transformation of austenite to martensite at ordinary temperatures. Al'ha $rocess $rocess - shell molding and core-ma0ing method in which a thin resinbonded shell is ba0ed with a less expensive, highly permeable material. Alternating Stress Stress - $tress produced in a material by forces acting alternating in opposite directions. Al!mina Al!mina - luminum oxide produced fron bauxite by a complicated chemical process. 't is a material that loo0s li0e granulated sugar. lumina is an intermediate step in the production of aluminum from bauxite, and is also a valuable chemical on its own. Al!min!m Al!min!m - silver-white soft metal, noted for its lightness, high reflectivity, high thermal conductivity, non-toxicity, and corrosion resistance. 't is the most abundant metallic element, comprising about **8th of the earthHs crust. 't is never found in nature as an elemental metal, but only in combination with oxygen and other elements. 'n ordinary commercial and industrial use, the word aluminum) is often understood to mean aluminum alloy, rather than the pure metal.
Al!min!m oie oie - chemical compound of aluminum with oxygen, which forms immediately on an unprotected surface exposed to air. nli0e iron oxide (the rust that forms on steel" aluminum oxide does not fla0e off, but forms a protective layer that bloc0s further oxidation and so protects the integrity of the metal. 't is transparent and does not alter the appearance of the aluminum surface. Al!min!m 2ille Steel Steel - ($pecial Iilled" $teel deoxidized with aluminum in order to reduce the oxygen content to a minimum so that no reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during solidification. Ambient "em'erat!re "em'erat!re - Temperature of the surrounding air. American (ron an Steel (nstit!te #A(S(& #A(S(& - non-profit association of 1orth merican producers, suppliers to and users of steel. 'ts mission is to promote steel as the material of choice and to enchance the competetiveness of its members and the 1orth merican $teel 'ndustry. American Stanar Beam Beam - Common name for a $-shape steel beam. Ames $ortable +arness "ester "ester - The @oc0well penetration method of testing hardness of metals can be made with this tester by applying pressure to the penetrator by screw action. Amor'ho!s Amor'ho!s - 1on-crystalline. 1on-crystalline. Angle Angle - $tructural steel resembling A. /ay be 9ual Aeg ngle or neual Aeg ngle. sed in trusses and built-up girders. Angle (ron (ron - n iron or steel structural member that has been cast,rolled or bent (folded" so that its cross section is l-shaped. Angle $late $late - precision holding fisture made of cast iron,steel or granite. The two principal faces are at right angles and may be slotted for holding the wor0 or clamping to a table. Anneal Anneal - To heat a metal to a temperature slightly below its melting point, then cool it gradually so as to soften it thoroughly. &ully annealed aluminum is said to be in the 5) temper. Anneal Cycle Coe Coe - $teel heat specification uniue to the annealing base being charged. Annealing Annealing - >3#T heat or thermal treatment process by which a previously coldrolled steel coil is made more suitable for forming and bending. The steel sheet is heated to a designated temperature for a sufficient amount of time and then cooled. 3#J The bonds between the grains of the metal are stretched when a coil is cold rolled, leaving the steel brittle and brea0able. nnealing >>recrystallizes>> >>recrystallizes>> the grain structure of steel by allowing for new bonds to be formed at the high temperature. #53 There are two ways to anneal cold-rolled steel coils *batch and continuous. (*" %TC# (%5K". Three to four coils are stac0ed on top of e ach other, and a cover is placed on top. &or up to three days, the steel is heated in a non-oxygen atmosphere
(so it will not rust" and slowly cooled. (8" C51T'15$. 1ormally part of a coating line, the steel is uncoiled and run through a series of vertical loops within a heaterE The temperature and cooling rates are controlled to obtain the desired mechanical properties for the steel.> Arbor $ress Ann!l!s - ring-li0e part or, the orifice of a hollow die, through which extruded metal flows from the press. Anoes - Tin bars that are put in the plater cells and are important to the Anoi0e #An $ainte& Al!min!m - luminum coated with a thin film of oxide (applied by anodic treatment" resulting in a surface with extreme hardness. wide variety of dye-colored coatings are made possible by impregnation in the anodizing process. Anoi0ing - &orming or thic0ening an oxide coating on aluminum by immersing it in an eletrolyte bath and passing a current through the bath, using the aluminum as the anode. The process may be used to increase the protective effect of aluminumHs transparent natural oxide surface; it may also be given a decorative coloration. plating process in the Tin /ill. AS( - $tands for merican 1ational $tandards 'nstitute Antimony - Chemical symbol $b. $ilvery white and lusteous, it exhibits poor heat and electrical conductivity. 't is used primarily in compunds such as anitmony trioxide for flame-retardents. 5theer applications include storage battery components. Anticarb!ri0ing Com'o!ns - Compounds applied to metallic surfaces to prevent surface carbonization. Anvil - heavy iron or steel bloc0 upon which metal is forged or hammered. lso the fixed
Arbor - shaft or spindle for holding cutting tools; most usually on a milling machine. Arbor $ress - 1AA Arc C!tting - sing an electric arc to cut metal. Arc *!rnace - steel melting furnace in which heat is generated by an arc between graphite electrodes and the metal. %oth carbon and alloy steels are produced in electric arc furnaces and scrap,rather than molten metal,is used as the base material. &urnaces with capacities up to 844 tonnes are now in use. Arcair "orch - n electric arc torch with air ducts running parallel to the electrode, used to remove metal and surface defects from ferrous castings. Architect!ral ,inish - n architectural finish is a standard finish characterized by a uniformly good appearance. This finish is most often specified for exposed) surfaces. Argon-4ygen /ecarb!ri0ation #A4/& - >3#T process for further refinement of stainless steel through reduction of carbon content. 3#J The amount of carbon in stainless steel must be lower than that in carbon steel or lower alloy steel (i.e., steel with alloying element content below DG". 3hile electric arc furnaces (9&" are the conventional means of melting and refining stainless steel, 5 is an economical supplement, as operating time is shorter and temperatures are lower than in 9& steelma0ing. dditionally, using 5 for refining stainless steel increases the availability of the 9& for melting purposes. #53 /olten, unrefined steel is transferred from the 9& into a separate vessel. mixture of argon and oxygen is blown from the bottom of the vessel through the melted steel. Cleaning agents are added to the vessel along with these gases to eliminate impurities, while the oxygen combines with carbon in the unrefined steel to reduce the carbon level. The presence of argon enhances the affinity of carbon for oxygen and thus facilitates the removal of carbon. > Arnol5s *atig!e "est - test for fractures using +D4 cyclic stress reverses per min., recording the number of cycles reuired to produce fracture. 1amed after Lohn rnold, %ritish /etallurgist" As Cast #as-cast) !.m.& - @eferring to metal which has not received finishing (beyond gate removal or sandblasting" or treatment of any 0ind including heat treatment after casting. $imilarly, as drawn, as forged and as rolled. ($ee &inishing" AS/ - luminum $tandards and ata published by the luminum ssociation. Ash Bo - %ric0 lined collection point for slag and ash. Ash "an% - #olding tan0 for ashes. The tan0 is located outside the boiler house. The ashes are dumped once or twice a wee0, depending on the ash accumulation.
As%ania - *." strip-centering device consisting of two electric eyes to ensure that the strip will stay centered during re-coiling. 8" evice with an electronic eye which is associated with trac0ing of strip going through the side trimmers. Assembly - unit of fitted parts that na
Attem'erator - #eader connecting the primary and finishing superheaters into which feed water is sprayed to control the final temperature of the steam leaving the boiler. Attrition - natural redcution in wor0 force as a result of resignations, retirements or death. /ost unionized companies cannot unilaterally reduce their employment levels to cut costs, so management must rely on attrition to provide openings that they, in turn, do not fill. %ecause the median ages of wor0 forces at the integrated mills may be more than D4, an increasing number of retirments may provide these companies with added flexibility to improve their competitiveness. A!stenite - 6hase in certain steels, characterized as a solid solution, usually of carbon or iron carbide, in the hamma form of iron. $uch steels are 0nown as austenitic. ustenite is stable only above *BBB (degrees" &. in a plain carbon steel, but the presence of certain alloying elements, such as nic0el and manganese, stabilizes the austenitec form, even at normal temperatures. A!stenite Steel - ny steel containing sufficient alloy to produce a stable austenitic (gamma iron" crystalline structure at ambient temperatures. A!stenitic - $teel which, because of the presence of alloying elements, such as manganese,nic0el,chromium,etc., shows stability of ustenite at normal temperatures A!to Stam'ing $lant - facility that presses a steel blan0 into the desired form of a car door or hood, for example, with a powerful die (pattern". The steel used must be ductile (malleable" enough to bend into shape without brea0ing. A!tomatic - escribes the status of the operation when the 58 pulpit has control and the boiler logic has control. A!tomatic Ga!ge Control - sing hydraulic roll force systems, steelma0ers have the ability to control precisely their steel sheet?s gauge (thic0ness" while it is traveling at more than D4 miles per hour through the cold mill. sing feedbac0 or feed-forward systems, a computer?s gap sensor ad
A!iliary 4il $!m' - steam or electric pump that maintains oil pressure on the controls and the bearings of a turbo blower when it is not up to maximum speed. A!illiary 4'erations - dditional processing steps performed on forgings to obtain properties, such as surface conditions or shapes, not obtained in the regular processing operation. A!iliary $!m' - 6ump on the auxiliary system which supplies the pressure for the system. AW-177 - The hydraulic oil used in all the hydraulic systems located in the finishing mill oil cellar and the furnace hydraulic system. AWG #American Wire Ga!ge& - system of conventional designations of standard wire diameters. &or example, *4 gauge) denotes wire of 4.*BD-inch diameter. 'n the 3! system, higher numbers designate smaller diameters and lower numbers designate larger diameters. Ail Rolls - 'n ring rolling, vertically displaceable frame opposite from but on the same centerline as the main roll and rolling mandrel. The axial rolls control the ring height during the rolling process. Ais - The line,real or imaginery,passing through the center of an ob
Air-+arening Steel - steel containing sufficient carbon and other alloying elements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums from a temperature above its transformation range. $uch steels attain their martensitic structure without going through the uenching process. dditions of chromium, nic0el, molybdenum and manganese are effective toward this end. The term should be restricted to steels that are capable of being hardened by cooling in air in fairly large sections, about 8 in. or more in diameter. Allotriomor'h - particle of a phase that has no regular external shape. Alloy - substance having metallic properties and composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is a metal. Alloy Steel - $teel containing substantial uantities of elements other than carbon and the commonly-accepted limited amounts of manganese, sulfur, silicon, and phosphorus. ddition of such alloying elements is usually for the purpose of increased hardness, strength or chemical resistance. The metals most commonly used for forming alloy steels areE nic0el, chromium, silicon, manganese tungsten, molybdenum and vanadium, Aow lloy steels are usually considered to be those containing a total of less than DG of such added constituents. Alloying Element - n element added to a metal, and remaining in the metal, that effects changes in structure and properties. Al'ha Brass - copper-zinc alloy containing up to B+G of zinc. sed mainly for cold wor0ing. Al'ha Bron0e - copper-tin alloy consisting of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. Commercial forms contain = or DG of tin. This alloy is used in coinage, springs, turbine, blades, etc. Al!mini0ing - &orming an aluminum or aluminum alloy coating on a metal by hot dipping, hot spraying, or diffusion. Al!min!m #Chemical symbol Al& - 9lement 1o. *B of the periodic system; tomic weight 8F.:7; silvery white metal of valence B; melting point *884 (degrees" &; boiling point approximately =**+ (degrees" &.; ductile and malleable; stable against normal atmospheric corrosion, but attac0ed by both acids and al0alis. luminum is used extensively in articles reuiring lightness, corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, etc. 'ts principal functions as an alloy in steel ma0ing; (*" eoxidizes efficiently. (8" @estricts grain growth (by forming dispersed oxides or nitrides" (B" lloying element in nitriding steel. Al!min!m 2ille Steel - steel where aluminum has been used as a deoxidizing agent. Angstrom :nit - (" unit of linear measure eual to *4(-*4"m, or 4.* nm; not an accepted $i unit, but still sometimes used for small distances such as interatomic distances and some wavelengths.
Anisotro'y - The characteristics of exhibiting different values of a property in different directions with respect to a fixed reference system in the material. Annealing - #eating to and holding at a suitable temperature and then cooling at a suitable rate, for such purposes as reducing hardness, improving machinability, facilitating cold wor0ing, producing a desired microstructure, or obtaining desired mechanical, physical, or other properties. 3hen applicable, the following more specific terms should be usedE blac0 annealing, blue annealing, box annealing, bright annealing, flame annealing, graphitizing, intermediate annealing, isothermal annealing, malleablizing, process annealing, uench annealing, recrystallization annealing, and spheroidizing. 3hen applied to ferrous alloys, the term annealing, without ualification, implies full annealing. 3hen applied to nonferrous alloys, the term annealing implies a heat treatment designed to soften an age-hardened alloy by causing a nearly complete precipitation of the second phase in relatively coarse form. ny process of annealing will usually reduce stresses, but if the treatment is applied for the sole purpose of such relief, it should be designated stress relieving. Annealing "win - twin formed in a metal during an annealing heat treatment. Anoi0ing #Al!min!m A ic 4ie Coating& - process of coating aluminum by anodic treatment resulting in a thin film of aluminum oxide of extreme hardness. wide variety of dye colored coatings are possible by impregnation in process. Arc Weling - group of welding processes wherein the metal or metals being
A!stenitic Steel - $teel which, because of the presence of alloying elements, such as manganese, nic0el, chromium, etc., shows stability of ustenite at normal temperatures. A!steniti0ing - &orming austenite by heating a ferrous alloy into the transformation range (partial austenitizing" or above the transformation range (complete austenitizing". A!stentite - solid solution of one or more elements in face-centered cubic iron. A!to,rettage - 6re-stressing a hollow metal cylinder by the use of momentary internal pressure exceeding the yield strength. A!toraiogra'h - radiograph recorded photographically by radiation spontaneously emitted by radioisotopes that are produced in, or added to, the material. This techniue identifies the locations of the radioisotopes. B Elevation - The bottom level of the boiler firebox where two oil guns are located. The oil guns are used if the boiler needs extra steam while on oil fire. BA - %atch nneal Babbitt - n antifriction metal alloy used for bearing inserts;made of tin,antimony,lead and copper. Bac% /ra,t - @everse taper which would prevent removal of a pattern from a mold or a core from a corebox. Bac% En - *" sually refers to the entry end of process lines. 8" The outside lap 8" of the produced coil, or the inside lap of the consumed coil. Bac% Gears - !ears fitted to a machine to increase the number of spindle speeds obtainable with a cone or step pulley belt drive. Bac% Ra%e - The angular surface ground bac0 from the cutting edge of cutting tools. 5n lathe cutting tools. The ra0e is positive if the face slopws down from the cutting edge toward the shan0, and negative if the face sloopes upward toward the shan0. Bac%lash - The lost motion or looseness (play" between the faces of meshing gears or threads. Bac%-!' Balance - Cylinders that supply the force used to hold the bac0-up rolls up in place. Bac%-!' Roll - *" @oll used as a support roll mainly for plater rolls. 8" Two rolls, one on top and one on bottom of the two wor0 rolls which apply pressure and reduce the flexing of the wor0 rolls. Bac%er #bac%-!' 'late& - tool) or reinforcing part, which presses against the outer surface of an extrusion die, supporting it against the pressure of the extruding
metal. The bac0er has an opening larger than the die aperture, allowing the extruded product to emerge without marring its soft surface. Bac%ing Boar #Bac%ing $late& - second bottom board on which molds are opened. Bac%ing San - The bul0 of the sand in the flas0. The sand compacted on top of the facing sand that covers the pattern. Bac%o,, - @emoval of part of coil from entry end of unit; may be necessitated by a defect in coil or by a wrec0 in the mill, etc. %ac0off weight is the part of the coil that is removed and not finishedproduced. Bac%war Etr!sion - &orcing metal to flow in a direction opposite to the motion of a punch or die. Bac%waration - /ar0et condition where the spot, or current price for a metal is higher than the three-month delivery price. This usually indicates immediate demand is perceived to be stronger than long-term demand. 1ot considered to be a >normal> mar0et state ($ee Contango". Bainite - eutectoid transformation product of ferrite and a fine dispersion of carbide, generally formed at temperatures below +=4 to :B4 & (=D4 to D44 C"E upper bainite is an aggregate containing parallel lath-shape units of ferrite, produces the so-called feathery appearance in optical microscopy, and is formed at temperatures above about FF4 & (BD4 C"; lower bainite consists of individual plate-shape units and is formed at temperatures below about FF4 & (BD4 C". lso, a slender, needle-li0e (acicular" microstructure appearing in spring steel strip characterized by toughness and greater ductility than tempered /artensite. %ainite is a decomposition product of ustenite best developed at interrupted holding temperatures below those forming fine pearlite and above those giving /artensite. Ba%e - #eat in an oven to a low controlled temperature to remove gases or to harden a binder. Ba%e +arenable Steel - cold-rolled, low-carbon sheet steel used for automotive body panel applications. %ecause of the steelHs special processing, it has good stamping and strength characteristics and after paint is ba0ed on, improved dent resistance. Ba%e Core - core which has been heated through sufficient time and temperature to produce the desired physical properties attainable from its oxidizing or thermal-setting binders. Ba%e Strength - Compressive, shear, tensile or transverse strength of a mold sand mixture when ba0ed at a temperature above 8B* %4& (*** %4C" and then cooled to room temperature. Balance Steel - $teels in which the deoxidisation is controlled to produce an intermediate structure between a rimmed and 0illed steel, $ometimes referred to as
semi-0illed steels, they possess uniform properties throughout the ingot and amongst their applications are boiler plate and structural sections. Ball B!rnishing - method of obtaining a high luster on small parts by rotating them in a wooden-lined barrel with water, burnishing soap, and stainless steel shot. Baller Stic% - 5ctagon-shaped wooden stic0 approximately D? long. This stic0 is used in the baller area, to change burr mashers, to start a coil with a large ', etc. Balling /r!m - rotating drum that is used for adding moisture to the sinter mix in the %last &urnace. lso, it enhances a balling action where the smaller sized materials adhere to larger materials. Ban - @efers to metal strap $ignode band that is one half inch wide. This band is used to thread and pull the strip through the line. Ban /is'enser - evice that holds that roll of steel banding. Ban Saw Steel #Woo& - hardened tempered bright polished high carbon cold rolled spring steel strip produced especially for use in the manufacture of band saws for sawing wood, non ferrous metals, and plastics. sually carries some nic0el and with a @oc0well value of approximately C=4=D. Ban Wareroom - storage area in $trip $teel used for storing hot bands (coil made from slab". Ban) (nsie - loose steel frame placed inside a removable flas0 to reinforce the sand at the parting line after the flas0 has been removed. Baner - /achine located at each delivery reel to automatically place circumference bands around completed coils. Baning "ool - Tool used to tighten a steel band around a coil. Bansaw - power saw, the blade of which is a continuous,narrow,steel band having teeth on one edge and passing over two large pulley wheels. Bar - Aong steel products that are rolled from billets. /erchant bar and reinforcing bar (rebar" are two common categories of bars, where merchants include rounds, flats, angles, suares, and channels that are used by fabricators to manufacture a wide variety of products such as furniture, stair railings, and farm euipment. @ebar is used to strengthen concrete in highways, bridges and buildings (see $heet $teel". Bar) *las% - rib in the cope of a tight flas0 to help support the sand. Bare S'ot - location on the strip where coating did not adhere. Bar% - $urface of metal, under the oxide-scale layer, resulting from heating in an oxidizing environment. 'n the case of steel, such bar0 always suffers from decarburization.
Bars - relatively long straight, rigid piece pf metal; long steel products rolled from billets into such shapes as suares,rectangles, rounds,angles,channels,hexagons,and tees. 'n steel, merchant bars) include rounds,flats,angles,suares,and channels that are used by fabricators to manufacture a wide variety of products such as furniture,stair railings and farm euipment. Concrete reinforcing bar (rebar" is used to strengthen concrete in highways,bridges and buildings. Base - The steel or concrete pedestal on which the coils are stac0ed during the batch annealing process. Base Bo - nit of area of **8 sheets of tin mil products (tin plate, tin free steel or blac0 plate" *= by 84 inches, or B*,BF4 suare inches. Tin 6late is sold, and carried in finished inventory, on a weight per unit area rather than on a thic0ness basis. Base Metal - (*" The metal present in the largest proportion in an alloy; (8" the metal to be brazed, cut or welded; (B" after welding the part of the metal that was not melted during the process. Base Metal Contamination - irt or other impurities in the steel strip. Base $late - plate to which the pattern assemblies are attached and to which a flas0 is subseuently attached to form the mold container. Base "y'e - Tin /ill term; Thic0ness divided by .444**. lso weight in pounds of one %ase %ox of Tin plate. 'n finished inventory base weight is specified instead of decimal thic0ness. Basic 4ygen *!rnace #B4*& - >3#T pear-shaped furnace, lined with refractory bric0s, that refines molten iron from the blast furnace and scrap into steel. p to B4G of the charge into the %5& can be scrap, with hot metal accounting for the rest. 3#J %5&s, which can refine a heat (batch" of steel in less than =D minutes, replaced open-hearth furnaces in the *:D4s; the latter reuired five to six hours to process the metal. The %5&?s rapid operation, lower cost and ease of control give it a distinct advantage over previous methods. #53 $crap is dumped into the furnace vessel, followed by the hot metal from the blast furnace. lance is lowered from above, through which blows a high-pressure stream of oxygen to cause chemical reactions that separate impurities as fumes or slag. 5nce refined, the liuid steel and slag are poured into separate containers. > Basic 4ygen $rocess - (%56" process in which molten steel is produced in a furnace by blowing oxygen into molten iron, scrap and flux materials. The furnace is 0nown as %asic 5xygen &urnace (%5&". Bas%et Screen - first stage in-line water filter for water delivered from the 1ew %lowing @oom 6ump @oom to the %last &urnace. The strainer contains an e lectricdriven rotary sieve that catches particulates and prevents them from entering the water system. Bastar - Threads,parts,tools and sizes that are not standard, such as, %astard 1uts), %astard 6lus), bastaard fittings and so forth. The term also refers to a standard coarse cut file.
Batch - mount or uantity of core or mold sand or other material prepared at one time. Batch Anneal - The process by which a large, stationary stac0 of steel coils (= coils high" is sub
Bell Mo!th - The flaring or tapering of a machined hole, usually made at the entrance end because of misalignment or spring of the cutting tool. Belly Roll - @oll used on the line to steady plate. Belt Wra''er - Aine euipment used in the Tin /ill for starting coils on prime or re
B+ - %rinell #ardness 1umber B( - Chemical symbol for %ismuth Bi-Coil - lso %J-C5'A. Tin /ill term. Customers buy >by coil> or >bi-coil> rather than cut sheets. Bi,l!orie *eeer - machine in the Tin /ill that automatically puts bifluoride into the plater bath. Big Winch - The tool used to spot (or position" the rail cars for unloading. 't is located on the north end of the unloading area. Billet - (*" semi-finished section hot rolled from a metal ingot, with a rectangular cross section usually ranging from *F to BF in., the width being less than twice the thic0ness. 3here the cross section exceeds BF in., the term bloom) is properly but not universally used. $izes smaller than *F in. are usually termed bars); a solid semi-finished round or suare product which has been hot wor0ed by forging, rolling, or extrusion. (8" semi-finished, cogged, hot rolled or continuous-cast metal product of uniform section, usually rectangular with radiused corners. %illets are relatively larger than bars. Billet container - The part of the extrusion press into which the billet to be extruded is placed. Bimetal - Casting, usually centrifugal, made of two different metals, fused together. Biner - The bonding agent used as an additie to mold or core sand to impart strength of plasticity in a dry state. Bism!th - Chemical symbol %i. soft, course cystalline heavy metal with a silvery white color and pin0ish tinge; usually produced as a by-product of copper,leaad and other metals. #as a thermal conductivity lower than all other metals except mercury. sed as alloying agent but leading use is in pharmaceuticals. Bit) "ool #c!tter& - hardened steel bar or plate that is shaped accordidng to the operation to be performed and the material to be machined. Blac% $i'e /enotes lac;!ere 4/ ,inish #as o''ose to bare or galvani0e& Blac% (ron - ncoated steel product. Blac% 4il "em'ere S'ring Steel Stri' #Scaleless Bl!e& - flat cold rolled usually .74.+4 medium high carbon steel strip, blue-blac0 in color, which has been uenched in oil and drawn to desired hardness. 3hile it loo0s and acts much li0e blue tempered spring steel and carries a @oc0well hardness of C===7, it has not been polished and is lower in carbon content. sed for less exacting reuirements than cloc0 spring steel, such as snaps, loc0 springs, hold down springs, trap springs, etc. 't will ta0e a more severe bend before fracture than will cloc0 spring, but it does not have the same degree of spring-bac0.
Blac% $late - light weight or a thin uncoated steel sheet or strip so called because of its dar0 oxide coloring prior to pic0ling. 't is manufactured by two different processes. (*" &orm sheet bar on single stand sheet mills or sheet mills in tandem. This method is now almost obsolete. (8" 5n modern, high speed continuous tandem cold reduction mills from coiled hot rolled pic0led wide strip into ribbon wound coils to finished gage. $izes range from *8 to B8 in width, and in thic0nesses from DD lbs. to 87D lbs. base box weight. 't is used either as is for stampings, or may be enameled or painted or tin or terne coated. Blac% $i'e /enotes lac;!ere 4/ ,inish #as o''ose to bare or galvani0e& 1AA Blac%ening Scab - form of casting defect related to an improper coating rather than to the sand. Blac%ing +ole - 'rregular-shaped surface cavities in a casting containing carbonaceous matter. Caused by spilling off of the blac0ing from the mold surface. Blan% - $olid metal dis0 or plate inserted into a line to prevent the flow of gases or liuids through the line. Blan% - piece of stoc0 (also call a slug) or multiple)" from which a forging is to be made. Blan%ing - n early step in preparing flat-rolled steel for use by an end user. blan0 is a section of sheet that has the same outer dimensions as a specified part (such as a car door or hood" but that has not yet been stamped. $teel processors may offer blan0ing for their customers to reduce their labor and transportation costs; excess steel can be trimmed prior to shipment. Blast Cleaning #blasting& - process for cleaning or finishing metal ob
Blister - *" Coating defect consisting of the formation of bubbles in a coating, which appear as hemispherical elevations. The blisters are hollow, and are usually caused by entrapped air or solvent. 8" raised spot on the surface on the surface of metal due to expansion of gas which causes a subsurface metal separation such as inclusions and small laminations. Blister Steel - #igh-carbon steel produced by carburizing wrought iron. The bar, originally smooth, is covered with small blisters when removed from the cementation (carburizing" furnace. Bloc% - The forging operation in which metal is progressively formed to general desired shape and contour by means an impression die (used when only one bloc0 operation is scheduled". Bloc%) set> the film. Blow /own - 6rocess that rids boiler feed water of solids and maintains the proper chemical balance of the feed water. %low down can also be used to rid drum(s" of excess water. Blowhole - defect in a casting caused by trapped steam or gas. Bl!e Annealing - #eating hot rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, in order to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on the surface is incidental.
Bl!e Brittleness - %rittleness exhibited by some steels after being heated to some temperature within the range of B44 (degrees" to FD4 (degrees" &, and more especially if the steel is wor0ed at the elevated temperature. Iilled steels are virtually free of this 0ind of brittleness. Bl!e $rint - pen or in0 line drawing reproduced (printed" on sensitized paper by direct exposure. Bl!e 9itriol Co''er s!l,ate - layout solution which turns a copper color when applied to a clean,polished metal surface. Bl!ing - $ub
Boron # chemical symbol B& - 9lement 1. D of the periodic system. tomic weight *4.+8. 't is gray in color, ignites at about ***8 (degrees" &. and burns with a brilliant green flame, but its melting point in a non-oxidizing atmosphere is about =444 (degrees" &. %oron is used in steel in minute uantities for one purpose only- to increase the hardenability as in case hardening and to increase strength and hardness penetration. Boron Steels - The addition of boron in the range 4.444D-4.44DG to certain steels increases the hardenability. range of boron steels is now listed in the current %$ :74 and are widely used for the production of cold headed fastenings. Boss - pro
Brea% "est #,or tem'ere steel& - method of testing hardened and tempered high carbon spring steel strip wherein the specimen is held and bent across the grain in a vice-li0e calibrated testing machine. 6ressure is applied until the metal fractures at which point a reading is ta0en and compared with a standard chart of bra0e limitations for various thic0ness ranges. Brea%age - Crac0s or separation of the steel. Brea%er - ncoiler rolls through which the strip passes; composed of a mandrel and leveling rolls which unwind the strip prior to processing through the 6ic0ler. %rea0er rolls assist in brea0ing up the #ot /ill surface scale. Brea%o!t - n accident caused by the failure of the walls of the hearth of the furnace resulting in liuid iron or slag (or both" flowing uncontrolled out of the blast furnace. Brige - 'n extrusionE the part of an extrusion bridge die) that supports a voidforming mandrel. uring extrusion, the metal divides and flows around the bridge, reuniting as it is extruded through the die orifice. The resulting weld line can be detected upon microscopic examination, but the extrusion appears functionally and visually seamless. Brile - set of rolls used to maintain tension on the strip as it goes through the line. Brile Rolls - series of neoprene or steel rolls. Brile Sn!bber - The roll above the bridle rolls used to thread the strip. lso is used to steer the strip through the bridle. Brile :nit - three-roll cluster used to control line tension at strategic locations on the line. Briling - The cold wor0ing of dead soft annealed strip metal immediately prior to a forming, bending, or drawing operation. process designed to prevent the formulation of Auder?s lines. Caution-%ridled metal should be used promptly and not permitted to (of itself" return to its pre-bridled condition. Bright Annealing - process carried out usually in a controlled furnace atmosphere, so surface does not oxidize, remaining bright. Bright Basic Wire - %right steel wire, slightly softer than %right %essemer 3ire. sed for round head wood screws, bolts and rivets, electric welded chain, etc. Bright Bessemer Wire - $tiff bright wire of hard temper. 1ormally wire is drawn down to size without annealing. Bright /i''ing - Chemical polishing of aluminum, often by treatment with a mixture of nitric acid and phosphoric acid, yielding a mirror-shiny (specular" highly reflective surface. 't is almost always followed by anodizing to protect the surface and provide some choice of color.
Bright /rawing - The process of drawing hot rolled steel through a die to impart close dimensional tolerances, a bright scale free surface and improved mechanical properties. The product is termed bright steel. Brine - saltwater solution for uenching or cooling when heat treating steel. Brinell +arness - The hardness of a metal or part, as represented by the number obtained from the ratio between the load applied on the spherical area of the impression made by a steel ball forced into the surface of the material tested. Brinell +arness !mber - The value of hardness of a metal on an arbitrary scale representing 0gmm8, determined by measuring the diameter of the impression made by a ball of given diameter applied under a 0nown load. Malues are expressed in %rinell #ardness 1umbers, %#1 Brinell +arness "esting - /ethod of determining the hardness of materials; involves impressing a hardened ball of specified diameter into the material surface at a 0nown pressure (*4-mm ball, D44-0g load for aluminum alloys". The %rinell hardness number results from calculations involving the load and the spherical area of the ball impression. irect-reading testing are generally used for routine inspection of forgings, and as a heat treat control function. Brite - *" @egular galvanize coating (not minimized spangle or L6". 8" @olls that have no grit; smooth finish on surface of steel. Brittle *ract!re - &racture with little or no plastic deformation. Brittle (nter-metallic ayer - n iron-zinc alloy layer formed between the steel substrate and the free zinc of galvanized coatings. Broach - long, tapered cutting tool with serrations which,when forced through a hole or across a surface, cuts a desired shape or size. Broaching - $moothing machined holes or outside surfaces of castings by drawing pushing on or more broaches (special cutting tools" through the roughed out hole. Bron0e - n alloy containing :4G copper and *4G tin. sed for screws, wire, hardware, wear plates, bushings and springs; it is somewhat stronger than copper and brass and has eual or better ductility. Br!ise - mar0 transferred to the strip surface from a defective process roll. $imilar to dent or punchmar0. B"C - %uttress threaded and coupled B!c%les - ppeaars li0e a series of waves and are created during rolling as a result of mechanical misalignment or cross-section irregularities in supply coil. B!,, - To polish smooth finish of high luster with a cloth or fabric wheel to which a compund has been added.
B!il :' Coil - coil made by putting together two or more coils to ma0e one max coil or one shippable coil. B!ilt!' $late - > pattern plate of suitable material, with the cope pattern mounted on or attached to one side; the drag pattern may be attached to the other side or to a separate mounting. $ee /atchplate > B!l% /ensity - The ratio of the weight of a material to its over-all volume (including any inherent porosity". B!ll Gear - The large cran0 gear of a shaper. B!nle - $pecific number of sheets which euals * unit of production. 1umber is determined by multiplying sheets6ac0ages%1A9. &or example, an order calls for **8 sheetspac0age. ccording to the maximum height allowed for a lift. Therefore, multiplying *D pac0ages K **8 sheets B *F+4 sheetsbundle. B!rn - *" 6rocess of cutting metal by a stream of fuel and oxygen, 8" to permanently damage a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. B!rn-4n-San - $and adhering to the surface of the casting that is extremely difficult to remove. B!rn-4!t - &iring a mold at a high temperature to remove pattern material residue. B!rning - (*" 6ermanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. (8" 'n grinding getting the wor0 hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure by tempering or hardening. B!rnishing - eveloping a smooth finish on a metal by tumbling or rubbing with a polished hand tool. B!rnt R!bber - $mall or large blac0 spots that generally show up on surface and are generally caused by pic0ling steel too hot. B!rnthro!gh - 'n shell molding, resin burned out too soon. B!rr - The very subtle ridge on the edge of strip steel left by cutting operations such as slitting, trimming, shearing, or blan0ing. &or example, as a steel processor trims the sides of the sheet steel parallel or cuts a sheet of steel into strips, its edges will bend with the direction of the cut. B!rr Mashers - evices used to remove build up on edge of strip after the slitting process. B!rst - 'nternal pressure at which a tube will yield-often tested hydrostatically
B!sheling - widely traded form of steel scrap consisting of sheet clips and stampings from metal production. %ushel bas0ets were used to collect the material through 3orld 3ar '', giving rise to the term. B!shing - sleeve or a lining for a bearing or a drill %i Coil> is also used in production to refer to coils vs. cut plate By-$ass - /anual control used to by-pass automatic valve if it fails or in an emergency. Bamboo Grain Str!ct!re - structure in wire or sheet in which the boundaries of the grains tend to be aligned normal to the long axis and to extend completely through the thic0ness. Bane Str!ct!re - ppearance of a metal showing parallel bands in the direction of rolling or wor0ing. Baning - 'nhomogeneous distribution of alloying elements or phases aligned in filaments or plates parallel to the direction of wor0ing. Basic 4ygen $rocess - steel ma0ing process wherein oxygen of the highest purity is blown onto the surface of a bath of molten iron contained in a basic lined and ladle shaped vessel. The melting cycle duration is extremely short with uality comparable to 5pen #earth $teel. Basic Steel - $teel melted in a furnace with a basic bottom and lining and under a slag containing an excess of a basic substance such as magnesia or lime. Bath Annealing - 's immersion is a liuid bath (such as molten lead or fused salts" held at an assigned temperature-when a lead bath is used, the process is 0nown as lead annealing. Ba!ite - The only commercial ore of aluminum, corresponding essentially to the formula l85Bx#85.
Beaing - @aising a ridge on sheet metal. Bearing oa - compressive load supported by a member, usually a tube or collar, along a line where contact is made with a pin, rivet, axle, or shaft. Ben Rai!s - The inside radius of a bent section, Bessemer $rocess - process for ma0ing steel by blowing air through molten pig iron contained in a refractory lined vessel so that the impurities are thus removed by oxidation. Billet - solid semi-finished round or suare product that has been hot wor0ed by forging, rolling, or extrusion. n iron or steel billet has a minimum width or thic0ness of * *8 in. and the cross-sectional area varies from 8 *= to BF s. in. &or nonferrous metals, it may also be a casting suitable for finished or semi-finished rolling or for extrusion. Binary Alloy - n alloy containing two elements, apart from minor impurities, as brass containing the two elements copper and zinc. Blac% Annealing - process of box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip or wire after hot wor0ing and pic0ling. Blast *!rnace - vertical shaft type smelting furnace in which an air blast is used, usually hot, for producing pih iron. The furnace is continuous in operation using iron ore, co0e, and limestone as raw materials which are charged at the top while the molten iron and slag are collected at the bottom and are tapped out at intervals. Blister - defect in metal, on or near the surface, resulting from the expansion of gas in a subsurface zone. Mery small blisters are called pinheads or pepper blisters. Bloom - semi-finished hot rolled product, rectangular in cross section, produced on a blooming mill. &or iron and steel, the width is not more than twice the thic0ness, and the cross-sectional area is usually not less than BF s. in. 'ron and steel blooms are sometimes made by forging. Bloomery - primitive furnace used for direct reduction of ore to iron. Blooming-Mill - mill used to reduce ingots to blooms, billets slabs, sheet-bar etc., Blowhole - cavity which was produced during the solidification of metal by evolved gas, which in failing to escape is held in poc0ets. Bl!e Brittleness - @educed ductility occurring as a result of strain aging, when certain ferrous alloys are wor0ed between B44 and 744 (degrees" &. This phenomenon may be observed at the wor0ing temperature or subseuently at lower temperatures. Boy-Centere - #aving the euivalent lattice points at the corners of the unit cell, and at its center; sometimes called centered, or space-centered.
Boneri0ing - The coating of steel with a film composed largely of zinc phosphate in order to develop a better bonding surface for paint or lacuer. Bottle "o' Mol - 'ngot mold, with the top constricted; used in the manufacture of capped steel, the metal in the constriction being covered with a cap fitting into the bottle-nec0, which stops rimming action by trapping escaping gases. Bo Annealing - nnealing a metal or alloy in a sealed container under conditions that minimize oxidation. 'n box annealing a ferrous alloy, the charge is usually heated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but sometimes above or within it, and is then cooled slowly; this process is also called close annealing or pot annealing. Bo Annealing - process of annealing a ferrous alloy in a closed metal container, with or without pac0ing materials, in order to minimize the effects of oxidation. The charge is normally heated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but occasionally above or within it, and then is slowly cooled. Brale - diamond penetrator, conical in shape, used with a @oc0well hardness tester for hard metals. Brasses - Copper base alloys in which zinc is the principal alloying element. %rass is harder and mechanically stronger than either of its alloying elements copper or zinc. 't is formable and ductile; develops high tensile strength with cold-wor0ing and is not heat treatable. Bra0e Weling - family of welding procedures where metals are
Broaching - /ultiple shaving, accomplished by pushing a tool with stepped cutting edges along the piece, particularly through holes. Bron0e - 6rimarily an alloy of copper and tin, but additionally, the name is used when referring to other alloys not containing tin, for example, aluminum bronze, manganese bronze, and beryllium bronze. Brown =am'> Shar' Gages #B=am'>S& - standard series of sizes refered to by numbers, in which the diameter of wire or thic0ness of sheet metal is generally produced and which is used in the manufacture of brass, bronze, copper, copperbase alloys and aluminum. These gage numbers have a definite relationship to each other. 'n this system, the decimal thic0ness is reduced by D4G every six gage numbers- while temper is expressed by the number of %Namp;$ gage numbers as cold reduced in thic0ness from previous annealing. &or each %Namp;$ gage number in thic0ness reduction, where is assigned a hardness value of *= hard. B!c%le - %ulges and or hollows occurring along the length of the metal with the edges remaining otherwise flat. B!,,er - substance added to aueous solutions to maintain a constant hydrogenion concentration, even in the presence of acids or al0alis. B!rning - #eating a metal beyond the temperature limits allowable for the desired heat treatment, or beyond the point where serious oxidation or other detrimental action begins. B!rnishing - $moothing surfaces through friction between the material and material such as hardened metal media. B!rnt - definition applying to material which has been permanently damaged by over-heating. B!rr - @oughness left by a cutting operation such as slitting, shearing, blan0ing , etc. B!tcher Saw Steel - hardened, tempered, and polished high carbon spring steel strip material (carbon content is generally higher than that of a material used for wood band saw applications" with a @oc0well value of roughly C=7=:. B!tt Weling - Loining two edges or ends by placing one against the other and welding them. C - Chemical symbol for carbon CA - Chemical symbol for calcium CA/ - Computer ssisted esign. The use of computer programs to generate, analyse and modify designs. 9xtrusion dies and their supporting tools, for example, may be designed with the aid of computers. CAM - Computer aided manufacturing
CC - Computer numerically controlled-refers to machinery Cai!m - Chemical symbol Cd. Cadium is produced primarily as a by-product of zinc refining, but also is recovered during the benefication and refining of some lead ores and complex copper-zinc ores. Cadmium is bluish-white soft metal that can be cut with a 0nife. The principal use of cadmium, which was discovered in !ermany in *+*7, has been in nic0el-cadmium batteries for personal, portable communications, electronic and electrical euipment. 5ther applications include pigments, coatings and plating, stabilizers for plastics and similar synthetics, alloys, lasers and solar cells. Calci!m - 'n the form of calcium silicide acts as a deoxidizer and degasifier when added to steel. @ecent developments have found that carbon and alloy steels modified with small amounts of calcium show improved machinability and longer tool life. Transverse ductility and toughness are also enhanced. Calci!m Silicie - n alloy of Calcium, silicon, and iron containing 8+-BDG Ca, F4FDG $i, and FG &e, max., used as a deoxidizer and degasser for steel and cast-iron; sometimes called calcium silicide. Calci!m Silicon - n alloy of calcium, silicon, and iron containing 8+-BDG Ca, F4FDG $i, and FG &e, max., used as a deoxidizer and degasser for steel and cast-iron; sometimes called calcium silicide. Calci!m Wire (n?ection - 3ire feeding of steel clad calcium wire into molten bath to provide favorable 0inetics for inclusion modification. Cali'er - deice used to measure inside or outside dimensions. Cali'er) Gear "ooth - special caliper used to measure both the choral thic0ness) and the depth of a gear tooth. Cam - device for converting regular rotary motion to irregular rotary or reciprocating motion. $ometime the effect of off-center lathe operations. Camber - (*" eviation from edge straightness usually referring to the greatest deviation of side edge from a straight line. (8" $ometimes used to denote crown in rolls where the center diameter has been increased to compensate for deflection cause by the rolling pressure. Camber "olerances - Camber is the deviation from edge straightness. /aximum allowable tolerance of this deviation of a side edge from a straight line are defined in $T/ $tandards. Camera Sh!tter Steel - #ardened, tempered and bright polished extra flat and extra precision rolled. Carbon content *.8D - Chromium .*D. Can /imensions - Can measurements are expressed in inches and sixteenths of inches in a 0ind of shorthand. The standard *8 ounce beverage can, for example, is described as 8** by =*B, which translates to a 8 ***F inches in diameter by = *B*F inched in height. 3hen a two piece can is described as 8**84:=*B, this
means 8 ***F inches in diameter, nec0ed in at the top to a 8 :*F inches by a = *B*F inches in height. Cannon $l!g - 5il gun safety switch used when oil gun is out of boiler. Ca'acity - 1ormal ability to produce steel in a given period. This rating should include maintenance reuirements, but because such service is scheduled to match the machineryHs needs (not the calendarHs", a mill might run at more than *44G of capacity one month and then fall well below rated capacity as maintenance is performed. 9ngineered capacity. The theorectical volume of a mill, given its constraints of raw material supply and normal wor0ing speed True) Capacity. Molume at full utilization, allowing for the maintenance of euipment and reflecting current material constraints. (%ottlenec0s of supply and distribution can change over time 2 capacity will expand or reduce." Ca''e Steel - $emi0illed steel cast in a bottle-top mold and covered with a cap fitting into the nec0 of the mold. The cap causes to top metal to solidify. 6ressure is built up in the sealed-in molten metal and results in a surface condition much li0e that of rimmed steel. Carbie "ool bits - Aathe cutting tools to which carbide tip inserts have been brazed to provide cutting action on harder materials than the hight speed cutteres are capable of. Carbon - 9lement occurring as diamond and as graphite. Carbon reduces many metals from their oxides when heated with the latter, and small amounts of it greatly affect the properties of iron. Though classed as a nonmetallic, metallurgically, li0e boron, it is treated as a metal. Carbon /ioie $rocess #Silicate $rocess) Schmit $hili' $rocess - process for hardening molds or cores in which carbon dioxide gas is blown through dry clayfree silica sand to precipitate silica in the form of a gel from the sodium silicate binder. Carbon E;!ivalent - @eferring to the rating of weld-ability, this is a value that ta0es into account the euivalent additive effects of carbon and other alloying elements on a particular characteristic of a steel. &or rating of weld-ability, a formula commonly used isE C9 B C O (/nF" O P(Cr O /o O M"DQ O P(1i O Cu"*DQ. Carbon *ilter - unit containing a media of activated carbon to remove organic impurities and residual chlorine from the water. Carbonitriing A 'rocess o, case harening a ,erro!s material in a gaseo!s atmos'here containing both carbon an nitrogen Carbon San - molding aggregate consisting principally of carbon (graphite" granules. Carbon Steel - $teel containing carbon up to about 8G and only residual uantities of other elements except those added for deoxidization, with silicon usually limited to
4.F4G and manganese to about *.FDG. lso termed plain carbon steel, ordinary steel, and straight carbon steel. Carbon) Combine - The carbon in iron or steel which is combined with other elements and therefore is not in the free state as graphite or as temper carbon. Carbonitriing A 'rocess o, case harening a ,erro!s material in a gaseo!s atmos'here containing both carbon an nitrogen - 1AA Carboni0ing - Thr process of adding carbon the the outer surface of steel to improve its uality by heat treating it in contact with carbonaceous material. Carbor!n!m - trade name for an abrasive compounded of silicon and carbon (silicon carbide". Carb!ri0ing - 'ntroducing carbon into a solid ferrous alloy by holding above c* in contact with a suitable carbonaceous material, which may be a solid, liuid, or gas. The carburized alloy is usually uench hardened. Carboar /r!m - Cardboard insert placed on the reel around which the coil is wound. The drum is used to eliminate damage in the center of the coil. Carriage - belt mounted on wheels that is used to move materials from one storage bin to another. Case - The surface layer of an iron-base alloy which has been suitably altered in composition and can be made substantially harder than the interior or core by heat treatment. Case +arening - #ardening a ferrous alloy so that the outer portion, or case, is made substantially harder than the inner portion, or core. Typical processes used for case hardening are carburizing, cyaniding, carbonitriding, nitriding, induction hardening, and flame hardening. Casing - The structural retainer for the walls of oil and gas wells and account for 7DG (by weight" of 5CT! shipments. Casing is used to prevent contamination of both the surrounding water table and the well itself. Casing lasts the life of a well and is not Cast - (*" term indicating in the annealed state as Cast $pring $teel 3ire. (8" 'n reference to %right or 6olished $trip $teel or 3ire, the word cast implies discoloration as a shadow. (B" term implying a lac0 of straightness as in a coil set. Cast-Wel - >3elding one casting to another to form a complete unit. > Castigate !t #Castle !t& - nut with grooves cut entirely across the top face. Casting - (*" n ob
Casting Alloy - n alloy formulated for casting Casting /rawing - n engineering drawing which depicts the shape and size of a part to be cast. Casting ayo!t - chec0 of dimensions against applicable drawings and specifications. Casting @iel - The weight of casting or castings divided by the total weight of metal poured into the mold, expressed as a percent. Cathea - collar or sleeve which fits loosely over a shaft to which it is clamped by setscrews. Cathoe - 6rimary non-ferrous metal casting to be rolled or forged into other shapes; usually copper or nic0el. Cathoic Soi!m /ichromate - common treatment applied to passivate the surface of electroytic tin plate against the formation of tin oxides. Ca!stic - n al0aline solution used to neutralize the acid in the discharge water from the scrubbers when it goes to the sewer. Cavitation - The formation and instantaneous collapse of innumerable tiny voids or cavities within a liuid sub
Center /rill - combined countersin0 and ddrill used to prepare wor0 for mounting centers. Center Gage - small flat gage having F4 degree angles that is used for grinding and setting the thread cutting tools in a lathe. 't may also be used to chec0 the pitch of threads and the points of center. Center) +al, Male - dead center that has a portion of the F4 degree cone cut away. Center +ea - part of combination suare set that is used to find the center of or to bisect a round or suare wor0piece. Center) ive - center that revolves with the wor0. !enerally this is the headstoc0 center; however, the ball bearing type tailstoc0 center is also called a live center. Center) $!nch - pointed hand tool made of hardened steel and shaped somewhat li0e a pencil. Centering Arms - 'n ring rolling, externally mounted rolls, ad
Chain Gearing #Chain /rive& - 6ower transmission by means of an endless chain running around chain wheels (chain pully" andor sproc0et wheels. Cham,er - (*" beveled surface to eliminate an otherwise sharp corner. (8" relieved angular cutting edge at a tooth corner. Cha'let - sma;; metal imsert or spacer used in molds to provide core support during the casting process. Charge - To >charge> the % furnace refers to the process of lighting or firing the furnace. This process involved turning on the pilot gas, turning on the main gas, and then using a torch to light the pilot light so that the temperature of the furnace begins to rise to the desired >coo0ing or soa0> temperature. Charging Whistle - warning sound to personnel that production is charging a vessel with scrap and hot metal. 't also alerts personnel to prepare the scrubber to switch from oil fire operation to steel-ma0ing operation. Char'y (m'act "est - pendulum-type single-blow impact test in which the specimen, usually notched, is supported at both ends as a simple beam and bro0en by a falling pendulum. The energy absorbed in fracture, as impact strength or notch toughness. Chasing "hreas - Cutting threads in a lathe or srew machine. Chatter - surface defect consisting of alternating ridges and valleys at right angles to the direction of extrusion. Chatter Mar% - (efect"- 6arallel indentaions or mar0s appearing at right angles to edge of strip forming a pattern at close and regular intervals, caused by roll vibrations. Chattering - coating defect consisting of the washboard appearance of the cured film with variations of color or opacity. >!ear mar0s> is another synonym when the defect is caused by the gear lash of the coating machine. Chattering occurs when the coating machine permits the uneven application of the coating. Chec%ing - coating defect consisting of the crac0ing of the cured film into small segments, with hairline crac0s separating the segments. The similar defects of mud crac0ing or alligatoring are the same as chec0ing, but they are larger. Crazing is a synonymous term. Chemical "reatment - *" (Chem. Treat" customer-specified rust inhibitor applied to the coated product. 8" passivating chemical treatment normally applied to the steel surface to control oxide formation and growth. Chemically Brightene - chemical addition made to the plating bath that results in a coating with a bright appearance as opposed to the mechanically brightened surface appearance .
Chemistries - The chemical composition of steel indicating the amount of carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorous and a host of other elements. Chill - metal insert in the sand mold used to produce local chilling and eualize rate of solidification throughout the casting. Chi' Brea%er - small groove ground bac0 of the cutting edge on the top of a cutting tool to 0eep the chips short. Chi''ing - method for removing seams and other surface defects with chisel or gouge so that such defects will not be wor0ed into the finished product. Chipping is often employed also to remove metal that is excessive but not defective. @emoval of defects by gas cutting is 0nown as deseaming or scarfing. Chisel - hydraulic coil opener used for preparing the front end of a coil before loading it into the feeder. Cho' - die forging defect; metal sheared from a vertical surface and spread by the die over an ad3#T gas-based process developed by Aurgi /etallurgie in !ermany to produce @' or #%' (see irect @educed 'ron and #ot %riuetted 'ron". #53 The two-stage method yields fines with a :BG iron content. 'ron ore fines pass first through a circulating fluidized-bed reactor, and subseuently through a bubbling fluidized-bed reactor. > Circ!lar $itch - The distance measured on the pitch circle from a point on a gear tooth to the same point on the next gear tooth.
Circ!m,erences - %ands wrapped around the outside of the coil. Circ!mscribing circle - The smallest circle that will completely enclose the cross section of an extruded shape. Claing - process for covering one metal with another. sually the surfaces of fairly thic0 slabs of two metals are brought carefully into contact and are then sub
CMM - Coordinate /easuring /achine. CC - Computer 1umerical Controlled /achine Tools. Co - Chemical symbol for colbalt. Coal *ilter - filter which contains a bed of anthracite media material used to remove contaminants, mud, and debris from the river water as part of the feed water treatment process. Coalescence - *" the growth of particles of a dispersed phase by solution and reprecipitation, 8" the growth of grains by absorption of ad
Coe,,icient o, thermal e'ansion - The relative rate at which a substance expands on heating, compared to a standard rate. Cog - tooth in the rim of a wheel-a gear tooth in a gear wheel. Cogging - The reducing operation in wor0ing the ingot into a billet by the use of forging hammer or a forging press. Cohesion - The force by which li0e particles are held together. 't varies with different metals and depends upon molecular arrangement due to heat treatment. Coil - length of steel wound into roll-form. Coil Car - nit that the coil sits on. sed to move a coil to the entry or from the delivery. Coil En - ' of a coil that is left because of a defect. @anging from D44 - *4,444 pounds. nything *4,444 pounds and over get an '6/. coil with a weight less than D444 lbs. that does not meet customer specifications is called a salvage coil. These coils do not get an '6/ number Coil ine Mar%ings - been placed on the strip by the platers. This mar0 serves as an indication to the feeder that the placement of the coil on the entry reel must be placed correctly to meet customer specifications (external customers reuest this mar0 to distinguish coating on the strip". The &eeder must refer to the scheduling boo0 to determine how to place the coil on the entry reel for over or under wind. Coil !mber - 6roduced '6/ 1umber assigned to a coil. '6/ ('n 6rocess /aterial" 1umber. Coil Set - curvature of the strip in the lengthwise sense, parallel to the direction in which the strip was rolled or uncoiled. Coil Set or ongit!inal C!rl - lengthwise curve or set found in coiled strip metals following its coil pattern. departure from longitudinal flatness. Can be removed by roller or stretcher leveling from metals in the softer temper ranges. Coil Stri''er - piece of euipment on the off-gauge reel used to help remove a coil from the reel. Coils - $teel sheet that has been wound. slab, once rolled in a hot-strip mill, is more than one-uarter mile long; coils are the most efficient way to store and transport sheet steel. Coining - The process of applying necessary pressure to all or some portion of the surface of a forging to obtain closer tolerances or smoother surfaces or to eliminate draft. Coining can be done while forgings are hot or cold and is usually performed on surfaces parallel to the parting of the forging.
Co%e - Carbonizing coal made in oven by driving off volatile elements. 't is a hard porous substance that is principally pure carbon. 'n blast furnaces, co0e helps generate the B444 &. temperatures and reducing gases needs to smelt iron ore. Co%e Be - &irst layer of co0e placed in the cupola. lso the co0e as the foundation in constructing a large mold in a flas0 or pit. Co%e Bree0e - &ines from co0e screening, used in blac0ing mixes after grinding; also briuetted for cupola use. Co%e Bree0e - &ine screens that come from %last &urnace co0e and are used to ma0e sinter. Co%e *!rnace - Type of pot or crucible furnace using co0e as the fuel. Co%e 4ven Battery - set of ovens that process coal into co0e. Co0e ovens are constructed in batteries of *4 **44 ovens that are 84 feet tall, =4 feet long, and less than two feet wide. Co0e batteries, because of the exhaust fumes emitted when co0e is pushed from the ovens, often are the dirtiest area of a steel mill complex. Co%e $late #+ot /i''e "in $late& - $tandard tin plate, with the lightest commercial tin coat, used for food containers, oil canning, etc. higher grade is the best co0es, with special co0es representing the best of the co0e tin variety. &or high ualities and heavier coatings. Co%e $orosity - The percentage volume of cell space in co0e. Co%e) Beehive - Co0e produced from a bituminous coal by the beehive process where heat for the co0ing process comes from a partial combustion of the co0e. !enerally characterized by an elongate stringy structure. Co%e) By-$ro!ct - Co0e produced from bituminous coal in airtight code ovens where heat for co0ing process is externally applied. !enerally more uniform in size than beehive co0e, and usually ball or cube shape. Co%e) $etrole!m - @esidue left from the distillation of petroleum crude, used as a carbon raiser. Col Chamber Machine - diecasting machine where the metal chamber and plunger are not immersed in hot metal. Col Chamber) Cl!b Sanwich) "wo-*ace) "hree-$iece /ie - diecasting die in which two different pieces are cast in two widely separated cavities. Col Coine ,orging - forging that has been re-struc0 cold in order to hold closer face distance tolerances, sharpen corners or outlines, reduces section thic0ness, flatten some particular surface, or in non-heat treatable alloys, increase hardness. Col Crac%ing - Crac0s in cold or nearly cold metal due to excessive internal stress caused by contraction. 5ften brought about when the mold is to hard or casting is of unsuitable design
Col /rawing - The process of reducing the cross sectional area of wire,bar or tube by drawing the material through a die without any pre-heating. Cold drawing is used for the production of bright steel bar in round suare, hexagonal and flat section. The process changes the mechanical properties of the steel and the finished product is accurate to size,free from scale with a bright surface finish. Col-*inishe Steel Bars - #ot-rolled carbon steel bars after secondary coldreduction processing with better surface uality and strength. Col *inishing - The cold finishing of steel, generally used for bars and shafting, may be defined as the process of reducing their cross sectional area, without heating, by one of five methods Cold @olling 8. Cold rawing B. Cold drawing and !rinding =. Turning and polishing D. Turning and !rinding Col (ns'ection - visual (usually final" inspection of the forgings for visual defects, dimensions, weight and surface conditions at room temperature. The tern may also be used to describe certain nondestructive tests, such as magnetic particle, dye penetrant and sonic inspection. Col a' - 3rin0led mar0ings on the surface of an ingot or casting from incipient freezing of the surface. Col Re!ction Mill - $heet and strip are cold reduced to the desired thic0ness for the following reasons *" To obtain the desired surface. 8" To impart desired mechanical properties. B" To ma0e gauges lighter than the hot strip mill can produce economically. =" To produce sheet and strip of more uniform thic0ness. Col Roll Base - Coils that are cold wor0ed or reduced to gauge on the tandem mill. Col Rolle Sheet - product manufactured from hot rolled descaled (pic0led" coils by cold reducing to the desired thic0ness, generally followed by annealing and temper rolling. 'f the sheet is not annealed after cold reduction it is 0nown as full hard. ($ee &ull #ard Cold @olled". Col Rolling - @olling metal at a temperature below the softening point of the metal to create strain hardening (wor0-hardening". $ame as cold reduction, except that the wor0ing method is limited to rolling. Cold rolling changes the mechanical properties of strip and produces certain useful combinations of hardness, strength, stiffness, ductility and other characteristics 0nown as tempers, which see. Col Rolling #Col-Re!cing& - @olling of cooled metal sheet (or other form which previously has been hot-rlled" t ma0e the steel thinner,smoother and stronger by applying pressure. cold-reduction sheet mill, for example, will roll-press a sheet of metal from one-uarter inch into less than an eighth of an inch, while more than doubling its length. Col Rolling Mill - mill that reduces the cross sectional area of the metal by rolling at approximately room temperature. Col Screens - screening device that removes sinter that is smaller than five millimeters in diameter before it goes to the %last &urnace.
Col Setting Biners - Term used to describe any binder that will harden the core sufficiently at room temperature so core can be removed from its box without distortion; commonly used in reference to oil-oxygen type binders. Col Setting $rocess - n of several systems for bonding mold or core aggregates by means of organic binders, relying upon the use of catalysts rather than heat for polymerization (setting". Col Short - characteristic of metals that are brittle at ordinary or low temperatures. Col Shot - $mall globule of metal embedded in but not entirely fused with the casting. Col Sh!t - defect characterized by a fissure or lap on the surface of a forging that has been closed without fusion during the forging operation. folding of the surface. 't may have the appearance of a crac0 or seam with smooth, rounded edges. lso see Cold Aap Col Stac% - 9xhaust stac0 located at the %56 $crubber. The %oiler 5perator monitors the emissions through the cold stac0. Col Stri' Mill - mill that rolls strip without first reheating. Col "reatment - 9xposing steel to suitable subzero temperatures (-+DSC, or -*84S&" for the purpose of obtaining desired conditions or properties such as dimensional or microstructural stability. 3hen the treatment involves the transformation of retained austenite, it is usually followed by tempering. Col Wor% - 6lastic deformation at such temperatures and rates that substantial increases occur in the strength and hardness of the metal visible structural changes include changes in grain shape and, in some instances, mechanical twinning or banding. Col Wor%ing - 6lastic deformation, such as rolling, hammering, drawing, etc., at a temperature sufficiently low to create strain-hardening (wor0-hardening". Commonly, the term refers to such deformation at normal temperatures. Col-Bo $rocess - *" ny core binder process that uses a gas or vaporized catalyst to cure a coated sand while it is in contact with the core box at room temperature. Col-Rolle Stri' #Sheet& - $heet steel that has been pic0led and run through a cold-reduction mill. $trip has a final product width of approximately *8 inches, while sheet may be more than +4 inches wide. Cold-rolled sheet is considerably thinner and stronger than hot-rolled sheet, so it will sell for a premium (see $heet $teel". Col-rolling - (C@"@olling steel without first reheating it. This process reduces thic0ness of the steel, produces a smoother surface and ma0es it easier to machine. Colla'se Reel - mandrel in the collapsed position.
Colla'sibity - The reuirement that a sand mixture brea0 down under the pressure and temperatures developed during casting, in order to avoid hot tears or facilitate the separation of the sand and the casting. Colla'sible S'r!e - sprue pattern of flexible material, or of spring-tube design, used in sueeze-molding of plated patterns, and incorporating a pouring cup. Collate - *" to merge items from two or more similarly seuenced files into one seuenced file, 8" to compare one thing critically with another of the same 0ind. Collector Main - The duct wor0 used for moving air from the sinter machine to the fans. Collet - precision wor0 holding chuc0 which centers finished round stoc0 automatically when tightened. $pecialized collets are also available in shapes for other than round stoc0. Collimator - device for confining the elements of a beam of radiation within an assigned solid angle. Colloial Clay - &inely divided clay of montmorillonite, 0aolinite, or illite class; prepared for foundry purposes as in sand bonding. Collois) Colloial Material - &inely divided material less than 4.D micron (4.44448 in." in size, such as albumin, glue, starch, gelatin, and bentonite. Coloimetric Analysis - etermining the amount of an element in a solution by measuring the intrinsic color. Color Etching - micro-etch resulting from the formation of a thin film of a definite compound of the metal. Color Metho - techniue of heat treating metal by observing the color changes that occur to determine the proper operation to perform to achieve the desired results. Col!mbi!m - Chemical symbol Co. @efractory metal used as an alloying agent in steel ma0ing; essential for high-strength,low-alloy grades. #as some wor0ed metal) applications, mostly alloyed with zirconium or titanium for aerospace applications. Called1iobium (1b" everywhere but the .$. Col!mnar Str!ct!re - coarse structure of parallel columns of grains, which is caused by highly directional solidification. Combination /ie #M!lti'le-Cavity /ie& - 'n die casting, a die with two or more different cavities for different castings. Combination S;!are - drafting and layout tool combining a suare,level, protractor and a center head.
Combine Carbon - Carbon in iron and steel which is combined chemically with other elements; not in the free state as graphitic or temper carbon. Combine Water - That water in mineral matter which is chemically combined and driven off only at temperatures above 8B* %4& (*** %4C". Comb!stion - Chemical change as a result of the combination of the combustible constituents of the fuel with oxygen, producing heat. Comb!stion Air *low - The measured and controlled amount of air flow delivered to a boiler to promote proper combustion. Comb!stion Chamber - $pace in furnace where combustion of gaseous products from fuel ta0es place. Commercial Bron0e - copper-zinc alloy (brass" containing :4G copper and *4G zinc; used for screws, wire, hardware, etc. lthough termed commercial-bronze it contains no tin. 't is somewhat stronger than copper and has eual or better ductility. Commercial !ality Steel Sheet - 1ormally to a ladle analysis of carbon limit at 4.*D max. $tandard uality Carbon $teel $heet. Commercial "olerance - range by which a product?s specifications can deviate from those ordered and still meet the industry accepted ranges (defined in $T/ $tandards, etc." Comoi0ing - rust-proofing process for steel. Com'osite alloy - n aluminum alloy containing relatively large amounts of two or more other elements. Com'osite Constr!ction - >3elding a steel casting to a rolled or forged steel ob com'osite ?oint -
Com'ressive Strength - The maximum compressive stress that a material is capable of developing, based on original area of cross section. 'n the case of a material which fails in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength has a very definite value. 'n the case of materials which do not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the value obtained for compressive strength is an arbitrary value depending upon the degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating complete failure of the material. Concave - curved depression in the surface of an ob method of recording details of a macroetched structure. $ee $ulfur 6rints. > Contact Rolls - /etal rolls that are used in the chem. treat area. 9lectricity goes through these rolls. Container - 'n extrusionE The strong chamber in a extrusion press that holds the billett while it is extruded through a die at one end, under pressure from a ram entering at the other end. Contamination - *" @adioactive deposition of radioactive material in any place where it is not desired, and particularly in any place where its presence may be harmful. The harm may be in vitiating the validity of an experiment or a procedure, or in actually being a source of danger to personnel, 8" presence of small percentages of deleterious elements in an alloy adversely affecting the alloy?s mechanical properties andor casting soundness. Contango - /ar0et condition where the spot price is less than the three-month delivery price. This is considered the >normal> mar0et state because the costs of
storing and shipping metal are assumed to be higher in three months than at present ($ee %ac0wardation". Contin!o!s Casting - method of producing blooms,billets and slabs in long lengths using water cooled moulds. The castings are continuously withdrawn through the bottom of the caster whilst the teeming of the metal is proceeding. The need for primary and intermediate mills and the storage and use of large numbers of ingot moulds is eliminated. The continuous casting process is also used in the production of cast iron, aluminium and copper alloys. Contin!o!s "a''ing - furnace or holding ladle that is made of discharge molten metal continuously during normal operation. Contin!o!s Anneal - process by which the steel is rapidly heated, soa0ed and cooled at a confirmed rate by passing the coil at a relatively high speed through a furnace consisting of numerous sections. Contin!o!s Annealing *!rnace - &urnace in which castings are annealed or heat treated by passing through different zones at constant temperatures. Contin!o!s Blow /own - (Continuous Concentration" The process of removing undesired solids from the boiler feed water at the upper drum by means of a s0imming header. Chemical analysis of the blow down establishes treatment needs and helps maintain optimum feed water uality. Contin!o!s Casting - >3#T method of pouring steel directly from the furnace into a billet, bloom, or slab directly from its molten form. 3#J Continuous casting avoids the need for large, expensive mills for rolling ingots into slabs. Continuous cast slabs also solidify in a few minutes versus several hours for an ingot. %ecause of this, the chemical composition and mechanical properties are more uniform. #53 $teel from the %5& or electric furnace is poured into a tundish (a shallow vessel that loo0s li0e a bathtub" atop the continuous caster. s steel carefully flows from the tundish down into the water-cooled copper mold of the caster, it solidifies into a ribbon of red-hot steel. t the bottom of the caster, torches cut the continuously flowing steel to form slabs or blooms. > Contin!o!s Casting - process that continuously casts molten steel into a semifinished product such as slab. 't bypasses the traditional process of pouring (teeming" molten steel into ingots, reheating those ingots, and then rolling them into semifinished steel shapes. Contin!o!s /es!l,!ri0ation - process of removing sulfur from molten ferrous alloys on a continuous basis. Contin!o!s Stri' Mill - series of synchronized rolling mill stands in which coiled flat rolled metal entering the first pass (or stand" moves in a straight line and is continuously reduced in thic0ness (not width" at each subseuent pass. The finished strip is recoiled upon leaving the final or finishing pass.
Contin!o!s 9ariable Crown System - (C.M.C. $ystem " #ydraulic system that supplies the force to all the cylinders associated with wor0-roll balance and bending and bac0-up roll balance (also supplies force for wor0 roll shifting". Contin!o!s Wel - Continuously welding one coil to another at the entry end and splitting off coils of a specific weight at delivery end. Contract Sales - $teel products committed to customers through price agreements extending B-*8 months. bout one-half of all flat-rolled steel is sold on this basis, primarily because the auto companies sign agreements to cover at least one year?s model. 6rice increases that the steel mills might announce during the year do not generally affect the revenues from the contract side of the business. Contraction - The volume change occurring in metals (except antimony and bismuth" and alloys on solidification and cooling to room temperature. Contraction Crac%s - >Crac0s formed by restriction of the metal while contracting in the mold; may occur Contraction R!le - $ee $hrin0age, 6atternma0er?s Control Stool - $tool used to monitor the annealing temperature and gas stream. probe is inserted into the test area, and readings are ta0en to determine the uality of the annealing process. Controlle Atmos'here - ny gas or mixture of gases that prevents or retards oxidation and decarburization. Controlle Cooling - $ee Cooling, Controlled Controllers - evices that are used to control the flow of the water and gas in the sinter machine as well as to control the louvers on the fans. Conto!r - The outling of an ob
contract, ma0ing the converter segment of the mills? revenues more price sensitive than their supply contracts to the auto manufacturers. Convery) 9ibratory - materials-handling device used usually with sha0eout operations, to help clean sand from the castings as they are moved from one place to another in the foundry and as a feeding device to regulate materials flow. 5perations with vibrational energy. Conve - The curved surface of a cylindet as a sphere when viewed from without. Conveyor - mechanical apparatus for carrying or transporting materials from place to place. Types include apron, belt, chain, gravity, roller, monorail, overhead, pneumatic, vibrating, etc. Conveyor Belt - continuously moving belt used in an automated or semiautomatic foundry to move materials from one station to another. Conveyor Screw - @otary worm-type blade used to move materials in automated core and mold ma0ing and other continuous sand-mixing operations. Conveyor) $allet - materials-handling device that holds one or more molds and transports them from the molding station through pouring to sha0eout. Conveyor) $ne!matic "!be - n air-tube means of moving materials from on place to another, primarily orders, light metal samples, and sand and other finely divided materials, as bentonite. Conveyor) Roller - line of conveyance in an automated or semiautomated foundry which employs a series of steel roller for moving ob
Cooling C!rve - curve showing the relationship between time and temperature during the solidification and cooling of a metal sample. $ince most phase changes involve evolution or absorption of heat, there may be abrupt changes in the slope of the curve. Cooling *in - $ee Crac0ing $trip Cooling ines - The water lines that go to the bearings on a pump to 0eep the bearings cool. Cooling "ower - *" The heat exchanger and everything associated with it that removes the heat from the coolant used in the cooling system. This device is located outdoors. 8" Tower in the $heet /ill that suspends the strip that allows the zinc to cool and dry before the strip contacts any rolls. Cooling :nit - Consists of the cooler and all the devices needed for the cooler?s operation. Cooling Water - 3ater that 0eeps the pac0ing cool on the circulator and feed water pumps. Cooling) Controlle - process of cooling from an elevated temperature in a predetermined manner used to produce a desired microstructure to avoid hardening, crac0ing or internal damage Co'e - pper or topmost section of a flas0, mold or pattern. Co'e) *alse - Temporary cope used only in forming the parting and therefore not a part of the finished mold Co'ing 4!t - The extension of sand of the cope downward into the drag, where it ta0es an impression of a pattern. Co''er - Chemical symbol Cu" 9lement 1o. 8: of the periodic system, atomic weight FB.D7. characteristically reddish metal of bright luster, highly malleable and ductile and having high electrical and heat conductivity; melting point *:+* (degrees" &.; boiling point =B87 &.; specific gravity +.:=. nibersally and extensively used in the arts in brasses, bronzes. niversally used in the pure state as sheet, tube, rod and wire and also as alloyed by other elements and an alloy with other metals. Co''er ca%e - by-product of electolytic zinc refining, usually containing a fair amount of cobalt. Co''er) Electrolytic - Copper produced by the electrolysis method. Corbel - 5ne or more pro
Core Assembly - 6utting together a complex core made of a number of sections. Core Barrel - 6ipe-shaped device upon which a cylindrical core is formed. Core Biner - ny material used to hold the grains of core sand together. Core Blow - gas poc0et in a casting ad
Core Griner - /achine for grinding a taper on the end of a cylindrical core or to grind a core to a specified dimension, usually flat face. Core G!m - pitch material used as a core binder. Core +arness - The ability of a core to resist scratching or abrasion. Core
basins into sprues or to regulate the flow of metal in gates systems of molds; also to prevent entrance of dross or slag into the mold cavity. Core "r!c% - Truc0 or carriage used for transporting cores. Core 9ents - *" holes made in the core for escape of gas. 8" metal screen or slotted piece used to form the vent passage in the core box employed in a coreblowing machine. B" wax product, round or oval in form, used to form the vent passage in a core. Core Wires or Rolls - $ee Core @od Core-Ba%ing /ielectric - #eating cores to ba0ing temperatures by means of highfreuency dielectric euipment; particularly adapted to thermo-setting resin core binders. Core-Maing Machine - device to ma0e cores. Coreless (n!ction *!rnace - $ee 'nduction &urnace Corema%er - craftsman s0illed in the production of cores for foundry use. Corer) Sag - decrease in the height of a core, usually accompanied by an increase in width, as a result of insufficient green strength of the sand to support its own weight. Coreroom - epartment of the foundry in which cores are made. C4RE#r& - C5@9K is a coal-based smelting process that yields hot metal or pig iron. The output can be used by integrated mills or 9& mills. #53The process gasifies non-co0ing coal in a smelting reactor, which also produces liuid iron. The gasified coal is fed into a shaft furnace, where it removes oxygen from iron ore lumps, pellets or sinter; the reduced iron is then fed to the smelting reactor. > Coring :' - 6lacement of cores chills, and chaplets in mold halves before closing the mold. Corners - &our corners on each boiler where the oil guns and the oil and steam auto valves for the oil guns are located. Cornerslic% #insie an 4!tsie Corners& - molder?s tool used for repairing and slic0ing the sand in molds. sed primarily on ry sand and loam. Corrective E,,ective "em'erat!re Chart - chart on which information can be plotted resulting in an ad
Corrosion - *" !radual chemical or electrochemical attac0 on a metal by atmosphere, moisture or other agents, 8" chemical attac0 of furnace linings by gases, slags, ashes or other fluxes occurring in various melting practices. Corrosion Embrittlement - The embrittlement caused in certain alloys by exposure to a corrosive environment. $uch material is usually susceptible to the intergranular type of corrosion attac0. Corrosion (ne - number expressing the maximum depth in mils to which corrosion would penetrate in one year on the basis of a linear extrapolation of the penetration occurring during the lifetime of a given test or service. Corrosion Resistance - The intrinsic ability of a material to resist degradation by corrosion. This ability can be enhanced by application of >special> coatings on the surface of the material. Corrosion Wear - 3ear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is significant. Corr!gate - s a defect. lternate ridges and furrows. series of deep short waves. Cor!n!m - 1ative alumna, or aluminum oxide, l85B, occurring as rhombohedral crystals and also in masses and variously colored grains. pplied specifically to nontransparent 0inds used as abrasives. 't is hardest mineral except the diamond. Corundum and its artificial counterparts are abrasives especially suited to the grinding of metals. Cosletti0ing - 6roducing a blac0, rust-resisting surface on iron and steel by boiling for some hours in water containing phosphoric acid and iron filings. Cottrell $rocess - n electrostatic method of removing solid particles from gases. Co!nt Rate Meter - device which gives a continuous indication of the average rate of ionizing events. Co!nterbore - To enlarge the top part of a hole to specific size, as for the head of a soc0et-head or cap screw. lso the tool that is used. Co!ntersin% - To enlarge the topo part of a hole at an angle for a flat-head screw. lso, the tool that is used. Co!'le - Two dissimilar conductors in electrical contact. n electromotive force in created under proper electrolytic influences or during heating. Co!'ling - $hort piece used to connect two lengths of pipe Co!'on - piece pf metal from which a test specimen is to be prepared-often an extra piece (as on a casting or forging" or a separare piece made for test purposes (such as a test weldment"
Co!rses - lternate layers of material in a pattern, or bric0wor0. Cover - protective blan0et laid on a melt to exclude oxidizing atmosphere and in the case of magnesium to prevent its igniting. 1eutral covers simply protect metal from atmosphere; reacting covers contain an agent such as a deoxidizer. Cover Core - core set in place during the ramming of a mold to cover and complete a cavity partly formed by the withdrawal of a loose part of the pattern. lso used to form part or all of the cope surface of the mold cavity. core placed over another core to create a flat parting line. Cover +al, - 'n ie casting, the stationary half of the die. Covere Electroe - filler-metal electrode, used in arc welding, consisting of a metal core vire with a relatively thic0 covering which provides protection for the molten metal form the atmosphere, improves the properties of the weld metal and stabilizes the arc. The covering is usually mineral or metal powders mixed with cellulose or other binder. CR - (Cold-rolling"@olling steel without first reheating it. This process reduces thic0ness of the steel, produces a smoother surface and ma0es it easier to machine. Crab - $ee Core Crab Crac%) +ot "ear - > rupture occurring in a casting at or Crac%e Eges - iscontinuity or crac0ed condition on the edge of the strip. Crac%ing - coating defect consisting of a brea0 in the cured film which exposes the bare substrate. Crac0ing usually occurs during fabrication of the coated plate when the coating is too brittle or the adhesion is too low. Crac%ing Stri' - fin of metal molded on the surface of a casting to prevent crac0ing. Crane - machine for lifting heavy weights; may be hand or power operated. Type include electric, gantry,
Crash /ec% - The impact dec0 between the discharge of the sinter machine and the sinter brea0er. Cratering - coating defect consisting of small, apparently uncoated, spots of coated plate consisting of a very thin film of coating which was contaminated by oil, silicone, or foreign matter. 9yeholing is similar to cratering, but with metal exposure in the crater. Crawling - coating defect consisting of a lac0 of adhesion to, or dewetting of, the substrate while the coating or in0 is wet. The cause is due to a difference in surface tension of the coating and substrate. Crawling is also 0nown as cissing and dewetting. Cra0e Crac% #Cra0ing& - /inute crac0 on ceramic or refractory surface caused by thermal or mechanical shoc0. Cra0ing #Worming& - defect found in pac0-hardened tools, manifested in surface mar0ings. Cree' - The flow or plastic deformation of metals held for long periods of time at stresses lower than the normal yield strength. The effect is particularly important if the temperature of stressing is above the recrystallization temperature of the metal. Cree' imit - The maximum stress that will result in creep at a rate lower than an assigned rate. Cree' Strength - (*" The constant nominal stress that will cause a specified uantity of creep in a given time at constant temperature. (8" The constant nominal stress that will cause a specified creep react at constant temperature. Crib - 1etwor0 of cast iron used to support the cope when no cope flas0 is used. Crim'e Ege A amage - damaged edge due to the strip wandering side-toside into obstructions as it moves down the line. Crim'er - Tool used to secure a metal clip on the steel band. Cristobalite - $implest crystallographic form of $i58. Critical Cooling Rate - The minimum rate of continuous cooling
Critical Strain - term used in stress corrosion crac0ing tests to indicate the maximum strain rate necessary to promote stress corrosion crac0s. Crona% $rocess - method of producing a film of chromium salts on since surfaces to inhibit corrosion. Croning $rocess #C $rocess) Croni0ing& - > casting process name after its !erman developer Lohannes Croning. 't is a precision production process using a phenol formaldehyde resin binder. $ee $hell /olding > Cro''ing - Cutting off ends of billets ingots or slabs containing pipe or other defects. Cross Brea%s - *" Creases which appear as parallel lines transverse to the direction of rolling. 8" uality defect on the edge of plate coming to the line (bro0en steel but not open brea0s". B" #ard spots caused by abrupt deformation of the strip after hot rolling and due to stressing beyond the elastic limit of the metal. Cross /irection #in rolle or rawn metal& - The direction parallel to the axes of the rolls during rolling. The direction at right angles to the direction of rolling or drawing. Cross *ee - The feed that operates across the axis of the wor0piece or at right angles to the main or principal feed on a machine. Cross Gate - $ee @unner Cross +ea - $ee ?6ressure @oll.? Cross Section - view of the interior of an ob
Cr!cible one - The zone in the cupola between the bottom and the tuyere. Cr!sh - %uc0ling or brea0ing of a section of mold due to incorrect register when closing. lso, an indentation in the casting surface due to displacement of sand in the mold when the mold is closed. Cr!sh Stri' or Bea - n indentation in the parting line of a pattern plate which ensures that cope and drag have good contact by producing a ridge of sand which crushes against the other surface of the mold or core. Cryogenic - 6ertaining to very low temperature. luminum gains strength as temperature is reduced, ma0ing it an appropriate material for cryogenic applications Crystal - (*" physically homogeneous solid in which the atoms. ions or molecules are arranged in a three-dimensional repetitive pattern. (8" coherent piece of matter, all parts of which have the same anisotropic arrangement of atom; in metals, usually synonymous with grain and crystallite. Crystal Analysis - etermination of crystal structure. Crystal attice - The way atoms are arranged in a crystal. $pacewise, there are only *= different lattices. Crystalline *ract!re - fracture of a polycrystalline metal characterized by a grainy appearance. Compare fibrous fracture. Crystalli0ation - The formation of crystals by the atoms assuming definite positions in a crystal lattice. This is what happens when a liuid metal solidifies. (&atigue, the failure of metals under repeated stresses, is sometimes falsely attributed to crystallization." C"/ - Cumulative Trauma isorder. 'llnesses that develop gradually over time and involve disorders of the soft tissues of the body. Caused or aggravated by repeatedly or constantly applied excessive forces, aw0ward postures, or highly repetitive movements of the body. C! - Chemical symbol for Copper. C!be-Centere - /etallography- (concerning space lattices" - %ody-centered cubic. @efers to crystal structure. C!lvert $i'e - #eavy gauge, galvanized steel that is spiral-formed or riveted into corrugated pipe, which is used for highway drainage applications. C!no *ilter - n in-line filter that ta0es the dirt out of the oil on a turbine. C!'loa - cylindrical,straight shaft furnace (usually lined with refractories" for melting metal in direct contact with co0e by forcing air under pressure through openings near its base. C!re - To harden
C!re "ime - &ull polymerization is a function of time and temperature. C!ring - The process by which synthetic materials form continuous films by various combinations of oxidation, solvent evaporation and heat of polymerization according to their basic resin structures. C!ring "ime #o Ba%e& - That period of time needed before a sand mass reaches maximum hardness. C!rl - ppears as a relatively uniform curvature or sweep along the length of coiled metal. C!rrent - The movement of free electrons in a meterial. C!stomer "est Stri' - full width sample of steel used in performing testing procedures. C!t - efect in a casting resulting from erosion of the sand by metal flowing over the mold or cored surface. C!t Ege - The normal edge that results from the shearing, slitting or trimming of a mill edge. C!t in hal, - $plit one (*" coil into two (8" coils (not necessarily D4G in each coil". C!t o!t - '/'$ term meaning loss of prime weight of a coil or cutting out rips and crac0s on the edges of a coil. C!t o!t the center - The act of removing the center laps or ' of a coil with long handled sheers to remove defects. The @eelman is sometimes directed to perform this tas0. C!t-to-ength - 6rocess to uncoil sections of flat-rolled steel and cut them into a desired length. 6roduct that is cut to length is normally shipped flat-stac0ed. C!to,, Machine) Abrasive - device using a thin abrasive wheel rotating at high speed to cut off gates and risers from castings, or in similar operations. C!tter) Gate - scoop or other form of cutting gates in the mold. C!tting *l!i - liuid used to cool and lubricate the cutting to improve the wor0 surface finish. C!tting "ool - hardened piece of metal (tool steel" that is machined and grounc so that it has the shape and cutting edges appropriate for the operation for which it is to be used. C!tting Wheel - The plastic discs impregnated with an abrasive for cutting ceramics and metals. sed on abrasive cutoff machines.
CW - Continuous weld-amethod of produciong small diameter (*8-=)" Cyanie +arening - process of introducing carbon and nitrogen into the surface of steel by heating it to a suitable temperature in a molten bath of sodium cyanide, or a mixture of sodium and potassium cyanide, diluted with sodium carbonate and uenching in oil or wate. This process id used where a thin case and high hardness are reuired. Cycles - $ee hertz Cyclone #Centri,!gal Collector& - 'n air pollution control, a controlled descending vortex created to spiral ob
Carbon $otential - measure of the capacity of an environment containing active carbon to alter or maintain, under prescribed conditions, the carbon concentration in a steel. Carbon Range - 'n steel specifications, the carbon range is the difference between the minimum and maximum amount of carbon acceptable. Carbon Restoration - @eplacing the carbon lost in the surface layer during previous processing by carburizing this layer to substantially the original carbon level. Carbon Steel - Common or ordinary steel as contrasted with special or alloy steels, which contain other alloying metals in addition to the usual constituents of steel in their common percentages. Carbon Steel - steel containing only residual uantities of elements other than carbon, except those added for deoxidization or to counter the deleterious effects of residual sulfur. $ilicon is usually limited to about 4.F4G and manganese to about *,FDG. lso termed plain carbon steel, ordinary steel, straight carbon steel. Carbonitriing - 'ntroducing carbon and nitrogen into a solid ferrous alloy by holding above c* in an atmosphere that contains suitable gases such as hydrocardons, carbon monocide, and ammonia. The carbonitrided alloy is usually uench hardened. Carbonitriing. - case hardening process in which a suitable ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation temperature in a gaseous atmosphere having a composition that results in simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen by the surface and, by diffusion, creates a concentration gradient. The process is completed by cooling at a rate that produces the desired properties in the wor0 piece. Carb!ri0ing - process in which an austenitized ferrous material is brought into contact with a carbonaceous atmosphere having sufficient carbon potential to cause absorption of carbon at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Carb!ri0ing #Cementation& - dding carbon to the surface of iron-base alloys by absorption through heating the metal at a temperature below its melting point in contact with carbonaceous solids, liuids or gases. The oldest method of case hardening. Cartrige Brass - 74G copper B4G zinc. This is one of the most widely used of the copper-zinc alloys; it is formable and ductile and possesses excellent cold-wor0ing, poor hot wor0ing and poor machining properties. @ated excellent for soft-soldering; good for silver alloy brazing or oxyacetylene welding and fair for resistance of carbon arc welding. The alloy develops high tensile strength with cold-wor0ing. Temper is obtained by cold rolling. Case - 'n a ferrous alloy, the outer portion that has been made harder than the inner portion, or core.
Case +arening - Carburizing and subseuently hardening by suitable heattreatment, all or part of the surface portions of a piece of iron-base alloy. Case +arening - generic term covering several processes applicable to steel that change the the chemical composition of the surface layer by absorption of carbon or nitrogen, or a mixture of the two, and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Cast (ron - 'ron containing more carbon than the solubility limit in austenite (about 8G". Cast Steel - $teel in the form of castings, usually containing less than 8G carbon. Cast Steel - ny ob
Chemical Milling - @emoving metal stoc0 by controlled selective chemical etching. Chemical $olishing - 'mproving the specular reflectivity of a metal surface by chemical treatment. Chromai0ing #Chromoi0ing) Chromati0ing& - &orming an acid surface to improve paint adhesion on aluminum or aluminum alloys, mainly aircraft s0ins, by treatment with a solution of chromic acid. Chromi!m - Chemical symbol Cr. 9lement 1o. 8= of the periodic system; atomic weight D8.4*. 't is of bright silvery color, relatively hard. 't is strongly resistant to atmospheric and other oxidation. 't is of great value in the manufacture of $tainless $teel as an iron-base alloy. Chromium plating has also become a large outlet for the metal. 'ts principal functions as an alloy in steel ma0ing; (*" increases resistance to corrosion and oxidation (8" increases harden-ability (B" adds some strength at high temperatures (=" resists abrasion and wear (with high carbon". Chromi0ing - surface treatment at elevated temperature, generally carried out in pac0, vapor, or salt bath, in which an alloy is formed by the inward diffusion of chromium into the base metal. Cla Metal - composite metal containing two or three layers that have been bonded together. The bonding may have been accomplished by co-rolling, welding, heavy chemical deposition or heavy electroplating. Cla Metal - composite metal containing two or three layers that have been bonded together. The bonding may have been accomplished by corolling, welding, casting, heavy chemical deposition, or heavy electroplating. Cleavage - &racture of a crystal by crac0 propagation across a crystallographic plane of low index. Cleavage *ract!re - &racture of a grain, or most of the grains, in a polycrystalline metal by cleavage, resulting in bright reflecting facets. Cleavage $lane - characteristic crystallographic plane or set of planes in a crystal on which cleavage fracture occurs easily. Cl!ster Mill - rolling mill where each of the two wor0ing rolls of small diameter is supported by two or more bac0-up rolls. Cobalt - Chemical symbol Co. 9lement 1o. 87 of the periodic system; atomic weight D+.:=. gray magnetic metal, of medium hardness; it resists corrosion li0e nic0el, which it resembles closely; melting point 8F:F (degrees" &.; specific gravity +.:. 't is used as the matrix metal in most cemented carbides and is occasionally electroplated instead of nic0el, the sulfate being used as electrolyte. 'ts principal function as an alloy in tool steel; it contributes to red hardness by hardening ferrite. Coil Brea%s - Creases or ridges across a metal sheet transverse to the direction of coiling, occasionally occurring when the metal has been coiled hot and uncoiled cold.
Coil Wel -
Contin!o!s Casting - casting techniue in which the ingot is continuously solidified while it is being poured, and the length is not determined by mold dimensions. Contin!o!s Casting - casting techniue in which an ingot, billet, tube, or other shape is continuously solidified while it is being poured, so that its length is not determined by mold dimensions. Contin!o!s *!rnace - &urnace, in which the material being heated moves steadily through the furnace. Contin!o!s $hase - 'n an alloy or portion of an alloy containing more than one phase, the phase that forms the bac0ground or matrix in which the other phase or phases are present as isolated volumes. Contin!o!s $ic%ling - 6assing sheet or strip metal continuously through a series of pic0ling and washing tan0s. Controlle Atmos'here *!rnaces - furnace used for bright annealing into which specially prepared gases are introduced for the purpose of maintaining a neutral atmosphere so that no oxidizing reaction between metal and atmosphere ta0es place. Controlle Rolling - hot rolling process in which the temperature of the steel is closely controlled, particularly during the final rolling passes, to produce a fine-grain microstructure. Converter - furnace in which air is blown through the molten bath of crude metal or matte for the purpose of oxidizing impurities. Cooling Stresses - $tresses developed by uneven contraction or external constraint of metal during cooling; also those stresses resulting from localized plastic deformation during cooling, and retained. Coring - variation of composition between the center and surface of a unit of structure (such as a dendrite, a grain or a carbide particle" resulting from noneuilibrium growth over a range of temperature. Corrosion - !radual chemical or electrochemical attac0 on a metal by atmosphere, moisture or other agents. Corrosion - eterioration of a metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. Corrosion Embrittlement - The severe loss of ductility of a metal resulting from corrosive attac0, usually intergranular and often not visually apparent. Corrosion *atig!e - 9ffect of the application of repeated or fluctuating stresses in a corrosive environment characterized by shorter life than would be encountered as a result of either their repeated or fluctuating stresses alone or the corrosive environment alone.
Cree' - Time-dependent strain occurring under stress. Cree' - Time-dependent strain occurring under stress. The creep strain occurring at a diminishing rate is called primary creep; that occurring at a minimum and almost constant rate, secondary creep; that occurring at an accelerating rate, tertiary creep. Cree' imit - (*" The maximum stress that will cause less than a specified uantity of creep in a given time. (8" The maximum nominal stress under which the creep strain rate decreases continuously with time under constant load and at constant temperature. $ometimes used synonymously with creep strength. Crevice Erosion - type of concentration-cell corrosion; corrosion of a metal that is caused by the concentration of dissolved salts, metal ions, oxygen, or other gases, and such, in crevices or poc0ets remote from the principal fluid stream, with a resultant building up of differential cells that ultimately cause deep pitting. Critical Cooling Rate - The limiting rate at which austenite must be cooled to ensure that a particular type of transformation product is formed. Critical $oint - (*" The temperature or pressure at which a change in crystal structure, phase or physical properties occurs; same as transformation temperature. (8" 'n an euilibrium diagram, that specific combination of composition, temperature and pressure at which the phases of an inhomogeneous system are in euilibrium. Critical $oint - (*" The temperature or pressure at which a change in crystal structure, phase, or physical properties occurs. $ame as transformation temperature. (8" 'n an euilibrium diagram, that specific value of composition, temperature and pressure, or combinations thereof, at which the phases of a heterogeneous systems are in euilibrium. Critical $oints - Temperatures at which internal changes or transformations ta0e place within a metal either on a rising or falling temperature. Critical Range - temperature range in which an internal change ta0es place within a metal. lso termed transformation range. Critical Strain - That strain which results in the formation of very large grains during recrystallization. Critical "em'erat!re - $ynonymous with critical point if pressure is constant. Cro' - The defective ends of a rolled or forged product which are cut off and discarded. Cross Rolling - The rolling of sheet so that the direction of rolling is changed about :4 (degrees" from the direction of the previous rolling. Cross Rolling - @olling at an angle to the long dimension of the metal; usually done to increase width.
Cross Rolling - (hot" rolling process in which rolling reduction is carried out in a direction perpendicular to, as well as a direction parallel to, the length of the original slab. Crown - contour on a sheet or roll where the thic0ness or diameter increases from edge to center. Crown or +eavy Center - 'ncreased thic0ness in the center of metal sheet or strip as compared with thic0ness at the edge. Crystalline - Composed of crystals. C!' *ract!re - type of fracture in a tensile test specimen which loo0s li0e a cup having the exterior portion extended with the interior slightly depressed. C!' *ract!re #C!'-an-Cone *ract!re& - &racture, freuently seen in tensile test pieces of a ductile material, in which the surface of failure on one portion shows a central flat area of failure in tension, with an exterior extended rim of failure in shear. C!tting S'ee - The linear or peripheral speed of relative motion between the tool and wor0 piece in the principal direction of cutting. Cyaniing - 'ntroducing carbon and nitrogen into a solid ferrous alloy by holding above c* in contact with molten cyanide of suitable composition. The cyanided alloy is usually uench hardened. Cyaniing - $urface hardening of an iron-base alloy article or portion of it by heating at a suitable temperature in contact with a cyanide salt, followed by uenching. / #*orath& $rocess - $hell molding in which the shell is made by blowing sand into a box li0e heated structure so that a shell of controlled thic0ness is created. /am'er Roll - roll used to control the line tension on the plate. /am'ers - (various types" $crubber isolation damper, emergency stac0 cap damper, fuel air damper. /at!m $lane - 'n layout and machining operations the reference plane from which dimensions are measured in the perpendicular direction. /at!m $oints - 'n layout and machining operations the reference points on a datum plane from which dimensions are measured. /a!bing - &illing of crac0s in molds or cores by specially prepared pastes or coatings to prevent a mechanical penetration of metal into these crac0s during pouring. lso, the final plastering or coating of the cupola or ladle after shrin0age has ta0en place during the drying period. Clay slurry or clay wash with various coating compounds are applied.
B - ecibel /C - The second of the two types of electricity. 't stands for direct current. 'n a C circuit, current is always flowing in the same direction and (for a given voltage" is of the same magnitude. /C #/irect Chill& Casting - continuous method of ma0ing ingots or billets for sheet or extrusion by pouring the metal into a short mold. The base of the mold is a platform that is gradually lowered while the metal solidifies, the frozen shell of metal acting as a retainer for the liuid metal below the wall of the mold. The ingot is usually cooled by the impingement of water directly on the mold or on the walls of the solid metal as it is lowered. The length of the ingot is limited by the depth to which the platform can be lowered; therefore, it is often called semicontinuous casting. /C #/irect Chill& Casting - continuous method of ma0ing ingots or billets or extrusion by pouring the metal into a short mold. $ome times called semi-continuous casting. /ea Annealing - $ee nnealing /ea En - The end of a water line, the point where the flow stops. /ea *lat - 6erfectly flat. s pertaining to sheet, strip or plate. @efer to $tretcher Aeveling. /ea Smooth - The term applied to the finest cut of a file. /ea Steel - &ully 0illed steel, also applied to steel which fails to respond to heat treatment. /eab!rne - Term applied to refractory materials obtained by calcimining at a temperature high enough to form a product inert to atmospheric moisture and carbon dioxide, and less apt to contract. /eab!rne /olonite - olonite burned at high temperature with additions of an agent, such as oxide of iron. /eahea - (#" eadheading is to run a coil through a stand with the rolls open; no reduction in gauge. /eb!rr - To remove sharp edges. /eb!rris - #orizontal 0nife used to remove burrs after slitting. /ecalescence - term used in reference to the absorption of heat without a corresponding indrease in temperature, when steel is heated through the ctitical points (phase changes". /ecant - *" 6our from one vessel to another, 8" pour off molten metal without disturbing the sludge.
/ecarb!ri0ation - The loss of carbon from the surface of steel by heating above lower critical temperature or by chemical action. ecarburization is usually present to a slight extent in steel forgings. 9xcessive decarburization can result in defective products. /ecibel #B& - nit for measuring the ration amounts of acoustical power; onetenth of a bel. /ecoration #o, islocations& - $egregation of solute atoms to the line of a dislocation in a crystal. 'n ferrite, the dislocations may be decorated with carbon or nitrogen atoms. /een!m - The depth or that portiono of a gear tooth from the pitch circle to root circle of gear. /ee' /rawing - The fabrication process of flat rolled steel to ma0e drawn parts. The part is mechanically formed through or in a die. The blan0 diameter is reduced; the blan0 contracts circumferentially as it is drawn radially inward. ($ee eep rawing pplications". /ee' /rawing A''lications - 6artsapplications that reuire deep drawing in their fabrication. 9xamples are motor shells, fenders, uarter panels, door panels. /ee' Etching - /acroetching; etching for examination at a low (less that *4K" magnification, in a reagent that attac0s the metal to a much greater extent than normal for microscopic examination. !ross features my be developed; i.e., abnormal grain size, segregation, crac0s, or grain flow. /ee'be *ilter - gas filter in air pollution control, consisting of a loosely pac0ed mat of fibrous materials; not practical where high grain loading are encountered. /e,ect - *" nything that renders the steel unfit for the specific use for which it was ordered. 3hat is defective for one customer may be prime steel for another. 8" variety of uality problems in a coil. 9xamples are punchmar0s, roll mar0s, oil spots, and scratches. /e,lector Roll - roll used to change the direction of the strip. /e,ormation "est - n !$ test using an instrument such as the ietert niversal $and-$trength Testing machine (with deformation accessory" to determine the amount in inches that the sand specimen is compressed before it ruptures. /egas +eat - heat of degas steel is a heat that is produced to extremely low carbon levels through vacuum degassing. /egasser - material employed for removing gases from molten metals and alloys. /egassing - sually a chemical reaction resulting from a compound added to molten metal to remove gases from the metal. 5ften inert gases are used in this operation.
/egassing *l! - flux for removing gas from the melt. /egenerate Str!ct!re - sually refers to pearlite that does not have an ideally lamellar structure. The degree of degeneracy may vary from slight perturbations in the lamellar arrangement to structures that are not recognizably lamellar. /egreasing - @emoval of grease,oil or other lubricant-type materials by immersion in an effective solvent. primarily al0aline cleaners are used,although an organic solvents are useful. /egree o, Ramming - The extent of hardness to which a sand mold is rammed. /elay Coe - four-character code used to identify the type and reason for a delay. /elay Screen #S%im Gate #Erroneo!sly&)S%im Strainer& - small piece of perforated light gage tinned sheet steel, or of copper, aluminum, andor magnesium alloys, freuently placed in the pouring basin at the top of the downsprue. 't delays the flow of metal long enough to allow the basin to fill before it melts to permit only clean metal from the bottom of the basin to enter the downsprue. elay screens are also use elsewhere in the gating system. /elivery En - The exit end of the line. /elivery "ail En "he o!tsie - The outside lap of the produced coil on the delivery reel. /elta (ron - llotropic modification of iron, stable above 8DD8 (degrees" &. to melting point. 't is of body-centered cubic crystal structure. /eminerali0ation "rain - Two units, a cation tan0 and an anion tan0, wor0ing in con
/eoiation - (*" @emoval of oxygen from molten metals by use of suitable chemical agents. (8" $ometimes refers to removal of undesirable elements other than oxygen by the introduction of elements or compounds that readily react with them. /eoii0ing - @emoval of oxygen. 'n steel sheet, strip, and wire technology, the term refers to heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere, to lessen the amount of scale. /e'hos'hori0ation - 9limination of phosphorus from molten steel. /e'th Car - notched paper card used in setting the depth of the 0nives. /e'th o, ,!sion - The depth to which base matel melts during welding /ermatis - n inflammation of the s0in, which may be caused by allergy to certain casting ad#ardening by the formation of hard microconstituents dispersed in a softer matrix. $ee 6reciptitation #ardening > /es!l,!ri0ation - 5peration that in
/es!'erheater - 6ressure reducing station which reduces +44 psi high pressure steam to 88D psi low pressure steam to supplement the low pressure system throughout the mill. /etroit C!' "est - cupping test for sand, using a steel ball as plunger, the depth of cup being shown on a dial /evelo'e +arness - #ardness capability of a metal or alloy after a hardening heat-treating process. /e9ries "est - test to give the relative hardness of deep hardening steels. /ew $oint - The dew point of the atmosphere inside the furnace. The higher the negative number, the dryer the furnace. dry furnace is desired. /ewaing - The process of melting out the expendable was pattern from an investment mold by the application of heat, usually at temperatures less than 8D4 %4& (*8*" %4C". /eiation - @emoval of excess oxygen from molten metal, usually accomplished by adding materials with a high affinity for oxygen, the oxides of which are either gaseous or readily form slags. /etrin - $oluble gummy carbohydrate formed by the decomposition of starch by heat, acids, or enzymes; it is use din core compounds, mold compounds, mold washes, core pastes, and other compounds reuiring high dry compressive strengths. /e0incing - coating defect consisting of the removal of the zinc oxide in a >C> enamel film by chemical reaction with food products. ezincing appears as a lac0 of opacity in the film and usually occurs in a random pattern. /e0!ri% 9alve - %utterfly or slide-plate type stop valve that allows emergency uencher and uencher flow to the bull nozzle of the ductwor0. 1ame refers to manufacturer. /e E8rator "an%s - Treated water storage tan0s which help remove excess air from the feed water by spraying the water into an atmosphere of exhaust steam as it enters the tan0. @emoval of all possible air helps prevent corrosion of the boiler internals. &rom the tan0s, the feed water is pumped to the boilers at approximately :D4 psi. /ia-"ester #Wol'ert +arness "ester& - hardness testing machine using the Mic0ers or %rinell ball indenter. /iameters - 'n microscopy, an indication of the amount of magnification. *444 diameters B*444 times original size. /iametral $itch - @atio of the number of teeth on a gear to the number of inches of pitch diameter or the number of teeth to each inch of pitch diameter.
/iammoni!m $hos'hate - sed to fireproof clothing of foundry wor0ers. /iamon $yrami +arness "est - This test, more commonly 0nown as the vic0ers test finds greater use in the laboratory than the wor0shop. 't employs a pyramid shaped diamond with an included angle of *BFS which is impressed into the specimen using loads of D to *84 0g ma0ing a small suare impression. This test is used for finished or polished components because the impression can be very small. The diamond pyramid hardness number is obtained from a calculation based on measuring the diagonals of the impressions in the steel. /ia'hragm Shell Moling Machine - n arrangement for applying a sueeze pressure with a high-temperature silicone rubber diaphragm. /ias'ore Clay - roc0li0e mineral consisting chiefly of diaspore (#l58" bonded by fire clay substance with an alumina content higher than FBG. /iathermometer - n instrument for examining the thermal resistance or the heat conducting power of ob
/ie-Cleaning Area - section of the coating of the strip which is produced when the 5perator cleans the die. /ielectric 4ven #/ryer& - rapid-drying high freuency electric oven used to ba0e cores. /ies - (!alvanize" ir pressure devices in the $heet /ill which, depending on distance from coil, determine coating thic0ness by removing excess metal from the strip; the farther the die is from the steel, the heavier the coating - also called >0nives> on this line. /ie Stoc% - The frame and two handles (bars" which hold the dies (chasers" used for cutting (chasing" external screw threads. /ietert $rocess - patented process for the production of precision molds involving blowing a contoured core around a pattern to form half a mold. /ietert "ester - patented apparatus for the direct reading of a %rinell hardness after impression without using magnification or conversion tables. /i,,erential Coatings - Coatings on flat rolled products whereby the thic0ness of the coating on the one side is heavier than the other side. t 3eirton $teel, the term is applied to a tin plate product which reuires one side of the steel to have a heavier tin coating than the other side. /i,,erential +eat "reatment - heating process by which the temperature is varied within the ob'n solid and shell mold investment casting, a fine ceramic coating applied as a slurry to the pattern to produce maximum surface smoothness, followed by a cheaper conventional investment. $ee 'nvestment 6recoat >
/i' "an% - tan0, preferably lined with rubber, epoxy, or other nonmetallic, into which diecastings are dipped for cooling after leaving the machine. /i''e 3#T 6rocessed iron ore that is iron-rich enough to be used as a scrap substitute in electric furnace steelma0ing. 3#J s mini-mills expand their product abilities to sheet steel, they reuire much higher grades of scrap to approach integrated mill uality. 9nabling the mini-mills to use iron ore without the blast furnace, @' can serve as a low residual raw material and alleviate the mini-mills? dependence on cleaner, higher-priced scrap. #53 The impurities in the crushed iron ore are driven off through the use of massive amounts of natural gas. 3hile the result is :7G pure iron (compared with blast furnace hot metal, which, because it is saturated with carbon, is only :BG iron", @' is only economically feasible in regions where natural gas is attractively priced. > /irect-Arc *!rnace - n electric arc furnace in which the metal being melted is one of the poles. /irect-re!ce iron - (@'" metallic iron product made from iron ore pellets, lumps or fines that is reduced (by removing only the oxygen" from the ore at a temperature below the melting point of the iron. @' is used as feedstoc0 in electricarc furnaces, blast furnaces and in other iron and steelma0ing processes. /irectional Solii,ication - The solidification of molten metal in a casting in such a manner that liuid feed metal is always available for that portion that is well employed in a gating system to entrap the first metal poured, which may contain dirt or unwanted particles (ineffective". $ee $lag Trap > /irty Casting - casting containing an excessive amount of nonmetallic inclusions in the body of the metal. /(S - uctile 'ron $ociety /isa''earing *ilament $yrometer #4'tical $yrometer& - telescope in which a hot body is viewed through an eyepiece; temperature is measured by the matching color of a calibrated lamp filament with color of hot metal. /ischarge 9alve 4n a $!m' - valve that isolates a pump from the rest of the pumping system.
/iscoloration - change in the visual appearance of the material caused by formation of oxides when exposed to contaminating atmosphere, always at elevated temperatures. /isconnect - /echanical device, resembling a large 0nife switch, that is used as a safety device for isolating electrical euipment. /ish - concave surface departing from a straight line edge to edge. 'ndicates transverse or across the width. /istrib!tor #See SER9(CE CE"ER& /is'erse Shrin%age - $mall shrin0age cavities dispersed through the casting, which are not necessarily cause for re
/iviing +ea #ine bea& - machine tool holding fixture which positions the wor0 for accurately spacing holes,slots,flutes and gear teeth and for ma0ing geometric shapes. 3hen geared to the table lead screw, it can be used for helical milling operations. /ivorce $earlite #Gran!lar $erlite) S'heroiite) S'heroii0e Cementite& 6earlite in which the cementite has been spheroidized by prolonged annealing 'nstrument used to detect and measure an accumulated dosage of radiation; in common usage it is a pencil-size ionization chamber with a built-in selfreading electrometer; used for personal monitoring. $ee osimeter, 6oc0et > /osimeter) $oc%et - poc0et ionization chamber containing it own electrometer. n auxiliary charging device is usually necessary. /o!ble #Col& Re!ce #/R& - *" /aterial that has been cold reduced in thic0ness twice. The first reduction is at the tandem /ill (where it is reduced at five different locations" and the second is at the 3eirlite /ill. 8" 6late given a second ma
limited ductility, and highly directional mechanical properties. im @oc0well hardness B4T hardness is 7F; im yield strength (varying from materials" is +4,444 psi to :4,444 psi; approximate tensile strength is :4,444 psi. /o!ble Annealing - s applied to hypoeutectoid steel, a process of heating to above the upper critical point (CB" and holding at that temperature until complete solution of the carbide has been achieved then cooling rapidly and reheating immediately to above B and slowly cooling. /o!ble (m'ression Metho - way of determining approximate %rinell hardness by placing a hardened steel ball between a specimen of 0nown hardness and the metal to be tested and pressurizing in an arbor press. /o!ble S%in #bottom S'lash) (ngot Shell) $laster& - defect consisting of a secondary layer of metal sometimes found on top-poured ingots. /o!ble "em'ering - retempering operation sometimes necessary for steel containing retained austenite which brea0s down during cooling from the first tempering to form a new and hence untempered martensite. /o!blebr!ne - eadburn; not be mista0en for two firing. /o!ghn!t - venturi system that creates a draft with
/ra,t - The measured positive or negative pressure maintained within the boiler and produced by the use of forced draft and induced draft fans. 1egative draft helps ensure that the fire and exhaust gases are controlled within the boiler. /ra,t) $attern - $ee 6attern raft /rag - Aower or bottom section of a mold or pattern. /rain ine - ny hose, pipe or tube connected to a valve that is opened to remove oil pressure from a system or a component of a system. /rain 9alve - valve that is opened to remove oil pressure from a system or a component of a system. /raw - term used for *" to temper, 8" to remove pattern from mold, B" an external contraction defect on surface of mold. /rawing - &orcing metal through a die by pulling it. (pushing metal through a die is called extrusion" $mall tube, wire, or pipe is commonly made by drawing down a larger extruded size /raw $eg - wooden peg used for drawing patterns. /raw $late - plate attached to a pattern to facilitate drawing of a pattern from the mold. /raw ;!ality - /ore flexible grade of steel /raw Screw - threaded rod with an eye screwed into a pattern to enable it to be drawn from the mold. /raw S'i%e - steel spi0e used to rap and draw a pattern from the sand; it is driven into the wood of the pattern, as opposed to a raw $crew, which threaded. /raw-Reraw - (@" Two-piece. 6rocess for ma0ing two-piece cans in which a circular blan0 is drawn into a die to form a shallow cup and then is redrawn on a second or third die to produce a can body of the desired dimensions. 6late is coated prior to the forming process. /raw-"hin-Reraw - (T@" n enhancement of the @ process for ma0ing twopiece can body utilizing high tensile T&$ that has an organic polymeric coating applied prior to the forming operations. The patented T@ process is a means of sub
/rawing - >@emoving pattern from the mold or mold from pattern in production wor0. $ee also Temper > /rawing !ality - (" &lat-rolled products produced from either deep drawing rimmed steel or extra deep drawing aluminum 0illed steels. $pecial rolling and processing operations aid in producing a product, which can stand extreme pressing, drawing or forming, etc., without creating defects. /rawn - /echanically formed by tension through or in a die. /rawn = (rone - (N'" process primarily used to manufacture two-piece beer or carbonated beverage can bodies, although some canned food product is pac0aged in steel N' can bodies. n appropriately sized circular dis0 is drawn into a cup to approximately the finished can diameter. The side wall height is created by forcing the cup through a series of rings, ironing the metal thinner than the starting material thic0ness. Can bodies are coated with organic lacuers after forming. /rawn-4ver-Manrel - procedure for producing specialty tubing using a drawbench to pull tubing through a die and over a mandrel, giving excellent control over the inside diameter and wall thic0ness. dvantages of this techniue are its inside and outside surface uality and gauge tolerance. /a
center of the pipe during drilling, to lubricate the drill bit and transmit the drilled core to the surface. %ecause of the high stress, torue and temperature associated with well drilling, drill pipe is a seamless product. /rill $ress - drilling machine with a counterbalanced spindle which ma0es it possible for the operator to control accurately the rate at which the drill is fed into the wor0. The sensitive drill press usually contains drills that are less than V inch diameter and which rotate at high speeds. /rill Ro - term given to an annealed and polished high carbon tool steel rod usually round and centerless ground. The sizes range in round stoc0 from .4*B to * *8 diameter. Commercial ualities embrace water and oil hardening grades. less popular but nevertheless standard grade is a non-deforming uality. rill @ods are used principally by machinists and tool and die ma0ers for punches, drills, taps, dowel pins, screw machine parts, small tools, etc. /rill Sleeve - n adapter with an internal and external taper which fits tapered shan0 tools such as drills or reamers to adapt them to a larger size machine spindle. /rill Soc%et - n adapter similar to a sleeve except that it is made to adapt a larger tapered-shan0 tool to smaller size spindle. /rill) "wist - commonly used metal-cutting drill, usually made with two fluted running around the body. /rillings) "est - Chips, or small particles of metal removed from a test specimen for chemical analysis. /ri' "!be - $mall sight glasses used to chec0 and ad
/ro' Ball - heavy weight, usually ball or pear shaped, dropped from a height to brea0 large pieces of metal scrap. lso used to strengthen warp castings. /ro' Gate - term for a pouring gate or runner leading directly into the top of the mold. /ro' 4,, or /ro' 4!t - >$and falling from the Cope of a mold. $ee rop > /ross - $ediment which settles in bottom of the R'1C pot on the galvanize line. lso top dross, which floats on surface of pot and is s0immed off. different type of dross also occurs on the top of the zinc pot, which is s0immed off on a regular time frame. /r!m +eas - @emovable hinged man-way cover on both ends of a boiler drum. /r!m ale - cylindrical refractory-lined ladle that is completely enclosed. removable cover at the pouring spout permits addition of molten metal. /r!m $!sher - evice used to remove a steel drum from the entry coil traverse car. /r!m 9ent - /anual valve that is used to relieve pressure on drums. /r!m) Magnetic - n electrically energized pulley or drum used for removing magnetic materials from sand, nonferrous borings and turnings, etc. /ry Analysis - term applied to spectrographic analysis. /ry an Ba%e Com'ression "est - n &$ test to determine the maximum compressive stress that a ba0ed sand mixture is capable of developing. /ry *ilm Weight - ry coating film weight is normally calculated in grams per suare meter(gmm %8" or milligrams per suare inch(mgin %8". ccurate control of dry film weight is essential to ensure that the coating material will possess its intended properties of physical and chemical resistance. /ry $an - grinding machine of heavy rollers or millers testing on a bed. $creens or slits allow fine material to pass through. /ry $ermeability - The property of a molded mass of sand bonded or unbonded, dried at 884-8B4 %4& (*4D-**4 %4C" and cooled to room temperature that allows passage of gases resulting during pouring of molten metal into a mold. /ry R!n - The process of chec0ing the control panel to assure that all controls are functioning properly. /ry San Casting - The process in which the sand molds are dried at above 8*8 %4& (*44 %4C" before using. /ry San Core - $ee Core
/ry San Mol - mold from which the moisture has been removed by heating. /ry Strength) or /ry Bon Strength - The maximum compressive, shear, tensile, or transverse strength of a sand mixture which has been dried at 884 to 8B4 %4& (*4D to **4 %4C" and cooled to room temperature. /ryer - ries the strip after a rinsing process. /ryer) Core - $ee Core riers /ryer) /ielectric - $ee ielectric 5ven /!al Metal Centri,!gal Casting - Centrifugal castings produced by pouring a different metal into the rotating mold after the first metal poured. /!ctile (ron - $ee 1odular 'ron /!ctile (ron Society - $ee uctile 'ron $ociety for address /!ctility - bility of steel to undergo permanent changes in shape without fracture at room temperature. /!ctwor% - ucts that carry exhaust solids from the boilers to the scrubber area. /!mmy bloc% - tight-fitting steel bloc0 placed between the ram and the billet in an extrusion press to prevent metal from lea0ing bac0ward along the ram during extrusion. /!m'ing - umping occurs when imported merchandise is sold in, or for export to, the domestic mar0et at less than the normal value of the merchandise, i.e., a price which is less than the price at which identical or similar merchandise is sold in the comparison mar0et, the home mar0et (mar0et of exporting country" or third-country mar0et (mar0et used as proxy for home mar0et in cases where home mar0et cannot be used". The normal value of the merchandise cannot be below the cost of production. /!m'ing Margin - The amount by which the normal value exceeds the export price or constructed export price of the sub
stress" and are suitable for heat exchangers, desalination plants, and marine applications. /!rability - The ability to accept permanent deformation. /!st - $mall solid particles created by the brea0ing up of larger particles by an process. /ye $enetrant (ns'ection - method for detecting surface porosity or crac0s in metal. The part to be inspected is cleaned and coated with a dye which penetrates any flawa that may be present. The surface is wiped clean and coated with a a white powder. The powder absorbs the dye held in the defects indicating their location. /ea So,t Annealing - #eating metal to above the critical range and appropriately cooling to develop the greatest possible commercial softness or ductility. /ea So,t Steel - $teel, normally made in the basic open-hearth furnace or by the basic oxygen process with carbon less than 4.*4G and manganese in the 4.844.D4G range, completely annealed. /ea So,t "em'er - Condition of maximum softness commercially attainable in wire, strip, or sheet metal in the annealed state. /eb!rring - method whereby the raw slit edge of metal is removed by rolling or filing. /ecarb!ri0ation - @emoval of carbon from the outer surface of iron or steel, usually by heating in an oxidizing or reducing atmosphere. 3ater vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide are strong decarburizers. @eheating with adhering scale is also strongly decarburizing in action. /ecarb!ri0ation - Aoss of carbon from the surface of a ferrous alloy as a result of heating in a medium that reacts with carbon. /ecarb!ri0ation - The loss of carbon from the surface of a ferrous alloy as a result of heating in a medium that reacts with the carbon at the surface. /ee' /rawing - The process of cold wor0ing or drawing sheet or strip metal blan0s by means of dies on a press into shapes which are usually more or less cup-li0e in character involving considerable plastic deformation of the metal. eep-drawing uality sheet or strip steel, ordered or sold on the basis of suitability for deepdrawing /e,ormative Bans - !enerally, bands in which deformation has been concentrated inhomogeneously. /egassing $rocess #(n steel ma%ing& - @emoving gases from the molten metal by means of a vacuum process in combination with mechanical action. /enrite - crystal that has grown in treeli0e branching mode.
/enrite - crystal that has a tree-li0e branching pattern, being most evident in cast metals slowly cooled through the solidification range. /enritic Segregation - 'nhomogeneous distribution of alloying elements through the arms of dendrites. /ie Sin%ing - &orming or machining a depressed pattern in a die. /ie-ines - Aines of mar0ings daused on drawn or extruded products by minor imperfections in the surface of the die. /i,,!sion - (*" $preading of a constituent in a gas, liuid or solid, tending to ma0e the composition of all parts uniform. (8" The spontaneous movement of atoms or molecules to new sites within a material. /ilatometer - n instrument for measuring the expansion or contraction of a solid metal resulting from heating, cooling, polymorphic changes, etc. /islocation - linear defect in the structure of a crystal. /rawing - (*" &orming recessed parts by forcing the plastic flow of metal in dies. (8" @educing the cross section of wire or tubing by pulling it through a die. (B" misnomer for tempering. /rawing Bac% - @eheating after hardening to a temperature below the critical for the purpose of changing the hardness of the steel. /ro' *orging - forging made with a drop hammer. /ro' +ammer - forging hammer than depends on gravity for its force. /ry Rolle *inish - &inish obtained by cold rolling on polished rolls without the use of any coolant or metal lubricant, of material previously plain pic0led, giving a burnished appearance. /!ctile Crac% $ro'agation - $low crac0 propagation that is accompanied by noticeable plastic deformation and reuires energy to be supplied from outside the body. /!ctility - The ability of a material to deform plastically without fracturing, being measured by elongation or reduction of area in a tensile test, by height of cupping in an 9richsen test or by other means. /!ctility - The capacity of a material to deform plastically without fracturing. /!ctility - The property of metals that enables them to be mechanically deformed when cold, without fracture. 'n steel, ductility is usually measured by elongation and reduction of area as determined in a tensile test.
/!ral!min - The trade name applied to the first aluminum-copper-magnesium type of age-hardenable alloy (*7$", which contains nominally =G Cu, *8G /g. The term is sometimes used to include the class of wrought aluminum-copper-magnesium alloys that harden during aging at room temperature. /!ral!min #obsolete& - term formerly applied to the class of age-hardenable aluminum-copper alloys containing manganese, magnesium, or silicon. E.C.#orEC& alloy or grae - 9lectrical conductor aluminum, an alloy specifically formulated for good electrical conductivity; it is about ::.DG aluminum E.C.A. !mber - 9ngineering Corporation of merica -- This is the computerized annealing seuence number used by the &iring /odel. Easy 4'en En - convenience feature can end designed to be opened by utilizing an integral tab opener to tear the container lid along a tear line formed in the lid. Eccentricity - The degree to which two forms fail to share a common center; for example, in a pipe or tube whose inside is off-center toth regard to the outside. 'n hollow extrusionsE the difference between the maximum and minimum wall thic0ness at any single cross-section. The degree of eccentricity can be expressed by a plus or minus wall thic0ness tolerance. ECCS - 9lectrolytic Chromium Coated $heets. Eccentric - circle not having a geometric center. lso, a device such as a cran0shaft or a cam for converting rotary motion to reciprocating motion. Economi0er - specially designed ban0 of boiler tubes used to heat the boiler feed water before it enters the boiler drum. %oiler exhaust gases pass across the economizers which are located in the exhaust ductwor0 and the heat is transferred to the feed water. 6reheating of the feed water helps to reduce boiler fuel reuirements. Economi0er Recirc!lator - Aine that connects waterwall to economizer to ensure positive flow through economizer so as to not allow steam in the economizer during 58 blow. Ey-C!rrent "esting - 1ondestructive testing method in which eddy-curent flow is induced in the test ob
Ege B!il!' - Condition that results when burred or damaged plate causes the edge of the coil to be higher in coating than the center of the coil. Ege *iling - method whereby the raw or slit edges of strip metal are passed or drawn one or more times against a series of files, mounted at various angles. This method may be used for deburring only or filing to a specific contour including a completely rounded edge. Ege Rolling #Ege Conitioning& - @olling a strip of steel to smooth the edges. %y removing the burr off the coil, it is safer for customers to manipulate. Ege Wave - condition in the band of steel where the edges (in the direction of rolling" are longer than the center. Eges - /any types of edges can be produced in the manufacture of flat rolled metal products. 5ver the years the following types of edges have become recognized as standard in their respective fields. . Copper %ase lloys- $lit, $lit and 9dge @olled, $heared, $awed, /achined or rawn . $heet $teels or luminum $heet- /ill 9dge, $lit 9dge or $heared 9dge. . $trip $teels and $tainless $trip . 1o. * 9dge - $mooth, uniform, round or suare edge, either slit or filed or slit and edge rolled as specified, width tolerance O- .44D. . 1o. 8 9dge- natural sound mill edge carried through from the hot rolled band. #as not been slit, filed, or edge rolled. Tolerances not closer than hot-rolled strip limits. . 1o. B 9dge - $uare, produced by slitting only. 1ot filed. 3idth tolerances close. . 1o. = 9dge - round edge produced by edge rolling either from a natural mill edge or from slit edge strip. 1ot as perfect as 1o. * edge. 3idth tolerances liberal. . 1o. D 9dge - n approximately suare edge produced by slitting and filing or slitting and rolling to remove burr. . 1o. F 9dge - suare edge produced by suare edge rolling, generally from suare edge hot-rolled occasionally from slit strip. 3idth tolerances and finish not as exancting as 1o. * edge. E,,l!ent - combination of water and particulates pulled from exhaust gases that is sent to #ydromation for treatment. E?ector $ins - /oveable pins in tahe pattern die tha t)push) to remove cast pattern form the dies. Elastic /e,ormation - $tretching of the material below the point at which a permanent >set> ta0es place. That is, in the range where the metal acts spring-li0e or elastic. Elastic imit - >/aximum stress that a material will withstand without permanent deformation. $ee Jield $trength > Elastic Resistance Wele $i'e - 9@3 pipe is made from strips of hot-rolled stee, which sre passed through forming rolls and welded. 3hile seamless pipe is traditionally stronger and more expensive than 9@3 pipe, 9@3 technology is improving and the techniue now accounts for approximately =+G of annual tonnage shipments of oil country tublular goods.
Elasticity - The property of recovering original shape and dimensions upon removal of a deforming force. Electocleaning #Electrolytic Brightening& - n anodic treatment. cleaning, polishing, or oxidizing treatment i which the specimen or wor0 is made the anode in a suitable electrolyte; an inert metal is used as cathode and a potential is applied. Electric *!rnace Steel - $teel made in any furnace where heat is generated electrically, almost always by arc. %ecause of relatively high cost, only tool steels and other high-value steels are made by the electric furnace process. Electric +eaer 9alve - n electric valve that will isolate a blower from the rest of the blowers that are on line. Electric Shears - Tool used to cut heavy gauge steel. Electric-arc ,!rnace - (9& or 9&" n economical method of steelma0ing that is energized by an electric arc flowing between two bottom electrodes. &urnace charges consist of purchased scrap. Electric *!rnace Steel - $teel made in any furnace where heat is generated electrically, almost always by arc. %ecause of relatively high coast,only tool steels and other high value steels are made by the electric furnace process Electrical $reci'itator - 'n air pollution control, the use of electrodes in stac0 emissions emitting high voltage; particles 4.* micron and smaller can be attached and collected at discharge electrode. Electrical steel - $teel that includes silicon. The silicon content allows the steel to minimize energy loss during electrical applications. ($ee $ilicon 9lectrical $teel" Electrochemical - 6ertaining to chemical reactions induced by an electric current, such as electrolysis or electroplating Electrochemical Corrosion - >(Contact corrosion, 9lectrolytic corrosion, !alvanic corrosion" Aocalized corrosion from exposure of an assembly of dissimilar metals in contact or coupled with one another, i.e., electrochemical action. > Electroe - Compressed graphite or carbon cylinder or rod used to conduct electric current in electric arc furnaces, arc lamps, carbon arc welding, etc. Electroe'osition - pplication of a coating by immersing the parts in a bath of water containing resin, electrolytic stabilizers and pigments. n electric current is passed through the bath using the parts as anodes, plating them with resins and colors. Electrogalvani0e - Rinc plating process whereby the molecules on the positively charged zinc anode attach to the negatively charged sheet steel. The thic0ness of the zinc coating is readily controlled. %y increasing the electric charge or slowing the speed of the steel through the plating area, the coating will thic0en
Electro-Galvani0ing - !alvanizing by 9lectro deposition of zinc on steel Electrolysis - The separation of a chemical compound into its components by passing an electric current through it. Electrolyte - dissolved or fused substance capable of conducting an electric current; examples include the molten solution electrolysed in an aluminum reduction cell, or the acid solution in a wet-cell battery Electrolytic Galvani0e - Cold @olled or %lac0 6late to which a coating of zinc is applied by electro-deposition; used for applications in which corrosion resistance and paintability is a primary concern. Electrolytic "in $late - (9T6" *" Aight-gauge, low-carbon, cold reduced steel on which tin has been electrodeposited. 8" %lac0 plate coated with Tin $n electron deposition. Electron Beam Micro'robe Analy0er - n instrument for selective chemical analysis of a small volume of material. n electron beam bombards the area of interest and x-radiation thereby emitted is analyzed in a spectrometer. Electron Micro'robe Analy0er - n instrument for selective analysis of a microscopic area, in which an electron beam bombards the point of interest in Macuo at a given energy level. 'ntensity of bac0scatter is measured to interpret which chemical elements are present, and by scanning a large area the microprobe can analyze chemical composition and indicate the distribution of an element. Electro'lating - The production of a thin coating of one metal on another by electodeposition. 't is very extensively used in industry and is continuing to enlarge its useful functions. Marious plated metal and combinations therof are being used for different purposes, to illustrateE *. ecorative and protection against corrosioncopper, nic0el and chromium . 8. 6rotection against corrosioncadmium or zinc B. 6rotection against wearchromium . =. %uild-up of a part or parts undersizechromium or nic0el . D. 6ate for rubber adhesionbrass . F. 6rotection against carburization and for brazing operationscopper and nic0el Electroslag Re,ining - specialised steel ma0ing process in which a rolled or a cast ingot in the form of an electrode is remeltec in a water cooled copper mould. The melting is activated by resistive heaat generated in a conductive slag. The resulting product has a similar basic chemical composition to the original ingot, but is characterised by high purity and low inclusion content. Typical applications include high integrity components for the aerospace industry. Electrostatic 4iler - device used to apply a thin coating of oil to the strip. Electrostatic s'raying - pplication of a coating by applying a static electricity charge to the doplets of a spray and an opposite charge to the part being sprayed, which then attracts the droplets directly to its surface. Element - /atter which cannot be bro0en up into simpler substances by chemical action, that is, whose molecules are all composed of only one 0ind of atom.
Elevate "em'erat!re /rawing - process of drawing steel bars at elevated temperatures (normally 8D4-B44oC" which under optimum conditions produce steels that have higher tensile and yield strengths than those cold drawn with the same degree of reduction. The process is little used in the united 0ingdom. Elongation - 'ncrease in length which occurs before a metal is fractured, when subAoss of ductility of a metal due to chemical or physical change. $ee cid 9mbrittlement and #ydrogen 9mbrittlement > Emergency Stac% /am'er - $et of two per boiler. n open damper allows exhaust to vent to the atmosphere rather than to the scrubber. Emery - natural abrasive used for grinding or polishing. 't is being largely replaced by artificial abrasives. Em!lsion - coolant formed by mixing soluble oils or compounds with water. Enamel - 5rganic material, which is applied in a film to protect or decorate aluminum, tinplate, blac0plate or paper. En-4, ine-*ilter - filter on the end of the auxiliary hydraulic accumulator manifold which allows a small amount of oil to circulate bac0 to the storage tan0 while cleaning that oil. En-!ench +arenability "est - standardized method for comparing the hardenability of different steels. Enothermic Reaction - The reaction which occurs with absorption of heat. En!rance imit - /aximum alternating stress which a given material will withstand for an infinite number of times without causing fatigue failure. $ame as fatigue limit Engineering Stress #s& - The load divided by the original area. E$C #E'enable $attern Casting& - $ee Aost &oam 6rocess. E'oy Amino - Clear thermosetting coating with a combination epoxy resin and amino resin to give adhesion, flexibility and toughness. They offer good chemical and solvent resistance.
E'oy $henolic - 6hysical blends of epoxy and phenolic resins. !old thermosetting coating with a combination of epoxy resin and amino resin to give adhesion, flexibility and toughness. They offer good chemical and solvent resistance. E;!iae Crystals - Crystals,each of which has axes approximately eual in length. These are normally present in centre of a steel ingot. E;!ilibri!m - dynamic condition of balance between atomic movements, where the resultant is zero and the condition appears to be one of rest rather than change. Ergonomics - The science which deals with the interaction between people, their wor0 place and environment. 't also considers the physiology of wor0ers in the design of tools, euipment, and the wor0 methods needed. Erichsen "est - cupping test in which a piece of sheet metal, restrained except at the center, is deformed by a cone-shaped spherical-end plunger until fracture occurs. The height of the cup in millimeters at fracture is a measure of the ductility. Erosion - brasion of metal or other material by liuid or gas, usually accelerated by pressure of solid particles of matter in suspension, and sometimes by corrosion. ERW - 9lectric resistance weld 2 most common form of manufacturing for pipe in sizes from 8 B+-88) 5 E"CS - $ee 9lectrolytic Tin Coated $heets. E"$ - $ee 9lectrolytic Tin 6late. E:E - 9xternal upset ends 2 forging of ends on (6'" tubing and pipe to provide additional thic0ness for strengthening connections E!tectic - *" n isothermal reversible reaction in which a liuid solution decomposes, on cooling, into two or more intimately mixed solids. The number of solids formed are the same number of components in the system. 8" n alloy having the chemical composition indicated by the eutectic point on a euilibrium diagram. E!tectoi - *" n isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution on cooling is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids. The number of solids formed are the same number of components in the system. 8" n alloy having the same chemical composition indicated by the eutectoid point on a euilibrium diagram. E!tectoi Steel - $teel representing the eutectoid composition of the iron-carbon system, with about 4.+4G to 4.+BG carbon, the eutectoid temperature being about *BBB (degrees" &. $uch steel in the annealed condition consists exclusively of pearlite. $teels with less than this uota of carbon are 0nown as hypo-eutectoid and contain free ferrite in addition to the pearlite. 3hen more carbon is present, the steel is 0nown as hyper-eutectoid and contains free cementite. The presence of certain elements, such as nic0el or chromium, lowers the eutedtoid carbon content. Eva'oration $attern Casting E'enable $attern Casting E$C - $ee Aost &oam 6rocess.
Ecess Base - (9.%." chemical analysis that indicates the percent of basic over acid of the sinter. Eciter - The part of the generator that produces the C current that is reuired to ma0e an 9lectromagnet out of the rotating part (called the rotor" of the generator. Eha!st Steam - $team that is exhausted from a turbine. This steam is reduced in pressure and temperature as it exits the turbine and is returned to the plant for heating and various feed water treatment needs. 1ormal exhaust steam pressure is 8 to B psi and the temperature averages 88D degrees &ahrenheit. Eit En - The delivery end of the line. Eit Reel - (elivery @eel or 6rime @eel" @eel used to wind the strip after the side trimming process. Eothermic - &ormed by or characterized by heat reaction as in oxidation. Eothermic Reaction - >Chemical reactions involving the liberation of heat. $ee 9ndothermic @eaction. > E'aner Steel - #ardened and tempered, blue polished. Carbon content about *.44, Chromium .*7. sed for the expanders in oil piston rings. #ardness B4 1 74 to 7B. @ange of sizes run for grooves BB8 to *= wide with the steel approximately . 44B less than the grooves and thic0ness from .4*8 to .484. E'ansion "an% - component of the cooling system that 0eeps the coolant volume constant. Etensometer - n apparatus for indicating the deformation of metal while it is sub
Etr!sion - $haping metal into a chosen continuous form by forcing it through a die 5f an appropriate shape. Etr!sion 'rocess - &orcing heated alloy billet through a die by pressure Eye Bans - /etal bands wrapped through the center or >eye> of the coil to prevent it from uncoiling and to hold strip mults together. Eyeholing - coating defect, similar to cratering, but with exposed metal in the void. E@ 4:" - tool for removing bro0en bolts or studs from a hole. Earing - 3avy pro
Electro-Galvani0ing - !alvanizing by 9lectro deposition of zinc on steel. Electrolytic "in $late - %lac0 6late that has been Tin plated on both sides with commercially pure tin by electrodeposition. Electro'lating - The production of a thin coating of one metal on another by electodeposition. 't is very extensively used in industry and is continuing to enlarge its useful functions. Marious plated metal and combinations therof are being used for different purposes, to illustrateE *. ecorative and protection against corrosion..............copper, nic0el and chromium . 8. 6rotection against corrosion.......................................cadmium or zinc . B. 6rotection against wear..............................................chromium . =. %uild-up of a part or parts undersize............................chromium or nic0el . D. 6ate for rubber adhesion.............................................brass F. 6rotection against carburization and for brazing operations....copper and nic0el Electro'olishing - 'mproving the specular reflectivity of a metal surface by electrochemical dissolution. Elongation - 'n tensile testing, the increase in the gauge length, measured after fracture of the specimen within the gauge length, usually expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length. Elongation A,ter *ract!re - 'n tensile testing, the increase in the gauge length measured after fracture of the specimen within the gauge length and usually expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length. Embossing - @aising or indenting a design in relief on a sheet or strip of metal by passing between rolls of desired pattern. En!rance imit - $ame as fatigue limit. En!rance imit - /aximum alternating stress which a given material will withstand for an infinite number of times without causing fatigue failure. E'itay - 'nduced orientation of the lattice of a crystal of a surface deposit by the lattice of the substrate crystal. E;ilibri!m /iagram - graphical representation of the temperature, pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they exist under conditions of thermodynamical euilibrium. 'n condensed systems, pressure is usually considered constant. E;!iae Str!ct!re - structure in which the grains have approximately the same dimensions in all directions. Erichsen "est - $imilar to the 5lsen Test. @eadings are in millimeters. Etchant - chemical solution used to etch a metal to reveal structural details.
Etching - $ub
*ace Centere #concerning c!bic s'ace lattices& - #aving euivalent points at the corners of the unit cell and at the centers of its six faces. face-centered cubic space lattice is characteristic of one of the slose-pac0ed arrangements of eual hard spheres. *ace Milling - /illing a large flat surface with a milling cutter that operates in a plane that is at right angles to its axis. *ace $late - large circular plate with slots and holes for mounting the wor0piece to be machined. 't is attached to the headstoc0 of a lathe. *acing - The process of ma0ing a flat or smooth surface (usually the end" on a piece of stoc0 or material. *acing San - $pecially prepared molding sand mixture used in the mold ad
*e - Chemical symbol for 'ron. *eather Ege - sharp reduction in gauge on the edge of a band which is caused be grooves worn in rolls due to extensive rolling of the same width material. This is done for coating control on edge. The gauge variations on a feathered edge generally does not extend in from the edge more than one inch. *ee - The rate of travel of a cutting tool across or into the wor0, expressed in inches per minute or in inches per revolution. *ee mechanism - The mechanism,often automatic, which controls the advancing movement (ffed" of the cutting tools used in machines. *ee Water - Cleaned and softened, chemically treated and steam heated, raw water used for steam generation within the boiler. The temperature of feed water normally is 87D-8+4 %4 &. *ee Water $!m's - &our pumps (B in service" used to supply water to the boiler. *eeer - lso called @iser), it is part of the gating system that forms the reservoir of molten metal necessary to compensate for losses due to shrin0age as the metal solidifies. *eeer "able - round table that rotates material onto the W*4 and W8* conveyor belts. *eeing - The process of supplying molten metal to compensate for volume shrin0age while the casting is solidifying. *eestoc% - ny raw material. *eeler Ga!ge - *" !auge used to gap the slitter 0nives. The steel being sidetrimmed determines the gap between the slitter 0nives. The gauge slides between the 0nives measuring the gap between them. 8" tool used to set the gap of the slitter 0nives. *emale 'art - concave piece of euipment which receives a mating male (convex" part. *erralloy - metal product commonly used as a raw material feed in steelma0ing, usually containing iron and otheer metals to aid various stages of the steelma0ing process such as deoxidation, desulfurization and adding strength. 9xamplesE ferrochrome,ferromanganese and ferrosilicon. *erran - device that senses the amount of travel of the .!.C. cylinders. *errite - solid solution of one or more elements in the body-center-cubic phase of iron or steel. *errite Baning - 6arallel bands of free ferrite aligned in the direction of wor0ing. $ometimes referred to a ferrite strea0s.
*erritic - >The second-largest class of stainless steel, constituting approximately 8DG of stainless production. &erritic stainless steels are plain chromium steels with no significant nic0el content; the lac0 of nic0el results in lower corrosion resistance than the austenitics (chromium-nic0el stainless steels". &erritics are best suited for general and high-temperature corrosion applications rather than services reuiring high strength. They are used in automotive trim and exhaust systems, interior architectural trim, and hot water tan0s. Two of the most common grades are type =B4 (general-purpose grade for many applications, including decorative ones" and type =4: (low-cost grade well suited to withstanding high temperatures". > *erro Alloy - metal product commonly used as a raw material feed in steelma0ing, usually containing iron and other metals, to aid various stages of the steelma0ing process such as deoxidation, desulfurization, and adding strength. 9xamplesE ferrochrome, ferromanganese, and ferrosilicon. *erro-Manganese - n alloy of iron and manganese (+4G manganese" used in ma0ing additions of manganese to steel or cast-iron. &erroalloy, n alloy of iron with a sufficient amount of some element or elements such as manganese, chromium, or vanadium for use as a means in adding these elements into molten steel. *errochrome - n alloy of iron and chromium with up to 78G chromium. &errochrome is commonly used as a raw material in the ma0ing of stainless steel. *erromagnetic - The ability to become highly magnetic and have the ability to retain a permanent magnetic moment. The elementary magnetic dipoles inside the domain are all oriented in a direction parallel to each other. *erro!s - /etals that consist primarily of iron. *ettle - %ritish term meaning the process of removing all runners and risers and cleaning off adhering sand from the casting. lso refers to the removal of slag from the inside of the cupola and in %ritain to repair the bed of an open hearth. *iber - (*" The characteristic of wrought metal that indicates directional properties. 't is revealed by etching a longitudinal section or manifested by the fibrous appearance of a fracture. 't is caused chiefly by extension of the constituents of the metal, both metallic and nonmetallic, in the direction of wor0ing. (8" The pattern of preferred orientation of metal crystal after a given deformation process. *ibers - 9nsures the proper alignment of the strip as it enters the 0nives in the $heet /ill.. &ibers are used to hold the strip
*ile Eges - &inished edges, the final contours of which are produced by drawing the strip over a series of small steel files. This is the usual and accepted method of dressing the edges of annealed spring steel strip after slitting in cases where edgewise slitting crac0s are ob
*inishes - The surface appearance of the various metals after final treatment such as rolling, etc. 5ver the years the following finishes have become recognized as standard in their respective fields A/'1/ $#99T (" Commercially %right (%" %right one side (C" %right both sides %ACI 6AT9 (" ull finish without luster produced by use of roughened rolls. (%" %right finish 2 a luster finish produced by use of rolls having a moderately smooth surface. C5A @5AA9 $T99A $#99T$ (" Commercial finish. dull satin surface texture produced by roughened rolls (%" Commercial %right &inish. %right in appearance with a texture between luster and a very fine matte finish. (C" Auster &inish. 6roduced by use of ground and polished rolls. (1oteE This is not a number B finish". C5A @5AA9 $T@'6 $T99A$ 1o. * &inish 2 dull finish produced without luster by rolling on roughened rolls. 1o. 8 &inish 2 regular bright finish produced by rolling on moderately bright rolls. 1o. B finish 2 %est %right &inish. lustrous or high floss finish produced by rolling on highly polished rolls. lso referred to as /irror &inish). C5669@ %$9 AA5J$ cid ipped 2 ry rolled finished. 6roduced by dry cold rolling bi-chromate dipped alloy with polihed rolls, resulting in a burnished appearnace and retaining the color obtained by dipping(True /etal Color". %right ipped &inish 2 &inish resulting from an acid dip. %uffed or 6olished $urface 2 a finish obtained by buffing, resulting in a high gloss or polished finish. Cold @olled &inish 2 relatively smooth finish obtained by cold rolling plain pic0led strip with a lubricant. ry rolled &inish 2 burnished finish resulting from dry cold rolling by use of polished rolls without any metal lubricant #ot @olled &inish 2 dar0 relatively rough oxidized finish resulting from rolling the metal while hot. /ay subseuently be pic0led or bright dipped but the rough surface remains. $tretched %rushed &inish ($atin finish" - 5btained by mechanically brushing with wire brushes or by buffing. &AT 3'@9 1o.8 &inish 2 regular bright finish. 1o.B &inish 2 %est %right #igh !loss finish produced by use of poplished rolls. 5r by special buffing 2 this is a negotiated finish $T'1A9$$ C5A @5AA9 $#99T and $T@'6 15$. *,8% N 8 1o.* finish 2 C.@. nnealed and pic0led appearance varies from dull gray matte finish to a fairly reflective surface 1o.8% &inish 2 $ame as 1o.* finish followed by a final light cold rolled pass generally on highly polished rolls. 1o.8 finish 2 dull cold rolled finish produced by cold rolling on dull rolls. $T'1A9$$ C.@. $#99T 2 6olished &inishes 1o.B &inish 2 This is an intermediate polished finish. 1o.= &inish 2 !round and polished finish. 1o.F &inish 2 !round,polished and Tampico %rushed. 1o.7 &inish 2 !round and #igh Auster 6olished 1o.+ &inish 2 !round and polished to /irror &inish. T9/69@9 and 1T9/69@9 C5A @5AA9 C@%51 $6@'1! $T99A $T@'6 Classified by description as followsE (". %lac0 5il Tempered (%". $caless Tempered (C". %right Tempered (". Tempered and 6olished (9". Tempered, 6olished and Colored (%lue or $traw" T'1 6AT9(". %right #ot ipped &inish (%". 9lectro /atte ull finish (C". 9lectro %right @eflow &inish 2 produced by the in-the-line thermal treatment following electrodeposition *inishing *acilities - The portion of the steelma0ing complex that processes semifinished steel (slabs or billets" into forms that can be used by others. &inishing operations can include rolling mills, pic0le lines, tandem mills, annealing facilities, and temper mills. *inishing Stan - The last stand in a rolling mill, which determines the surface finish and final gauge.
*inite /i,,erence Analysis #*/A& - computerized numerical modeling approach for solving differential euations. sed primarily in solving heat transfer and solidification problems. *inite Element Analysis #*EA& - computerized numerical analysis techniue used for solving differential euations to primarily solved mechanical engineering problems relating to stress analysis. *inmet - The process reduces iron ore fines with gas in a descending series of fluidized bed reactors. The reduced iron is hot briuetted. *ire Crac%s - n irregular pattern of lines on the surface of a sheet caused by rolling with a fire crac0ed roll. &ire crac0s will develop when a roll is not properly cooled. *irecrac%er Core - $ee 6encil Core *iring Moel - the furnace, the 9C, and the Cycle 1umber. The system determines the furnace type, base type, heat hours, cool hours, uncover temperature, and gas stream. *ish Eyes - coating defect consisting of the undissolved particles in the coating usually surrounded by a circular crater. The particles are usually resinous and are raised up from the cured surface with the appearance of the eye of a fish. *ish mo!thing - $ee lamination.) *ishtail - common name for the center gage. 't is used to set thread cutting tools and has scales on it for determing the numbet of threads per inch. *it - The relation between mating or matching parts, that is, the amount of, or lac0 of, play between then *itting - The connection point for two pipes or conduit or the point where grease is inserted into a piece of euipment. *it!re - production wor0-holding device used for machining duplicate wor0pieces. lthough the term is used interchangeably with
*la''er 9alve Steel - n extremely flat, very smooth, very accurate to gage, polished, hardened and tempered spring steel produced from approximately *.*D carbon. The name is derived from its common and principle usage. *lare "est - test applied to tubing, involving a tapered expansion over a cone. $imilar to pin expansion test. *lash - thin section of metal formed at the mold, core, or die
*lat /ie *orging#o'en ie ,orging& - &orging wor0ed between flat or simple contour dies by repeated stro0es and manipulation of the wor0piece. lso 0nown as hand) or smith) forging. *lat atch eele Steel - $upplied cold rolled and annealed. Carbon content .+D. $upplied both in coil and flat length. sed to ma0e flat latch needles which are used in the manufacture of 0nitted goods. *latness - (*" &or rolled products, a distortion of the surface of sheet such as a bulge or a wave, usually transverse to the direction of rolling. 5ften described by location across width, i.e., edge buc0le, uarter buc0le, center buc0le, etc. (8" &or extrusions, flatness (off contour" pertains to the deviation of a cross-section surface intended to be flat. &latness can be affected by conditions such as die performance, thermal effects and stretching *lat Rolle Steel - $teel produced on rolling mills utilizing relatively smooth, cylindrical rolls. The width to thic0ness ratio of flat rolled products is usually fairly large. 9xamples of flat rolled steel are hot-rolled, cold-rolled, and coated sheets and coils, tin mill products, etc. *lat Wire - flat Cold @olled, prepared edge section up to * *= wide, rectangular in shape. !enerally produced from hot rolled rods or specially prepared round wire by one or more cold rolling operations, primarily for the purpose of obtaining the size and section desired. /ay also be produced by slitting cold rolled flat metal to desired with followed by edge dressing. *lat-rolle steel - $teel processed on rolls with flat faces as opposed to grooved or cut faces. &lat-rolled products include sheet, strip and tin plate, among others. *latness - The absence of any gap or clearance when a strip is placed, without applying any pressure, between two parallel-faced plates. 3herever a gap exists under this condition, the strip is >unflat>. There are two 0inds of >unflatness>-thic0ness non-uniformity (such as frown, profile, etc." and geometric non-uniformity called shape defects such as (wavy strip, bent strip, coil set, center buc0le, etc.". */ - &ull length drift ( as opposed to end drift)" 2 usually performed as part of used tubing or casing (5CT!" inspection *locc!lation - coating defect consisting of the formation of clusters of particles separable by relatively wea0 mechanical forces, or by a change in the physical forces at the interface between the liuid and the dispersed particles. *loor $late - sually carbon (but also alloy and stainless" steel plate rolled with raised lug patterns to provide traction for feet and wheels; as the name suggests, used widely for flooring. *low Control 9alve - valve that is ad
metal part. (8" 'n mechanical metallurgy, paths followed by volume elements of metal during deformation. *low Mar%s A coating - coating defect consisting of the poor flow out of the coating on the substrate causing a ribbed (ribbing" or ridged appearance. *low Meter - device that will show mechanically and or electronically the amount of oil moving through it. *low-4,, #$o'-4,,& - large vent, usually located at the high of the mold cavity. 'n addition to letting air and mold gases escape as metal fills the mold cavity, the flowoff fills with metal and acts to relieve the surge of pressure near the end of the pouring. *low thro!gh - forging defect caused when metal flows past the base of a rib resulting in rupture of the grain structure. *l!iity - The ability of molten metal to flow. Common devices used to measure fluidity areE spiral casting and the Chinese 6uzzle. *l!ii0e - To impart fluid li0e properties to powders or sands e.g. fluidized beds. *l!sh
*oil) Anneale - &oil completely softened by thermal treatment *oil) Bright "wo Sies - &oil having a uniform bright specular finish on both sides *oil) Chemically Cleane - &oil chemically washed to remove lubricant and foreign material *oil) Embosse - &oil on which a pattern has been impressed by means of an engraved roll or plate *oil) Etche - &oil roughened chemically or electrochemically to provide an increase surface area *oil) +ar - &oil fully wor0-hardened by rolling *oil. (ntermeiate "em'er - &oil intermediate in temper between nnealed &oil and #ard &oil *oil) matte 4ne Sie #M(S& - &oil with a diffuse reflecting finish on one side and a bright specular finish on the other *oil) Mechanically Graine - &oil mechanically roughened for such applications as lithography *oil) Mill *inish #M*& - &oil having a non-uniform finish which may vary form soil to coil and within a coil *oil) Scratch Br!she - &oil abraded, usually with wire brushes, to produce a roughened surface *ol - forging discontinuity caused by metal folding bac0 on its own surface during flow in the die cavity *orging) /ie a ,orging ,orme to the re;!ire sha'e an si0e by wor%ing in im'ression ies *ollower Rest - support for long,slender wor0 turned in the lathe. 't is mounted on the carriage,travels close to and with the cutting tool and 0eeps the wor0 from springing away. *ootage o, Coil - The length of the steel strip that ma0es up a coil. *ootstoc% - 6art of an indexing attachment which has a center and serves the same purpose as the tail stoc0 of a lathe. *orce *it - fitting which one part is forced pressed into another to form a single unit. There are different classes of force fits depending on standard limits between mating parts.
*orce /ra,t *an - &an that provides ambient air to the boiler to facilitate proper combustion. *orge - To form or shape heated metal by hammering. lso, the name of the unit used for heating metal, such as the blac0smithHs forge. *orgeability - The term used to describe the relative wor0ability of forging material *orging - 6lastically deforming metal, usually hot, into desired shapes with *orging - The production of semi-finished forms from wrought metal blan0s hot or cold in closed dies by a sudden, sharp impact. $ee #ammer &orging) nand #ot 6ress &orging). *orging Billet - The term &orging $toc0) is preferred *orging (ngot - cast form intended and suitable for subseuent wor0ing by the forging process *orging $lane - reference plane or planes normal to the direction of applied force from which all draft angles are measured *orging !ality - Term describing stoc0 of sufficiently superior uality to ma0e it suitable for commercially satisfactory forgings. *orging Stoc% - wrought or cast rod, bar or other section suitable for forging *orging) Bloc%er-"y'e - forging made in a single set of impressions to the general contour of a finished part *orging) Col-coine - forging that has been restruc0 cold in order to obtain closer dimensions, to sharpen corners or outlines and in non-heat-treatable alloys, to increase hardness *orging) /ie a ,orging ,orme to the re;!ire sha'e an si0e by wor%ing in im'ression ies - 1AA *orging) /ra,tless - forging with zero draft on vertical walls *orging) *lashless - closed die forging made in dies constructed and operated to eliminate, in predetermined area, the formation of flash *orging) +ammer - forging produced by repeated blows in a forging hammer *orging) +an - forging wor0ed between flat or simply shaped dies by reapeated stro0es or blows and manipulation of the piece. *orging) o-/ra,t - $ee forging, raftless.) *orging) $recision - forging produced to tolerances closer than standard
*orging) $ress - die forging produced to tolerance closer to standard *orging) Rolle Ring - cylindrical product of relatively short height, circumferentially rolled from a hollow section *orging) :'set - forging having part or all of its cross section greater than that of the stoc0 *orging - metal part wor0ed to predetermined shape by one or more processes such as hammering, upsetting, pressing, rolling, etc. *ormability - The relative ease with which a metal can be shaped through plastic deformation. *orme C!tters - /illing cutters which will produce shaped surfaces with a single cut and so designed that they may be sharpened without changing their outline or shape. *orming "ool - Tool ground to a desired shape to reproduce this shape on the wor0piece. *o!nry Ret!rns - /etal (of un0nown compostion" in the form of gates, sprues,rummers,risers and scraped castings returned to the furnace or re-melting. *ractogra'hy - escriptive treatment of fracture,especially in metal,with specific reference to photography of the fracture surface. *ract!re - &ractures are often described by the appearance of the surface of the brea0 in a piece of steel. Crystalline is bright and glittering, failure having developed along the cleavage planes of individual crystals and can be typical of brittle material. sil0y fracture has a smooth dull grain indicative of ductile material such as mild steel. 'n tensile testing fractures are described by shape, e.g.cup and cone. *ract!re "o!ghness - generic term for measure of resistance to extension of a crac0. The term is sometimes restricted to results of a fracture mechanics test, which is directly applicable to fracture control. *ree machining - 6ertains to the machining characteristics of an alloy to which one or nmore ingredients have been inrroduced to produce small bro0en chips, lower poweer consumption, betteer surface finish, and longer tool life; among such additions are sulfur or lead to steel, lead to brass, lead and bismuth to aluminum, and sulfur or selenium to stainless steel. *ree C!t - n additional cut with no advancement of depth. *reec!tting Steels - $teels which have had additions made to improve machinability. The most common additives are sulphur and lead, other elements used include tellurium, selenium and bismuth. *ree ,it - class of fit intended for use where accuracy is not essential or where large temperature variations are li0ely to be encountered or both conditions.
*retting - $ee /ar0, Traffic) *riction Scratch - $ee $cratch, &riction) *o!nry Ret!rns - /etal in the form of sprues, gates, runners, risers and scrapped castings, with 0nown chemical composition that are returned to the furnace for remelting. $ometimes referred to as > revert >. *ragmentation - The subdivision of a grain into small discrete crystallites outlined by a heavily deformed networ0 of intersecting slip bands as a result of cold wor0ing. These small crystals or fragments differ from one another in orientation and tend to rotate to a stable orientation detemined by the slip systems. *ree oo' $it - rea below floor level (delivery end 1o. D 6ic0ler; where freerunning strip ensures synchronization between the tan0 section and the delivery end. 'f the delivery end runs too fast, the coil strip is pulled out of the pit and the line shuts down. *re;!ency Relay - device that monitors the freuency of the electricity in a given area of the plant. $hould the freuency drop off from F4 #z, the freuency relay is designed to trip at its designated freuency and open various circuit brea0ers. &reuency relays in the plant are set up to operate from D: #z down to D+ #z. *riction Go!ges or Scratches - series of relatively short surface scratches variable in form and severity. @efer to !alling. *rictional Wear - The displacement andor detachment of metallic particles from a surface as a conseuence of being in contact with another moving component. *ront En - The inside lap of the produced coil, or the outside lap of the consumed coil. *ro!e !mber - sed in hydraulics as an analog to the @eynolds number. 't is the ratio of inertial forces to gravitational forces. *!el Air - controller for fuel air dampers on boilers. To maintain proper combustion on oil fire. *!el *low - The measured flow of the various fuels supplied to the boilers. *!lcr!m - The point or support on which a lever turns. *!ll Annealing #,erro!s materials& - n annealing treatment in which a steel is ausenitized by heating to a temperature above the upper critical temperature (B or cm" and then cooled slowly to room temperature. typical cooling rate would be 8*4&h *44 Ch. Compare normalizing. se of the term annealing without ualification implies full annealing. *!ll Center - $ee %uc0le, Center)
*!ll +ar - Cold rolled coils coming from the $trip $teel that have not been annealed. *!ll +ar Col Rolle - #ot rolled pic0led steel that is cold reduced to a specified thic0ness and sub
*atig!e Strength - The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure, the stress being completely reversed within each cycle unless otherwise stated. *errite - solid solution of one or more elements in body-centered cubic iron. nless otherwise designated (for instance, as chromium ferrite", the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. 5n some euilibrium diagrams ther are two ferrite regions separated by an austenite area. The lower area is alpha ferrite; the upper, delta ferrite. 'f there is no designation, alpha ferrite is assumed. *errite - !enerally, a solid solution of one or more alloying elements in the bcc polymorph of iron ( -&e". $pecifically, in carbon steels, the interstitial solid solution of carbon in -&e. *errite-'earlite Baning - 'nhomogeneous distribution of ferrite and pearlite aligned in filaments or plates parallel to the direction of wor0ing. *erritic Grain Si0e - The grain size of the ferric matrix of a steel. *erro-Manganese - n alloy of iron and manganese (+4G manganese" used in ma0ing additions of manganese to steel or cast-iron. &erroalloy, n alloy of iron with a sufficient amount of some element or elements such as manganese, chromium, or vanadium for use as a means in adding these elements into molten steel. *erro!s - @elated to iron (derived from the Aatin ferrum". &errous alloys are, therfore, iron base alloys. *iber or *ibre - irection in which metals have been caused to flow, as by rolling, with microscopic evidence in the form of fibrous appearance in the direction of flow. *iber Stress - nit stress which exists at any given point in a structural element sub
*lame +arening - process of hardening a ferrous alloy by heating it above the transformation range by means of a high-temperature flame, and then cooling as reuired. *lame +arening - uench hardening in which the heat is applied directly by a flame. *lash - (*" 'n forging, the excess metal forced between the upper and lower dies. (8" 'n resistance butt welding, a fin formed perpendicular to the direction of applied pressure. *lash - (*" 'n forging, the excess metal forced between the upper and lower dies. (8" 'n die casting, the fin of metal which results form lea0age between the mating die surfaces. (B" 'n resistance butt welding, a fin formed perpendicular to the direction of applied pressure. *lash Weling - resistance butt welding process in which the weld is produced over the entire abutting surface by pressure and heat, the heat being produced by electric arcs between the members being welded. *low Stress - The shear stress reuired to cause plastic deformation of solid metals. *low Stress - The uniaxial true stress reuired to cause plastic deformation at a specified value of strain. *lowlines - lways visible to a greater or less degree when a longitudinal section has been sub
*ract!re - $urface appearance of metals when bro0en. *ract!re "est - 1ic0ing and brea0ing a bar by means of sudden impact, to enable macroscopic study of the fractured surface. *ract!re "est - %rea0ing a specimen and examining the fractured surface with the unaided eye or with a low-power microscope to determine such things as composition, grain size, case depth, soundness, and presence of defects. *ree Machining - 6ertains to the machining characteristics of an alloy to which one or more ingredients have been introduced to produce small bro0en chips, low power consumption, better surface finish or longer tool life. *ree Machining - 6ertains to the machining characteristics of an alloy to which an ingredient has been introduced to give small bro0en chips, lower power consumption, better surface finish, and longer tool life; among such additions are sulfur or lead to steel, lead to brass, lead and bismuth to aluminum, and sulfur or selenium to stainless steel. *retting #*retting Corrosion& - ction that results in surface damage, especially in a corrosive environment, when there is relative motion between solid surfaces in contact under pressure. *!ll Annealing - nnealing a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then cooling slowly through the transformation range. The austenitizing temperature to hypoeutectoid steel is usually above cB; and for hypereutectoid steel, usually between c* and c (cm". *!ll Annealing - sed principally on iron and steel, means heating the metal to about *44 (degrees" &. above the critical temperature range, followed by soa0ing at this point and slow cooling below the critical temperature. *!ll *inish $late - $teel sheet or strip, reduced either hot or cold, cleaned, annealed, and then cold-rolled to a bright finish. *!sion Weling - ny welding process in which fusion is e mployed to complete the weld. Ga - Chemical symbol for !allium G Coatings - !alvanize Coatings Gage - ny one of a large variety of devices for measuring or chec0ing the diemsions of ob
Gage) /rill - flat steel plate drilled with holes of various sizes, each mar0ed with the correct size or number, into which small twist drills may be fitted to determine the size of their diameters. Gage) /rill $oint - gage used to chec0 the D:) angle on drills Gage) *eeler #thic%ness gage& - gage consisting of a group of very thin blades, each of which is accurately ground to a specific thic0ness. Gage) inicating #ial inicator& - gage consisting of a dial,commonly graduated (mar0ed" in thousandths of an inch, to which is fastened an ad
Galvaneal Coating #A& - Coatings on hot-dipped galvanized steels processed to convert the coating completely to zinc-iron alloys; dull gray in appearance, have no spangle, and after proper preparation, are well suited for painting. Galvanic Action - 3hen iron and steel are sub$teel coated with a thin layer of zinc to provide corrosion resistance in underbody auto parts, garbage cans, storage tan0s, or fencing wire. $heet steel normally must be cold-rolled prior to the galvanizing stage. #5T-'669. $teel is run through a molten zinc coating bath, followed by an air stream >>wipe>> that controls the thic0ness of the zinc finish. 9A9CT@5!AM1'R9. Rinc plating process whereby the molecules on the positively charged zinc anode attach to the negatively charged sheet steel. The thic0ness of the zinc coating is readily controlled. %y increasing the electric charge or slowing the speed of the steel through the plating area, the coating will thic0en. '&&9@91C9$. 9lectrogalvanizing euipment is more expensive to build and to operate than hot dipped, but it gives the steelma0er more precise control over the weight of the zinc coating. The automotive manufacturers, because they need the superior welding, forming and painting ability of electrogalvanized steel, purchase :4G of all tonnage produced. > Galvani0ing - Coating steel with a thin layer of zinc to increase its corrosion resistance. /ost galvanizing is done on a hot-dip operation, but electrogalvalizing is becoming more important today. 9lectrogalvanizing is a cold-coating electroplating process that, unli0e the hot-dip process, does not influence the mechanical properties of the sheet steel. 9lectrogalvanizing provides a more uniform coating. Galvani0ing $ot - #olds the molten free zinc coatings applied to a hot rolled or cold rolled steel to produce #ot-dip !alvanized steel. Galvanneale - n extra tight coat of galvanizing metal (zinc" applied to a soft steel sheet, after which the sheet is passed through an oven at about *844 degrees &. The resulting coat is dull gray without spangle especially suited for subseuent painting.
Gamma (ron - face-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable from *F74 to 8DD* %4& (:*4 to *=44 %4C". Gang Milling - milling set-up where a number of cutters are arranged on an arbor so that tseveral surfaces can be machine at one time. 't is commonly used for production purposes. Gannister - n acid (silicious" refractory often used in furnace linings. Ga' - The distance between the slitter 0nives (ex .44*>, .448>". Gas Carb!rising - heat treatment method used in the case-hardening of steel. Carbon is absorbed into the outer layers of the components by heating in a current of gas, rich in carbon compounds. The process is more versatile than some other methods as the depth of the case and the limiting carbon content of the case can be controlled by the composition of the atmosphere, the dew point and the temperature. Gas $orosity - condition existing in a casting by the trapping of gas in the molten metal or by mold gases evolved during the pouring of the casting. Gas Stream "em' - The temperature of has stream used in heating the coils. Typical temperatures range from **+4 degrees to *BB4 degrees. The system will accept a number X *D44 degrees &. Gate - The end of a runner in a mold where molten metal enters the mold cavity. Gate 9alve - type of valve that is opened or closed by turning the 0nob countercloc0wise or cloc0wise respectively. Gating System - The complete assembly of sprues, runners and gates in a mold through which steel flows before entering the casting cavity. Ga!ge - The thic0ness of sheet steel. %etter-uality steel has a consistent gauge to prevent wea0 spots or deformation. Ga!ge Chart - paper strip used to record the gauge of the strip as it runs on the side trimmers. Ga!ge Coe - 'ndustry-standard code that indicates uality tolerance of the thic0ness of the steel. Ga!ge ength - sed in the mechanical testing of steel. %etter-uality steel has a consistent gauge to prvent wea0 spots or deformation. Ga!ge $late - n alloy tool steel supplied in flat and suare section with the surfaces ground to close limits. 't is also 0nown as !round &lat $toc0 and is used for the manufacturing of gauges, punches, dies,
Ge - Chemical symbol for !ermanium Gear) Blan% - stamping,casting or any piece of material from which a gear is to be machined. 't is usually a dis0 Gear 4il - $ee rive 5il. Gel S'otting - coating defect consisting of the uniform circular spots or droplets of higher film thic0ness on the coated sheet. ! el spotting, while appearing similar to slinging, is much more uniform in appearance and caused by a different mechanism. !el spotting occurs when a partially gelled coating is applied to the substrate. Gem Switch - n electronic module clamped to a tan0 sight glass used to transmit information to the computer regarding tan0 level. Generating "!bes - %oiler tubes that extend from the three upper drums to the mud drum. !enerating tubes are used to generate the ma
Gol Gol - Chemical symbol u. The heraldic metal. rare yellow mineral that is the most malleable and pliable of all metals. ! old does not tarnish or corrode, and is unaffected by exposure to air or water. Go!ging Abrasion Abrasion - brasion involving gross surface indentation and possible removal of sizable metal fragments. Governor Governor - evice that controls the steam control valves on a turbine. Turning the handle in the >raise> position opens the steam control valves and will either speed the machine up if it is off-line or will cause the machine to produce more electricity if it is on-line. Turning the handle to >lower> has the opposite effect. Grae Grae - The term grade designates divisions within different types based on carbon content or mechanical properties; for example, >This is a high tensile (grade" structural steel.> Grain Bo!nary Bo!nary - %ounding surface between crystals. 3hen alloys yield new phases (as in cooling", grain boundaries are the preferred location for the appearance of the new phase. Certain deterioration, such as season crac0ing and caustic embrittlement, occur almost exclusively at grain boundaries. Grain *ineness !mber !mber - system developed by &$ for rapidly expressing the average grain size of a given sand. 't approximates the number of meshes per inch of that sieve that would
forms.. This type of fracture is freuently called crystalline fracture, but the implication that the metal has crystallized is completely misleading. Gran!lar *ract!re #Crystalline *ract!re& *ract!re& - type of irregular surface produced when metal is bro0en. Grassho''er Grassho''er - vibrating unit that is used to carry hot fines from the hot screens to the W8* conveyor belt. lso called the hot fines vibrator. Gratebars Gratebars - $paced to allowed air to pass through the sinter mix for aglomationsintering aglomationsinterin g process. They are located on the pallets on the sinter machine. Gravity *ilter *ilter - unit of coal and sand media that utilizes gravity to draw water through it. The filter removes any solids carried over from the clarifiers. Gravity +ammer +ammer - class of forging hammer wherein energy for forging is obtained by the mass and velocity of a freely falling ram and the attached upper die. 9xamples are board hammers and air-lift hammers. Gray Cast (ron (ron - cast iron that gives a gray fracture due to the presence of fla0e graphite. 5ften called gray iron. Grease System System - Aubricating system that supplies grease to various parts of the finishing mill. Grease System "imer "imer - n electronic or mechanical device used to start a grease system at predetermined intervals. Green Rot Rot - form of high-temperature attac0 on stainless steels,nic0el-chromium alloys and nic0el-chromium iron alloys subfrom scratch,> presumably on a green field. Grey (ron (ron - lsoo 0nown as fla0e iron on account of all or part of the carbon content being in the form of graphite distributed through the metal as fla0es.
Grining Grining - 6rocess of removing metal by abrasion from bar or billet stoc0 to prepare stoc0 surfaces for forging. 5ccasionally used to remove surface irregularities and flash from forgings. Gri''er Bar 2in% 2in% - condition created by poor initial start on the reel or a loose first lap. Grit Grit - *" Texture of the surface of a roll; applied through sand-blasting and grinding; the lower the number, the higher the grit and the rougher the surface; D4, :4, *D4, 844, and 884 grit. Temper /ills may run grit. !rit also refers to the finish on the surface of the steel. 8" The size of the shot blast used to mechanically texture a roll for producing a grit finish product. Gro!n *lat Stoc% Stoc% - nnealed and pre-ground (to close tolerances" tool steel flats in standard sizes ready for tool room use. These are three common grades; water hardening, oil hardening, and air hardening uality. Gro!n Roll *inish *inish - The bright or smooth microfinish on the last stand of a tandem mill or temper mill; produced by grinding; determines the surface finish of the product where brightness is desired. G!ie Scratch Scratch - $cratches or mar0s appearing parallel to edges of cold rolled strip caused by scale or other particles which have become imbedded in or have adhered to the rolling mill guide. lso applies to similar scatches appearing as a result of slitting. G!ies G!ies - evices used for 0eeping the strip suare to produce a proper weld. G!illotine 9alve 9alve - slide-plate type valve which bloc0s the flow of material through a line. G!tter G!tter - slight depression surrounding the cavity in the die to relieve pressure and control flash flow. Gages Gages - /frs. standard numbering systems indicating decimal thic0ness? or diameters. Galling Galling - The damaging of one or both metallic surfaces by removal of particles from localized areas due to seizure during sliding friction. Galling Galling - eveloping a condition on the rubbing surface of one or both mating parts where excessive friction between high spots results in localized welding with substantial spalling and a further roughening of the surface. Galvani0ing Galvani0ing - Coating steel with zinc and tin (principally zinc" for rust proofing purposes. &ormerly for the purpose of galvanizing, cut length steel sheets were passed singly through a bath of the molten metal. Today?s galvanizing processing processing method consists of uncoiling and passing the continuous length of successive coils either through a molten bath of the metal termed #ot ipped !alvanizing or by continuously zinc coating the uncoiled sheet electrolytically- termed 9lectro!alvanizing.
Gamma (ron (ron - The form of iron stable between *F74 (degrees" &., and 8DD4 (degrees" &., and characterized by a face-centered cubic crystal structure. Gas Weling Weling - 3elding with a gas flame. G*M - Gyratory *orging Machine Machine - machine designed to hot forge a cylindrical bar shape while it is turning at speed. Grain Grain - solid polyhedral (or many sided crystal" consisting consisting of groups of atoms bound together in a regular geometric pattern. 'n mill practice grains are usually studied only as they appear in one plane. (*" (irection of" @efers to grain fiber following the direction of rolling and parallel to edges of strip or sheets. (8" To bend across the grain is to bend at right angles to the direction of rolling. (B" To bend with the grain is to bend parallel to the direction of rolling. 'n steel, the ductility in the direction of rolling is almost twice that at right angles to the direction of rolling. Grain Grain - n individual crystal in a polycrystalline polycrystalline metal or alloy, including twinned regions or subgrains if present. Grain Coarsening Coarsening - heat treatment that produces excessively large austenitic austenitic grains. Grain *low *low - &iber li0e lines appearing on polished and etched sections of forgings, caused by orientation of the constituents of the metal in the direction of wor0ing during forging. Grain Growth Growth - n increase in the average size of the grains in polycrystalline metal or alloy, usually a result of heating at elevated temperature. Grain Growth Growth - n increase in metallic crystal size as annealing temperature is raised; growth occurs by invasion of crystal areas by other crystals. Grain Si0e Si0e - (*" &or metals, a measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline material, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. !rain sizes are reported in terms of grains per unit area or volume, average diameter, or as a grain-size number derived form area measurements. Grain Si0e Si0e - verage diameter of grains in the metal under consideration, or alternatively, the number of grains per unit area. $ince increase in grain size is paralleled by lower ductility and impact resistance, the uestion of general grain size is of great significance. The addition of certain metals affects grain size, for example vanadium and aluminum ten to give steel a fine grain. The $T/ has set up a grain suze standard for steels, and the /cuaid-9hn Test has been developed as a method of measurement. Grain Si0e Si0e - measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline metal or alloy, usually expressed as as average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. 'n metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. !rain size is reported in terms of number of grains per
unit area or volume, average diameter, or as a number derived from area measurements. Grain-Bo!nary S!l,ie $reci'itation $reci'itation - n intermediate stage of overheating in which sulfide inclusions are redistributed to the austenitic grain boundaries by partial solution at the overheating temperature and reprecipitation during subseuent cooling. Grains Grains - 'ndividual crystals in metals. Gran!lar *ract!re *ract!re - type of irregular surface produced when metal is bro0en, that is characterized by a rough, grain li0e appearance as differentiated from a smooth sil0y, or fibrous, type. 't can be sub-classified into trans-granular and intergranular forms. This type of fracture is freuently called crystalline fracture, but the inference that the metal has crystallized is not
+a,iel Manganese Steel Steel - specially steel which is austenitic and usually contains approximately *8G /anganese. 't is used in mining, earth- moving euipment and in railroad trac0 wor0. +air) Slitter Slitter - /inute hair-li0e sliver along edge(s"due to shearing or slitting operation +al,-+ar "em'er "em'er - Cold @olled steel produced to a @oc0well hardness range of 74 to +D on the % scale. 6roduct of this temper is intended for limited cold forming and will only withstand :4-degree bends made across the rolling direction. +al, !t !t - lever-operated mechanism that resembles a split nut that can be closed on the lead screw of a lathe when threads are being. +alogen Metho Metho - The plating solution basis at 3$C; other methods include ferrostan and /$ (methyl sulfonic acid". +ammer *orging *orging - forging that is made on the flat die of a steam hammer. forged piece produced in a forging hammer, or the process of forming such a piece. +ammer *orging *orging - &orging in which the wor0 is deformed by repeated blows. Compare with press forging. +an *orge #smith ,orge& ,orge& - The forging operation in which the forming is accomplished on dies that are generally flat. The piece is shaped roughly to the reuired contour with little or no lateral confinement; operations involving mandrels are included. +an *orging *orging - forging made by hand on an anvil or under a power hammer without dies containing an exact finishing impression of the part. $uch forgings approximate each other in size and shape but do not have the commercial 9xactness of production die forgings reuired does not warrant expenditure for special die, or where the size of shape of the piece is such as to reuire means other than die forging. forging wor0ed between flat or simply shaped dies by repeated stro0es and manipulation of the piece. lso 0now as smith forging or flat die forging. +an +ole Ca's Ca's - @emovable header access plug, which can be used to gain access to the headers. +an +oo% +oo% - tool made of steel rod used to push crane spreader arms apart or pull together. +an Shears Shears - Tool used in cutting steel plate. +an Weler Weler - 6ortable welder used to weld the strip together at any place throughout the line. +anwheel +anwheel - ny ad
+ar Chromi!m - Chromium deposited for engineering purposes, such as increasing the wear resistance of sliding metal surfaces, rather than as a decorative coating. 't is usually applied directly to basis metal and is customarily thic0er than a decorative deposit. +ar /rawn S'ring Steel Wire - medium high carbon cold drawn spring steel wire. sed principally for cold wound springs. +ar Metal *acing - method of increasing the wear resistance of a metal by the deposition of a hard protective coating. lloys such as $tellite or a metallic carbide are most often used for the coating. +ar Metals - group of materials more commonly 0nown as cemented carbides. They consist of mixtures of one or more of the finely divided carbides of tungsten, titanium, tantalum and vanadium embedded in a matrix of cobalt or nic0el by sintering. 3idely used for cutting tools where for many applications they have replaced conventional high speed steels +arener - n alloy containing at least some aluminum and one or more added elements for use in ma0ing alloying additions to molten aluminum. lso referred to as /aster lloy). +arening - 'ncreasing hardness by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling. 3hen applicable, the following more specific terms should be usedE age hardening, case hardening, flame hardening, induction hardening, precipitation hardening, uench hardening. +arness - @esistance to plastic deformation, usually by indentation. The term may also refer to stiffness or temper, or to resistance to scratching, abrasion or cutting. %rinell #ardnessE %rinell hardness of aluminum alloys is obtained by measuring the permanent impression in the material made by a ball indenter *4 millimeters in diameter after loading with D44 0ilogram-force for *D seconds and dividing the applied load by the area of the impression. @oc0well #ardnessE n indentation hardness test based on the depth of penetration of a specified penetrator into the specimen under certain arbitrarily fixed conditions. +arness 9al!e - egree to which a material resists deformation, indentation or scratching. There are many numerical scales (and thus methods" to measure the hardness value (example %rinell, @oc0well, Mic0ers, etc." +armonic /istortion - Condition associated with the critical speed of the shaft in a turbine. +ea Metal - The reservoir of metal in the feeder or riser of a mold. +eastoc% - The fixed or stationary end of a lathe or similar machine tool. +eaer - *" pipe that carries plater solution from the plater pumps to the cells. 8" The primary or first source of any given boiler system or section.
+eat #,orging& - combination of heating, holding and cooling operations applied to a metal or alloy in the solid state to produce desired properties. +eat - The total amount of metal produced which can be represented by one analysis sample and one set of mechanical tests. +eat Chec% - &ine crac0s in the forging dies caused by excessive heat or extended use without polishing. The pattern of these heat chec0s) is reproduced on the forged part. +eat Cover - cylindrical or rectangular inner cover placed over the coils prior to placing the furnace on the base in the %atch nneal. +eat Echanger - @emoves heat from oil with water, which comes from WD cell. +eat !mber - 'n the %atch nneal, this is the computerized annealing seuence number used by the &iring /odel to associate target values to the #eat $euence. 't is reuired to run the &iring /odel. 'n the %56 a seuential number assigned to each batch of steel. +eat "reat Stain - discoloration due to non-uniform oxidation of the metal surface during solution heat treatment +eat-"reatable Alloy - n alloy which may be strengthed by a suitable thermal treatment +eat "reatment - #eating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way that desired structures, conditions or properties are attained. #eating for the sole purpose of hot wor0ing is excluded from the meaning of this term. +eat-resistant alloy - n alloy developed for very-high-temperature service where relatively hight stresses (tensile,thermal,vibratory or shoc0" are encountered and where oxidation resistance is freuently reuired. +eater - device used to maintain oil tan0 temperature. +eavy Coating - condition caused by too much coating being applied to the strip. +eavy Ga!ge - 6roduct with a thic0ness above the customer?s maximum gauge tolerance. +eavy Str!ct!ral Sha'es - general term given to rolled flanged sections that have at least one dimension of their cross sections three inches or greater. The category includes beams, channels, tees and zees if the depth dimension is three inches or greater, and angles if the length of the leg is three inches or greater. +eavyight ga!ge - $teel plate not meeting customer gauge specifications. +eging - Ta0ing an opposite position in the commodity futures mar0et to your position in the physical mar0et.
+elical Gear - gear with teeth cut at some angle other than at a right angle across the face of the geaaaar, thus permitting more than one tooth to be engaged at all times and providing a smoother and uieter operation than the spur gear. +eli - path formed as a point advances uniformly around a cylinder as the thread on a screw or the flutes on a drill. +eli Angle - The angle between the direction of the threads around a screw and a line running at a right angle to the shan0. +erringbone - $ee $trea0, #erringbone) +ert0 - Term used to describe the freuency in an C circuit. 9ssentially the same as cycles. 'f a circuit is F4 #z or F4 cycles, that means that the C wave has gone through F4 complete waves in one second. +e - term used for anything shaped li0e a hexagon. +i-S'ee "est - Test conducted on a coil coming to the side trimmers from another operating unit. The test is conducted at the reuest of another unit. test cut is made, a gauge chart produced, and an inspection is made by 6rocess Control. +ic%ey - coating defect consisting of a randomly oriented small spec0led appearance on coated plate after in0s are applied. +igh Brass - FDG copper-zinc alloy containing BDG zinc. 6ossesses high tensile strength. sed for springs, screws, rivets, etc. +igh-Carbon Steel - $teel with more than 4.BG carbon. The carbon that is dissolved in the iron, the less formable and the tougher the steel becomes. #ighcarbon steelHs hardness ma0es it suitable for plow blades, shovels, bedsprings, cutting edges, or other high-wear applications. +igh $ress!re Mol - strong high-density mold, made by air, hydraulic, or other sueeze process. +igh $ress!re Steam - $team that is delivered from the boilers to drive the turbo generators and turbo blowers. #igh pressure steam is produced at +44 psi and +8D degrees &ahrenheit. +igh Roc%well - condition that occurs when the hardness of the steel is above the maximum limit as specified by the customer. +igh S'ee Steel - The term high speed steel) was derived from the fact that it is capable of cutting meta at a much hight rate than carbon tool steel and continues to cut and retain its hardness even when the point of the tool is heated to a low red temperature. ngsten is the ma
+igh Strength ow Alloy - (#$A" specific group of steel in which higher strength, and in some cases additional resistance to atmospheric corrosion or improved formability, are obtained by moderate amounts of one or more alloying elements such as columbium, vanadium, titanium, used alone or in combination. +igh Stress Grining Abrasion - brasion that occurs when the abrasive is crushed between two opposing surfaces. +igh-Alloy Steel - &errous alloy with more than *8 weight percent of noncarbon additions. +igh-Carbon Steel - $teel with more than 4.BG carbon. The more carbon that is dissolved in the iron, the less formable and the tougher the steel becomes. #ighcarbon steel?s hardness ma0es it suitable for plow blades, shovels, bedsprings, cutting edges, or other high-wear applications. $ee Aow-Carbon $teel and /ediumCarbon $teel. +inere Contraction - Casting contraction during solidification and cooling which is hindered by mold or core restraints. +ob - cylindrical cutting tool shaped li0e a worm thread and used in industry to cut gears. +obbing - The operation of cutting gears with a hob. +oist - evice that raises and lowers coils to and from reels. +ol - Coil type indicating that a produced coil or lift has problems that need to be resolved by the uality ssurance department. +ol Coil - processed coil that does not meet customer specifications that needs to be held for disposition. +ol /own Rolls - Two small rolls used for holding force on the top of the strip as it runs through slitter 0nives. +ol "ic%et - tic0et used to uarantine out-of-spec material. +ole - Moid in rolled product. Typical cause is a non-metallic inclusion during rolling +ole $!nch - piece of euipment used to put small holes in the strip where welds are ma0e. se of the hole punch is specified by all customers. sed for weld detection. +ole Saw - cutting tool used to cut a circular groove into solid material. +oliay - @egion where film is absent due to non-wetting of the metal surface by the coating
+ollow /rill "est #"re'anning& - @emoving a cylindrical sample from a metal section or structure to determine soundness of the section. +ollow Str!ct!ral Sections - Inown in the mar0et as #$$, this is high-strength, cold formed, electric-welded structural tubing welded steel tubing used as structural elements in a broad range of construction and architectural applications, structural components for vehicles and industrial machinery, buildings and other structures, and a variety of manufactured products. 't is produced in round, suare and rectangular shapes and a broad range of sizes. $tructural tubingHs basic advantages lie in itHs high strength-to-weight ratio, attractive appearance and cost-effectiveness. +omogeni0ing - 's a process whereby ingots are raised to temperatures near the solidus temperature and held at that temperature for varying lengths of time. The purposes of this process are to (*" reduce microsegregation by promoting diffusion of solute atoms within the grains of aluminum and (8" improve wor0ability +oo% - n abrupt deviation from straightness. #oo0 can be caused by non-uniform metal flow during brea0through. $ee also %ow) +oo%e5s aw - $tress is proportional to strain in the elastic range. The value of the stress at which a material ceases to obey #oo0e?s law is 0nown as the elastic limit. +ori0ontal Ais Casting Machine - centrifugal casting machine in which the axis of rotation of the mold is horizontal. +ot Ban #+ot-Rolle Steel& - coil of steel rolled on a hot-strip mill (hot-rolled steel". 't can be sold in this form to customers or further processed into other finished products. +ot Bans - $ee #ot @olled $heets. +ot Bo $rocess - furan resin-based process similar to shell corema0ing; cores produced with it are solid unless mandrelled out. +ot Bri;!ette (ron #+B(& - irect reduced iron that has been processed into briuettes. 'nstead of using a blast furnace, the oxygen is removed from the ore using natural gas and results in a substance that is :4G-:8G iron. %ecause @' may spontaneously combust during transportation, #%' is preferred when the metallic material must be stored or moved. +ot En - The section of a steelma0ing complex from the furnace up to, but not including, the hot-strip mill. +ot Metal - The name for the molten iron produced in a blast furnace. 't proceeds to the basic oxygen furnace in molten form or is cast as pig iron. +ot Mill - The rolling mill that reduces a hot slab into a coil of specified thic0ness; the whole processing is done at a relatively high temperature (when the steel is still >red>".
+ot $ress *orging - method of forming parts by pressing a heated slug, cut from wrought material, in closed-impression die. +ot !enching - Cooling in a medium, the temperature of which is substantially higher than room temperature. +ot Roll - 6roduct that is sold in its >as produced state> off the #ot /ill with no further reduction or processing steps aside from being pic0led and oiled (if specified". +ot Roll Base - #ot rolled coils which have been pic0led in an acid solution to remove surface oxidation, then is oiled to prevent rust. Coils that come directly off of 1o. D 6ic0ler and were not cold roll reduced on the tandem mill. These coils will usually have a 84> '. (5utside-supplied hot roll base may have a 8=> '. +ot Roll) $=4 - #ot @oll 6ic0le and 5il that does not go to a in-house Tandem /ill. 't may not necessarily be shipped out; it could go to the 1o. + Temper /ill. +ot Rolle Sheets - /anufactured by hot rolling slabs to the reuired thic0ness. +ot Rolle Steel #+R& - @olling steel slabs into flat-rolled steel after it has been reheated. +ot Rolling Mill - $ee #ot /ill. +ot Screens - device used to remove hot fines that are less than one-fourth millimeter in diameter from the sinter before it goes to the cooler. +ot S'ot - ar0 gray or blac0 surface patches appearing after anodizing. These areas are usually associated with lower hardness and coarse magnesium silicide precipitate Caused by non-uniform cooling after e xtrusion. +ot Stan-By - escribes the status of a boiler that is not in use and not down for repairs, but that is on 88D warm-up steam and maintaining 844 psi of steam pressure with oil fire. +ot Strength #San& - Tenacity (compressive, shear or transverse" of a sand mixture determined at any temperature above room temperature. +ot Stri' Mill - mill that rolls reheated slabs into coils. lso, #ot /ill. +ot "ear - crac0 or fracture formed prior to completion of metal solidification as a result of hindered contraction. hot tear is freuently open to the surface of the casting and is commonly associated with design limitations. +ot Wor% - The rolling, forging or extruding of a metal at a temperature above its recrystallisation point. +ot Wor%ing - 6lastic deformation of metal at a temperature sufficiently high not to create strain hardening. The lower limit of temperature for this process is the recrystallization temperature.
+ot-i' coating - meatllic coating obtained by dipping the substrate into molten metal. +ot-rolling - (#@" @olling steel slabs into flat-rolled steel after it has been reheated. +ot-Stri' Mill - rolling mill of several stands of rolls that converts slabs into hotrolled coils. The hot-strip mill sueezes slabs, which can range in thic0ness from 8*4 inches, depending on the type of continuous caster, between horizontal rolls with a progressively smaller space between them(while vertical rolls govern the width" to produce a coil of flat-rolled steel about a uarter-inch in thic0ness and a uarter mile in length. +o!sing - The inner side of the W* and W8 feeders. +o!sing :nit - $teel device used to hold the billy roll in place between the slitter heads and 0nives. +R - #ot-rolling @olling steel slabs into flat-rolled steel after it has been reheated. +SA - #igh $trength Aow lloy $teel. $teel with relatively high strength and impact properties. The carbon level is low and the alloying additions are significantly less than D weight percent. +!b - boss that is in the center of the forging and forms a part of the body of the forging. +yra!lic Mani,ol - component of a hydraulic system that functions as a delivery point for the hydraulic pressures needed to run the different cylinders in that system. %oth the . !. C. and the C.M.C. systems use manifolds. +yra!lic 4il - The oil that is pumped under pressure to supply force to the different cylinders. +yra!lic Stac% - component of the auxiliary hydraulic system that controls oil flow to an individual function of the system. +yra!lic Stan - component of the auxiliary hydraulic system that is made up of many hydraulic stac0s. +yro,orming - forming process in which a tube is placed into a forming die. The tube is then formed to the shape of the die through the application of internal water pressure. The hydroforming process allows for severe shape deformation, ma0ing it ideal for automotive structural parts such as engine cradles, radiator supports and body rails. Marious shaped and sized holes can be punched in the tube almost anywhere during the process. +yrogen - n undesirable impurity if present in steel and a cause of fine hairline crac0s especially in alloy steels. /odern vacuum treatment consists of pearlite and cementite.
+yrogen Cooler $!m' - pump that delivers diesel treated cooling water to the hydrogen coolers in W+ and W: !enerators. +yrogen Embrittlement - (*" %rittleness of metal, resulting from the occlusion of hydrogen (usually as a by-product of pic0ling or by co-deposition in electroplating". (8" condition of low ductility resulting from hydrogen absorption and internal pressure developed subseuently. 9lectrolytic copper exhibits similar results when exposed to reducing atmosphere at elevated temperatures. +yrostatic "est - F44 psi feed water test on a down boiler to chec0 for lea0s. +@ () +@ ((( - 6rocesses for producing @' and #%' developed by #ylsa. The processes reduce iron ore lump or pellets with reformed natural gas in a vertical shaft furnace. The #JA ' process uses four fixed-bed reactors; #JA ''' uses a singleshaft furnace. +y'ere!tectoi Steel - steel containing more than the eutectoid percentage of carbon (4.+B wt.G". +y'oe!tectoi Steel - steel containing less than the eutectoid percentage of carbon (4.+B wt. G". +ysteresis #Cooling ag& - ifference between the critical points on heating and cooling due to tendency of physical changes to lag behind temperature changes. +al, +ar "em'er - (" 'n low carbon cold-rolled strip steel, produced by cold rolling to a hardness next to but somewhat softer than full hard temper. (%" 'n brass mill terminology, half hard is two %Namp;$ numbers hard or 84.74G thic0ness reduction. (C" 'n $tainless $teel $trip, Tempers are based on minimum tensile or yield strength. &or Chromium-1ic0el grades #alf-#ard Temper *D4,444 T.$., **4,444 J.$./in. +ammer *orging - &orging in which the wor0 is deformed by repeated blows. Compare with press forging. +ar /rawing - rawing metal wire through a die to reduce cross section and increase tensile strength. +ar /rawn - 3ire or tubing drawn to high tensile strength by a high degree of cold wor0. +ar "em'er - (" (&or steel see &ull #ard Temper" (%" 'n brass mill terminology. #ard Temper is four %Namp;$ numbers hard or B7.*G reduction. +arenability - 'n a ferrous alloy, the property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by uenching. +arenability - The ability of a metal, usually steel, to harden in depth as distinguished from the terms hardness.
+arenability - 'n ferrous alloys, the property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by uenching. +arene an "em'ere S'ring Steel Stri' - medium or high carbon uality steel strip which has been sub
+omogeni0ing - #olding at high temperature to eliminate or decrease chemical segregation by diffusion. +omogeni0ing Annealing - n annealing treatment carried out at a high temperature, approaching the solidus temperature, for a sufficiently long time that inhomogeneous distributions of alloying elements are reduced by diffusional processes. +oning - @emoving stoc0 generally on the internal cylindrical surface of a wor0piece with an abrasive stic0 mounted in a holder. +ot /i' - 'n steel mill practice, a process wherby ferrous alloy base metals are dipped into molten metal, usually zinc, tin, or terne, for the purpose of fizing a rust resistant coating. +ot Short - %rittleness in hot metal. +ot Shortness - %rittleness in metal in the hot forming range. +ot "o' - (*" reservoir, thermally insulated or heated, to hold molten metal on top of a mold to feed the ingot or casting as it contracts on solidifying to avoid having pipe or voids. +ot Wor%ing - eformation under conditions that result in recrystallization. +yrogen Embrittlement - condition low ductility in metals resulting from the absorbtion of hydrogen. +y'ere!tectoi Alloy - 'n a eutectoid system, any alloy containing more than the eutectoid concentration of solute. +y'ere!tectoi Steel - steel having more than the eutectoid percentage of carbon. +y'oe!tectic Alloy - 'n a eutectic system, any alloy containing less than the eutectic concentration of solute. +y'oe!tectoi Steel - $teel with less than the eutectoid percentage of carbon. (-Beams - $tructural sections on which the flanges are tapered and are typically not as long as the flanges on wide-flange beams. The flanges are thic0er at the cross sections and thinner at the toes of the flanges. They are produced with depths of B8= inches. (./. *an - ('.. fan" $team turbine or electric motor driven fan which develops negative draft within the boiler to pull the hot exhaust gases through the boiler. (C( - 'nvestment Casting 'nstitute (/ - 'nside diameter (of a coil".
(/ Grining - Term for internal (dimension" grinding. (eal Critical /iameter) /1 - The largest diameter of a bar which, upon uenching in an ideal uench, will exhibit D4G martensite at the center of the bar. (eal !ench - uench in which the temperature of an ob
(m'act Energy #(m'act 9al!e& - The amount of energy reuired to fracture a material, usually measured by means of an 'zod or Charpy test. The type of speciment and testing conditions affect the values and therfore should be specified. (m'act Strength - >The resistance to impact loads; usually expressed as the foot pounds of energy absorbed in brea0ing a standard specimen. $ee Charpy 'mpact Test. > (m'act "est - test for determining the behavior of materials when subin use>. (nboar Bearing - 6ump bearing that is nearest the driver. (ncl!sion - 'mpurities in metal, usually in the form of particles in mechanical mixture. (ncl!sion Co!nt - method of assessing the number and size of non-metallic inclusions present in metal. (ncl!sions - 6articles of impurities (usually oxides, sulfides, silicates, etc." that are held mechanically or are formed during the solidification or by subseuent reaction within the solid metal. (ncl!sion) Stringer - n impurity, metallic or non-metallic, which is trapped in the ingot and elongated subseuently in the direction of wor0ing. 't may be revealed during wor0ing or finishing as a narrow strea0 parallel to the direction of wor0ing
(ncom'lete seam - $ee weld, incomplete) (nconel - n oxidation-resistant alloy, +4G 1i, *=G Cr, and FG &e. (nentation +arness - >The resistance of a material to indentation. This is the usual type of hardness test, in which a pointed or rounded indenter is pressed into a surface under a substantially static load. $ee %rinell #ardness and #ardness > (ne Start - $tart time for the first coil processed on a new index number. (nirect-Arc *!rnace - n C (lternating Current" electric-arc furnace in which the metal is not one of the poles. (ni!m - Chemical symbol 'n. !rayish-white minor metal obtained by treating smelter flue dusts and slags or other residue of base metal concentrates. Capable of mar0ing paper (
(n,!sorial Earth #/iatomite) *ossil *lo!r) Mo!ntain Meal) Mo!ntain *lo!r) "ri'olite) 2ieselg!hr& - very fine whitish powder composed of the siliceous s0eletons of infusorians (6rotozoa". (ngates - >The channels through which molten metal enters the mold cavity. $ee !ate > (ngot - $teel cast in a metal mold ready for rolling or forging. 't is distinct from a casting, which is not rolled or forged. 'ngots are usually rectangular, called slabs; suare, called blooms; polygonal, eight- or *8-sided for forging. $uares and polygonal ingots can be fluted or corrugated to increase the surface area and reduce the tendency to crac0 while cooling. (ngot (ron - 'ron of comparatively high purity produced in open-hearth furnace under conditions that 0eep down the carbon, manganese, and silicon content; e.g., rmco 'ron (ngot Mo!l - The receptacle into which molten steel is poured to form an ingot. fter solidification the steel is suitable for subseuent wor0ing, i.e. rolling or forging. (nhibitor - substance which retards some specific chemical reaction. 6ic0ling inhibitors retard the sissolution of metal without hindering the removal of scale from steel. (n?ection Moling - The inddition to molten metal of substances designed to form nuclei for crystallization. lso see 'noculant > (nsert - part usually formed from metal, which is placed in a mold and may become an integral part of the casting.
(nserte-"ooth C!tter - milling cutter designed with replaceable cutting tooth inserts to save the expense of a new cutter whenever the teeth become damaged or worn. !enerally, they are made F inches or more in diameter. (ns'ection lot - $ee lot, inspection) (ns!lating $as an Sleeves - s opposed to chills, insulating material, such as gypsum, diatomaceous earth, etc., used to lower the rate of solidification. s sleeves on open risers, they are used to 0eep the metal liuid, thus increasing the feed efficiency. (ntegral /ose #9ol!me /ose& - measure of the total energy absorbed by man or any ob cast-assemble > units with moving parts. (ntercrystalline - %etween crystals, or between grains. $ame as intergranular. (ntercrystalline Corrosion - Chromium-nic0el austenitic stainless steels are prone to this form of corrosion when they are welded and subseuently in contact with certain types of corrosive media. 3hen heated within a temperature range of =D4+44oC precipitation of the chromium carbides ta0es place at the grain boundries in the area of the weld and these areas not longer have the protection of the chromium
on the peripneries of the grains. This type of corrosion is also 0nown as 3eld ecay and 'ntergranular Corrosion. The most common way to avoid the problem is to select a grade of steel that is very low in carbon i.e. 4.4BG or less, or one that is stabilzed with niobium or titanium. (ntercrystalline *ail!re - Crac0s or fractures that follow along the grain boundaries in the microstructure of metals and alloys. (nterenritic Attac% - type of electrochemical corrosion that sometimes occurs in as-cast alloys or alloys that have had very little wor0ing. (ntergran!lar Corrosion - Corrosion in a metal ta0ing place preferentially along the grain boundaries. (ntermeiate Gear - $ee 'dler (ntermeiate "em'er - cold rolled hardness range specified with a *D-point @oc0well % spread. $ee uarter #ard Temper and #alf-#ard Temper. (nternal Cleanliness - /easure of number and types of non-metallic inclusions such as oxides, sulfides or silicates. (nternal *riction - bility of a metal to transform vibratory energy into heat; generally refers to low stress levels of vibration; damping has a broader connotation since it may refer to stresses approaching or exceeding yield strength. (nternal Shrin%age - void or networ0 of voids within a casting caused by inadeuate feeding of that section during solidification. (nternal Stresses #or "hermal Stresses& - !enerally stresses which occur during the cooling of a part. (nterr!'te Aging - The aging of an alloy at two or more temperatures by steps, and cooling to room termperature after each step. Compare with progressuve aging. (nterr!'te !ench - @emoving the casting from a uenching bath before it has reached the temperature of the bath. (nterstitial *ree Steel - recently developed sheet steel product with very low carbon levels that is used primarily in automotive deep-drawing applications. 'nterstitial &ree $teel?s improved ductility (drawing ability" is made possible by vacuum degassing. (ntracrystalline - 3ithin or across crystals or grains. $ame as transcrystalline and transgranular. (nvar - n alloy having practically no expansion when heated; BFG 1i, 4.DG /n, 4.8G C, and the balance &e.
(nverse Chill - The condition in a casting section where tht einterior is molttled or white, while the other sections are gray iron. lso 0nown as @everse Chill, 'nternal Chill and 'nverted Chill. (nverse Segregation - > concentration of certain alloy constituents that have lower melting points in the region corresponding to that first solidifying; caused by interdendritic flow of enriched liuid through channels where the pressure drops with contraction of dendrites. The internal evolution of hydrogen may also give a positive pressure, aiding this flow and causing a liuidated surface as tin sweat. $ee also $egregation > (nversion - change in crystal form without change in chemical composition, as from uartz to cristobalite. (nversion Casting - *" The metal is fed through a bottom feeder, the mold being inverted for pouring, 8" the mold is directly attached to the electric furnace in which the metal is melted in a reducing atmosphere so no slag is formed. 5n inverting the furnace the metal runs into the mold. There are no heavy feeders and oxidation is prevented. (nvesting - The process of pouring the investment slurry into the flas0 surrounding the pattern to form the mold. (nvestment - flowable mixture of a graded refractory filler, a binder and a liuid vehicle which when poured around the patterns conforms to their shape and subseuently set hard to form the investment mold. (nvestment Casting - Casting produced in a mold obtained by investing an expendable pattern with a refractory to produce a shell. The expendable pattern may consist of wax, plastic, or other material and is removed prior to filling the mold with liuid metal. (nvestment $recoat - >n extremely fine investment coating applied as a thin slurry directly to the surface of the pattern to reproduce maximum surface smoothness. The coating is surrounded by a coarser, cheaper, and permeable investment to form the mold. $ee ip Coat > (nwall Bric% - @efractory lining of the inwall section of blast furnace or cupola. (oni0ation - The process or the result of any process by which a neutral atom or molecule acuires either a positive or a negative charge. (oni0ation Chamber - n instrument designed to measure uantity of ionizing radiation in terms of the charge of electricity associated with ions produced within a defined volume. ($M - n identifiable piece of steel; can be a slab, coil, or a bundle of sheets, or several slit mults banded together. ($M !mber - ('n-6rocess /aterial" seven-character number, consisting of the unit ' and seuential production number, used to trac0 production history of a coil.
The letter and first digit are used to identify the production unit and the last five digits are the seuential production identifying number. (rii!m - noble metal of the platinum group. sually extensively as a radiation source. &or radiography of thin walled castings. (ron - *" metallic element, mp *DBD C (87:D &", 8" irons not falling into the steel categories, as !ray 'ron, uctile 'ron, /alleable 'ron, 3hite 'ron, 'ngot, and 3rought 'ron. (ron-Base S!'eralloys - lso 0nown as super chrome steels,) these metals are at the highest end of the range of high-temperature,high-strength steels. %esides chrome,other additives can be nic0el, titanium, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, and carbon. (ron Carbie - 5ne of several substitutes for high-uality, low-residual scrap for use in electric furnace steelma0ing. 'ron carbide producers use natural gas to reduce iron ore to iron carbide. (ron 4re - /ineral containing enough iron to be a commercially viable source of the element for use in steelma0ing. 9xcept for fragments of meteorites found on 9arth, iron is not a free element; instead, it is trapped in the earth?s crust in its oxidized form. (ron 4ie - This material as prepared for foundry use generally contains about +DG ferric oxide and is produced by pulverizing a high grade of pure iron ore. 't can be added to core sand mixes to assist in 0eeping the core from crac0ing before the metal solidifies during the casting operation and also helps to resist metal penetration during this period. dded to molding sand mixtures for control of finning and veining. lso may reduce carbon pic0 up. (ron San - $ee 'serine (ron) +ar or White - 'rons (&eBC" possessing white fracture because all or substantially all of the carbon is in the combined form. 'rons to be malleablized are cast white, as are many abrasion-resistant irons. (ron) Malleable - mixture of iron and carbon, including smaller amounts of silicon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur, which after being cast (white iron, carbon in combined form as carbides" is converted structurally by heat treatment into a matrix of ferrite containing nodules of temper carbon (graphite". (ron) $earlitic Malleable - malleable iron having a more or less pearlitic matrix. (ron-Carbon #Gra'hite& /iagram - diagram representing stable euilibrium conditions between iron and graphite (pure carbon" phase over the entire range of iron and steel. (ron-(ron Carbie /iagram - phase diagram representing metastable euilibrium conditions between &e and &eBC over the entire range of carbon steels and cast irons.
(ron-inc Alloy Coating - $ee !alvanized. (serine - blac0 sand which consists mainly of magnetic iron ore but also contains a considerable amount of titanium. (S4 - 'nternational $tandards 5rganization. (soc!re - 6roprietary name for a binder system developed for use in shland (Cold %ox" 6rocess, itself a proprietary process. (socyanate Aci - 'someric cyanic acid (#1C5". (solate - ('solation" To remove a boiler, or any particular part or system of a boiler, form service by closing the manual valves. (solation - The process of de-energizing, line-blan0ing, bleeding, and loc0ing, tagging and trying to secure a system or piece of euipment for wor0. (somor'ho!s - 6hases with crystal structures of the same type. (sothermal - 6ertaining to changes or other phenomena occurring at a constant temperature. (sothermal "rans,ormation - *" The process of transforming ustenite in a ferrous ally to &errite or a ferrite-carbide aggregate at any constant temperature within the transformation range, 8" transformation of one phase in an alloy system to another phase at any constant temperature. (sothernal "rans,ormation C!rve - lso 0nown as the Time Temperature Transformation Curve. 'f a small piece of steel is heated sufficiently slowly for it to become austenitic and then plunged into a salt bath and held at a constant temperature below the upper critical point for a definite time followed by rapid uenching, it is possible by examination to determine the extent to which the transformation of the austentite has occurred. %y ta0ing anumbet of speciments of the same steel and treating them in the same way, but varying the holding temperature and time behavior of the steel with time and temperature can be studied. The information obtained can be plotted as time-temperature transformation curves which is useful in heat treatment practice, particularly for martempering and austempering. (soto'e - 5ne of several different nuclides having the same number of protons in their nuclei, and hence having the same atomic number, but differing in the number of neutrons and therefore in the mass number. (0o (m'act "est - test specimen, usually of suaare crossed section is notched and held between a pair of
piece. To obtain a representative result the average of three tests is used and to ensure that the results conform to those of the steel specification the test specimens should meet the standard dimesions laid down in %$ *B*. (iomor'h - particle of a phase the has a regular external shape. (m'act Energy #(m'act 9al!e& - The amount of energy reuired to ffracture a material, usually measured by means of an 'zod or Charpy test. The type of speciment and testing conditions affect the values and therfore should be specified. (m'act "est - Test designed to determine the resistance of metal to brea0age by impact, usually by concentrating the applied stress to a notched specimen. (m'act "est - test to determine the behavior of materials when sub
(ngot (ron - Commercially pure open-hearth iron. (nterleaving - The placing of a sheet of paper between two ad
(0o "est - pendulum type of single-blow impact test in which the specimen, usually notched, is fixed at one end and bro0en by a falling pendulum. The energy absorbed, as measured by the subseuent rise of the pendulum, is a measure of impact strength or notch toughness. < - *" $ymbol for * gram euivalent weight, 8" the mechanical euivalent of heat. <-(ntegral - mathematical expression used to characterize the fracture toughness of a material having appreciable plasticity prior to fracture. The L-integral eliminates the need to describe the behavior of the material near the crac0 tip. nits are /1m or in in-lbin8.
in the whole and undrained state to meet environmental regulations. Aead metal constitutes around half the weight of a
2ey - 5ne of several types of small metal ob
2ilovolts Constant $otential - The potential in 0ilovolts of a constant voltage generator. 2ilovolts $ea% - The crest value of the potential wave in 0ilovolts. 3hen only one half of the wave is used, the crest value is to be measured on this half of the wave. 2in Ban #e,ormation& - 'n polycrystalline materials, a volume of crystal that has rotated physically to accommodate differential deformation between ad 0iss > the surface. 2nee "hat 'art o, a col!mn o, a %nee-ty'e milling machine which carries the sale an the table an 'rovies the machine with vertical ,ee a?!stments. Also) the name o, a 'recision angle calle a D"oolma%ers 2neeF. - 1AA 2ni,e B!il!' - 9xcess metal that attaches to slitter 0nives. 9xcess metal can also attach to welder wheels, in which case it is called ?welder wheel buildup?. 2ni,e Mar% - $ee mar0, 0nife) 2ni,e Wrench - Tool used to remove nuts on the 0nives when ma0ing 0nife changes or ad
2n!rl - decorative gripping surface of straight-line or diagonal design made by uniformly serrated rolls called 0nurls. 2n!rling - The process of finishing a part by scoring (pressing" patterns on the surface of the wor0. 24$ $!sher - machine that pushes the I56 on the ground, off the table after processing. 24$ Recirc!lating *ilter - filter that cleans the I56 pusher tan0 hydraulic oil by constantly recirculating the oil from the tan0 through the filter and then bac0 to the tan0. 29A - $tands for 0ilo-volt-amperes. 't is a measurement of electrical power. 't is made up of reactive power (IM@" and real power (I3". 't can be derived by multiplying the voltage by the current. 2ille Steel - $teel deoxidized with a strong deoxidizing agent, such as silicon or aluminum, to reduce the oxygen content to such a level that no reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during solidification. 2ille Steel - $teel deoxidized with a strong deoxidizing agent such as silicon or aluminum in order to reduce the oxygen content to such a level that no reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during solidification. 2i' - load of *444 lbs. a - Chemical symbol for Aanthanum S - Aimited service 2 pipe not meeting specification, usually re
ale Metall!rgy *!rnace #M*& - n intermediate steel processing unit that further refines the chemistry and temperature of molten steel while it is still in the ladle. The ladle metallurgy step comes after the steel is melted and refined in the electric arc or basic oxygen furnace, but before the steel is sent to the continuous caster. ale) Bottom-$o!r - Aadle from which metal flows through a nozzle in the bottom. ale) B!ll - large ladle for caring molten metal. &reuently used to designate a transfer ladle. ale) i'-$o!r - Aadle in which the metal is poured over a lip. ale) "ea'ot - ladle in which, by means of an external spout, metal is removed from the bottom rather than the top of the ladle. ag - 5ne of two types of relationships between voltage and current that describes what the power factor is doing. The other is lead. 'n a typical motor circuit that has much inductance, the current will lag the voltage and power factor is said to be lagging. agging - $lac0 in the strip. amellar "ear - system of crac0s or discontinuities aligned generally parallel to the wor0ed surface of a plate. sually associated with a fusion weld in thic0 plate. aminations - 'mperfections resulting from the presence of foreign inclusions, laps, or blisters typically aligned parallel to the wor0ed surface or rolling direction of the metal. ance) 4ygen - device, consisting of steel pipe, tubing, oxygen source, and controls which uses the heat of burning steel pipe for melting. &reuently used to open frozen tape or slag holes. an - The surface on the periphery of a rotary cutting tool such as a milling sutter,drill tap or reamer which
ateral E'ansion - measured property used in Charpy 'mpact Testing. @efers to the increase width of the specimen after fracture. attice - $pace lattice. Aattice lines and lattice planes are lines and planes chosen so as to pass through collinear lattice points, and non-collinear lattice points, respectively. a!ers ines - 9longated surface mar0ings or depressions caused by localized plastic deformation that results from discontinuous (in homogeneous" yielding. lso 0nown as lauders bands, hartmann lines, piobert lines or stretchers. ayo!t Sam'le - prototype forging or a cast) used to determine conformance for designed demensions -/ $rocess - n oxygen steel ma0ing 6rocess named after the towns in ustria, Ainz and onawitz, where it was first developed. 't is a modified %essemer process, steel is produced in a solid bottom converter by in
ea%o,, - 9xcess steam and condensate water that lea0s out through the pac0ing gland. E*M #inear Elastic *ract!re Mechanics& - method of fracture analysis that can determine the stress reuired to induce fracture instability in a structure with a crac0 li0e flaw of 0now size and shape. egacy Costs - ny costs that are associated with prior operations. 9mployee liabilities (pensions and health care benefits" and environmental cleanup costs usually are included under this moni0er. evel (nicator - device (electronic or mechanical" that shows the volume of oil in a tan0. evel "ransient Res'onse Control - Changes response time of drum level controller. eveler Chatter - $ee /ar0, Chatter (@oll or Aeveler") eveler Mar% - $ee ent, @epeating) eveler Strea% - $ee $trea0, Aeveler) eveling - The process by which a leveling machine flattens metal strip, coil, or sheets by bending it up and down over the interrupting arcs of upper and lowers sets of long, slender wor0 rolls. /achines generally employ *7, *:, or 8* relatively small diameter rolls whose deflection under load is controlled by additional bac0-up rollers and a rigid frame. eveling ine - process to flatten any shape deficiencies (wavy edges and buc0les" in the sheet, prior to final shipment. /ost cold-rolled sheet initially has a crowned cross-section that, if such a shape is undesirable to the customer, must be flattened in the leveling line. eveling) Roller - Aeveling carried out by bending eveling Rolls - set of five ad
i,e Cycle Costing - n accounting method of costing where expenses are allocated over the life of the product. Aife cycle costs are often lower for stainless steel than for alternatives despite a higher initial outlay, because stainless products generally last longer and reuire little maintenance. i,t - *" evice that moves coils up and down from the reels. 8" 5ne move of the crane; lifts removed refer to the number of crane pic0ups. ight Ga!ge - (efect" 6roduct with a thic0ness below the customer?s minimum gauge tolerance. ight Ga!ge Steel - Mery thin steel sheet that has been temper-rolled or passed through a cold-reduction mill. Aight gauge steel normally is plated with tin or chrome for use in food containers. ight Metal - 5ne of the low-density metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium, beryllium, or their alloys. ight S'ecial "reatment - surface treatment of dried-in-place chromate for 3eirton $teel?s electrogalvanized product (3eirzin" which provides corrosion resistance. lighter film weight is applied as compared to special treatment. ($ee $pecial Treatment". ight-Ga!ge Steel - Mery thin steel sheet that has been temper-rolled or passed through a cold-reduction mill. Aight gauge steel normally is plated with tin or chrome for use in food containers. imiting Range o, Stress - The greatest range of stress that a metal can withstand for an indefinite number of cycles without failure. 'f exceeded, the metal fractures after a certain number of cycles, which decreases as the range of stress increases. imiting R!ling Section - The maximum diameter of cross section of a bar or compnent in which certain specified mechanical properties are achieved after heat treatment. imits - term used to determine a minimum and maximum. 'n a mechanism, it should denote the minimum and maximum sizes for each part, between which the parts will function properly in con
ine $i'e - 6ipe used in the surface transmission of oil, natural gas and other fluids. ine S'ee - $peed at which the coil is processed through the line; 6laters may run *+44O feet per minute. ineal *ootage Co!nter - 9lectronic device used to count lineal footage of a coil. iner - The slab of coating metal that is placed on the core alloy and is subseuently rolled down to clad sheet as composite ine) *low - The line pattern which shows the direction of flow on the surface ine) oo'er - Closely spaced symmetrical lines on the surface of metal which has undergone non-uniform deformation, usually in a drawing operation ine) !ers - 9longated surface mar0ings or depressions appearing in patterns caused by localized plastic deformation that results from non-uniform yielding ine) Wel - $ee $eam, 9xtrusion) ining - 'nside refractory layer of firebric0, clay, sand, or other material in a furnace or ladle. ining) Monolithic - lining made without the customary layers and
oaing ines - Aines that supply a pressure signal to a control device or measuring instrument. oaing 9alve - type of single solenoid valve that when energized allows the running C.M.C. and .!.C. pumps to build up pressure. ocation - coding system that defines the physical placement of materials, usually to a high degree of specificity. ocation (/ - The building, floor, and >cluster> segments of the location string. oc% - condition in which the parting line of a forging is not all in one plane oc% 4!t "ag 4!t - Terminology used to describe the process of securing an energy source so that wor0 may be done. This is accomplished by loc0ing out all the energy sources pertaining to the device, tagging out the resources, and trying out the device to ma0e sure that it is de-energized and safe for wor0 to be done. oc%seam "est - test performed on a galvanized product to evaluate the adherence of the zinc to the steel substrate. og - $ee 9xtrusion Aog) og Sheet - $heet on which operational data from the instruments and feed water plant is recorded. ogistics - The science of identifying, maintaining, and transporting materials. ong - 'n commodities mar0et parlance, buying more futures contracts than you sell. ong Belt - n adlong>, rather than >flat>. ong "ransverse /irection - &or plate, sheet and forgings, the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction which is also at right angles to the thic0ness of the product. $ee also Aongitudinal irection) ongit!inal Bow - $ee %ow, Aongitudinal) ongit!inal Corr!gatio'n - longitudinal condition similar to transverse bow except that the sense of the curvature changes sign at least once across the width oo' Cellar - rea under the line where the strip accumulates for ma0ing a weld while the line is running (entry end loop cellar", or for ta0ing a coil off while the line is running (delivery end loop cellar".
oo' Section - rea where the strip accumulates in order for the line to run continuously while other sections of the line are stopped to begin and complete the processing of another coil. oo' "ower - *" rea at the entry end of WD Aine where the strip accumulates enabling the line to continue running while ma0ing a weld. 8" Collecting unit used for storing steel. This enables the 9ntry or elivery 9nd of the line to stop without stopping production. oo'er Cars - $trip accumulators that allow for continuous running of the line while welds are made. 5n WD 6ic0ler, one looper car, which can accumulate about :44 ft., is located in the basement on 1o. * level (entry end". The second looper car, located on 1o. 8 level halfway between the basement and the floor level, will also accumulate about :44 ft. There is a total of four loop sections. oo'er line - $ee Aine Aooper) oose Material - uring forging operations, pieces of flash often brea0 loose necessitating cleaning of the dies between forging blows; this is usually accomplished by lubricating the die while air is blown on it. 'nsufficient cleaning results in pieces of flash becoming imbedded in the surface of the forging. $uch forgings are often salvaged by removing the loose pieces and hot re-forging to fill out the depressions. oose Moling - The molding process utilizing unmounted patterns. !ates and runners are usually cut by hand. oose $iece - *" Core boxE part of the core box which remains embedded in the core and is removed after lifting off the core box. 8" 6atternE laterally pro
treat lot or lots and submitted for inspection at one time. (&or sheet and plate, all material of the same thic0ness is considered to be of the same size." ot !mber - 'dentifies groups of coils for a particular customer order to be processed at a certain time; identifies a particular group of coils to load. o!vers - /echanical devices that control air inta0e of &..and '..fans. ow Brass - +4G cu. copper-Rinc alloy containing 84G zinc. 's a light golden color, very ductile, suitable for cupping, drawing, forming, etc. %ecause of its good strength and corrosion resistance it is used for flexible metal gose, metal bellows, etc. ow Carbon Steels - Contain from 4.*4 to 4.B4G carbon and less than 4.F4G manganese. (The product of %asic 5xygen, %essemer, 5pen #earth or 9lectric 6rocesses." ow Coating - condition that occurs when the coating thic0ness is less than customer or A specifications ow $ress!re Steam - $team generated as exhaust from the turbo generators andor desuperheaters used to meet process and plant heating reuirements. Aow pressure steam is produced at 88D psi and DD4 degrees &ahrenheit. ow Stress Scratching Abrasion - brasion involving near zero impingement angle for the stri0ing particle, also parallel flow erosion. ow-Carbon Steel - $teel with less than 4.44DG carbon is more ductile (malleable"E 't is capable of being drawn out or rolled thin for use in automotive body applications. Carbon is removed from the steel bath through vacuum degassing. owboy - (or $tabilizer @oll" $ubmerged roll in the pot used to stabilize the strip as it exits the pot before entering the dies. !be) +igh - Aubricant limit exceeds the maximum agreed upon limit measured in weight per unit area !be) ow - &ailure of the lubricant to meet the agreed upon minimum limit measured in weight per unit area !bricate - $wabbing or spraying the dies with lubricant to assist in initial flow and to facilitate e
amination - n abnormal structure resulting in a separation or wea0ness aligned generally parallel to the wor0ed surface of the metal. aminations - defect appearing in sheets or strips as a segregation or in layers. To become divided, caused by gas poc0ets in the ingot. aminations - /etal defects with separation or wea0ness generally aligned parallel to the wor0ed surface of the metal. /ay be the result of pipe, blisters, seams, inclusions, or segregation elongated and made directional by wor0ing. Aamination defects may also occur in metal-powder compacts. a' - surface defect appearing as a seam, caused by folding over hot metal, fins or sharp corners and then rolling or forging them into the surface, but not welding them. a'-Wel - term applied to a weld formed by lapping two pieces of metal and then pressing or hammering, and applied particularly to the longitudinal
M B Grae - term applied to 5pen-#earth steel wire in the .=D.7D carbon range either hard drawn or oil tempered. 5il tempered wire of / % and 3 / % types are the most widely used of all spring wires. 5il tempered wire is more suitable to precision forming and casting operations than hard drawn wire, because of close control of tensile strength and superior straightness. . 15T9 / %, # % and extra # % designate %asic 5pen #earth steels, while 3 / %, 3 # % and extra 3 # % designate cid 5pen #earth $teels. The chemical composition and the mechanical properties are the same for both basic and acid steel. M sections #Bantam Beams"M )
through which a heavy current is passed. Crac0s or inclusions cause the magnetic flux to brea0 the surface forming free magnetic poles. 3hen the component is sprayed with a suspension of finely divided magnetic particles they collect at the free poles to visibly show the presence of defects. Magnetic Ch!c% - flat, smooth surfaced wor0 holding device which operates by magnetism to hold ferrous metal wor0pieces for grinding. Magnetic $article "esting - non-destructive test method of inspecting areas on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. The metal is magnetized, then iron powder is applied. The powder adheres to lines of flux lea0age, revealing surface and near surface discontinuities. /agnetic particle testing is used both raw material acceptance testing and product inspection. uality levels are usually agreed on in advance by the producer and purchaser. Magnetism - Commonly expressed as permeability which is the ratio of the magnetic induction to the magnetic intensity. The important factor to remember is that the permeability increases as the material becomes more magnetic. The B44 series stainless is non-magnetic in the annealed condition. Main /rives - Aarge gear transmissions that power the finishing mill?s pinion drives. Main *ilter - &ilter used to clean the hydraulic oil supplied by the main pumps before the oil goes to the system?s cylinders. Main +eat - #eat cycle setting on the welder for the main part of the weld. Main 4il $!m' - pump that pumps oil to the bearings and the controls of a blower when the blower is up to speed. Main $!m' - The pumps that produce the hydraulic pressure for the .!.C. and C.M.C. reducing station. Main Steam +eaer 9alve - valve located before the throttle valve on the main steam line coming into the turbine. Main "ri' 9alve - 9lectrically operated valve that stops or allows flow through a line. Ma%e-:' - 3ater that is added to accumulator drum to ensure proper water level. Ma%e-:' "an% - component of the cooling system that allows additional coolant to be added to the system as needed. Malleability - The property that determines the e ase of deforming a metal when the metal is sub
Malleable (ron - cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white iron in which decarburization,graphitization or both ta0e place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. 'f decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light fracture surface; hence whiteheart malleable. 5therwise, the fracture surface will be dar0;hence blac0heart malleable. 5nly the blac0heart malleable is produced in the nited $tates. &erritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic marix;pearlitic malleable may contain peaaaarlite,spheroidite or tempered marensite, depending on heat treatment an desired hardness. Mallet - 3ooden hammer. Man-+o!rs $er "on - This is a measure of labor efficiency *the ratio of total hours wor0ed by steel employees to the tons shipped for a given period of time. Changes in the inventory level and wor0 that is contracted out will affect the reported measurement. Manrel *orging - The process of rolling and forging a hollow blan0 over a mandrel in order to produce a weldness, seamless ring or tube. Manganese - (Chemical symbol /n." 9lement 1o. 8D of the periodic system; atomic weight D=.:B. Austrous, reddish-white metal of hard brittle and, therfore, nonmalleable character. The metal is used in large uantities in the form of $piegel and &erromanganese for steel manufacture as well as in manganese and many copperbase alloys. 'ts principal function is as an alloy in steel ma0ingE (*" 't is ferritestrengthening and carbide forming element. 't increases hardenability inexpensively, with a tendency toward embrittlement when too high carbon and too high manganese accompany each other. (8" 't counteracts brittleness from sulfur. Manganese Steel #A!stenitic& - $ee #adfield /anganese $teel Man!al - escribes the status of the operation when the operator has total control. Maraging - precipitation-hardening treatment applied to a special group of highnic0el iron-base alloys (maraging steels" to precipitate one or more intermetallic compounds in matrix of essentially carbon-free martensite. Maraging Steel - high alloyed steel that is hardened by both martensite transformation and by age hardening. Mar%) Arbor - $urface damage in the vicinity of a coil ' caused by contact with a roughened, damaged or noncircular arbor Mar%) Bearing - depression in the extruded surface caused by a change in bearing length in the extrusion die Mar%) Bite - line which is generally perpendicular to the rolling direction Mar%) Bristle - @aised surface about one inch long, crimped wire shaped and oriented in any direction
Mar%) Carbon - !ray or blac0 surface /ar0ing caused by contact with carbon runout bloc0s Mar%) Chatter #Roll or eveler& - 1umerous intermittent lines or grooves that are usually full width and perpendicular to the rolling or extrusion direction Mar%) Ege *ollower - &aint intermittent mar0s at the e dge of a cold rolled product which are usually perpendicular to the rolling direction. This mar0 is caused by action of devices designed to rewind coils without weave. Mar%) +anling - (*"&or rolled products, an area of bro0en surface that is introduced after processing. The mar0 usually has no relationship to the rolling direction. (8"&or extrusions, damage that can be imparted to the surface during handling operations. Mar%) +eat "reat Contact - %rownish, iridescent, irregularly shaped stain with a slight abrasion located somewhere within the boundary of the stain. 't is a result of metal-to-metal contact during the uenching of solution heat-treated flat sheet or plate Mar%) (ncl!sion - ppearance of surface (which may also be creased"near a slit edge, caused by sheet contacting the slitter 0nife Mar%) Mi%e - 1arrow continuous line near the rolled edge caused by a contacting micrometer Mar%) Roll Br!ise - greatly 9nlarged roll mar0 whose leight or depth is very shallow. $ee also /ar0 @oll) Mar%) Roll s%i - full width line perpendicular to the rolling direction and repeating as a function of a wor0 roll diameter Mar%) Roll - (*"&or rolled products, a small repeating raised or depressed area caused by the opposite condition on a roll diameter. (8" &or extrusions, a longitudinal groove or indentation caused by pressure from contour rolls as a profile (shape" passes through them for dimensional correction Mar%) R!b - large number of very fine scratches or abrasions. rub mar0 can occur by metal-to-metal contact, movement in handling and movement in transit Mar%) Sna' - band-li0e pattern around the full perimeter of an extruded section and perpendicular to its length. stop mar0 occurs whenever there is an abrupt change in the extrusion process. $ee also mar0, $top) Mar%) Sto' - band-li0e pattern around the full perimeter of an extruded section and perpendicular to its length. stop mar0 occurs whenever the extrusion process is suspended. $ee also, /ar0, $nap) Mar%) Stretcher
Mar%) "ra,,ic - brasion which results from relative movement between contracting metal surfaces during handling and transit. dar0 color from the abrasively produced aluminum oxide is usually observed. mirror image of a traffic mar0 is observed on the ad generic term used for microstructures formed by diffusionless phase transformations. constituent found in hardened steel; has a needle li0e microstructure. $ee also /f and /s. > Martensitic - $mall category of stainless steel characterized by the use of heat treatment for hardening and strengthening. /artensitic stainless steels are plain chromium steels with no significant nic0el content. They are utilized in euipment for the chemical and oil industries and in surgical instruments. The most popular martensitic stainless steel is type =*4 (a grade appropriate for non-severe corrosion environments reuiring high strength". Martensitic +arening - /artensitic stainless steels can be hardened by heating above the transformation range to temperatures of *744 to *:D4 degrees &., followed by cooling in air or oil. This process provides the maximum toughness. Martensitic Stainless Steels - corrosion-resistant ferrous alloy with a predominant martensitic phase. /ass 9ffect . . . The effect that the mass of a component has on the properties of the material from which the part is made. 'n castings, such effects may arise due to the effect of mass on the solidification rate and on the rate of temperature change during heat treatment.
Mass E,,ect - The effect that the mass of a component has on the properties of the material from which the part is made. 'n castings such effects may arise due to the effect of mass on the solidification and on the rate of temperature change heat treatment. Master $attern - The ob
Mean /iameter - The average of two measurements of the diameter at right angles to each other Meas!ring "able - precise measuring device. Mechanical evel (nicator - evice that uses a float to measure the level of oil in a tan0. Mechanical $ro'erties - 6roperties of a material that reveal its strength and elastic behavior. Mechanical $ro'erties - Those properties of a material that reveal the elastic and inelastic reaction when force is applied, or that involve the relationship between stress and strain; for example, the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and fatigue limit. These properties have often been designated as >physical properties,> but the term >mechanical properties> is much to be preferred. Mechanical "!bing - $teel tubing products used in the manufacture of hydraulic cylinders, in mechanical parts for autos and truc0s, construction and farm euipment and in furniture,bicycles and many other applications. Mechanical Wor%ing - 6lastic deformation or other physical change to which metal is sub
Metallstatic $ress!re - compound phase referring to hydrostatic pressure, substituting /etall since #ydro connotes water. Metall!rgical Bon - The bond between two metals whose interface is free of voids, oxide films, or discontinuities. Metall!rgy - The science and technology of metals, a broad field that includes but is not limited to the study of internal structures and properties of metals and the effects on them of various processing methods. Metaloc% - method of cold repair of castings and forgings. Metals Com'arator - n instrument for testing or identifying metallic and nonmetallic parts. 6arts are placed in an electromagnetic field and a standard parts in a matched electromagnetic field. istortions of the magnetic fields are compared on an oscilloscope. Metamic - metal ceramic high in Cr-l85B. Metastable #:nstable& - state of pseudo-euilibrium. Meico Bay San - sand similar to /ichigan City dune sand mined at $el0ir0 %each, near /exico 1J., on Aa0e 5ntario. 't has a silica content of :4G and over. Meyer +arness "est - test to determine tendency of a metal to harden when deformed plastically. series of indentations are made in the metal using a fixeddiameter ball and progressively increasing loads. M, - The temperature at which martensite formation finishes during cooling. Mg - Chemical symbol for /agnesium Mic> Mi%e - term used for micrometer or to messure with a micrometer. Mica Schist - type of micaceous refractory roc0 used for lining cupolas and other melting furnaces. Mica Strainer - s0im core made of thin mineral silicates crystallizing in monoclinic form. Michigan San - Core sands of dune or la0e sand and ban0 sands found in /ichigan. Micrometer) e'th - micrometer in which the spindle pro
Micro $i'es #Brit.& #Microshrin%age& - Tiny cavities, a fraction of a millimeter in diameter, with irregular outlines, which occur in castings. 9tching shows they occur at intersections of convergent dendritic directions. Micro-"ester - low load hardness tester, suitable for both Mic0ers and Inoop tests, wor0ing with loads of between *4 to B444 grams. Microbans #e,ormation& - Thin sheet li0e volumes of constant thic0ness in which cooperative slip occurs on a fone scale. They are an instability which carry exclusively the deformation at medium strains when normal homogeneous slip is precluded. The sheets are aligned at O- DD(degrees" to the compression direction and are confined to individual grains, which usually contain two sets of bands. Compare shear bands. Microcast $rocess - patented method of precision-casting alloys, as Mitallium, /onel, 'nconel and the #aynes $telite alloys. Microetching - 9tching of metal samples for examination under the microscope. Micro,ormer - type of extensometer for measuring elongation of test piece in a tensile test. Microharness - The hardness of microconstituents of a material. Microinch - 4.44444* (**,444,444th" of an inch. common unit of measurement in surface measurement research and in standard roughness (surface" unit values of performance of machinery. Microl!g - test coupon used to give rapid indication of the effectiveness of magnesium treatment of ductile iron. Micrometer - device used to measure gauge. Micron - unit of length eual to one millionth of metre (4.44*mm". Micro'orosity - $ee /icroshrin0age Microraiogra'hy - The process of passing x-rays through a thin section of an alloy in contact with a photographic emulsion, and then magnifying the radiograph D4 to *44 times to observe the distribution of alloying constituents and voids. Microsco'ic - /inute ob
Micros'ectrosco'y - method of identifying metallic constituents using spectrographic arc. Microtone #Brit.& - n instrument for cutting thin sections of soft specimens. Microvalve - control valve used to control the hydraulic pressure to the clutch plates on the winch drive. Mi-Wel - Two or more
Mineral - 1atural inorganic substance which is either definite in chemical composition and physical characteristics or any chemical element or compound occurring naturally as a product of inorganic processes. Mini-Mills - 1ormally defined as steel mills that melt scrap metal to produce commodity products. lthough the mini-mills are sub
Misting - coating defect consisting of a condition encountered, primarily on N ' high speed beverage can coating machines, which appears as many fine spots of coating. Mitis Casting - Casting of very mold steel. Mie Gas - natural gas and air mixture which lowers the %T value of the gas to approximately 7D4 %T per cubic feet. MnChemical symbol ,or Manganese. - 1AA Mo - Chemical symbol for /olydenum Moc%-:' - full-size model built accurately for study, testing or display. Moel - proportional representation of an obspringness> of a given type of metal. ll steels have the same modulus of elasticity or >springiness> regardless of the tensile or yield strengths. That is, until the yield point is reached they all stretch the same amount for a given load. luminum, on the other hand, is more elastic than steel and thus will stretch more than steel under the same loading. Mo!l!s o, Elasticity #tension& - &orce which would be reuired to stretch a substance to double its normal length, on the assumption that it would remain perfectly elastic, i.e., obey #oo0e?s Aaw throughout the twist. The ratio of stress to strain within the perfectly elastic range. Mo!l!s o, Resilience #!r& - The amount of strain energy per unit volume reuired to stress a material from zero to the yield stress limit. The modulus of resilience is proportional to the area under the elastic portion of the stress-strain diagram. nits are 6a or psi. Mo!l!s o, Rigiity - >'n a torsion test the ratio of the unit shear stress to the displacement caused by it per unit length in the elastic range. $ee $hear /odulus > Mo!l!s o, R!'t!re - sed in both bending and torsion testing. 'n bending, the modulus of rupture is the bending moment at fracture divided by the section
modulus. 'n torsion, modulus of rupture is the torue at fracture divided by the polar section modulus. Mo!l!s o, "o!ghness #!t& - mount of wor0 per unit volume of a material reuired to carry that material to failure under static loading. 9ual to the area under the entire stress-strain curve. nits are 6a or psi. Mog!lli0er - 9uipment for sealing by vacuum impregnation of small pores in castings. Moh5s Scale - scratch hardness test for determining comparative harness using ten standard minerals, from talc to diamond. Moist!re Content - The amount of water contained in a substance that can be driven off by heating at 884 - 8B4 %4& (*4=.= - **4 %4C". Moist!re "eller - patented apparatus for the rapid determination of moisture content of molding sand. Molasses Water - solution of water and molasses sprayed on sand molds to strengthen mold surface and yield a fine finish layer. Mol Blower - /olding euipment for blowing sand mixture onto the pattern with compressed air; allows for faster production than gravity rollover dump. Mol Boar #*ollow Boar& - The board upon which the pattern is placed to ma0e the mold. Mol Cavity - The space in a mold which is filled with liuid metal to form the casting upon solidification. The channels through which liuid metal enters the mold cavity (sprue, runner, gates" and reservoirs for liuid metal (risers" are not considered part of the mold cavity proper. Mol Clam' - evices used to hold or loc0 cape and drag flas0 parts together. Mol Coating #Mol *acing) /ressing& - *" Coating to prevent surface defects on permanent mold castings and die castings, 8" coating on sand molds to prevent metal penetration and improve metal finish. Mol Cover +al, #Cover /ie& - *" The top half of the mold, the cope, 8" in die casting, the front half of the die, which remains stationary as the die is opened. Mol *acing - $ee /old Coating Mol
Mol Wash - slurry of refractory material,such as graphite and silica flour,used in coating the surface of the mold cabity to provide an improved casting surface. Mol Weight - weight that is applied to the top of a mold to 0eep the mold from separating. Molability - bility of sand to flow into a flas0 and around a pattern; measured in the amount of sand falling through an inclined screen or slot. Molabilty Controller - patented device for controlling water additions to sand mix to maintain a consistent moldability index. Moling Gravel - The coarser and more permeable grades of molding sand generally used in production casting of exceptional size and weight. Moling Machine - machine for ma0ing molds. Moling Material - material suitable for ma0ing molds into which molten metal can be cast. Moling San Mit!re - sand mixture suitable for ma0ing molds into which molten metal can be cast. Moling Sans - >$ands containing over DG natural clay, usually between + and 84G. $ee also 1aturally %onded /olding $and > Moling) Bench - /a0ing sand molds by hand tamping loose or production patterns at a bench without assistance of air or hydraulic action. Moling) *loor - /a0ing sand molds from loose or production patterns of such size that they cannot be satisfactorily handled on a bench or molding machine, the euipment being located on the floor during the entire operation of ma0ing the mold. Moling) $it - /olding method in which the drag is made in a pit or hole in the floor. Molec!lar Weight - 3eight of the smallest uantity of a substance processing all its normal physical properties. Molec!le - The smallest particle of a substance that can exist in the free state and which has the same composition as any larger mass of the substance. Molyben!m - (Chemical symbol /o" 9lement 1o. =8 of the peridic system; atomic weight :D.:D. #ard, tough metal of grayish-white color, becoming very ductile and malleable when properly treated at high temperatures; melting point =7=+ (degrees" &.; boiling point about FF44 (degrees" &.; specific gravity *4.8 . 6ure molybdenum can best be obtained as a blac0 powder, by reduction of molybdenum trioxide or ammonium molybdate with hydrogen. &rom this powder, ductile sheet and wire are made by powder metallurgy techniues; these are used in radio and related wor0. 'ts principal functions as an alloy in steel ma0ingE (*" @aises grain-coarsening temperature of austenite. (8" eepens hardening. (B" Counteracts tendency toward
temperbrittleness. (=" @aises hot and creep strength, red hardness. (D" 9nhances corrosion resistance in stainless steel. (F" &orms abrasion-resisting particles. Molyben!m #Mo& - n alloying element used as a raw material for some classes of stainless steel. /olybdenum in the presence of chromium enhances the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. Molybic 4ie - The oxide of molybdenum; added to the furnace in briuetted form as an important finishing constituent in nitriding steels. Monel - high nic0el alloy, approximately F7G 1i, 8+G Cu, the balance &e, /n, $i and other elements. /onel metal is resistant to corrosion and is widely used to resist the action of acids. Monitoring - *" 6eriodic or continuous determination of the does rate in an occupied area (area monitoring" or the does received by a person (personnel monitoring", 8" periodic or continuous determination of the amount of ionizing radiation or radioactive contamination present in an occupied region, as a safety measure for purposes of health protection, B" personnel - monitoring any part of any individual, his breath, or excretions, or any part of his clothing. Monitoring Area - @outine monitoring of the level of radiation or of radioactive contamination of any particular area, building, room or euipment. sage in some laboratories or operation distinguishes between routine monitoring and survey activities. Mon%ey Cooler #Brit.& - 'n a blast furnace, the smaller of a series of three water coolers protecting the cinder notch. The largest is the cooler, while the in-between cooler is the intermediate cooler. Monocast $rocess - patented application of resin-bonded sand to line the flas0 in the production of centrifugal cast pipe. The resin-bonded layer is thinner than the conventional sand lining. Monotectic - >n isothermal reversible reaction in a binary system, in which a liuid on cooling, decomposes into a solid and a second liuid of different composition. (Compare with 9utectic." > Monotron - n instrument for measuring indentation hardness. 't is fitted with two dials, one to measure depth of penetration, the other the load. Months o, (nventory - @atio of the end-of-period inventory to average monthly level of sales for the period. Montmorillonite - very plastic clay, more siliceous than 0aolinite; the principal constituent of bentonite. Moore) R. R.) *atig!e Machine - constant load rotating bending type fatigue testing machine. Morgoil - 5il used to lubricate the finishing mill bac0-up roll bearings.
Morgoil Alarm - warning received when morgoil pressure is low or morgoil flow is stopped. Morgoil $!m's - 6umps that produce the morgoil pressure for the morgoil system. Morgoil System - $ystem that encompasses all the parts needed to supply morgoil to the bac0-up rolls. Morse "a'er - self-holding standard taper largely used on small cutting tools such as deills,end mills ,reamers and, on some machines, spindles in which these tools are used. Most!re) Wor%able - That range of moisture content within which sand fills, rams, draws, and dries to a satisfactory mold, and within which the sand does not dry out too fast to mold and patch. Mother Metal - The molten alloy term freuently used to designate plastic lining materials. $ee also aubing > M! /a!b - $ee aubing M! /r!m - The lower drum of a boiler. 't is used as a settling point for solids contained in the feedwater and as a feedpoint for the lower wall headers and floor tubes.
M!,,le *!rnace #2iln& - furnace in which the heating is indirect; the material to be heated is contained in a refractory container heated from the outside. M!,,lers - device that uiets the steam exhausted from the boiler before it exits to the atmosphere. M!li!ctor $ower So!rce - device to convert standard B-phase, F4 cycle current to single- phase, *+4-cycle current, so-called medium freuency; produces a strong, controlled stirring action for induction melting. M!llen "est - /easurment of bursting strength of foil in pounds per suare inch. Testing machine applies increasing pressure to one suare inch of the sample until it ruptures. M!ller - type of foundry sand-mixing machine. M!lling an "em'ering - The thorough mixing of sand with a binder, either natural or added, with lubricant of other fluid, as water. M!lt - >mult> is the term used to describe the slitting of a coil into multiple smaller strips. 'f a coil is slit into strips less than :>, each strip is referred to as a >mult> and does not receive an individual '6/ number. /ults are not removed from the line individually, but as a whole coil unit. &or reasons pertaining to customer orders, however, they may be separated and pac0aged with >mults> from other coils for shipping. M!lti stage '!m's - 1o. B and 1o. *4 pumps that are designed to put out different amounts of water pressure by changing the speed of the pump by opening up different ports on the turbine of the pump. M!lti'le Mol - composite mold made up of stac0ed sections, each of which produces a complete gate of castings, and poured from a central downgate. M!lti'le-"hrea-Screw - screw made of two or more threads to provide an increased lead with specified pitch. M!nt0 Metal #A re,ractory Alloy& - lpha-beta brass, F4G copper and =4G zinc. $tronger than alpha-brass and used for castings and hot-wor0ed (rolled, stamped, or extruded" products. #igh strength brasses are developed from this by adding other elements. M!shet Steel - n air hardened steel containing about 8G c, 8G /n, and 7G 3, developed by $cotsman @obert /us0et in *+74. M!shy Stage - The state between sold and liuid in alloys which freeze over a wide range of temperatures. M!sic Wire - polished high tensile strength cold drawn wire with higher tensile strength and higher torsional strength than any other material available. These high mechanical properties are obtained by a combination of the high carbon content, the patenting treatment and by many continuous passes through drawing dies. The high
toughness characteristic of this material is obtained by the patenting. $uch wire is purchased according to tensile strength, not hardness. Machinability - The relative ease of machining a metal. Machinability - The capacity of a material to be machined easily. Macro-Etch - 9tching of a metal surface for accentuation of gross structural details and defects for observation by the unaided eye or at magnifications not exceeding ten diameters. Macroetch "est - Consists of immersing a carefully prepared section of the steel in hot acid and of examining the etched surface to evaluate the soundness and homogeneity of the product being tested. Macroetching - 9tching of a metal surface with the ab
Martem'ering - (*" hardening procedure in which an austenitized ferrous material is uenched into an appropriate medium at a temperature
Mechanical S'ring - ny spring produced by cold forming from any material with or without subseuent heat treatment. Mechanical "win - twin formed in a metal during plastic deformation by simple shear of the structure. Mei!m-Carbon Steel - Contains from 4.B4G to 4.F4G carbon and less than *.44G manganese. /ay be made by any of the standard processes. Melting $oint - The temperature at which a pure metal, compound or eutectic changes form solid to liuid; the temperature at which the liuid and the solid are in euilibrium. Melting Range - The range of temperature in which an alloy melt; that is the range between solidus and liuidus temperatures. Metallogra'hy - The science concerning the constituents and structure of metals and alloys as revealed by the microscope. Metalogra'h - n optical instrument designed for both visual observation and photomicrography of prepared surfaces of opaue materials at magnifications ranging from about 8D to about *D44 diameters. Metastable - 6ossessing a state of pseudo-euilibrium that has a free e nergy higher than that of the true euilibrium state but from which a system does not change spontaneously. M, "em'erat!re - The temperature at which martensitic transformation is essentially complete during cooling after austenitization. Microcrac% - crac0 of microscopic size. Microgra'h - graphic reproduction of the prepared surface of a specimen at a magnification greater than ten diameters. 3hen photographed, the reproduction is 0nown as a photomicrograph (not a microphotograph". Microstr!ct!re - The structure of a prepared surface of a metal as revealed by a microscope at a magnification greater than ten diameters. Microstr!ct!re - The structure of polished and etched metal and alloy specimens as revealed by the microscope. Mil Steel - Carbon steel containing a maximum of about 4.8DG C. Mill Ege - The edge of strip, sheet or plate in the as rolled state. nsheared. Mo!l!s o, Elasticity - measure of the rigidity of metal. @atio of stress, within proportional limit, to corresponding strain. $pecifically, the modulus obtained in tension or compression is Joung?s modulus, stretch modulus or modulus of extensibility; the modulus obtained in torsion or shear is modulus of rigidity, shear modulus or modulus of torsion; the modulus covering the ratio of the mean normal
stress to the change in volume per unit volume is the bul0 modulus. The tangent modulus and secant modulus are not restricted within the proportional limit; the former is the slope of the stress-strain curve at a specified point; the latter is the slope of a line from the origin to a specified point on the stress-strain curve. lso called elastic modulus and coefficient of elasticity. Mol - form of cavity into which molten metal is poured to produce a desired shape. Ms "em'erat!re - The temperature at which a martensitic transformation starts during cooling after austenitization. M!nt0 Metal #A re,ractory Alloy& - lpha-beta brass, F4G copper and =4G zinc. $tronger than alpha-brass and used for castings and hot-wor0ed (rolled, stamped, or extruded" products. #igh strength brasses are developed from this by adding other elements. - Chemical symbol for 1itrogen a - Chemical symbol for $odium b - Chemcial symbol for 1iobium ACE - 1ational ssociation of Corrosion 9ngineers arrow - 6roduct whose width is below the customer?s finished width tolerance. ational Machine "ool B!ilers Association - The ssociation for /anufacturing Technology at!ral Aging - $ee ging at!ral San - nconsolidated sand, sand derived from a roc0 in which grains separate along their natural boundaries. This includes soft sandstone where little pressure is reuired to separate the individual grains. at!rally Bone Moling San - sand containing sufficient bonding material as mined to be suitable for molding purposes. $eldom used today in the metalcasing industry. aval Brass#Amiralty Brass& - n alloy of copper,zinc and tin used widely in the marine industry because of resistance to saltwater corrosion;actually itHs bronze. avy #:SA& "ear "est - method of evaluating the susceptibility of ship plate to brittle or cleavage type fracture. BS - 1ational %ureau of $tandards
//" - 1il ductility transition temperature, determined in the dropweight test. @efers to the absence of the ductile fracture appearance and any reduction in area due to the brittle behavior of the steel. ear-sie - The free-side of the line (closest to the operator?s pulpit". eat Bric% - %ric0 with faces arranged so one of the flat faces in inclined toward the other, almost eliminating one end face. eat Cement - 6ortland Cement mixed with water only. ec% /own #2noc%-4,,) Wa,er Core) Washb!rn) Cameron Core& - > thin core or tile used to restrict the riser nec0, ma0ing it easier to brea0 or cut off the riser from the casting. $ee Core > ec%ing - $trip condition caused by the application of too much tension which causes the strip to become narrower (or stretched". ec%ing /own - @eduction in area concentrated at the subseuent location of fracture when a ductile metal is stressed beyond it yield point in tension. ecle!s - The first structurally determinate particle of a new phase or structure that may be about to form. pplicable in particular to solidification, recrystallization, and transformations, in the solid state. eele C!tter Steel - sually supplied uarter hard rolled, extra precision rolled with sheared edges. Carbon content *.8D - Chromium .*D. sually supplied in a 8 width from .448 to .4BD. sed for cutting the eyes of needle and milling the latch in a latch needle. eele 9alve - high pressure shut off valve used on the hydraulic oil stands and manifolds. 't usually uses some type of tool to manipulate or turn the valve?s stem (cloc0wise to close, countercloc0wise to open". eeles - 9longated acicular crystals, tapering at each end to a fine point, as martensite. eeling Agents - $pecial agents such a boron which mar0edly increase the hardness of steel. egative !enching #egative +arening& - ccelerated cooling in water or oil, from a temperature below the critical range. egative "hermoie +eat Echange - 'n shell molding, improving the masssurface ratio by simulating profile geometry of pattern or core cavity on the underside; will boost running temperature of high pro
esh #+ot Short& - %ritish term applied to metal that is wea0 and ruptures easily under not wor0ing conditions. ic% Rolle 'ro!cts) see DScratchF. Etr!sions) see DMar%) +anlingF. e!tral Re,ractories - loose term designating refractories which presumably will not react with so-call acid or basic refractories and slags. e!tron - 9lementary nuclear particle with a mass (*.44+:B mass units" approximately the same as that of a hydrogen atom. 't is electrically neutral. ew
ital - solution of nitric acid in alcohol use as an etching agent in ferrous metallography. itraing - case hardening process in which ammonia or some other form of nitrogen is introduced to the surface of certain alloys. itriing - 6rocess of surface hardening certain types of steel by heating in ammonia gas at about :BD-*444 (degrees" &., the increase in hardness being the result of surface nitride formation. Certain alloying constituents, principal among them being aluminum, greatly facilitate the hardening reaction. 'n general, the depth of the case is less than with carburizing. itriing Steel - $teel which is particularly suited for the nitriding process, that is, it will form a very hard and adherent surface upon proper nitriding (heating in a partially dissociated atmosphere of ammonia gas". Composition usually .84-.=4 carbon, .:4-*.D4 chromium, .*D-*.44 molybdenum, and .+D-*.84G aluminum. itrogen - 1itrogen is a gas that forms approximately 7:G by volume or 77G by weight of the atmosphere. 't can combine with many metals to form nitrides and is thus applied to the case-hardening of steel, the usual source for this purpose being ammmonia. itrogen Bac% :' Air - bac0 up air supply for W F Turbo %lower. itrogen *l!sh - %ubbling nitrogen gas through a metal melt under vacuum (as with valve bronze" to improve tensile properties and pressure tightness. o Screw $late - $teel that has not been rolled. o. 1 +eavy Melt - 5bsolete steel scrap grade, at least one-uarter inch in thic0ness and in sections no larger than five feet by two feet. /uch of the metal comes from demolished buildings, truc0 frames and heavy duty springs. /ini-mills are primary consumers of 1o. * heavy scrap. oba%e Biner - synthetic liuid resin sand binder that hardens completely at room temperature, generally not reuiring ba0ing, used in Cold-$etting process. oble Metals - /etallic elements with surfaces that do not readily oxidize in air; e.g., gold, silver, platinum. o!lar *ireclay #B!rley) B!rley *lint& - @oc0 containing aluminous or ferrogenous nodules, or both, bonded by fireclay. o!lar Gra'hite - !raphite or carbon in modular form, characteristically in malleable and nodular iron. o!lar (ron - 'ron of a normally gray cast iron type that has been suitably treated with a nodularizing agent so that all or the ma
oise S'ectr!m - The various freuencies ma0ing a noise. omogram #Gra'h& - graph that enables one by the aid of a straight-edge to read off the value of a dependent variable when the value of two or more independent variables are given. on-Aging - Aittle to no change in mechanical and physical properties over time; Jield point elongation is zero. $ee ging. on-*erro!s *o!ners5 Society - $ee 1on-&errous &ounder?s $ociety for address information. on-+eat-"reatable Alloy - n alloy which can be strengthened only by cold wor0 on-Re,ractory Alloy - term opposed to refractory alloy. non-refractory alloy has malleability, that is, ease of flattening when sub
otch) o!ble Shear - n abrupt deviation from straight on a sheared edge. This offset may occur if the flat sheet or plate product is longer that the blade for the final shearing operation. otch Sensitivity - measure of the reduction in strength of a metal caused by the presence of stress concentration. Malues can be obtained from static, impact or fatigue tests. otche Bar - test specimen which is notched. sed in impact or fatigue tests. otche Bar "est - test to determine the resistance of a material to a suddenly applied stress, i.e. shoc0. notched test piece is employed in an 'zod or Charpy machine and the results are recorded in ft, lbs or Loules. ovala% - two-step basic fla0e resin with no thermosetting properties, applied to sand in shell molding process as a mold or solution. o00le - 6ouring spout of the bottom-pour ladle. o00le Bric% - thic0-walled tubular refractory shape set in bottom of a ladle through which steel is teemed. o00le $oc%et Bric% - refractory shape set in bottom of a ladle containing a recess in which nozzle is set. "$ - 1ormal temperature and pressure reference point; zero centigrade 7F4mm mercury pressure. :E - 1on-upset end 2 5CT! tubing description (not as common as 99" !cleation - *" (homogeneous" the initiation of solid crystals from the liuid stage, or initiation of solid crystals from the liuid stage, or a new phase within a solid without outside interference - rarely occurs, 8" heterogeneous" foreign particles altering the liuid-solid interface energy during phase changes. !cle!s - (*" The first structurally stable particle capable of initiating recrystallization of a phase or the growth of a new phase, and separated form the matrix by an interface. (8" The heavy central core of an atom, in which most of the mass and the total positive electrical charge are concentrated. !mber as $ertaining to +arness - 'n copper base alloys inductry; temper is referred to as so many numbers hard, i.e. Jellow %rass #alf #ard is termed 8 numbers hard. This term is derived from terminology used on the mill gloor where by temper or hardness is imparted by cold wor0ing and classified as to hardness by the number of %rown N $harpe gages away from the soft or as-annealed state. at!ral Aging - $pontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature. ec%ing - Aocal reduction of the cross-sectional area of metal by stretching.
etwor% Str!ct!re - structure in which the crystals of one constituent are surrounded by envelopes of another constituent which gives a networ0 appearance to an etched test specimen. e!mann Ban - mechanical (deformation" twin in ferrite. ic%el - (Chemical symbol 1i" 9lement 1o. 8+ of the periodic system; atomic weight D+.F:. $ilvery white, slightly magnetic metal, of medium hardness and high degree of ductility and malleability and resistance to chemical and atmospheric corrosion; melting point 8FD* (degrees" &.; boiling point about D8D4 (degrees" &., specific gravity +.:4. sed for electroplating. sed as an alloying agent, it is of great importance in iron-base alloys in stainless steels and in copper-base alloys such as Cupro-1ic0el, as well as in nic0el-base alloys such as /onel /etal. 'ts principal functions as an alloy in steel ma0ingE (*" $trengthens unuenched or annealed steels. (8" Toughens pearlitic-ferritic steels (especially at low temperature". (B" @enders high-chromium iron alloys austenitic. ic%el Silver - Copper base alloys that contain *4-=DG Rn. and D-B4G 1i. itriing - 'ntroducing nitrogen into a solid ferrous alloy by holding at a suitable temperature (below c* for ferritic steels" in contact with a nitrogenous material, usually ammonia of molten cyanide of appropriate composition. uenching is not reuired to produce a hard case. o!lar $earlite - 6earlite that has grown as a colony with an approximately spherical morphology. on-*erro!s Metals - /etals or alloys that are free of iron or comparatively so. on-Metallic (ncl!sions - 'mpurities (commonly oxides", sulphides, silicates or similar substances held in metals mechanically during solidification or formed by reactions in the solid state. on-Scallo'ing !ality Stri' Steel - $trip steel ordered or sold on the basis of absence of unevenness, or ears, on the edges of the steel, when sub
!mber as $ertaining to +arness - 'n copper base alloys inductry; temper is referred to as so many numbers hard, i.e. Jellow %rass #alf #ard is termed 8 numbers hard. This term is derived from terminology used on the mill gloor where by temper or hardness is imparted by cold wor0ing and classified as to hardness by the number of %rown Namp; $harpe gages away from the soft or as-annealed state. 4 - Chemical symbol for 5xygen 4ccl!sion - term applied in the case of metals to the absorption or entrapment of gases. 4-Ring - flexible ?5? shaped seal. 4C"G - includes casing, drill pipe and oil well tubing, which, depending on their use, may be formed through welded or seamless processes. 4/ - 5utside diameter 4sies - $emi-permanent molds of plaster of paris, graphite, or dry sand, tarred and dried and used for repetitive wor0 in the foundry. 4,, Center - 1ot centered; offset,eccentric or inaccurate. 4,, Ga!ge - defect referring to a variation of offset of the thic0ness of the plate from the designated aim gauge thic0ness and tolerance. 4,, Ga!ge Reel - @eel onto which all the off-gauge and defective material is wound. 4,, (ron - 6ig iron not of the desired composition. 4,, ine - Term that means a boiler or system is >not in use> 4,,-/imension - casting defect caused by any incorrect dimension resulting from improper setting of cores, using wrong core, shifts, swells, etc. 4,,-Gage #4,,-Si0e& - Core defect caused by improper gagging of dimensions. 4,,-Grae Metal - /etal whose composition does not correspond to the designated or applicable specification. 4,,-Si0e - @olled steel too light or too heavy to meet reuirements. 4,,set - 3hen a coil sidewall is winding up straight and suddenly moves in or out to another position and then continuing to wind up straight. 4,,set /ial - evice used on W= $ide Trimmer as0ania. /ovement of this dial changes the trac0ing of the line.
4,,setting - coating defect consisting of a transference of smearing of in0 or coating or other substance from the surface of one sheet of coated substrate to the bac0 of the next sheet in a stac0. 4il an Whiting "est - method of detecting fine crac0s by applying a penetrating oil and painting the tested metal surface with a mixture of whiting and a thinner. 5il in the crac0s emerges to stain the whiting. 4il Cooler - 3ater cooled heat exchanger used to maintain the oil temperature on the feedwater pumps. 4il Core or Mol - core or mold in which the sand is bonded by an oil binder. 4il Co!ntry "!b!lar Goos #4C"G& - Aabel applied to the pipe products used by petroleum exploration customers. 4il *ilm Weight - /easure of the amount of oil applied to a flat rolled steel product; for Tin /ill 6roducts, the measure is gramsbase box; for $heet 6roducts, the measure is oz.s.ft. (or gm.s.m.". 4il +arening Steel - sed to describe tool or alloy steels where oil is used as the uenching medium in the hardening process. 4il !enching - >uenching in oil. $ee uenching > 4il Sam'le - small amount (at least D4 ml" of oil ta0en from a system in order to be tested. 4il Sans - $and bonded with such oils as linseed and the synthetics. 4il Shot - 'n die casting, a sponge li0e whirl on the surface of casting resulting from an excess of oil applied to the sprue hole before the shot was made. 4il Stain Al!min!m - $tain produced by the incomplete burning of the lubricants on the surface of the sheet. @olling subseuent to staining will change color from dar0er browns to lighter browns down to white. 4il Stones - /olded abrasives in various shapes used to hand-sharpen cutting tools. 4il "est - Test performed by the /et. Aab to chec0 the amount of oil applied to strip. 4il-4ygen Biner #Col-Setting) Air-Setting Biners& - synthetic autooxidizing liuid, oil-based binder that partially hardens at room temperature, using an oxygen releasing agent. %a0ing is needed to complete the hardening 4ile - product to which oil has been applied to retard rusting. 4iling - The application of a surface layer of lubricant intended to retard rusting on sheet products and lubrication on Tin /ill products.
4(" - (5perator 'nterface Terminal" Terminal which displays the line-up, coils running on both reels, and the location of the weld. 4l Blowing Room - sed when the river water gets too cold. 4leoresino!s - resin containing both oils and resins which cures by the oxidation process. 4live - (/g8,&e8$i5=" naturally occurring mineral composed of fosterite and fayalite, crushed and used as a molding sand. sually the sand of choice in manganese steel casting due to its basicity. 4lsen #/!ctility& "est - method of measuring the ductility and drawing properties of strip or sheet metal which involves determination of the width and depth of impression. The test simulating a deep drawing operation is made by a standard steel ball under pressure, continuing until the cup formed from the metal sample fractures. @eadings are in thousandths of an inch. This test is sometimes used to detect stretcher straining and indicates the surface finish after drawing, similar to the 9richsen ductility test. 4n Cast - 3hen the furnace is tapping out iron and maintaining full wind. 4n Chec% - term used when the furnace has pulled wind after casting to plug the hole. 4n ine "erm - Term which means a boiler or system is >in use>. 4ne-$iece $attern - $olid pattern, not necessarily made from one piece of material. /ay have one or more loose pieces. 4ne-Screen - distribution of a clean sand or a sand with two maximum screens separated by a minimum screen. These high-expansion problem sands are also referred to as camel bac0 distributions. 4ne-Sie Bright Mill *inish - $heet material having a moderate degree of brightness on one side. The reverse side is uncontrolled and may have a dull, nonuniform appearance. 4$EB E'ense - 5ther 6ostretirement 9mployment %enefits. sually refers to health care obligations to a mill?s retired wor0ers, although its meaning also can include layoff benefits (see &$ *4F". 4'en *ace Mol - $ee 5pen $and Casting 4'en *lame *!rnace - s opposed to the crucible furnace; in the open-flame furnace the metal charge is confined in the refractory lining, with the flame and products of combustion coming in direct contact with the metal. 4'en Grain Str!ct!re - defect wherein a casting, when machined or fractured, appears to be coarse grained and porous; usually due to a shrin0 area.
4'en +earth *!rnace - broad, shallow hearth to refine pig iron and scrap into steel. #eat is supplied from a large, luminous flame over the surface, and the refining ta0es seven to nine hours. 5pen #earths, at one time the most abundant steelma0ing furnaces among integrated companies, have been replaced by the basic oxygen furnace. 4'en +earth ine - n alternate water supply line from the 5ld %lowing @oom 6ump @oom to the 5ld %lowing @oom used when the river water gets too cold. 4'en ine - sually a steel-ma0ing defect, an open line refers to a line down the length of the strip caused by un0nown conditions. 4'en Riser - $ee @iser, 5pen 4'en San Casting - casting produced in an open mold; poured in the drag, with no cope or other top covering. 4'en-+earth $rocess - 6rocess of ma0ing steel by heating the metal in the hearth of a regenerative furnace. 'n the basic open-hearth steel process, the lining of the hearth is basic, usually magnesite; whereas in the acid open-hearth steel process, an acid material, silica, is used as the furnace lining and pig iron, extremely low in phosphorous (less than 4.4=G", is the raw material charged in. 4'enhearth *!rnace - furnace for melting metal, in which the bath is heated by the combustion of hot gases over the surface of the metal and by radiation from the roof. 4'erating Rates - The ratio of raw steel production to the mill?s stated capacity. 9ach ecember, steel companies report to the '$' their estimated capacity (if they could sell all steel they produced" for the following year, ad
4range $eel B!c%et - bottom-drop buc0et used for charging cupolas; the dropbottom is divided into a number of sections that appear to peel bac0 as the buc0et opens. 4rer Matte - 'ndividual description of the orders to be processed (issued by 6roduction 6lanning". lso called ?mat? or ?mill order paper?. 4rer Rate - The ratio of new orders recorded to the mill?s capacity to produce the steel to fill the orders. /any analysts view trends in the order rate asharbingers of future production levels. 4re - n iron bearing material used primarily in the blast furnace. 4rganosol - 5rganosols contain poly-vinyl chloride (6MC" dispersed in solvents. t temperatures of B8D-BD4 %4 & (*FD-*7D %4 Centegrade" the vinyl particles coalesce and dissolve in the plasticizers to form homogeneous films with good hardness, toughness and adhesion. 4rientation #crystal& - rrangement of certain crystal axes or crystal planes in a crystalline aggregate with respect to a given direction or plane. 'f there is any tendency for one arrangement to predominate, it is 0nown as the preferred orientation; in the absence of any such preference, random orientation exists. 4ri,,ice - n opening of controlled size used to measure or control the flow of gases. 4ri,,ice $late - 'n a cupola a device used to measure the volume of air delivered to the windbox. 4s - Chemical symbol for osmium. 4scillate Wo!n or Scroll Wo!n - method of even winding metal strip or wire on to a reel or mandrel wherein the strands are uniformly over-lapped. $ometimes termed stagger wound or vibrated wound. The opposite of ribbon wound. 4scillate Wo!nRibbon Wo!n - 5scillate winding is a techniue that ws develooped to aid in winding and shipping customer orders for multiples. (/ultiples are created by slitting or shearing a coil into any width or set of widths" The slits are wound bac0 and forth on a mandrel in the same manner that a fishing line is ta0en up on a reel; that is left to right, right to left, left to right. This allows for multiples to be wrapped on one wide coil that is easily handled in shipping. 4scillating - method of winding narrow strip steel over a much wider roll. Customers want to have as much steel on a coil as will fit in their machines, so they can spend less time moving the material and more time using it. %y coiling the strip li0e fishing line (or thread" over a spool, a much longer strip can fit onto a coil of proper diameter. 5scillate-wound coils allow the customer to en
4smi!m - Chemical symbol 5s. bluish-white metal that is so hard it is difficult to fabricate. 4smonite - n obsolete term once used to designate a ferrous microstructure not so well defined as Troosite. 4ttowa San - sand originating near 5ttawa 'll., also 0now as $t. 6eter sandstone. 4!t o, Register - n embossed pattern distortion due to misalignment of the male and female embossing rolls 4!tboar Bearing - 6ump bearing that is furthest from the driver. 4!tlet - 5utlet valve from auto valve or tan0. 4vality - eviation from a circular periphery, usually expressed as the total difference found at any one cross section between the individual maximum and minimum diameters, which usually occur at or about :4 degrees 4val - hot-rolled carbon steel bar product which is oval in cross section. 4ven) /rying - furnace or oven for drying molds or cores. 4vens - $ee Continuous nnealing &urnace 4veraging - ging a precipitation-hardening alloy under conditions of time and temperature greater than those reuired to obtain maximum strength or hardness. 4verarm - The support for the end of a milling cutter which is on the opposite side of the cutter from the spindle and column. 4ver,ill - defect in a rolled bar or other section which is an over-fullness on some part of the surface. mong the causes are worn rolls and extrusion into the clearance of the rolls. 4ver,iring - #eating refractories to a temperature sufficient to cause pronounced vitrification, deformation, or bloating. 4ver,lows #4ver,low Wells& - $eparated cavities cut into the face of die casting dies ad
4verheate - term applied when, after exposure to an excessively high temperature, a metal develops an undesirable coarse grain structure, but is not necessarily damaged permanently. nli0e burned structure, the structure produced by overheating can be corrected by suitable heat treatment, by mechanical wor0, or by a combination of the two. 4verheating - Can occur in preheat furnaces prior to forging or in the heat-treating operation. The condition results when metal temperature exceeds the critical temperature of the alloy involved and a change in phase occurs; this is also 0nown as the transformation temperature. 9xternally, overheated material will often form blisters or a web of fine crac0s; internally, overheating causes precipitation of melted constituents around grain boundries and the formation or rounded pools of melted constituents often called rosettes). 4ver'ic%le - @e
4y-Acetylene Weling - process for
4veraging - ging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those reuired to obtain maximum strength. 4verheating - #eating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired. 3hen the original properties cannot be restored by further heat treating, by mechanical wor0ing, or by combination of wor0ing and heat treating, the overheating is 0nown as burning. 4verheating - #eating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired. 3hen the original properties cannot be restored by further heat treating, by mechanical wor0ing or by a combination of wor0ing and heat treating, the overheating is 0nown as burning. 4iation - (*" reaction in which there is an increase in valence resulting from a loss of electrons. (8" Chemical combination with oxygen to form an oxide. 4ie - Compound of oxygen with another element. 4ii0e S!r,ace - surface having a thin, tightly adhering oxidized s0in. 4ygen ance - length of pipe used to convey oxygen onto a bath of molten metal. 4ygen-*ree Co''er - 9lectrolytic copper free from cuprous oxide, produced without the use of residual metallic or metalloidal deoxidizers. $EB $lain en bevele $ - Chemical symbol for phosphorus $C - n abbreviation for the pre-coat section of the line. $1 - 'n production, the acceptable uality level. $ - 'n production, lot tolerance. $EB $lain en bevele - 1AA $ac% +arening #$ar% Carb!ri0ing& - $ee Case #arding $ac%ing - /aterial that prevents water from coming out through the pac0ing gland on a pump. $ac%ing Grease - type of grease used to 0eep a seal and prime on a pump. $ac%ing or $ac%ing Material - $and, gravel, mill scale or similar materials used to support castings pac0ed in annealing pots, to prevent possible warpage under high temperatures.
$aing - The process of adding metal to a cross section of a casting wall, usually extending from a riser, to ensure adeuate feed to a localized area where a shrin0 would occur if the added metal were not present. $allai!m - Chemical symbol 6d. ma
$arlanti Casting $rocess - proprietary permanent mold process using dies of aluminum with a controlled rate of heat transfer. $arsons /!ncan $rocess - method of casting steel ingots wherein the top layer of the mold is heated and the last to solidify. $arte $attern - pattern made in two or more parts. $artial - '/'$ action indicating that part of the final produced coil weight is credited to one turn and the balance of the weight is credited to the next turn. $artially Gra'hiti0e Cast (ron - blac0heart malleable casting only partly graphitized in annealing, giving a mixture of blac0 and white. $ometimes termed salt and pepper fracture. $article Co!nter - testing device used to measure the amount and size of solid contamination in the hydraulic oil. $article Co!nter Com'!ter - The part of the particle counter that tabulates and supplies a printout of the oil test results. $article Co!nter Sam'ler - The part of the particle counter which contains the sensor and related parts that the hydraulic oil passes through while being tested. $artic!late Matter - 'n air pollution control, solid or liuid particles, except water, visible with or without a microscope, that ma0e up the obvious portion smo0e. $arting - The operation of cutting off a piece from a part held in the chuc0 of a lathe $arting Agent - $ee @elease gent $arting ine - line on a pattern or casting corresponding to the separation between the cope and drag portions of a sand mold. condition uniue to stepped extrusions where more than on e cross section exists in the same extruded shape. stepped shape uses a split die for the minor or small cross section and after its removal, another die behind it for the ma
$assivation - The changing of the chemically active surface of a metal to a much less reactive state. Contrast with activation. $assivator - n inhibitor which changes the potential of a metal to a more cathodic value. $assivity - The property of some metals to become abnormally inactive towards certain reagents. $atching - @epair of a furnace lining; repair of a mold core. $attern - form of wood, plastic, metal, or other material around which molding material is placed to ma0e a mold. $attern /ra,t - The taper on vertical elements in a pattern which allows easy separation of pattern from compacted sand mixture. $attern ayo!t - &ull-sized drawing of a pattern showing its arrangement and structure features. $attern Weling - process in which strips or other small sections of iron or steel are twisted together and then forge welded. #omogeneity and toughness are thereby improved. regular decorative pattern can be developed in the final product. C5mmonly used for ma0ing swords as early as the Brd century .. $atternma%er - craftsman engaged in production of foundry patterns from wood, plastic, or metals, such as aluminum, brass, etc. $atternma%ers Shrin%age - Contraction allowance made on patterns to compensate for the decrease in dimensions as the solidified casting cools in the mold from freezing temperature of the metal to room temperature. 6attern is made larger by the amount of contraction that is characteristic of the particular metal to be used. $awl - pivoted lever or sliding bolt that secures as an automatic directional table control on a grinder. $ay 4,, - 9ntry end unwrapping of coil and the beginning of the production process. $ayo,, En - The entry end of the line. $ayo,, Reel - @eel on which the coil to be processed is loaded. This reel is sometimes referred to as the entry end reel. $CE - 6yrometric Cone 9uivalent $ - Chemical symbol for palladium $ea% /eman - mount of power purchased for the B4-minute periods during what are 0nown as pea0 hours. 6ea0 hours are 7 44 am to *4 44 pm, /onday through $aturday. ll other hours are off-pea0.
$ea% Earnings - The ultimate earnings level of a company at the top of the business cycle. This is the expected profit during the time of the highest commodity demand and the strongest product pricing. $ea% "ime - The time during which the sheets of metal are held at the recommended temperature for full cure is 0nown as the >6ea0 Time>. $earlite - lamella aggregate of ferrite and carbide, the structure of pearlite can appear fine or coarse depending on processing. $earlite - Aamellar structure resembling mother of pearl. compound of iron and carbon occurring in steel as a result of the transformation of austenite into aggregations of ferrite and iron carbide. $eel - The process by which several outside laps of a coil are ta0en off to bring it down to gauge. $eeler "able - The B8> extension connected to the threading table to assist in threading hot-rolled coils. $eeling - $eparation of the zinc coating from the steel strip. $een - 6eening action obtained by impact of metal shot, often used to improve fatigue properties by putting the surface in compression. $eeners - utomatic chisels on welder wheels that remove metal slag. $ellets - 'ron ore or limestone particles are rolled into little balls in a balling drum and
$eri'heral +oses - #oses that carry recycled water from the peripheral preuench spray header to the area of the scrubber 0nown as the >wet elbow>. $eritectic Grae - Crac0 sensitive grade of steel with .4+ to .*FG Carbon. $erlite - highly siliceous volcanic roc0 which can be expended by heating into a porous mass of particles. 6erlite can be used as an insulation in foundry sand mixtures. 1ot to be confused with 6earlite. $ermanent Mol - metal mold of two or more parts; not an ingot mold. 't is used repeatedly for the production of many casting of the same form. $h - Chemical cymbol for lead. '+ - symbol denoting the negative logarithm of the concentration of the hydrogen ion in gram-atoms per liter, used in expressing both acidity and al0alinity; p# Blog *# per liter. n important factor in foundry sand control, p#7 is neutral; values less than 7 acid, and higher than 7, basic. $hase - Term used to describe one of the three branches of electricity in most high voltage circuits. The three phases all carry power simultaneously. $hase /iagram - graphic representation of the euilibrium temperature and composition limits of phase fields reactions in an alloy system. 'n a binary system, temperature is usually the ordinate and composition the abscissa. Ternary and more complex systems reuire several two-dimensional diagrams to show the temperature - composition variables completely. 'n alloy systems, pressure is usually considered constant, although it may be treated as an additional variable. $henolic - type of resin made from a condensation reaction of phenols and aldehydes. @esultant films have a high degree of chemical resistance with limited flexibility properties. $henolic Resin #4ne-Ste'& - > resin made by the polymerization of a phenol with an aldehyde; used a binder for cores and sand molds. $ee rea-&orm-aldehyde @esin > $hos'hati0e - $ee %onderized Coating. $hos'hor Bron0e - Copper base alloys, with B.D to *4G of tin, to which has been added in the molten state phosphorus in varying amounts of less than *G for deoxidizing and strengthening purposes. %ecause of excellent toughness, strength, fine grain, resistance to fatigue and wear, and chemical resistance, these alloys find general use as springs and in ma0ing fittings. 't has corrosion resisting properties comparable to copper. $hos'hor Bron0e Stri' - copper-base alloy containing up to *4G tin, which has been deoxidized with phosphorus in varying amounts of less than *G. Temper is imparted by cold rolling, resulting in greater tensile strength and hardness than in most copper-base alloys or either of its alloying elements copper or tin. The various tempers from 5ne 1umber #ard to Ten 1umbers #ard are classified in hardness by
the number of %N$ !ages reduction in dimension from the previous soft or asannealed state. 6hosphor %ronze is not heat treatable for purposes of hardness development. 't does not withstand elevated temperatures very well and should not be used in service above 88D (degrees" &. even after stress relieving treatment at B8D (degrees" to BD4 (degrees" &. 't has excellent electrical properties, corrosion resistant comparable to copper; great toughness and resistance to fatigue. @ated good for soft soldering, silver alloy brazing, oxyacetylene, carbon arc and resistance welding. $hos'hor!s - (Chemical symbol 6" 9lement 1o. *D of the periodic system; atomic weight B4.:+. 1on-metallic element occurring in at least three allotropic forms; melting point *** (degrees" &.; boiling point DBF (degrees" &.; specific gravity *.+8. 'n steels it is usually undesirable with limits set in most specifications. #owever, it is specified as an alloy in steel to prevent the stic0ing of light-gage sheets; to a degree it strengthens low carbon steel; increases resistance to corrosion, and improves machinability in free-cutting steels. 'n the manufacture of 6hosphor %ronze it is used as a deoxidizing agent. $hos'hor-Bron0e - Copper-based alloys with B.DG to *4G tin, to which up to *G phosphorous has been added in the molten state for deoxidizing and strengthening purposes. %ecause of excellent toughness, strength fine grain,resistance to fatiue and wear and chemical resistance, these alloys find genera0 use as springs and in ma0ing steel fittings. 't has corrosion-resistant properties comparable to copper. $hotoetch !ality - 6roduct description for $$/ flatroll coils which reuires excellent finish and critical flatness. $hotomicrogra'h - photograph of the grain structure of a metal as observed when optically magnified more than *4 diameters. The term micrograph may be used. $hotomicrogra'h - photographic reproduction of any ob
$ic%le-4nly $ic%le-4nly - coil which is to be cleaned but not coated. $ic%le $ic%le - $teel that has gone through the 6ic0ler operating unit to remove mill scale or oxide. $ic%le Slit With With - 3idth of the coil after it has been sidetrimmed at the 6ic0ler. $ic%ler $ic%ler - *" n operating unit that removes iron oxide from a hot rolled product by immersion into a hydrochloric (WBWD 6ic0lers" or sulfuric acid solution. 8" The pic0ler tan0 contains D-FG concentrations of sulfuric acid. This solution is 0ept at a temperature of *+4-*:4 degrees. The purpose of the pic0ler is to complete the preparation of the steel for plating, by removing any oxides from the surface. $ic%ling i;!or i;!or - The waste resulting from the pic0ling process. The liuor consists of acid and water. $ic%!') Re'eating Re'eating - $ee ent, @epeating). $ic%!') Roll Roll - $mall particles of aluminum and aluminum oxide generated in the roll bite which subseuently transfer to the rolled product. 't may be distributed uniformly andor in strea0s. $ee also $trea0, Coating). $icral $icral - n etchant for ferrous alloys; =G picric acid in alcohol. $ierce $ierce - 'n ring rolling, the process of providing a through hole in the center of an upset forging as applied to ring blan0 preparation. $ig $ig - 'nitial post-smelting casting of lead or iron. 1 amed long ago when molten metal was poured through a trench in the ground to flow into shallow earthen holes, the arrangement loo0ed li0e newborn pigs suc0iling. The central channel became 0nown as the sowE and the molds pigs). $ig (ron (ron - The name for the melted iron produced in a blast furnace, containing a large uantity of carbon (above *.DG". 1amed long ago when molten iron was poured through a trench in the ground to flow into shallow earthen holes, the arrangement loo0ed li0e newborn pigs suc0ling. The central channel became 0nown as the >sow,> and the molds were >pigs.> $ig (ron) Basic Basic - grade of iron made from the basic open-hearth process of steelma0ing; 6, 4.=4G max. for 1orthern iron, 4.74 to 4.:4G for $outhern iron; $ 4.4DG max. and $i, *.D4G. $ig (ron) Chatea!gay Chatea!gay - 6ig iron from Chateaugay (1ew Jor0 $tate" ores very low in phosphorus; copper-free and containing appreciable amounts of titanium. $iling $iling - process in which several bars are stac0ed and hot rolled together with the ob
$ilot Casting Casting - Casting produced prior to the production run to verify correctness of procedures, materials, and process to be used in production. $ilot +ole +ole - starting hole for large drills to serve as a guide, reduce the resistance and aid in maintaining the accuracy of the larger hole. lso called a lead hole. $ilot 4'erate Chec% 9alve 9alve - Chec0 valve that can allow flow in the opposite direction of the chec0 by application of a pilot pressure that overcomes the chec0 spring tension. $ilot $ress!re $ress!re - pressure used to operate different functions of a pilot operated valve. $ilot 9alve 9alve - #ydraulic solenoid valve that uses pilot hydraulic pressure to control the movement of another (slave" valve. $ilots $ilots - 1atural gas fired device used to provide positive ignition of the boiler fuels. $in $in - 9xternal (male"threaded end $in +oles +oles - /icroscopic imperfection of the coatings,that is, microscopic bare spots, also microscopic holed penetrating through a layer or thic0ness of light. $in +ole /etector /etector - evice that identifies and tabulates the number of pin holes in a coil. $inch Mar% Mar% - $ee Crease). $inch Roll Roll - *" @oll used to
$i'e $i'e - Tube in standardized combinations combinations of outside diameter and wall thic0ness, commonly designated by 1ominal 6ipe sizes) and 1$' $chedule 1umbers). $i'e $i'e - defect that arises during the slidification of steel in the ingot mold. s steel contracts on solidification a central cavity forms in the upper portion of the ingot, if this is not completely removed before rolling into bars a central defect 0nown as pipe) results. The rise of of piping is considerably reduced reduced on continuously continuously cast steel due to molten steel being available to fill any shrin0age cavity. $i'e) /rawn /rawn - 6ipe brought to the final dimensions by drawing through a die. $i'e) Etr!e Etr!e - 6ipe formed by hot extruding $i'e) Seamless Seamless - 9xtruded or drawn pipe which does not contain any line
stress and the direction of crac0 growth. nder plane strain conditions, the plane of fracture instability is normal to the axis of the principal tensile stress. $lanish Rolling Rolling - 6rocess which involves light reduction in a single pass on a coldroling mill. $lant oa oa - The amount of power the entire mill is using. 't is the total of what we are generating plus what we are purchasing. $lant(nstr!ment Air Air - Compressed air produced to operate pneumatic controls and valves. $lasma Re,ining Re,ining - 6rocess used to reduce sulfur and oxygen to very low levels. $laster o, $aris $aris - semi-hydrated form of calcium sulfate made by sintering gypsum to *84 - *B4 C (8=+ - 8FF&". $lastic /e,ormation /e,ormation - 6ermanent deformation occurring in forming of metal which occurs after elastic limits have been exceeded. $late Circle Circle c!t ,rom $late. $late. $late $late - Carbon steel plates comprise that group of flat-rolled finished steel products within the following size limitaionE 4.*+4in or thic0er, over =+in wide; 4 .8B4in or thic0er, over Fin wide; 7.DBlbs ft or heavier, over =+in wide; :.F8lbs ft or heavier, over Fin wide. $late Circle Circle c!t ,rom $late. $late. - 1AA $late) Alcla Alcla - Composite plate comprised of an aluminum alloy core having on both surfaces (if on one side only, lclad 5ne $ide 6late" a metallurgically bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy coating that is anodic to the core, thus electrolytically protectin the core against corrosion. $late Martensite Martensite - /artensite formed, partly in steels containing more than about 4.DG C and solely in steels containing more than about * .4G C, as lenticular-shape plates on irrational habit planes that are near or Y8D:Z in very-high-carbon steels $later $later - n operating unit which electrolytically applies zinc, chrome or tin to blac0 plate. $later /istrib!tion "an% "an% - The tan0 that holds the plater solution. $later Roll Roll - steel roll used in the plater. The roll has electricity running through it. $lates) Core /rying /rying - &lat plates of metal on which cores are placed for ba0ing. $latin!m $latin!m - Chemical symbol 6t. The 0ey material in the manufacture of automaotive catalysts
$latin!m Gro!' Metals Metals - Called the noble metals) because they are among the scariest of the metallic elements; more important, they are totally imperious to oxidation or corrosion. The family is six metalsE 6latinum, a white infusible metal with high electrical resistance; 6alladium, also white, noted for its strength and high ductility; 'ridium, a yellowish mineral with the most corrosion resistance of any metal 0nown; @hodium, a silver-white metal also found with nic0el; @uthenium, a white metal noted for its hardness; and osmium, a bluish-white metal that is so hard it is difficult to fabricate. $lattcos $lattcos - ouble-gated valves that allow particulate to drop out of the vacuum gas stream with minimal air loss. $lay $lay - The looseness of fit (slac0" between two pieces press fit. $l!gge /ie /ie - !alvanize metal obstructions in the which bloc0 the air wipe and affect coating. $MMA $MMA - 6olymethymethacralate - &oam used in the lost foam process, does release as much carbon as polystyrene. $ohlan Metho Metho - techniue for the ultrasonic testing of steel in which a visible image of the defects present in the steel can be shown on a screen. $oissons Ratio Ratio - 'f a suare bar is stressed in a testing machine in the direction of its length increases, there is a contraction in each opposite direction, which produces a decrease in the thic0ness of the bar. The ratio between the contraction at right angles to a stress and the direct extension is called the 6oissonHs ratio. 'ts value in steel is in the order of 4.8+. $olishing *ilter *ilter - oil from the hydraulic system tan0 through the filters and then bac0 to the tan0. $olymor'hism $olymor'hism - The ability of a material to exist in more than one crystallographic structure. 1umerous metals change in crystallographic structure at transformation temperatures during heating or cooling. 'f the change is reversible, it is allotropy. The allotropy of iron, particularly the changes between the alpha body-centered and the gamma face centered form, is of fundamental importance in the hardening of steel. $olystyrene $olystyrene - polymer of styrene used in ma0ing molding products. 'n particular, used in the lost foam process. $oor 4iling 4iling - 1ot enough oil on the strip per customer specification. $oor Slitting Slitting - The uality of the slit edge due to bad shape, dull 0nives, etc. $o') Solvent Solvent - %lister andor void in the coating resulting from trapped solvents released during curing process
$orosity $orosity - #oles in the produced casting due toE !asses trapped in the mold, the reaction of molten metal with mosisture in the molten sand, or the imperfect fusion of chaplets with molten metal. $ost-$aint $ost-$aint - To paint a manufactured part after at it has been formed. $ostheating $ostheating - process used immediately after welding whereby heat is applied to the weld zone either for tempering or for providing a controlled rate of cooling, in order to avoid a hard or brittle structure. $ot $ot - vessel for holding molten metal. lso used to refer to the electrolytic reduction cell employed in winning certain metals, such as aluminum, from a fused electrolyte. $ot !enching !enching - uenchinhg carburised parts directly fron the carburising pot or box. $otable Water Water - Treated water used for human consumption. $o!ring $o!ring - Transfer of molten metal from furnace to ladle, ladle to ladle, or ladle into molds. $o!ring C!' C!' - The flared section of the top of the downsprue. 't can be shaped by hand in the cope, or be a shaped part of the pattern used to form the downsprue; or may be ba0ed core cup placed on the top of the cope over the downsprue. $ower C!tting C!tting - 'ntroducing iron powder in an oxygen stream to hasten oxygen torch cutting by the combination of fluxing and oxidation. !enerally used for cutting stainless steel. $ower Metals Metals - &abrication technology in which fine metallic powder is compacted under high pressure and then heated at a temperature slightly below the melting point to solidify the material. 6rimary users of powder metal parts are auto, electronics and aerospace industries. $owere Coal Mill Mill - (6ulverizer" 9lectrically or steam driven device that crushes coal to a fine powder form and exhausts it into the boiler as fuel. $owering $owering - problem encountered in the field where the iron-zinc coating (from !alvanneal products" comes off the base metal and collects in the die. $ower-/riven +ammer +ammer - forging hammer with steam or air cylinder for raising the ram and augmenting its downward blow. $ower *actor *actor - *" 'nductor flow in the pot. high number may indicate an obstruction in circulation. 8" Term that describes the relationship between real power (I3" and apparent power (IM" in a circuit. 't is the cosine of the angle between I3 and IM on a phasor drawing of a circuit. ('n a phasor drawing, this angle is the same angle formed by the voltage and current relationship." 't is almost always better to run the generators with a lagging power factor (meter pointing to left of zero".
$re-$aint - To paint a product in coil form and then manufacture it into a final part. $recio!s Metals - @elatively scarce, highly corrosion resistant, valuable metals found in periods D and F (groups M''' and 'b" of the periodic table. They include ruthenium,rhodium,palladium,silver,asmium,iridium,platinum and gold. $reci'itation +arening - (6#" small group of stainless steels with high chromium and nic0el content, with the most common types having characteristics close to those of martensitic (plain chromium stainless class with exceptional strength" steels. #eat treatment provides this class with its very high strength and hardness. pplications for 6# stainless steels include shafts for pumps and valves as well as aircraft parts. $reci'ition +eat "reatment - ny of the various aging treatments conducted at elevated temperatures to improve certain mechanical properties through precipitation from solid solution. $recision - %ecomes a prefix to sheet or strip when the thic0ness of the product falls between 4.44D) and 4.4*D). $recision *orging - forging produced to closer tolerances than normally considered standard by the industry. $re,ilter - filter system containing *F filter elements that clean the hydraulic oil as it passes from one storage tan0 to another. $re,orm - The forging operation in which stoc0 is preformed or shaped to a predetermined size and contour prior to subseuent die forging operations; the operation may involve drawing,bending,flattening, edging, fullering, rolling or upsetting. The preform operation is not considered to be scheduled operation unless a separate heat is reuired; usually, when a preform operation is reuired, it will precede a forging operation and will be performed in con
time in order to change the structure before wor0ing. 'ngots are homogenized by preheating. $remi!m - Cost of an option andor an amount added to a base price for a material,i.e. added cost beyond the base Comex, A/9 andor producer and manufacturer prices. $re'ierce - 'n ring rolling, a vertically mounted piercing (punching" tool used for preparation of ring blan0s on the ring blan0 press. tapered tool of various diameters and lengths. $ress *orging - The shaping of metal between dies by mechanical or hydraulic pressure. sually this is accomplished with a single wor0 stro0e of the press for each die station $ress *orming - $ee %ra0e 6ress %ending. $ress!re - *" @euired force necessary on the welder wheels (hydraulic". 8" The force of the fluid in a hydraulic system. $ress!re Chamber - (Cylinder" 6art of the particle counter sampler where the oil sample is placed to be drawn for testing. $ress!re /ie Casting - > %ritish term. $ee ie Casting > $ress!re Ga!ges on the $!m's - gauge on the discharge line that displays the output pressure of the pump. $ress!re ine - ny hose, pipe or tubing that supplies pressure (hydraulic force" to a system or component of a system. $ress!re Mottling - $ee /ottling, 6ressure) $ress!re-"ight - term describing a casting free from porosity of the type that would permit lea0ing. $retreate - $teel to which a chemical treatment has been applied to prepare it for future surface treatments such as painting. ($ee %onderized, Aight $pecial Treatment, $pecial Treatment, 3eirbrite Clear". $rimary Cho%e #Cho%e& - That part of the gating system which most restricts or regulates the flow of metal into the mold cavity. $rimary Metal - /etal extracted from minerals and free of reclaimed metal scrap. Compare with native metal. $rime - Coil type indicating that the produced coil or lift meets all the reuirements of the order.
$rime Bo #H1& - ccumulates prime '6/?s produced directly off the cutting line at customer plants. $rime Coil Any - uality reasons. $rime Weight - The weight of a coil removed from the prime reel of the side trimmer. $rocess Ca'ability - The amount of variation in the output of a controlled manufacturing process, the range defined by plus or minus three standard deviations. $rocess Control - &low to pressure for steam flow for oil pressure for 48 blow. utomanual that transfers steam supply from flow to pressure or pressure to flow. $rocess $arameter - n './.'.$.screen used to find customer specifications. $ro!ce ($M !mber - The '6/ number assigned to a produced coil by the delivery end of the unit. ny units from the caster get an '6/W when processed. $ro!ct Analysis - 'n castings, the analysis of the actual part as opposed to the analysis of the steel from which the casting was poured. $ro!ction Weling - ny welding carried out during manufacturing before final delivery to the purchaser. This includes
$ro,ile) Etr!e - profile produced by hot extruding $ro,ile) *l!te +ollow - hollow profile having plain inside surfaces and whose outside surfaces comprise regular, longitudinal, concave corrugations with sharp cusps between corrugations. $ro,ile) +elical Etr!e - n extruded profile twisted along its length $ro,ile) +ollow - profile any part of whose cross section completely encloses a void. $ro,ile) li' +ollow - hollow profile of generally circular cross section and nominally uniform wall thic0ness with one hollow or solid protuberance or lip parallel to the longitudinal axis; used principally for heat-exchange purpose. $ro,ile) $inion +ollow - hollow profile with regularly spaced, longitudinal serrations outside and round inside, used primarily for ma0ing small gears. $ro,ile) rolle - profile produced by hot rolling. $ro,ile) Semihollow - profile any part of whose cross section is a partially enclosed void the area of which is substantially greater than the suare of the width of the gap. The ratio of the area of the void to the suare of the gap is dependent on the class of semihollow profile, the alloy and the gap width. $ro,ile) Soli - profile other than hollow or semihollow $ro,ile) Ste''e Etr!e - n extruded profile whose cross section changes abruptly in area at intervals along its length. $ro,ile) Streamline +ollow - hollow profile with a cross section of tear-drop shape. $ro,ile) Str!ct!ral - profile in certain standard alloys, tempers, sizes, and sections, such as angles, channels, #-sections, '-beams, there are two standards, naemllly luminum ssociation $tandard and merican $tandard. $ro,ile) "a'ere Etr!e - n extruded profile whose cross section changes continuously in area along its length or specified portion thereof. $ro,ile - wrought product that is long in relation to its cross-sectional dimensions which is of a form other than of sheet plate, rod, bar, tube, wire or roll. $ro,ile "olerances - system of locating and tolerancing developed to control the orientation of rough parts in machine fixtures. &rom locating points on the casting a > perfect profile > is established for all surfaces and features. tolerance envelope surrounding that profile defines the limitations of an acceptable part. $ro,iling - process that charts the gauge of steel across the width andor length.
$ro,ilometer - n instrument used to measure the heights and depths of surface features. $rogressive Aging - n aging process in which the temperature of the alloy is continuously increased during the aging cycle. The temperature may be increased in steps or by any other progressive method. Compare with interrupted aging. $ro?ection Weling - welding process that uses small pro
$!m' Room Master - Controller which monitors the difference in feed water header and steam header pressures at all times and ma0es changes in pump output to maintain the feed water pressure at *D4 psi greater than the steam pressure at all times. $!m' Select B!tton - 6ush buttons on the hydraulic systems and the morgoil system control panels that must be pressed to determine if a pump is in off, on or stand-by mode. $!nch - shearing operation to remove a section of metal as outlined by the inner parting line in a bloc0ed or finished forgingE the operation is generally performed on a trim press using a punch die. tool used in punching holes in metal. The moveable die in a press or forging machine. $!nch Mar% - n indentation on the strip caused by dirt, grease, or other foreign matter on a roll. $!nch) $ric% - solid punch with a sharp point, used to mar0 centers or other locations on metal. $!ncho!t Machines - machine used to force the entire sand and casting contents from the molding box in one motion, without the use of vibration. $!' Coil - small coil weighing on the average from *D44 to F444 pounds. These coils usually contain defects that are unacceptable to the average customer. $!rging - 9limination of air and other undesirable gases from furnaces or heating boxes. $!rging Steam - Aow-pressure steam used to purge a line or manifold. $!ri,ier "an% - vessel containing a baffle or separator through which steam, produced by the boiler continuous blow down flash process, is fed. The purifier separates unwanted carryover, such as dirt or excess moisture, from the steam before it is returned to the system. $!t - n option, but not an obligation to sell. 1onferrous metal producers often buy puts to loc0 in a price for their metal. 't is a0in to a price insurance policy. &or example, if a producer uses put options to loc0 in a price of :4 cents per pound and the price falls to +D cents per pound, he would continue to ma0e :4 cents per pound ($ee 5ptions and Call". $!t /own $roce!re - The concept of material ownership by an operation from the moment it is scheduled for production on that unit, until the delivery of the processed inventory at a strategically predetermined >put-down> location; typically the staging area of the next scheduled operation. $!t on the "an% - term used when the 5iler opens the condensate line from a turbine and allows it to flow into the condensate tan0. $yrometall!rgy - Chemical metallurgical process dependent upon heat.
$yrometric Cone - slender trihedral pyramid made of a mixture of minerals similar in composition to that of a clay or other refractory being tested. 9ach cone is assigned a number indicating its fusion temperature. $yrometric Cone E;!ivalent #$CE& - n index of refractoriness obtained by heating on a time-temperature schedule a cone of the sample material and a series of standardized pyrometric cones of increasing refractoriness. $yrometry - method of measuring temperature with any type of temperature indicating instruments. $ac% Rolling - @olling two or more pieces of thin sheet at the same time, a method usually practiced in rolling sheet into thin foil. $ac% Rolling - #ot rolling a pac0 of two or more sheets of metal; scale prevents the sheets from being welded together. $ac% Rolling - #ot rolling a pac0 of two or more sheets of metal; scale prevents their being welded together. $anca%e Grain Str!ct!re - structure in which the lengths and widths of individual grains are large compared to their thic0nesses. $ass - term indicating the process of passing metal through a rolling mill. $ass - (*" single transfer of metal through a stand of rolls. (8" The open space between two grooved rolls through which metal is processed. (B" The weld metal deposited in one run along the axis of a weld. $atenting - heat treatment applied to medium and high-carbon steel prior to cold drawing to wire. The treatment involves austenitization followed by isothermal transformation at a temperature that produces a microstructure of very fine pearlite. $atenting - Treatment of steel, usually in wire form, in which the metal is gradually heated to about *+B4 (degrees" &., with subseuent colling, usually in air, in a bath of molten lead, or in a fused salt mixture held between +44 (degrees" &. and *4D4 (degrees" &. $atterne or Embosse Sheet - sheet product on which a raised or indented pattern has been impressed on either on or both surfaces by the use of rolls. $earlite - eutectoid transformation product of ferrite and cementite that ideally has a lamellar structure but that is always degenerate to some extent. $earlite - Aamellar structure resembling mother of pearl. compound of iron and carbon occurring in steel as a result of the transformation of austenite into aggregations of ferrite and iron carbide. $earlite - lamellar aggregate of ferrite and cementite, oftern occurring in steel and case iron.
$eening - /echanical wor0ing of metal by hammer blows or shot impingement. $eritectic - n isothermal reversible reaction in which a liuid phase reacts with a solid phase to produce another solid phase. $ermalloy - 1ic0el alloys containing about 84 to F4G &e, used for their high magnetic permeability and electrical resistivity. $ermanent Set - 1on-elastic or plastic, deformation of metal under stress, after passing the elastic limit. $hase - physically homogeneous and distincy portion of a material system. $hase /iagram - $ynonymous with constitutional diagram. $hos'hor Bron0e Stri' - copper-base alloy containing up to *4G tin, which has been deoxidized with phosphorus in varying amounts of less than *G. Temper is imparted by cold rolling, resulting in greater tensile strength and hardness than in most copper-base alloys or either of its alloying elements copper or tin. The various tempers from 5ne 1umber #ard to Ten 1umbers #ard are classified in hardness by the number of %Namp;$ !ages reduction in dimension from the previous soft or asannealed state. 6hosphor %ronze is not heat treatable for purposes of hardness development. 't does not withstand elevated temperatures very well and should not be used in service above 88D (degrees" &. even after stress relieving treatment at B8D (degrees" to BD4 (degrees" &. 't has excellent electrical properties, corrosion resistant comparable to copper; great toughness and resistance to fatigue. @ated good for soft soldering, silver alloy brazing, oxyacetylene, carbon arc and resistance welding. $hotomicrogra'h - photographic reproduction of any ob
$ic%ling $atch - defect in tin plate, galvanized or terne plated steel due to faulty pic0ling, leaving areas from which the oxide has not been completely removed. $ig (ron - 'ron produced by reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace. 6ig iron contains approximately :8G iron and about B.DG carbon. %alance largely silicone and manganese with small percentages of phosphorus, sulphur, and other impurities. $ig (ron - (*" #igh-carbon iron made by reduction of iron ore in the blast furnace. (8" Cast 'ron in the form of pigs. $in E'ansion "est - test for determining the ability of tubes to be expanded or for revealing the presence of crac0s or other longitudinal wea0nesses, made by forcing a tapered pin into the open end of a tube. $inchers - Aong fern li0e creases usually diagonal to the direction of rolling. $inholes - /icroscopic imperfection of the coatings, that is, microscopic bare spots, also microscopic holes penetrating through a layer or thic0ness of light gage metal. $i'e - (*" The central cavity formed by contraction in metal, especially ingots, during solidification. (8" The defect in wrought or cast products resulting from such a cavity. (B" n extrusion defect due to the oxidized surface of the billet flowing toward the center of the rod at the bac0 end. (=" tubular metal product, cast or wrought. $i'e #e,ect& - Contraction cavity, essentially cone-li0e in shape, which occurs in the approximate center, at the top and reaching down into a casting; caused by the shrin0age of cast metal. $it #e,ect& - sharp depresssion in the surface of the metal. $itting - &orming small sharp cavities in a metal surface by nonuniform electrodeposition or by corrosion. $lanimetric Metho - method of measuring grain size, in which the grains within a definite area are counted. $lanishing - 6roducing a smooth surface finish on metal by rapid succession of blows delivered by highly polished dies or by a hammer designed for the purpose, or by rolling in a planishing mill. $lastic /e,ormation - eformation that remains, or will remain, permanent after release of the stress that caused it. $lastic /e,ormation - 6ermanent distortion of a material under the action of applied stresses. $lasticity - The ability of a metal to be deformed extensively without rupture. $lasticity - The capacity of a metal to deform non-elastically without rupturing.
$late - flat-rolled metal product of some minimum thic0ness and width argitrarily dependent on the type of metal. $late Martensite - /artensite formed, partly in steels containing more than about 4.DG C and solely in steels containing more than about * .4G C, as lenticular-shape plates on irrational habit planes that are near (88D", or Y8D:Z in very-high-carbon steels $lating - thin coating of metal laid on another metal. $olishe S!r,ace - The finish obtained by buffing with rouge or similar fine abrasive, resulting in a high gloss or polish. $olishing - 6roducing a specularly reflecting surface. $olycrystalline - Comprising an aggregate of more than one crystal, and usually a large number of crystals. $olymor'hism - The property whereby certain substances may exist in more than one crystalline form, the particular form depending on the conditions of crystallization - e.g., temperature and pressure. mong elements, this phenomenon is also called allotropy. $ostheating - #eating weldments immediately after welding, for tempering, for stress relieving, or for providing a controlled rate of cooling to prevent formation of a hard or brittle structure. $ot Annealing - 's the same as box annealing. $o!ring - The transfer of molten metal from the ladle into ingot molds or other types of molds; for example, in castings. $ower Metall!rgy - The art of producing metal powders and of utilizing metal powders for the production of massive materials and shaped ob
some nonferrous alloys, heating to a high temperature for a long time, in order to homogenize the structure before wor0ing. $reheating - (*" general term used to describe heating applied as a preliminary to some further thermal or mechanical treatment. (8" term applied specifically to tool steel to describe a process in which the steel is heated slowly and uniformly to a temperature below the hardening temperature and is then transferred to a furnace in which the temperature is substantially above the preheating temperature. (B" 1onfer. met.-#eating a metal to a relatively high temperature for a relatively long time in order to change the structure before wor0ing. 'ngots are homogenized by preheating. $ress *orging - &orging metal, usually hot, between dies in a press. $rimary Crystal - The first type of crystal that separates from a melt during solidifacation. $rimes - /etal products, principally sheet and plate, of the highest uality and free from visible defects. $rimes - /etal products, such as sheet and plate, of the highest uality and free from visible surface defects. $rocess Annealing - 'n the sheet and wire industries, heating a ferrous alloy to a temperature close to, but below, the lower limit of the transformation range and then cooling, in order to soften the alloy for futher cold wor0ing. $rocess Annealing - 'n the sheet and wire industries, a process by whcih a ferrous alloy is heated to a temperature close to, but below, the lower limit of the transformation range and is subseuently cooled. This process is applied in order to soften the alloy for further cold wor0ing. $roe!tectoi #'hase& - 6articles of a phase that precipitate during cooling after austenitizing but before the eutectoid transformation ta0es place. $ro'ertional imit - The greatest stress that the material is capable of sustaining without a deviation from the law of proportionally of stress to strain (#oo0e?s Aaw". $ro'ertional imit - The maximum stress at which strain remains directly propertional to stress. $!lse-Echo Metho - nondestructive test in which pulses of energy are directed onto a part, and the time for the echo to return from one or more reflecting surfaces is measured. $!nch - The movable part that forces the metal into the die in euipment for sheet drawing, blan0ing, coining, embossing and the li0e. $!nching - $hearing holes in sheet metal with punch and die.
$yrometer - n instrument of any of various types used for measuring temperatures. -B4$ - /odified %asic 5xygen &urnace in which the oxygen and other gases are blown in from the bottom, rather than from the top. 3hile the -%56 stirs the metal bath more vigorously, allowing for faster processing, the design produces essentially the same steel grades as the top-blowing basic oxygen furnace. Today?s state-ofthe-art furnace design combines the previous technologiesE F4G of the oxygen is blown from above, with the rest blown through the bottom of the vessel. !enching - @apid cooling of hardening; normally achieved by immersion of the ob form of silica occurring in hexagonal crystals which are commonly colorless and transparent, but sometimes also yellow, brown, purple, green, etc. 't is the most common of all solid minerals. $ee also $ilica > !art0ite - compact granular roc0 composed of uartz. 't is a metamorphosed sandstone, and siliceous cement is often so blended with the uartz grains as to give the roc0 a nearly homogeneous texture. 6rimary materiel in silica bric0. !ench Crac% - crac0 resulting from thermal stress induced during rapid cooling or uenching, or from stresses induced by delayed transformations some time after the article has been fully uenched. !ench +arening - process of hardening a ferrous alloy of suitable composition by heating within or above the transformation range and cooling at a rate sufficient to increase the hardness substantially. The process usually involves the formation of martensite.
!ench Severity - The uench severity is characterized by the # value and relates to the rate of temperature change during uenching. !ench "an% - *" Tan0 of water used to uic0ly cool the strip before it reaches the delivery end of the line. 8" The water bath which is used to cool the steel strip after it has been annealed on C line or reflowed on the Tin plater. !encher Water - 3ater that 0eeps boiler duct wor0 cool. !enching - (*" 'n the heat treating of metals, the step of cooling metals rapidly in order to obtain desired properties; most commonly accomplished by immersing the metal in oil or water. 'n the case of most copper base alloys, uenching has no effect other than to hasten cooling. (8" @apid cooling !ic% Ret!rn - mechanism on some machine tools that provide rapid movement of the ram or table on the return or onointing stro0e of the machine. !ench Aging - ging that occurs after uenching following solution heat treatment. !ench +arening - #ardening by austenitizing and then cooling at a rate such that a substantial amount of austenite is transformed to martensite. !ench +arening - #ardening a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then cooling rapidly enough so that some or all of the austenite transforms to martensite. The austenitizing temperature for hypoeutectoid steels is usually above cB and for hypereutectoid steels usually between c* and c (cm". !ench +arening #Steel& - process of hardening a ferrous alloy of suitable composition by heating within or above the transformation range and cooling at a rate sufficient to increase the hardness substantially. The process usually involves the formation of martensite. !enching - @apid cooling. !enching - 'n the heat treating of metals, the step of cooling metals rapidly in order to obtain desired properties; most commonly accomplished by immersing the metal in oil or water. 'n the case of most copper base alloys, uenching has no effect other than to hasten cooling. Ra - Chemical symbol for @adium R Enamel - n unpigmented enamel used to increase resistance to corrosion, or decrease bleaching effect of tinplate on food can interiors. R1-9alves - ouble-gated valves that allow particulate to drop out of the vacuum gas stream with minimal air loss. Rac% - n array of gears spaced on a straight bar.
Raial - 'n a direction directly outward from the center of a circle or sphere or from the axis of a cylinder. The spo0es of a wheel, for example, are radial. Raial Ring Rolling Mill #RW& - type of ring forging euipment for producing seamless rolled rings by controlling only the outside and inside diameters. Raial Roll - (main roll, 0ing roll" Raial Rolling *orce - The action produced by the horizontal pressing force of the rolling mandrel acting against the ring and the main roll. sually expressed in metric tons. Raiant +eat - #eat communicated by radiation and transmitted by electromagnetic waves. Raiant "!be Annealing Bo - box which is heated, inside, by means of tubes in which gas is burned; the hot tubes radiate their heat to the covered pile of metal, standing on the base of the box. sually a protective atmosphere is maintained in the box to protect the metal from oxidation. Raiation Area - ny part of an installation accessible to employees in which there exists a radiation level of 7.D millirem in any one hour over *D4 millirem in any seven consecutive days. Raiation +a0ar - ny situation where persons might be exposed to radiation in excess of the maximum permissible dose. Raiation) /irect - ll radiation coming from within an x-ray tube and tube housing except the useful beam. Raioactive (soto'es - Marieties of an element possessing the same chemical characteristics but emitting detectable radiation?s by means of which they can be identified and traced. Raioactive Material - ny compound or element which may emit any or all of the followingE alpha and beta particles, electrons, photons neutrons and gamma and all other emissions which produce ionization directly or indirectly. Raiogra'hy - nondestructive method of internal examination in which metal ob
Reactive $ower #See 9ARS below& "he 'art o, the electricity !se by a motor or trans,ormer #or similar evice& that is !se to magneti0e the iron. #@o! have to magneti0e the iron to create the magnetic ,iel that ma%es the evice wor%.& Ra%e - That surface of a cutting tool against which the chips bear while beign severed. 'f this surface is less than :4) from the surface being cut, the ra0e is positive. 'f more, the ra0e is negative. Ram - The moving or falling part of a drop hammer or press to which one of the dies is attached; sometimes applied to the upper flat die of a steam hammer. Ramming - 6ac0ing sand in a mold by raising and dropping the sand, pattern, flas0 on a table. Lolt sueezers,
Reactor - large inductor. 'nductors have the characteristics of limiting electrical power surges that would occur when a large amount of current attempts to flow very uic0ly. 'n the 3$K system, we use reactors to limit these surges between the power house W8, WB, and W= buses. Reaings - @eadings ta0en from instruments and written on log sheet. Reaming) line - The process of reaming two or more holes to bring them into very accurate alignment. Rear En Conition - $ee %ac0 9nd Condition.) Recalescence - n increase of temperature that occurs while cooling metal through a range of temperatures in which changes in metal occur. Recarb!ri0ing - (*" 'ncreasing the carbon content of molten cast iron or steel by adding carbonaceous material, high-carbon pig iron or a high-carbon alloy. (8" Carburizing a metal part to return surface carbon lost in processing. Receiving ale - ladle placed in front of the cupola into which all metal is tapped. 't acts as a mixer and reservoir and to smooth out metal flow to the pouring area. Recess - n internal groove. Recirc!lating ine - Aine that relieves the pressure between the feedwater pump and the dearator tan0. Recirc!lating Water - Ieeps water from dead heading in feed water pumps. Recovery $!m' - pump that carries water from the gland evacuation pump to the condensate tan0 for W: !enerator. Re Brass - +DG Copper -- copper-zinc alloy containing approximately *DG zinc, used for plumbing pipe, hardware, condenser tubes. %ecause of its color, is used or vanity cases, coins, plaues, badges, etc. 't is somewhat stronger than commercial bronze and is hardened more rapidly by cold wor0ing. Re +arness - term sometimes associated with high speed steel because it has the property of retaining sufficient hardness for cutting metals even when heared to atemperature high enough to cause a dull redness. The tungsten content has a significant influence on this property. Re R!st - reddish brittle coating of iron oxide which develops on an uncoated or coated steel surface when oxygen in the atmosphere mixes with iron. Reraw Ro - This term is not recommended. The term rawing $toc0) is preferred. Re!cing Agent - 9ither natural gas or coal can be used to remove the oxygen from iron ore in order to produce a scrap substitute. 'n gas-based processes, the iron
ore is heated in a vessel as reformed natural gas passes through. 'n coal-based processes, iron ore is combined with gasified or ground coal and heated. The oxygen in the ore combines with carbon and hydrogen in the gas or coal, producing reduced, or metallic, iron. Re!cing Station - /anifolds on both the .!.C. system and the C.M.C. system that brea0 down the pressure coming from the main pumps into the pressures that the system reuires. 'n the .!.C. system the reducing station splits the pump pressure into 6*, 68 and 6B pressures. 'n the C.M.C. system, the reducing station splits the pump pressure into 6*, 68, 6B and6= pressures. Re!ction - The removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen. Re!ction o, Area #contraction o,area& - The difference in a tension specimen, between the size of the original sectional area and that of the area at the point of rupture. 't is generally stated as the percentage of decrease of cross sectional area of a tension specimen after rupture. Reel Brea%s - &ractured base metal normally caused by poor leveling. 't is indicated by light 0in0s across the width of the winding coil. Reel /igs - 9specially on high carbon steel, mar0s made by the #ot /ill reels. These occur because the reels run faster than steel is coming off the line, it actually puts >digs> in itself. Reel 2in%s - amage on the strip in the core of a coil. Re,ine Al!min!m - luminum of very high purity (::.:D4 percent or higher" obtained by special metallurgical treatments. Re,ining - (a" the removal of impurities and metallic oxides from the molten bath by the reaction of the slag and other additions. (b" heat treatment process with the ob
Re,ractory - ceramic material that can resist great heat and is therefore suitable for lining furnaces. &ireclay, dolomite, magnesite and silica are examples. This is not to be confused with refractory metals, such as columbium and tantalum. Re,ractory Bric% - #eat-resistant bric0. %ecause its melting point is well above the operating temperatures of the process, refractory bric0s line most steelma0ing vessels that come in contact with molten metal, li0e the walls of the blast furnace, sides of the ladles, and inside of the %5&. Re,ractory Clay - clay which fuses at pce 8D (*D:4C, 8+:=&" or higher. Re,ractory Metal - metal having an extremely high melting point. 'n the broad sense, it refers to metals having melting points above the range of iron, cobalt, and nic0el. Regenerator - (@egeneration $ystem" device used to increase the volume of hydraulic oil going to the wor0 roll change extractor. Regression Analysis - statistical method of determining, or predicting, the value of a dependent variable, based on levels of one or more 0now independent variables. Reheating - #eating metal again to hot-wor0ing temperature. 'n general no structural changes are intended. Rein,orcing Bar #Rebar& - commodity-grade steel used to strengthen concrete in highway and building construction. Re?ects Bo - lso 0nown as a #5A9$ box, where scrap sheets accumulate during production. Release Agent #$arting Agent& - material, e.g. silicone, stearate, oil, or wax for lubricating a die pattern or core box to facilitate easy removal of a casting, mold or core. Relie, - term for clearance or clearance angle. Relie, 9alve - valve that is set at a predetermined pressure and will open if a system or component of a system exceeds that set pressure. Reline - The process of replacing the refractory lining of a liuid steel vessel. 5nce it wears out, the bric0 lining of a furnace must be cooled, stripped and replaced. This maintenance can be significant because a blast furnace reline may reuire up to three months to complete. Remanence - The remaining flux density after the magnetizing force has been removed. Remote - station near a pump consisting of both an ?5n? and an ?5ff? button. pump can be started or stopped by its corresponding remote.
Removable Sections - $ide panel section of tubes that ma0e up the vessel cover. The removable sections are located on the north and south sides of both boilers. Reoil - 5il put on the sheet after cleaning and before coiling for shipment to prevent water stain. Re'air Weling - ny welding carried out after delivery to the end user, i.e., after the casting has been in service. Re'hos'hori0ing #Steel& - Aadle-chemical treatment consisting of the addition of phosphorus as a wor0 hardening agent when temper rolling blac0 plate or sheet steel resulting in greater hardness and stiffness and with a corresponding loss in ductility. . 15T9E %lac0 6late in tempers TD and TF (@% range F++=" are temper rolled from @ephosphorized steel. Re'late - To reprocess a coil on the plater that has been plated previously. Re'licast $rocess #CS& - ceramic shell process similar to the investment casting process. ses a pattern made from expanded polystyrene (96$" and is surrounded by a thin ceramic shell. Reroll Stoc% - semi-finished rolled product of rectangular cross section in coiled form suitable for further rolling. 9xamplesE &oil $toc0) and $heet $toc0). Reset - control button used to energize the side trimmer and welder. Resi!al - ny element remaining in any alloy following melting and casting which was not added to meet an analytical specification limit. Resi!al Stress - $ee $tress, @esidual Resi!al Stress - /acroscopic stresses that are set up within a metal as the result of non-uniform plastic deformation. This deformation may be caused by cold wor0ing or by drastic gradients of temperature from uenching or welding. Resi!als - The impurities in mini-mill steel as the result of the mix of metals entering the process dissolved in obsolete scrap. @esiduals are 0ey concerns regarding the mini-mills? recent entry into the flat-rolled mar0et, where high residuals can leave sheet steel too brittle for customer use. Resistance Weling - type of welding process in which the wor0 pieces are heated by the passage of an electric current through the contact. $uch processes include spot welding, seam or line welding and percussion welding. &lash and butt welding are sometimes considered as resistance welding processes. Resolve Shear Stress - $tress operating on a crystallographic slip system. Res'irator - filtering device which covers the nose and mouth and prevents inhalation of dust or fumes; should have the .$. %ureau of /ines certificate or approval for the specific contaminant being filtered out. #and0erchiefs and gauze mas0s give little or no protection.
Res!l,!ri0e Steel - $teel to which sulfur has been added in controlled amounts after refining. The sulfur is added to improve machinability. Ret!rn *ilter - filter that cleans the hydraulic oil of an operating hydraulic system before it returns to the system?s storage tan0. Re!sable *ilter - Type of filter element that can be cleaned in solvent and used again. Reversing Bloc% - 6art of a grease system that changes the flow of grease from one direction to the other after a predetermined pressure has been met. Reversing Mill - ny rolling mill in which the direction of rotation of the rolls can be reversed at will. #eavy primary mills for bloom and slab rolling are the most common, but others, including some cold-rolling mills, are also made to reverse. Revert - @ecycled sprues, gates, risers, defective castings and machine chips. Rewin - coil that needs to be reprocessed on a side trimmer. Rewor% - Coil that will be reprocessed. lso @eclean, @eroll, and @eanneal. Reynols !mbers - sed in hydraulics and in casting gating theory. dimensionless value (dynamic viscosity density" describing the fairly sudden shift of flow from laminar to turbulent. @e [ 8444 represents turbulent flow. Aaminar flow is seldom experienced in runner and gating systems. R* Bac%bone - #ardware and $oftware which enables real time trac0ing of inventory by receiving the signal from the scanners and transmitting it to the 9C computer. 't includes the scanners, relay base stations, lin0s to the computer and all reuired software to operate the system. Rh - Chemical symbol for @hodium Rhoi!m - Chemical symbol @h. silver-white metal found in nic0el deposits. Rib - n elongated pro
Rimme Steel - Aow-carbon steel in which incomplete deoxidation permits the metal to remain liuid at the top of the ingot, resulting in the formation of a bottom and side rim of considerable thic0ness. The rim is of somewhat purer composition than the original metal poured. 'f the rimming action is stopped shortly after pouring of the ingot is completed, the metal is 0nown as capped steel. /ost steels below 4.*DG carbon are rimmed steels. &or the same carbon and manganese content rimmed steel is softer than 0illed steel. Ring Rolling - The process of shaping weldless rings from pierced dis0s or thic0 walled, ring-shaped blan0s between rolls that control wall thic0ness, ring diameter, height, and contour. Ri' - efect indicating the edge of the strip has been torn and yet is still attached to the strip. Riser - @eservoir of molten metal from which casting feeds as it shrin0s during solidification. Riser /istance - The length of the riser nec0. The term is applied to side risers only. Riser +eight - The distance from the top of the riser when liuid to the top of the riser nec0. @iser height when sold is usually several inches less than when liuid because of contraction and loss of feed metal to the casting. Riser ec% - The connecting passage between the riser and casting. sually only the height and width or diameter of the riser nec0 are reported, although the shape can be eually important. Riser $a #Riser Contact& - n enlargement of the riser nec0 where it @oc0well> machines are used to measure hardness of all 3$C?s products.
Roc%well +arness - /easure of resistance to penetration when material is exposed to a pointed load. The hardness numbers obtained by a @oc0well machine are related to the depth of the impression measured after the load is applied. $ee hardness Roc%well +arness #"est& - standard method for measuring the hardness of metels. The hardness is expressed as a number related to the depth of residual penetration of a steel ball or diamond cone (brale" after a minor load of *4 0ilograms has been applied to hold the penetrator in position. This residual penetration is automatically registered on a dial when the ma
Roing - @einforcing the sand in a core with metal rods or shapes to strengthen parts of the core. Roll-(n Metal - n extraneous chip or particle of metal rolled into the surface of the product. Roll *orming - n operation used in forming sheet Roll Grin - The uniform ground finish on the wor0 rolls which is imparted to the sheet or plate. Roll *orce Systems - >/ill stands place considerable pressure on slabs, blooms and coils to further process the material. There are two general ways of applying the force to the steel *screw and hydraulic systems. $C@93 ('1CA'19 6A19" This older method used the basic principle of the screw to ad Roll *orming - n operation used in forming sheet. $trips of sheet are passed between rolls of definite settings that bend the sheet progressively into structural members of various contours, sometimes called molded sections. Roll *orming - *" n operation used in forming sheet. $trips of sheet are passed between rolls of definite settings that bend the sheet progressively into structural members of various contours, sometimes called >molded sections.> 8" process of coiling sheet into open cylinders. Roll Scale - 5xide of iron which forms on the surface of steel while it is being heated and rolled. /uch of the scale is crac0ed and loosened during the rolling operation and may fall off the piece naturally or be blown off by high-pressure water sprays or other means. Rolle Eges - &inished edges, the final contours of which are produced by side or edging rolls. The edge contours most commonly used are suare corners, rounded corners and rounded edges. Rolle Ring - $ee &orging, @olled ring). Rolle Eges - &inished edges, the final contours of which are produced by side or edging rolls. The edge contours most commonly used are suare corners, rounded corners and rounded edge. Roller *lattening - The process in which a series of staggered rolls of small diameter is used to remove bow and waves Roller evel - appreciable reduction in gauge.
Roller eveling - 6assing sheet or strip metal through a series of staggered small rolls so as to flatten the metal. This method is relatively ineffective in removing defects such as buc0les, wavy edges, corrugations, twists, etc., or from steel in the higher hardness ranges. Rolling (ngot - cast form suitable for rolling. $ee &abricating 'ngot). Rolling la' - fault arising from the overfilling or mis-alignment of rolls, the result is a bulge on the baaaar which is rolled into the metal and is lapped over. 't remains throughout subseuent wor0ing and appears as a longitudinal crac0. Rolling Manrel - 'n ring rolling, a vertical roll of sufficient diameter to accept various sizes of ring blan0s and to exert rolling force on an axis parallel to the main roll. Rolling 4ver - The operation of reversing the position of a flas0. 'f the drag part of the pattern has been rammed with the parting surface downward, it is rolled over *+4 degrees to allow core setting and placement of cope. Rolling Slab - rectangular semi-finished product, produced by hot rolling fabricating ingot and suitable for further rolling. Rolling "ic%et - The order matte, order paper, and mill order paper; tells how coil should be rolled or processed. Rollover Boar - wood or metal plate on which the pattern is laid top face downward for ramming the drag half mold, the plate and half mold being turned over together before the
Rotoweigh - n electronic scale mounted to the lifting bloc0 of a crane used to weigh scrap and coils. weight readout is displayed on the side of the crane cab. Ro!ghting - The fast removal of stoc0 to reduce a wor0place to approximate dimensions, leaving only enough material to finish the part to specifications. Ro!ghing Stan - The first rolling stand through which metal passes during hot rolling. 5nce reduced by the roughing stands, the metal continues on to the finishing stands where smoother rolls with a smaller gap are used to complete the hot roll process. Ro!nness - This term is not recommended. The term )5vality) is prferred. Ro!te - The system of transport for moving any piece of inventory from a source location to any destination includes the physical path as well as the moverhauler chosen to transport. R! - Chemical symbol for @uthenium R!b Mar% - $ee /ar0 @ub). R!b) "ool - surface area showing a scratch or abrasion resulting from contact of the hot extrusion with the press euipment R!bber (5s - 'nserts used to change the center diameter (84>-8=> '". R!bber Roll - roll in the line mainly used as a wringer roll or bac0-up roll. R!le) +oo% - rule with a hoo0 on the end for measuring through pulley holes and in similar places. R!ling Section - /ore accurately termed limiting ruling section. 5ne of the most important factors associated with the choice of steel for a given purpose is to ensure that the desired mechanical properties are abtained throughout the section when the material has been heat treated. The limiting ruling section determines the maximum diameter or cross-section of a bar or component in which the specified properties can be achieved by a given heat treatment. The analysis of the steel also has an important bearing on this. R!nner - channel through which molten metal or slag is passed from one receptacle to another; in a mold, the portion of the gate assembly that connects the downgate or sprue with the casting ingate or riser. The term also applies to similar portions of master patterns, pattern dies, patterns, investment molds and finished castings. R!nner Etension - 'n a mold, that part of a runner which extends beyond the farthest ingate as a blind end. 't acts as a dirt trap since the first rush of metal along the runner will pic0 up any loose particles of sand or dirt and carry them into the extension and not into the mold cavity.
R!nner Riser - conventional runner, usually in the horizontal plane, which permits flow of molten metal to the ingate and is large enough to act as a reservoir to feed the casting. R!nning $!m' - pump in a hydraulic system that is being used to create pressure. R!no!t - casting defect caused by incomplete filling of the mold due to molten metal draining or lea0ing out of some part of the mold cavity during pouring; escape of molten metal from a furnace, mold or melting crucible. R!st - visible corrosion product consisting of hydrated oxides of iron. pplied only to ferrous alloys. R!theni!m - Chemical symbol @u. white metal noted for its harness; the most expensive of the platinum group Ragge Eges - 9dges of $heet or $trip which are torn, split, crac0ed, ragged or burred or otherwise disfigured. Reci'rocal attice #,or a crystal& - group of points arranged about a center in such a way that the line
Re Shorness - %rittleness in steel when it is red hot. Re!ction o, Area - (*" Commonly, the difference, expressed as a percentage of original area, between the original cross-sectional area of a tensile test specimen and the minimum cross-sectional area measured after complete separation. (8" The difference, expressed as a percentage of original area, between original crosssectional area and that after straining the specimen. Re,ining "em'erat!re - temperature, usually
Rimme Steel - low-carbon steel containing sufficient iron oxide to give a continuous evolution of carbon monoxide while the ingot is solidifying, resulting in a case or rim of metal virtually free of voids. $heet and strip products made from the ingot have very good surface uality. Ri''le #e,ect& - slight transverse wave or shadow mar0 appearing at intervals along the piece. Roll *orming - n operation used in forming sheet. $trips of sheet are passed between rolls of definite settings that bend the sheet progressively into structural members of various contours, sometimes called molded sections. Rolle Eges - &inished edges, the final contours of which are produced by side or edging rolls. The edge contours most commonly used are suare corners, rounded corners and rounded edge. Rolle (n Scale - surface defect consisting of scale partially rolled into the surface of the sheet. Roller eveling - Aeveling by passing flat stoc0 through a machine having a series of small-diameter staggered rolls. Rolling - @educing the cross-sectional area of metal stoc0, or otherwise shaping metal products, through the use of rotating rolls. Rolling - term applied to the operation of shaping and reducing metal in thic0ness by passing it between rolls which compress, shape and lengthen it following the roll pattern. Rolling /irection #in rolle metal& - The direction, in the plane of the sheet, perpendicular to the axes of the rolls during rolling. Rolling Mills - 9uipment used for rolling down metal to a smaller size or to a given shape employing sets of rolls the contours of which determine or fashion the product into numerous intermediate and final shapes, e.g., blooms, slabs, rails, bars, rods, sections, plates, sheets and strip. Ro!gh Machining - /achining without regard to finish, usually to be followed by a subseuent operation. R!le /ie Steel - hardened and tempered medium high carbon spring steel strip sufficiently low in hardness to ta0e moderately sharp bends without fracture, intended for manufacture into rule dies for the purpose of cutting or stamping fabrics, paper, cardboard, plastics, and metal foil into desired shape. S-Relay - device used to direct the oil flow to the main piston which in turn causes it to move allowing the opening and closing of the steam controlling valves on a low pressure generator. S" - $ide trimmer.
Sacri,icial Barrier - coating, such as zinc, which >sacrifices> itself to the corrosive elements of the atmosphere to protect the steel from corrosion. SAE - $ociety of utomotive 9ngineers; develops $9 &errous /aterials $tandards /anual. SAE S'eci,ications - set of materials specification issued by the $ociety of utomotive 9ngineers, 'nc. SAW - $ubmerged arc weld 2 a method of producing very large pipe Sa,eties - Malves that open to relieve excessive pressure. Sale - Aine euipment used to transfer coils up, down, on, or off the reels. The saddle is sometimes referred to as a >>traverse car>>.> Sa,ety C!' 1. A evice - *" device that prevents the oil reservoir from draining if the water seal on the separator is lost. 8" #eavy steel mug-shaped device placed on the welder shear cylinder when the welder carriage is in the out position. The cup 0eeps the welder shear frame from operating, enabling the safe removal of scrap from the welder tray. Sa,ety +orn - horn used to alert the crew that the line or parts of the line is about to be
mesh. /ost foundry sands are mad up principally of the mineral uartz (silica". @eason for this is that sand is plentiful, refractory, and cheap; miscellaneous sands include zircon, olivine, chromite, CaC5B, blac0 sand (lava grains", titanium minerals and others. San Blasting - The process of cleaning forgings by propelling sand against them at high velocity. $ee also %last Cleaning. San Casting - /etal castings produced in sand molds. San Control - 6rocedure whereby various properties of foundry sand, such as fineness, permeability, green strength, moisture content, etc., are ad
Scale ine - furrow in the rolling direction of the strip. Scale $its - 6its used in hot roll mills; scale loosened from hot slabs drops into the pits and settles on the bottom. Scale Resistance - @esistance to corrosion by air at elevated temperatures. 'n stainless steels, chromium is the most important element for increasing the scaling resistance particulary at temperatures above *444S& Scaling #Scale& - $urface oxidation, partially adherent layers of corrosion products, left on metals by heating or casting in air or in other oxidizing atmospheres. Scanner - *" n electronic eye that is sensitive to certain areas of the light spectrum used to detect flame in the boiler. 8" @efers to hardware used to scan the bar coded labels containing the '6/ no. of the coil and the location for inventory identification. 'nterfaces directly to the 9C computer through the @adiofreuency (@&" %ac0bone. Scanner *an - &an which provides ambient air for the purpose of 0eeping the flame scanners cool. Scanning Electron Microsco'e #SEM& - n instrument used for obtaining microstructure images using an electron beam. The micrographs obtained give depth perception of the metal being observed. Scar,ing - Cutting surface areas of metal ob&errous (iron-containing" material that generally is remelted and recast into new steel. 'ntegrated steel mills use scrap for up to 8DG of their basic oxygen furnace charge; *44G of the mini-mills? raw material for their electric
furnaces generally is scrap. #5/9 $C@6 3aste steel that is generated from within the steel mill, through edge trimming and re Scra' #Metal& - /etal to be remelted; includes scrapped machinery fabricated items such as rail or structural steel and re
Scratch - (*" &or rolled products, a sharp indentation in the surface usually caused by a machine or during handling. (8" &or extrusions, a synonym for handling mar0. $ee /ar0, #andling). Scratch or Go!ge - This type of defect can be recognized, in most cases, as to its source. 'f the scratch or gouge occurs in the hot strip mill there will be an oxide which has formed at the base of it. $cratches or gouges occurring at the finishing end can be recognized by the bright appearance at the base of the defect which is indicative of oxide removal after the steel has cooled. Scratches - *" defect on a strip where small portions of tin coating have been removed. 8" efect that manifests itself in many forms generally due to scoring of the strip surface by an outside source. Screen #San& - sieve or riddle with openings of definite size used to separate one gain size from another or to remove lumps from sand. Screen Analysis #Sieve Analysis& - istribution of particle size sand expressed in terms of the percentage of weight retained on each of a series of standard screens decreasing in mesh size and the percentage passed by the screen of finest mesh. Screen Bo - n in-line water filter for water delivered from the river to the powerhouse. The screen box contains a screen filter that catches particulates and prevents them from entering the water system. Screen Bo Chart - chart in the old pump room that gives the 6ump Tender the pressure on the screen box and whether it is dirty or not. Screen /ec%s - system that provides a method to screen the fines from the sinter product. The screen dec0s are slotted or blan0ed. Screen "!bes - Tubes that run from the front drum to a header on the east wall at the third floor level. 3hile no steam is generated, water circulates rapidly through these tubes and their purpose is to bloc0 or screen the boiler fly ash and prevent its carryover into the superheater elements and generators. This area receives heavy slagging during boiler operation and must be washed daily. Screwown /rives - rives atop each finishing mill that provide the initial downward force on the top bac0-up roll, through the .!.C. cylinder. 9ach mill has two drives (operator side and drive side". Scr!bbers - $ee 3et $crubbers Scr!bbers - The scrubber combines the use of wringers and sprays to wash off any remaining foreign matter and cleaning compound adhering to the strip. Cold water is mainly used in the scrubbers. Se - Chemical symbol for $elenium. Sea - $pecial end area 2 inspection to chec0 for defects at eithre of a steel tube which is also being inspected electronic (9/' misses the ends."
Seal 4il - 6ressurized oil that flows along the shaft through the clearance space between the gland rings and the shaft. s long as the oil pressure exceeds the gas pressure in the machine, the oil flow will prevent hydrogen gas from escaping. $eal oil systems are on W+ and W: !enerators. Seal "an% - tan0 that allows a free flow of effluent water the scrubber to the recycleeffluent tan0 and maintains a water seal on the scrubber to prevent the sulfur gases from escaping into the surrounding atmosphere. Seal Water - 3ater that is used to uench excess steam that escapes from the seal areas. Seale So!rce - ny radioactive material that is encased in and is to be used in a container in a manner intended to prevent lea0age of the radioactive material. Seam #A e,ect.& - 5n the surface of metal a crac0 that has been closed but not welded; usually produced by some defect either in casting or in wor0ing, such as blowholes that have become oxidized or folds and laps that have been formed during wor0ing. $imilar to cold shut and laminations. Seamless - hollow product which does not contain any line
Seeiness - Coating defects consisting of the randomly spaced undissolved particles, usually resin particles, which are immersed in the coating. They are raised up in the coating and appear somewhat li0e fine sand sprin0led throughout the film Segment - part of the mandrel that moves in and out to expand to hold a coil or collapse to release a coil. Segment Steel - sed for laminated piston rings. Carbon content about .F4G. #ardened and blue tempered with round edges. #ardness usually @oc0wells B4 1 F+ to 7*, widths vary from .4D+ to .*FB and thic0nesses are .484, .48= and .4B4. Seieni!m - metalloid melting 884 %4C (=8+ %4&" added to stainless steel to improve machinability. Selector 9alve - Malves on some filter assemblies that allow switching from one filter to the other. Seleni!m - n element that closely resembles sulphur in its properities. The main use in steel is as a freecutting additive but due to high cost its is limited to stainless steel. 5ne of the benefits being the ability to obtain a very good surface finish on machined components. Semi-,inishe Steel - >$teel shapes-for example, blooms, billets or slabs-that later are rolled into finished products such as beams, bars or sheet. $endzimir /ill (R-mill" 3#T Compact mill used for rolling cold coils of stainless steel in order to ma0e the steel thinner, smoother, and stronger. 3#J To control the thic0ness of steel better at lower capital cost, and to roll thinner sheets and strips. #53 $tainless steel sheet or strip passes between a matching pair of small wor0 rolls with extremely smooth surfaces, heavily reinforced by clusters of bac0-up rolls. The rolls reduce the steel to the desired thic0ness. $ervice Center catchall name for an operation that buys steel, often processes it in some way and then sells it in a slightly different form. service center is distinguished from an end-user by the fact that, unli0e an end-user, a service center sells steel, not a fabricated product. $ervice centers are manufacturers to the extent that they add labor to steel by providing a service. > Se'arate - term used to describe the process of stopping the entry e nd of the line, while the delivery end continues to run. Se'arator - 5il filtering euipment that separates the water and dirt from the oil. Se'arator R!bs - /echanical scratches caused by separator arms Servo - n electronically monitored hydraulic flow control valve used to drive loads. Set!' - Aine preparation to slit new width size for customer specification. The distance between the slitter heads must be changed and the 0nives must be physically moved on the slitter shaft. S*SA - $teel &ounders? $ociety
SG (ron - n abbreviation for $pheroidal !raphite Cast 'ron. s the name implies, graphite is present in spheroidal form instead of fla0es and compared with !rey Cast 'ron it has higher mechanical strength, ductility and increased shoc0 resistance. Sha%eo!t - *" The operation of removing castings from the mold 8" a mechanical unit for separating the molding materials from the solidified metal casting. Sha%er - device employed at the coal hopper to vibrate the rail cars and ma0e the coal drop from the hoppers. Shan% - The handle attached to a ladle. Sha'e - This term is no longer recommended. The term 6rofile) is preferred. $ee 6rofile). Sha'e Control - bility to produce material to a given geometric flatness standard. ($ee &latness" Sha'e Correcting - @olling, heating and uenching steel sheets often affect the dimensions of the steel. Aevelers, temper mills and edge trimmers rewor0 the processed steel to match customer specifications. Sha'e /e,ect - !eometric non-uniformity of a strip, such as bent strip, coil set, center buc0le, wavy edge, etc. Shaw #4sborn-Shaw& $rocess - precision casting techniue in ceramic molds which do not reuire wax or plastic investment. Shear Bans #e,ormation& - %ands in which deformation has been concentrated inhomogeneously in sheets that extend across regional groups of grains. sually only one system is present in each regional group of grains, different systems being present in adhoining groups. The bands are noncrystallographic and form on planes of maximum shear stress (DD(degrees" to the compression direction". They carry most of the deformation at large strains. Compare microbands. Shear B!rr - condition caused by a worn or out-of-ad
Shearing "est - The test applied to metal to determine the stress reuired to fracture it across its section. Sheet - 3ide, flat-rolled steel. 't is generally accepted that steel less than B mm thic0 is sheet and more than B mm (*+ inch" thic0 is plate ($ee 6late". Sheet Mill - The facility which produces hot dipped galvanized products, including galvanized, galvannealed and !alfan. Sheet Mill $ro!ct - product produced at the $heet /ill. Sheet $ro!cts - *" #ot @oll (4*" ncoated, heavy gauge, fully processed in $trip $teel, never cold reduced at Tandem /ill. 8" Cold @oll (48" ncoated, heavy gauge, primarily processed in $trip $teel, although some goes to the Tin /ill, always cold reduced at Tandem /ill. B" !alvanized (4D,4F" >%ath> coated with zinc, heavy gauge, primarily processed thru $trip $teel N $heet /ill, ma
Sheet) Mill ,inish #M*& - $heet having a non-uniform finish that may vary from sheet to sheet and within a sheet, and may not be entirely free from stains or oil. Sheet) 4ne Sie Bright Mill *inish #1SBM*& - $heet having a moderate degree of brightness on one side and a mill finish on the other Sheet) $ainte - $heet, one or both sides of which has a factory-applied paint coating of controlled thic0ness. Sheet) Stanar 4ne Sie Bright *inish #S1SB*& - $heet having a uniform bright finish on one side and a mill finish on the other Sheet - rolled product that is rectangular in cross section with thic0ness less than 4.8D4 inch but not less than 4.44F inch and with slit, sheared or sawed edges. Shell Moling - process for forming a mold from resin-bonded sand mixtures brought in contact with pre-heated (B44-D44 %4&" metal patterns, resulting in a firm shell with a cavity corresponding to the outline of the pattern. Shelving - coating defect consisting of an intercoat adhesion failure where a topcoat does not adhere to the coating below. Sherari0ing - process developed in %ritainin *:4= by sherard Cowper-coles. 't is a method of producing a protective zinc coating on iron and steel products. Shewe "olerances - Tolerances which are non-symmetrically distributed about the design parameter. Shi,t - casting defect caused by mismatch of cope and drag or of cores and mold. Shim - thin flat hard metal strip produced to close tolerances; used primarily for tool, die and machine alignment purposes. 'n steel there are four general typesE (*" Aow Carbon @oc0well % +4*44; (8" #ard @olled #igh Carbon @oc0well C 8+BB. (B" #ardened and Tempered $pring $teel @oc0well C ==D*; (=" ustenitic $tainless $teel @oc0well C BD=D. %rass shim of commercial uality is also used and most generally specified is 8 1os. #ard but may be = 1os. #ard. Shi'o!t - coil which has been fully processed to customer specifications. Shoe - holder used as a support for the stationary portions of forging and trimming. Shore Sclerosco'e - n instrument that measures the hardness of a sample in arbitrary terms of elasticity. diamond tipped hammer is allowed to fall freely down a graduated glass tube on to the sampel under test. The hardness is measured by the height of the rebound. 'n another for the rebounding hammer actuates the pointer of a scale so that the height of the rebound is recorded. Short Belt - The belt that delivers coal from the seventh floor hopper to the long belt.
Short "erne - term applying to terne coated (Aead and Tin" sheets with reference to %ase %ox sizes (*= x 84" @efer to terne plate. Short "ransverse /irection - &or plate, sheet and forging, the direction through the thic0ness perpendicular to both longitudinal and long transverse directions. Shortness - form of brittleness in metal. 't is designed as cold, hot, and red, to indicate the temperature range in which the brittleness occurs. Shortness #+ot& - %rittleness in a metal at an elevated temperature. Shot Blast - $hot blasting consists of attac0ing the surface of a material with one of many types of shots. 1ormally this is done to remove something on the surface such as scale, but it is also done sometimes to impart a particular surface to the ob
Shrin%age) $atternma%ers - linear scale or ruler, typically in inches or millimeters which has been lengthened by the percentage of linear shrin0age by which liuid metal contracts during solidification and cooling. Shrin% +ole - hole or cavity in a casting resulting from shrin0age and insufficient feed metal, and formed during solidification. Sh!t-o,, 9alve - ny valve used to isolate pressure in a system. Sh!town - 3hen production is stopped for repairs, or scheduled down turns. Sie Set - difference in thic0ness between the two edges of plate, sheet or foil. Sie "rim - process whereby a Tin /ill 6roduct edge is trimmed to produce a relatively smooth finished edge. Sie-arm *ilter - $ee 6olishing &ilters. Siewall - The sides of a coil. Sight Bloc% - 8> x 8> steel bloc0 located on the inside of the W* feeder housing used for lining up the front end of a coil with the pulling rolls before loading it into the feeder. Sight Glass - measuring device where flow, oil level, or water can be monitored visually. Silica - $ilicon dioxide, the prime ingredient of sand and acid refractories. Silica Bric% - @efractory material of ganister, bonded with hydrated lime, and fired at high temperature. Silica Gel - colloidal form of silica used as a drying agent. Silica San - $and with a minimum silica content of :DG used for forming casting molds. Silicon - Chemical symbol $i. 9lement 1o. *= of the periodic system; atomic weight 8+.4F. 9xtremely common element, the ma type of specialty steel created by introducing silicon during the steelma0ing process. 9lectrical steel exhibits certain magnetic properties, which ma0e it optimum for use in transformers, power generators and electric motors. !@'1-5@'91T9 The metal?s grain runs parallel within the steel, permitting easy magnetization along the length of the steel. lthough grain-oriented steel may be twice as expensive to produce, its magnetic directional characteristics enable power transformers, made from this metal, to absorb less energy during operation.
151-!@'1-5@'91T9 %ecause there is no preferential direction for magnetization, non-grain-oriented steel is best used in rotating apparatus such as electric motors. > Silicon Steel - $teel usually made in the basic open-hearth or electric furnace, with about 4.D4-D.G silicon, other elements being usually dept as low as possible. %ecause of high electrical resistance and low hysterisis loss, silicon sheet and strip are standard in electric magnet manufacture. Sim!ltaneo!s Engineering - @efers to the process where userdesigner and producer interact to reduce lead time and improve the efficiency of a part. This process is faster and more efficient than the traditional seuential process of design and manufacture. Single Re!ce - @efers to temper rolling in the tin mill. 1o gauge reduction occurs here. $teel sheet that is rolled in multiple-strand reduction mills while cold, then annealed and temper rolled to produce thin gauges for can ma0ing. %esides reducing gauge and permitting fabrication of lighter weight cans, cold rolling also improves the steel?s surface and metallurgical properties. Single S'ot "est - test of galvanized (or any other metallic" coating weights administered by sampling the coated steel across the width at two inches from e ach edge and dead center. $ee Triple $pot Test. Sin%er Steel - sed for ma0ing sin0ers in hosiery ma0ing machinery. $upplied both hardened and tempered and cold rolled and annealed. sually extra precision rolled and extra flat. Carbon content about *.8D. Sin%hea or +ot "o' - reservoir insulated to retain heat and to hod excess molten metal on top of an ingot mold, in order to feed the shrin0age of the ingot. lso called shrin0 head or feeder head. Sinter - %a0ed particles that stic0 together in roughly one-inch chun0s, normally used for iron ore dust collected from the blast furnaces. Sintering - process that combines iron-bearing particles, once recovered from environmental control filters, into small pellets. 6reviously, these materials were too fine to withstand the air currents of the smelting process and were thrown away. The iron is now conserved because the chun0s can be charged into the blast furnace (see gglomerating 6rocesses". Sintering $oint - That temperature at which the molding material begins to adhere to the casting, or in a test when the sand coheres to a platinum ribbon under controlled conditions. lso, the temperature at which sand grains begin to adhere to one another. Si'hon ine - line that directs steam flow past an orifice to create a suction on the inta0e line of a pump to get a prime. Si0eSi0es - slang term used when obtaining the order of coils to be processed. The >size> contains index, customer name, coil width, baseweight, and number of coils in the order.
Si0ing - process employed to control precisely a diameter of rings or tubular components. S%el' - $teel that is the entry material to a pipe mill. 't resembles hot-rolled strip, but its properties allow for the severe forming and welding operations reuired for pipe production. S%i Mar%s - Misibly colder >stripes> on slabs caused by contact with water-cooled s0ids in a pusher-type reheat furnace. S%im Core #S%immer& - > flat core or tile placed in a mold to s0im a flowing stream of metal. Commonly used in pouring basins, it hold bac0 slag and dirt while clean metal passes underneath to the downsprue. $ee Core $trainer> S%im Gate - gating arrangement which changes the direction of flow of molten metal and prevents the passage of slag and other undesirable materials into the mold cavity. S%imming - @emoving or hold bac0 dirt or slag from the surface of the molten metal before or during pouring. S%in $asse - $teel which has been processed through the $0in /ill (Temper /ill". S%in Roll - 6roduct to be sent to the $0in /ill for its next operation. S%in-/rying - rying the surface of the mold by direct application of heat. S%i' - n area of uncoated sheet which is freuently caused by euipment malfunciton. SA - $tereolithography pparatus Slab - The most common type of semi-finished steel. Traditional slabs measure *4 inches thic0 and B4-+D inches wide (and average about 84 feet long", while the output of the recently developed >thin slab> casters is approximately two inches thic0. $ubseuent to casting, slabs are sent to the hot-strip mill to be rolled into coiled sheet and plate products. Slab Caster - continuous caster used to form slabs. Slab Core - &lat, plain core. Slab +a!lers - #uge hydraulic lift truc0s that carry up to six slabs at a time. They move slabs between the caster, open heath area, and the hot strip mill. Slac% - 9xcess strip in the line, without tension, used to allow movement of the strip.
Slag - The impurities in a molten pool of iron. &lux such as limestone may be added to foster the congregation of undesired elements into a slag. %ecause slag is lighter than iron, it will float on top of the pool, where it can be s0immed. Slag (ncl!sion - 1onmetallic solids entrapped in solid metal. Slag "ra' - n enlargement, dam, or extrusion in the gating or runners system in a mold for the purpose of preventing molten slag particles from entering the mold cavity. Slave 9alve - spool type hydraulic valve that uses pressure from a pilot valve to move the position of its spool. Slic%ing #Slee%ing& - $moothing the surface of molds. Slie Gate - valve which employs a plate that slides in and out of the valve body as a means of stopping flow. Slinging - coating defect consisting of random spots of coating deposited on coated sheets or ad
Slitting Stoc% Stoc% - $litting stoc0 is produced with the 0nowledge that the product will be further processed by mill customer. /ill produces the final gauge but not the final width. The customer will do additional slittingshearing. Slivers Slivers - $livers are due to defective teeming of the molten metal and to a tearing of corners of the steel in blooming, roughing, or finishing. Tearing is attributed to many things, such as overoxidation in the open hearth, or burning during reheating or soa0ing. Sl!ge Sl!ge - /aterial that develops during the plating process. 't accumulates in the plater cells and is removed every eight wee0s. Sl!g Sl!g - metal blan0 for forging or impacting Sl!ice Water Water - @aw water that is boosted in pressure to approximately *+4 psi. This water is used by the Menturies for soot blowing and tap-out, as ditch water (sluice water" for tapping the boilers and dumping the ash boxes, and as fill for boiler raw water hydrostatic tests. Sl!rry Sl!rry - term loosely applied to any clay-li0e dispersion. 't may be use to wash ladles or other refractory linings to impart a smooth surface; as a bonding addition to molding sand; as a thin loam over specially made molds or as a mixture to fine
Sna%ing Sna%ing - series of reversing lateral bows in coil products. This condition is caused by a weaving action during an unwinding or rewinding operation. Sn!bber Sn!bber - #ydraulic roll used to prevent the outside wrap from unwinding while threading the strip into the pinch roll and leveler. Sn!bber Roll Roll - small roll used with a bridle roll. The purpose of the snubber roll is to hold the strip against the bridle roll. Soa%ing Soa%ing - 6rolonged heating of a metal, furnace or ladle at a selected temperature. Soi!m Silicate Silicate - $ee 3ater !lass So,t S%in Rolle "em'er #o. I "em'er& "em'er& - 'n low carbon-rolled strip steel, soft and ductile. 6roduced by sub
Soot $it $it - #oppers located in the exhaust e xhaust side of the boiler that serve the purpose of collecting the heavier particles of soot and debris that are carried in the exhaust gas stream. The soot pits are drained every turn by a Menturi type suction system. Sorbite Sorbite - $tructure of steel, resulting from the tempering of martensite. 'n a truly sorbitic structure, the cementite is completely dispersed in the matrix. The trend is to call this structure tempered martensite. Sorbite #obsolete& #obsolete& - fine mixture of ferrite and cementite produced either by regulating the rate of cooling of steel or tempering steel after hardening. The first type is very fine pearlite difficult to resolve under the microscope; the second type is tempered martensite. Sorry Wel Wel - 3eld which computer passes by; the computer is told not to cut this weld - 1o. : Tandem. S'acers S'acers - $teel plates used to separate coils stac0ed on top of each other in batch annealing. S'alling S'alling - The crac0ing and fla0ing of metal particles from a surface. S'angle S'angle - &inish achieved when zinc is allowed to >freeze> naturally on the sheet galvanize. chieved by adding antimony to the hot dip bath. S'angle *ree *ree - galvanized product in which the spangle formation has been suppressed; accomplished accomplished by eliminating ntimony and Aead in the molten zinc bath during the production of #ot ipped !alvanized. !alvannealed is always spangle free. S'anner Wrench Wrench - $pecial wrench used in tightening arbor nuts. S'ar% "esting "esting - This is an inspection method for uic0ly determining the approxiamte analyst of steel. 't is intended primarily for the separation of mixed steel and when properly conducted,is a fast, accurate and economical method of separation. 't consists in holding the sample against a high speed grinding wheel and noting the character and color of the spar0 which is compared with samples of 0nown analysis. S'ary !enching !enching - fter solution heat treating, a mode of uenching in which a spray of water is directed upon material
S'ecial 2ille 2ille - *." Aow carbon aluminum 0illed steels used mainly for extra deep drawing varieties of sheet and strip. 8" $teel deoxidized by silicon or aluminum or in combination to reduce the oxygen content to a minimum so that no reaction occurs during solidification of the metal. S'ecial Metals Metals - esignates all alloys and metals produced at $$/ other than stainless steels and precipitation hardenable stainless steels. Categories of special metals would include nic0el,nic0el base alloys,cobalt base alloys,titanium and titanium base alloys,glass sealing alloys (iron-nic0le",etc. S'ecial "reatment "reatment - treatment applied to electrogalvanized to enhance corrosion corrosion resistance. S'ecialty Steel Steel - $teels such as electrical, alloy or stainless steels. These generally are produced in smaller volumes to meet the specific needs of customers. S'ecialty "!be "!be - @efers to a wide variety of high-uality custom-made tubular products reuiring critical tolerances, precise dimensional control and special metallurgical properties. $pecialty tubing is used in the manufacture of automotive, construction and agricultural euipment, and in industrial applications such as hydraulic cylinders, machine parts and printing rollers. %ecause of the range of industrial applications, the mar0et typically follows general e conomic conditions. S'eci,ic Gravity Gravity - > numerical value representing the weight of a given substance as compared with the weight of an eual volume of water at B: %4& (B.: %4C", for which the specific gravity is ta0en as *,444 0gmB. $ee also ensity > S'eci,ic +eat +eat - 9uivalent to thermal capacity, or the uantity of heat reuired to produce a unit change in the temperature of a unit mass. S'eci,ic 9ol!me 9ol!me - Molume of one gram of a substance at a specific temperature, usually F+ %4& (84 %4C". S'eci,ications S'eci,ications - The chemical composition and dimensions of products made by the plant. The specifications include all processes reuired to achieve the finished product. S'ecimen S'ecimen - That portion of a sample ta0en for evaluation of some specific characteristic or property S'heroii0ing S'heroii0ing - form of annealing consisting of prolonged heating of iron base alloys at a temperature in the neighborhood of, but generally slightly below the critical range, usually followed by a relatively slow cooling. $pheroidizing causes the graphite to assume a spheroidal shape, hence the name. S'heroii0ing Annealing Annealing - subcritical annealing treatment intended to produce spheroidization of cementite or other carbide phases. S'heroiite S'heroiite - cementite aggregate of globular carbide and ferrite.
S'heroii0e Cementite #/ivorce $earlite& $earlite& - The globular condition of iron carbide after a spheroidizing treatment. S'iegeleisen #S'iegel& #S'iegel& - lloy of iron and manganese used in basic and acid open hearth steelma0ing practice. high manganese pig iron, usually containing *DG or 84 /n and =.D-F.DG C. S'inle S'inle - 6art of the slitter head shaft that holds the spacers, 0nives, fibers, and nuts. S'iral "est "est - method of interpreting the fluidity of an alloy by pouring molten metal into a mold with a long narrow channel. The length of such casting, under standardized conditions, is ta0en as the fluidity index of that alloy. S'lash Core Core - core of tile placed in a mold to prevent erosion of the mold at places where metal impinges with more than normal force. $plash cores are commonly used at the bottom of large rammed pouring basins, at the bottom of long downsprues, or at the ingates of large molds. S'lice S'lice - The end
S'o!t S'o!t - trough through which the metal flows from the furnace to the ladle. S'reaer +oo%s +oo%s - Aifting device used by crane to move coils. Consists of a heavy top bar and two manually ad
Stabili0ing - low temperature thermal treatment designed to prevent agesoftening in certain strains hardened alloys containing magnesium Stabili0ing Anneal - treatment applied to austentic stainless steels that contain titanium or columbium. This treatment consists of heating to a temperature below that of a full anneal in order to precipitate the maximum amount of carbon at titanium carbide or columbium carbide. This eliminates precipitation at lower temperatures, which might reduce the resistance of the steel to corrosion. Stac% - *" component of a hydraulic system that runs an individual function of that system. 8" The boiler exhaust pipe. 9ach stac0 is euipped with a stac0 cap for isolating the boiler from atmosphere and two butterflies for directing the gases to either N % and C N scrubbers. Stac% "est - full width sample of chem-treat steel saved for metallurgical testing. Stagger Win - neven winding of coil on delivery end; used for shearplate. Stagger Wra' - 5ffsetting the laps and wrap of a coil by turning the as0ania handle so that the coil does not wrap straight. Staging Area - small (B-84 coil" area of floor space, usually at the delivery end or the entry end of an operating unit. These are areas where inventory is being loaded on or removed from an operating unit. Stain - defect on the plate causing a discoloration of the plate. Stain) +eat "reatJ - discoloraation due to non-uniform oxidation of the metal surface during heat treatment. Stain) 4il - $uface discoloration which may vary from dar0 brown to white and is produced during thermal treatment by imcomplete evaporation andor oxidation of lubricants on the surface Stain) Saw !bricant - yellow to brown area of the surface discoloration at the ends of the extruded length. 't is the residue of certain types of saw lubricants if they are not removed from the metal prior to the thermal treatment Stainless Steel - Corrosion resistant steel of a wide variety, but always containing a high percentage of chromium generally *4G more. These are highly resistant to corrosion attac0 by organic acids, wea0 mineral acids, atmospheric oxidation, etc. Stall - Term used to indicate that the line has tension on it, but is not moving. Stan - *" component of a hydraulic system, which is made up of a number of stac0s. 8" $ets of rolls; %oth Temper /ills consist of two stands. $ome are four rolls; two bac0up rolls and two wor0 rolls. $ome are wor0 rolls only. Stan #Batch Anneal& - (%atch nneal" $ame as >stool.>
Stan-by $!m' - pump in a hydraulic or morgoil system that will 0ic0 on automatically if the running pump should shut down because of electrical problems. Stanar Cost Coe - *." ccounting field connected to unit standards for doing specific prodcuts; will vary by unit. 8" Code entered into '/'$ to identify the incoming product and to identify the process applied to the product by the side trimmer. Stanar /eviation - statistical uantity used to describe the variation of a measurable attribute about some average value. Stanar Gol - legally adopted alloy for coinage of gold. 'n the nited $tates the alloy contains *4G Cu. Stanar $attern - pattern of high-grade material and wor0manship in daily use or at freuent intervals. pattern used as a master to ma0e or chec0 production patterns. Stanar Sam'les - sample of 0now composition used to calibrate an instrument or method of analysis. Stanar Sha'es - @efractory units stoc0ed by manufacturers or made from stoc0 molds. Stanari0e - ct of recalibrating the x-ray gauge euipment. Start-:$ - The first turn after the line has been down. Starting +eat - #eat cycle setting on the welder for the start of the weld. Station "ie - 1ame of the transformer in the power house that ties the 8BIM bus in the power house with the F.: IM bus that is called the ?$ynchronizing %us?. Starvation - 1on-uniform coating application which results in absence of coating in certain areas. Stave Constr!ction - ttaching staves to polygonshaped heads in the building of cylindrical bodies; also, standard method used in ma0ing semicircular core boxes. S"C - $hort thread and coupling (5CT! casing connection" S"/ - $tandard reference to wall thic0ness of pipe ( sch *+-*4)" Steam Blowing $rocess - process that puts water droplets on steel leaving the galvanizing pot to suppress spangle formation. $ee /inimized $pangle and $pangle &ree. Steam Chest - The inside of the turbine housing.
Steam /eman - The necessary amount of steam generation reuired at any point in time to satisfy the power house, turbo blowers, and any additional needs of the steel-ma0ing process. Steam /r!m - The upper drumdrums of the boiler. This is where the feed water is introduced, continuous blow down ta0es place, the water level is controlled, and the steam is released at the surface of the water and exits to the superheater elements. Steam *low - The measured amount of steam generated by the boiler at any given time, expressed in thousands of pounds per hour. Steam +ammer - type of drop hammer where the ram is raised for each stro0e by a double-action steam cylinder and the energy delivered to the wor0piece is supplied by the velocity and weight of the ram and attached upper die driven downward by steam pressure. 9nergy delivered during each stro0e may be varied. Steam +eaer ine - #igh pressure line which connects the boiler to the power house manifold and through which the steam is delivered. Steam +eaer 9alve - 9lectrically or manually operated stop valve located in line on the steam header line used to isolate a boiler off the system when needed. Steam $ress!re - The amount of pressure that the steam has. 't is either high pressure \+44 lbs. or low pressure \ 8*4 lbs. Steam Seal - type of seal that is applied to the shaft on a turbine by putting steam around the shaft to stop the flow of air into a turbine. Steam "em'erat!re - The temperature of the steam as it enters the turbine. Steam "rays - 'tems that let water pass through steam lines without losing steam pressure. Stec%el Mill - reversing steel sheet reduction mill with heated coil boxes at each end. $teel sheet or plate is sent through the rolls of the reversing mill and coiled at the end of the mill, reheated in the coil box, and sent bac0 through the $tec0el stands and recoiled. %y reheating the steel prior to each pass, the rolls can sueeze the steel thinner per pass and impart a better surface finish. Steel - n iron-base alloy usually containing carbon and other alloying elements. 'n carbon steel and low-alloy steel, the maximum carbon content is about 8.4G; in high-alloy steel, about 8.DG. The dividing line between low-alloy and high-alloy steels is generally regarded as the DG level of total metallic alloying elements. $teel is differentiated from two general classes of iron - namely, cast irons, which have high carbon concentrations, and relatively pure irons, which have low carbon concentrations. Steel /r!m - Center insert that 0eeps a coil from collapsing. sed on @ material. Steel (nsert - $mall corrugated insert used to 0eep coils from collapsing before rewinding.
Steel (ntensity - The amount of steel used per unit of gross domestic product. 'ntensity reflects the secular demand for steel, as opposed to cyclical demand. The amount of steel used in vehicles and the popularity of alternative materials affect the intensity, or how much steel is needed per unit produced. The state of the economy, however, determines the number of units. Steel Service Center (nventories - 9nd-of-period material stoc0s reported by the $teel $ervice Center 'nstitute ($$C'". Steel S'ec - 5rdered steel grade based on chemistry. Steel Stra''ing - %anding and pac0aging material that is used to close and reinforce shipping units, such as bales, boxes, cartons, coils, crates, and s0ids. Steel S!bstrate - %ase metal which may be coated or plated. Steel-(ntensive $ro!cts - Consumer products such as automobiles and appliances that, because so much of their weight is from steel, exhibit a high demand correlation with steel. Steels) SAE - Common designation for the standard grades of steel approved by the $ociety of utomotive 9ngineers. Stee'e Constr!ction - 'n patternma0ing, the courses of material that when fastened together resemble steps. Steering Roll - device or set of rolls used to position the passline of the strip. Stellite - 6roprietary name of a group of complex alloys retaining their hardness strength and resistance to oxidation at high temperatures; contains 3, Co, Cr and C. Stencil - 'dentification painted on pipe. $pecification, size, wall test pressure, methoc of maufacture and mill are usually indicated. Stereolithogra'hy A''arat!s #SA& - 9uipment used for computerized building of three-dimensional models and patterns. 9nables the data representation of a C solid model to be directly converted into a plastic model of a casting. Stic%er - $teel sheets or strip adhering. sually by fusion spots caused by overheating during box annealing. Stic%ing - dherence of foil surfaces sufficient to interfere with the normal ease if unwinding Stoc% Allowance - /aterial added to a part to allow for surface preparation or precise dimensioning by machining. Stoc% Core - Core of standard diameter usually made on a core machine and 0ept on hand, sawed to reuired length.
Stool - The platform on which coils are stac0ed on a base. lso 0nown as >stand.> Stool $late - 6late on a mold machine on which stools are mounted. Stooling - $upporting green sand cores in machine molding while pattern is being withdrawn. Sto'-Coc% 9alve - $ee 6itCoc0 Malve. Sto''er +ea - refractory shape at the end of a stopper rod, usually clay and graphite, seated in a ladle?s nozzle. Sto''er Ro - device in a bottom-pour ladle for controlling the flow of metal through the nozzle into the casting. The stopper rod consists of a steel rod, protecting sleeves, and a graphite stopper head. 't may also be a single piece manufactured from graphite. Sto''ing-4,, - &illing in a portion of a mold cavity which is not to be cast. Storage Bins - sed for storage of raw materials to ensure a necessary uantity reuired for sinter production. Straight-Chrome - n iron alloy. term indicating a group of stainless steels the principal alloying element of which is chromium in varying amounts from =.44 to 87.44G. Straightness - The absence of divergence from a right (straight" line in the direction of measurement Strain - The amount of elongation or compression that occurs in a metal at a given stress or load. !enerally in terms of inches elongation per inch of material. Straine Casting - phrase used to describe the result when molten metal is poured into the mold at too fast a rate or under too great metallstatic pressure, causing the cope to rise slightly from the drag and resulting in an oversize casting. Strainer - filtering device which is used to remove large particles of contamination from drive oil or morgoil. Strainer Bas%et - metal filtering bas0et which is part of a strainer assembly. Strainer Core - $ee Core $trainer Strea% #Stri'e& - superficial band or elongated mar0 which produces a nonuniform surface appearance. strea0 is often described by source. Strea%) Bearing - longitudinal discoloration that can occur where there are large changes in wall thic0ness as a result of uneven cooling. These strea0s usually appear lighter than the surrounding metal.
Strea%) Bright - bright superficial band or elongated mar0 which produces a nonuni+form surface appearance. Strea%) B!,, - dull continuous strea0 caused by smudge buildup on a buff used at shearing or other operation. Strea%) B!rnish - bright region on the sheet caused by excessive roll surface wear. Strea%) Coating - banded condition caused by non-uniform adherence of roll coating to a wor0 roll. 't can be created during hot andor cold rolling. 'f generated in the hot rolling process, it is also called #ot /ill 6ic0up). Strea%) Col - $ee $trea0, #eat). Strea%) /i,,!sion - $urface discoloration which may vary from gray to brown and found only on lclad products. Strea%) /irt - $urface discoloration which may vary from gray to blac0, is parallel to the direction of rolling, and contains rolled foreign debris. 't is usually extraneous material from an overhead location that drops onto the rolling surface and is shallow enough to be removed by etching or buffing Strea%) Grease - narrow discontinuous strea0 caused by rolling over an area containing grossly excessive lubricant drippage. Strea%) Grining - strea0 with a helical pattern appearance transferred to a rolled product from wor0 roll. Strea%) +eat - /il0y colored band(s" parallel to the rolling direction which vary in both width and exact location along the length. Strea%) +erringbone - 9longated alternately bright and dull chevron mar0ings. Strea%) eveler - strea0 on the sheet surface in the rolling direction caused by transfer from the leveler rolls. Strea%) Roll - non-uniform surface appearance parallel to the rolling direction. Strea%) Str!ct!ral - non-uniform appearance on an etched or anodized surface caused by heterogeneities (variabilities" remaining in the metal from the casting, thermal processes or hot wor0ing stages of fabrication. Streamline *low - $teady flow of liuid without turbulence. !enerally, not experienced in metalcasting. Strength) Retaine - Compressive, shear, tensile, or transverse strength attained by a sand mixture after being sub
Strength - 6roperties related to the ability of steel to oppose applied forces. &orms of strength include withstanding imposed loads without a permanent change in shape or structure and resistance to stretching. Strength) Ba%e - Compressive, shear, tensile, or transverse strength of a molded sand mixture when ba0ed at a temperature above 8B4 %4& (**4 %4C" and then cooled to room temperature. Stress - &orce per unit area, often thought of as force acting through a small area within a plane. 't can be divided into components, normal and parallel to the plane, called normal stress and shear stress, receptively. True stress denotes the stress where force and area are measured at the same time. Conventional stress, as applied to tension and compression tests, is force decided by the original gauge length. $hearing strain (or shear strain" is the change in angle (expressed in radians" between two lines originally at right angles. 3hen the term strain is used alone it usually refers to the linear strain in the direction of the applied stress. Stress Corrosion Crac%ing #SCC& - $low growth of crac0s in stainless steel caused by the combined effect of mechanical stress and exposure to a corrosive environment. Stress Corrosion *ail!re - phenomenon which occurs when metal under stress in a corrosive atmosphere fails mechanically. Stress) Relieving - process of reducing residual stresses in a metal ob
Stretcher Straightening - process for straightening rod, tubing, and shapes by the application of tension at the ends of the stoc0. The products are elongated a definite amount to remove warpage. Stretcher Strains - Aong vein-li0e mar0s appearing on the surface of certain metals, in the direction of the maximum shear stress, when the metal is sub
Str!ct!ral Strea% - $ee $trea0, $tructural). Str!ct!rals - $teel product group that includes '-beams, #-beams, wide-flange beams and sheet piling. These products are used in the construction of multi-story buildings, industrial buildings, bridge trusses, vertical highway supports, and riverban0 reinforcement. Str!ct!re #Cast Str!ct!re& - The size and disposition of the constituents of a metal as cast. Styro,orm $attern - 9xpendable pattern of foamed plastic, especially polystyrene, use in manufacturing casting by the &ull]/old process. S!b - short coupling with different types andor sizes of ends. S!bc!taneo!s Blowhole - %lowholes at or near the surface of solidified metal, covered with a thin layer of metal. /ay also be called pinhole porosity. S!bgrain - portion of a crystal or grain slightly different in orientation from neighboring portions of the same crystal. !enerally, neighboring subgrains are separated by low-angle boundaries. S!bstation - 1ame given to an area that is an electrical power distribution center. substation may contain several feeders of different voltages, transformers, and the associated circuit brea0ers and instrumentation for protection. S!b0ero "reatment - @efrigeration of steel to promote transformation of retained austenite. S!c%-(n - efect caused when one face of a forging is suc0ed in to fill a pro
S!'ercooling - Aowering the temperature of a molten metal below its liuidus during cooling. S!'er!ty *ireclay Bric% - #aving pce above BB with less than *.4 percent linear shrin0 in the *D:: %4C (8:*4 %4&" reheat test, and less than =.4 percent loss in panel spalling test preheated at *F=: %4C (B444 %4&". S!'er,icial Roc%well +arness "est - &orm of @oc0well hardness test using relatively light loads which produce minimum penetration. sed for determining surface hardness or hardness of thin sections or small parts, or where large hardness impression might be harmful. S!'erheat - ny increment of temperature above the melting point of a metal; sometimes construed to be any increment of temperature above normal casting temperatures introduced for the purpose of refining, alloying or improving fluidity. S!'erheate Steam - $team that has passed through the superheater elements and has become saturated with heat to a temperature of approximately +D4 degrees. #igher steam temperature allows for greater expansion of the steam in it?s end use and thus more wor0 can be performed by a given amount of steam. S!'erheater Elements - %an0 of boiler tubes whose purpose is to increase the steam temperature under the same pressure before it exits the boiler. 5nly steam passes through the superheater elements. This ban0 of tubes is in the hottest fire in the boiler. S!'erheating - (*" #eating a phase to a temperature above that of a phase transformation without the transformation ta0ing place. (8" #eating molten metal to a temperature to obtain more complete refining or greater fluidity. S!'ersat!rate - /etastable solution in which the dissolved material exceeds the amount the solvent can hold in normal euilibrium at the temperature and under the other conditions that prevail. S!'ersonic Re,lectosco'e - n instrument for sending, receiving, and measuring sound waves over 84,444 cycles per second. S!'ers!c%er - truc0 that is used to remove sludge from the plater cells and plater distribution tan0. S!''ort $in - Aarge steel pin used to hold the burr mashers in place. S!'ramor - n electromagnetic flaw detection in0 for the rapid detection of subcutaneous and surface flaws in ferrous metals. S!r,ace Contamination - defect referring to a particle or substance foreign to the typical surface generated during normal steel production. $uch a foreign substance may be in the form of a film, oxide growth, imbedded material, etc., and may cause discoloration, poor lacuer adhesion, container forming problems, corrosion, etc.
S!r,ace Critical - n order specification which indicates the end use reuirement and dictates special processing to ensure a uniform, >defect free> surface. S!r,ace *inish - (Tin /ill 6roducts" The ground roll finishes are 7%, a smooth finish, normally for melted coatings intended for special applications; 7C, the standard mill finish, for either melted or unmelted coatings is the finish used for most applications. The blasted roll finishes are D%, a shot blast finish ($%&" with a melted tin coating; DC, a shot blast finish with an unmelted tin coating, principally for crowns and closures; D, a shot blast finish with and unmelted tin coating primarily for N' cans. S!r,ace +arening - generic term covering several processes applicable to a suitable ferrous alloy that produce, by uench hardening only, a surface layer that is harder or more wear resistant than the core. There is no significant alteration of the chemical composition of the surface layer. The processes commonly used are induction hardening, flame hardening and shell hardening. se of the applicable specific process name is preferred. S!r,ace (m'er,ections - superficial defect that mars the surface of steel and is detrimental to the end use; examples include blisters and roll mar0 defects. S!r,ace (ncl!sion - n inclusion or non-metallic particles that shows through at the surface of the steel. ($ee also 'nclusion" S!r,ace 4il 4il which - 5il which is applied for corrosion protection or other special purposes. S!r,ace $rotection Air i;!ie #S$A& - The use of liuid argon, liuid nitrogen, or carbon dioxide snow to minimize the reaction of air and molten metal that normally occurs in an induction furnace. The liuid or snow is fed onto the surface of the molten metal where it vaporizes, displacing the air thus reducing slag and oxygen levels. S!r,ace Ro!ghness - The texture or >pattern> of a steel surface determined by the grit on the roll or the grind on a brite roll. S!r,ace "et!re - The roughness, waviness, lay or other characteristics of the surface of a part. S!r,acing - epositing a filer metal on a metal surface by any method to obtain certain desired properties or dimensions. S!rge 9alve - valve that is used to release pressure and wind on a blower and to vent it to atmosphere. S!rvival $ower - The amount of power a mill must generate to 0eep power on critical areas (e.g. blast furnace, %56, etc." in the event that we should lose feeders 84F and 84+ from /on 6ower. Swage - 5peration of reducing or changing the cross-sectional area by revolving the stoc0 under fast impact of blows. &inishing tool with concave wor0ing surface; useful for rounding out wor0 after its preliminary drawing to size.
Swell - casting defect consisting of an increase in metal section due to the displacement of sand by metal pressure. Swing *rame Griner - device for grinding large castings where the wor0 remains stationary. This grinder, too large to be hand lifted, is usually suspended from a hoist. Switch - The process of returning empty cars to the yard and getting cars loaded with coal. Switchgear - 9nclosures that house circuit brea0ers, metering and protective relaying euipment and also distributes electrical power. Switching - n action by the Aoad ispatcher of opening or closing various circuit brea0ers in the plant for various reasons such as wor0 by line gang, wor0 by brea0er gang, restoring lost power. Synchroni0e - The act of bringing one electrical system (or generator" into perfect electrical alignment with a separate electrical system. &or example, the phase of system * would be reaching its pea0 at the exact same time as the phase of system 8. 't is only when you have this synchronization that you can close a circuit brea0er and tie the two systems together. Synthetic Moling San - ny sand compounded from selected individual materials which, when mixed together, produce a mixture of the proper physical and mechanical properties from which to ma0e foundry molds. System San - >&oundry sand used in ma0ing molds and which eventually becomes the bul0 of the sand used in the mechanical system or mechanized unit. $ee also $and > System Start - %utton on the oil system?s control panels which is pushed after the pump selections have been made in order to start the system. System Sto' - %utton on the oil systems? control panel that is pushed to shut down the system. SAE - bbreviation for $ociety of utomotive 9ngineers. This organization has specified common and alloy steels and copper base alloys in accordance with a numerical index system allowing approximation of the composition of the metal. The last two digits always indicate the carbon content, usually within 4.4DG. Salt S'ray "est - n accelerated corrosion test in which the metal specimens are exposed to a fine mist of salt water solution either continuously or intermittently. Scab - defect consisting of a flat volume of metal
Scab #scabby& - blemish caused on a casting by eruption of gas from the mold face, or by uneven mold surfaces; or occurring where the s0in from a blowhole has partly burned away and is not welded. Scale - layer of oxidation products formed on a metal at high temperature. Scaling - (*" 5xidation of metal due to heat, resulting in relatively heavy surface layers of oxide. (8" @emoval of scale from metal. Scaling - &orming a thic0 layer of oxidation products on metals at high temperatures. Scal'e Etr!sion (ngot - cast, solid, or hollow extrusion ingot which has been machined on the outside surface. Scal'ing - /achining the surface layers from ingots, billets and slabs before fabrication. Scar,
Segregation Baning Baning - 'n homogeneous distribution of alloying elements aligned on filaments or plates parallel to the direction of wor0ing. Sel, /i,,!sion /i,,!sion - The spontaneous movement of an atom to a new site in a crystal of its own species. Sel,-+arening Steel Steel - steel containing sufficient carbon or alloying element, or both, fo form martensite either through air hardening or, as in welding and induction hardening, through rapid removal of heat from a locally heated portion by conduction into the surrounding cold metal. Semi-Steel Semi-Steel - Cast iron (not steel" of high uality, obtained by using a large percentage of steel scrap with the pig iron. Semi,inishe Steel Steel - $teel in the form of billets, blooms, itc., reuiring further wor0ing before completion into finished steel ready for mar0eting. Semi%ille Steel Steel - $teel that is incompletely deoxidized and contains sufficient dissolved oxygen to react with the carbon to form carbon monoxide and thus offset solidification shrin0age. Semi%ille Steel Steel - $teel that is completely deoxided and contains sufficient dissolved oxygen to react with the carbon to form carbon monoxide to offset solidifacation shrin0age. Semi%ille Steel Steel - $teel incompletely deoxidized, to permit evolution of sufficient carbon monoxide to offset solidification shrin0age. Sen0imir Mill Mill - mill having two wor0 rolls of * to 8 *8-in diam. each, bac0ed up by two rolls twice that diameter and each of these bac0ed up by bearings on a shaft mounted eccentrically so that rotating it increases the pressure between bearings and bac0up rolls. Shear Shear - type of cutting operation in which the metal ob
Sheet Sheet - flat-rolled metal product of some maximum thic0ness and minimum width arbitrarily dependent on the type of metal. $heet is thinner than plate. Shell Moling Moling - &orming a mold from thermosetting resin-bonded sand mixtures brought in contact with pregeated (B44 to D44 (degrees" &" metal patterns, resulting in a firm shell with a cavity corresponding to the outline of the pattern. lso called Croning process. Shiele-Arc Weling Weling - rc welding in which the arc and the weld metal are protected by a gaseous atmosphere, the products of decomposition of the electrode covering, or a blan0et of fusible flux. Shore +arness "est "est - $ame as scleroscope test. Short Short - %rittle. Shortness Shortness - form of brittleness in metal. 't is designated as cold, hot, and red, to indicate the temperature range in which the brittleness occurs. Shot Blasting Blasting - Cleaning surface of metal by air blast, using metal as a result of solidification shrin0age and the progressive freezing of metal towards the center. Shrin%age Cavity Cavity - void left in cast metals as a result of solidification shrin0age shrin0age and the progressive freezing of metal towards the center. Siliconi0ing Siliconi0ing - iffusing silicon into solid metal, usually steel, at an elevated temperature. Sil%y *ract!re *ract!re - steel fracture that has a very smooth fine grain or sil0y appearance. Silver Solers Solers - lloys of silver, copper, sinc and other metals, melting between FD4 and +7D (degrees" C. used for ma0ing strong yet moderately ductile
S%el' S%el' - plate of steel or wrought iron from which pipe or tubing is made by rolling the s0elp into shape longitudinally and welding or riveting the edges together. S%in S%in - thin surface layer that is different from the main mass of a metal ob
Soli Sol!tion Sol!tion - single solid homogeneous crystalline crystalline phase containing two or more chemical species. Soli Sol!tion Sol!tion - solid crystalline phase containing two or more chemical species in concentrations that may vary between limits imposed by phase euilibrium. Soli!s Soli!s - 'n a constitutional diagram, the locus of points representing the temperatures at which various components finish freezing on cooling or begin to melt on heating. Sol!te Sol!te - The component of either a liuid or solid solution that is present to the lesser or minor extent; the component that is dissolved in the solvent. Sol!tion +eat "reatment "reatment - heat treatment in which an alloy is heated to a suitable temperature, held at that temperature long enough to cause one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooled rapidly enough to hold these constituents in solution. Sol!tion +eat "reatment "reatment - #eating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to allow one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold the constituents in solution. The alloy is left in a supersaturated, unstable unstable state, and may subseuently exhibit uench aging. Sol!tion +eat "reatment "reatment - process in which an alloy is heated to a suitable temperature long enough to allow a certain constituent to enter into solid solution and is then cooled rapidly to hold the constituent in solution. The metal is left in a supersaturated, unstable state and may subseuently exhibit age hardening. Solvent Solvent - The component of either a liuid or solid solution that is present to the greater or ma
S'ectogra'h S'ectogra'h - n optical instrument for determining the presence or concentration of minor metallic constituents in a material by indicating the presence and intensity of specific wave lengths of radiation when the material is thermally or electrically excited. S'ectogra'h #-rays& #-rays& - n instrument using an extended surface -- a photographic plate or film, or a fluorescent screen -- for receiving the K-ray diffraction pattern. S'elter #$rime Western S'elter& S'elter& - low-grade of Mirgin Rinc containing approximately :+G Rinc used in !alvanizing processes. S'eroii0ing S'eroii0ing - #eating and cooling to produce a spheroidal or globular form of carbide in steel. $pheroidizing methods freuently used areE *. 6rolonged holding at a temperature
Stabili0ing "reatment "reatment - thermal treatment designed to precipitate material from solid solution, in order to improve the wor0ability, to decrease the tendency of certain alloys to age harden at room temperature, or to obtain dimensional stability under service at slightly elevated temperatures. Stabli0ing "reatment "reatment - ny treatment intended to stabilize the structure of an alloy of the dimensions of a part. (*" #eating austenitic stainless steels that contain titanium, columbium, or tantalum to a suitable temperature below that of a full anneal in order to inactivate the maximum amount of carbon by precipitation as a carbide of titanium, columbium, or tantalum. (8" Transforming retained austenite in parts made from tool steel. (B" 6recipitating a constituent from a nonferrous solid solution to improve the wor0ability, to decrease the tendency of certain alloys to age harden at room temperature, or to obtain dimensional stability. Stainless Steel Steel - Corrosion resistant steel of a wide variety, but always containing a high percentage of chromium. These are highly resistant to corrosion attac0 by organic acids, wea0 mineral acids, atmospheric oxidation, etc. Stam'ing Stam'ing - term used to refer to various press forming operations in coining, embossing, blan0ing, and pressing. Steel Steel - n iron-base alloy, malleable in some temperature range as initially cast, containing maganease, usually carbon, and often other alloying elements. 'n carbon steel and low-alloy steel, the maximum carbon is about 8.4G; in high-alloy steel, about 8.DG. The dividing line between low-alloy and high-alloy steels is generally regarded as being at about DG metallic alloying elements. $teel is to be differentiated from two general classes of ironsE the cast irons, on the high-carbon side, and the relatively pure irons such as ingot iron, carbonyl iron, and electrolytic iron, on the low-carbon side. 'n some steels containing extremely low carbon, the maganese content is the principal differentiating factor, steel usually containing at least 4.8DG; ingot iron contains considerably less. Steel Steel - 'ron, malleable in at least one range of temperature below its melting point without special heat treatment, substantially free from slag, and containing carbon bore than about 4.4DG and less than about 8.44G. 5ther alloying elements may be present in significant uantities, but all steels contain at least small amounts of manganese and silicon, and usually as undesirable constituents. Sterling Silver Silver - silver alloy containing at least :D.8G g, the remainder being unspecified but usually copper. Strain Strain - measure of the relative change in the size of a body. Ainear strain is the change per unit length of a linear dimension. True (or natural" strain is the natural logarithm of the ratio of the length at the moment of observation to the original gauge length. $hearing strain is the change in angle (expressed in radians" between two reference lines originally at right angles. 3hen the term is used alone, it usually refers to linear strain in the direction of the applied stress. Strain Strain - measure of the change in the size or shape of a body, referred to its original size or shape. Ainear strain is the change per unit length of a linear dimension. True strain (or natural strain" is the natural logarithm of the ratio of the length at the moment of observation to the original gauge length. Conventional
strain is the linear strain referred to the original gauge length. $hearing strain (or shear strain" is the change in angle (expressed in radians" between two lines originally at right angles. 3hen the term strain is used alone it usually refers to the linear strain in the direction of the applied stress. Strain - eformation produced on a body by an outside force. Strain Aging - ging induced by cold wor0. Strain Aging - ging induced by cold wor0ing. Strain +arening - n increase in hardness and strength caused by plastic deformation at temperatures lower than the recrystallization range. Strain +arening - n increase in hardness and strength caused by p;astic deformation at temperatures below the recrystallization range. Stress - &orce per unit area. True stress denotes stress determined by measuring force and area at the same time. Conventional stress, as applied to tension and compression tests, is force divided by original area. 1ominal stress is stress computed by simple elasticity formula. Stress - eforming force to which a body is sub
approximately parallel to the direction of maximum shear stress and are the result of localized yielding. Stri' - sheet of metal whose length is many times its width. Stri' Steel #col rolle& - flat cold rolled steel product (5ther than &lat 3ire" 8B *D*F and narrower; under .8D4 in thic0ness, which has been cold reduced to desired decimal thic0ness and temper on single stand, single stand reversing, or tandem cold mills in coil form from coiled hot rolled pic0led strip steel. Str!ct!re - The arangement of parts; in crystals, expecially, the shape and dimension of the until cell, and the number, 0inds and positions of the atoms within it. S!b-bo!nary Str!ct!re #s!bgrain str!ct!re& - networ0 of low-angle boundaries (usually with misorientations or less than one degree" within the main grains of a microstructure. S!bcritical Annealing - n annealing treatment in which a steel is heated to a temperature below the * temperature and then cooled slowly to room temperature. S!bstit!tional Soli Sol!tion - solid solution in which the solvent and solute atoms are located randomly at the atom sites in the crystal structure of the solution. S!bstrate - The layer of metal underlying a coating, regardless of whether the layer is base metal. S!l,ie S'heroii0ation - stage of overheating in which sulfide inclusions are partly or completely spheroidized. S!l,!r - Chemical symbol $" 9lement 1o. *F of the periodic system; atomic weight B8.4F. 1on-metal occurring in a number of allotropic modifications, the most common being a pale-yellow brittle solid. 'n steel most commonly encountered as an undesired contaminant. #owever, it is freuently deliberately added to cutting stoc0, to increase machinability. S!l,!r $rint - macrographic method of examining distribution of sulfide inclusions. S!'eralloy - n alloy developed for very high temperature service where relatively high stresses (tensile, thermal, vibratory, and shoc0" are encountered and where oxidation resistance is freuently reuired. S!'ercooling - Cooling to a temperature below that of an euilibrium phase transformation without the transformation ta0ing place. "=C - Threaded and coupled. /ale (pin" threads are cut into and cut into pieces and a coupling provides female threads for both lengths
"able Mill - 'n ring rolling, a type of ring forging euipment employing multiple mandrels with a common main roll. sually used in high volume production of smalldiameter rolled rings. "able "est - uality test ta0en to visually inspect the plate. "ach Roll - @oll used for measuring line speed. "achometer - n instrument used to measure the revolutions per minute (rpm" of a rotating shaft of a turbine. "ac%iness - coating defect consisting of a stic0iness of a cured coating. %loc0ing is caused by tac0iness. "aconite - 1atural mineral containing less than B4G iron. 't is the primary ore used in blast furnaces. omestic supplies of iron-rich ores (greater than D4G iron" were largely depleted in the *:=4s, so integrated steel companies now process the lowergrade taconite to ma0e it useful. "ail - $lag that has cooled to a solid phase at the spout. "ail En - *" The balance of the coil removed from the entry end. 8" The portion of the coil that ma0es up the inner diameter on the entry reels and the outer diameter on the delivery reels. "ail Mar% - $ee /ar0, @oll %ruise). "ailing +eat - #eat cycle setting on the welder for the end of the weld. "ailings - The end-product or waste of ore mining, usually piled up in close proximity of a mining area. $ome will often contain some metal that can be extracted. "ailore Blan%s - section of sheet or strip that is cut-to-length and trimmed to match specifications for the manufacturer?s stamping design for a particular part. %ecause excess steel is cut away (to save shipping costs", all that remains for the stamper is to impart the three-dimensional shape with a die press (see %lan0ing". "a%e-!' - $teel bloc0 where material is wound when rolling or slitting. "anem Mill - cluster of rolling mills where mill stands are in tandem. t 3$C, this terminology generally refers to 3$C?s cold reducing mills. "angential S'rays - $prays that cool down exhaust heat before it e nters the scrubber duct wor0. "an% - storage receptacle for hydraulic oil, morgoil, drive oil or grease. "an% ine - ny hose, pipe or tube used to carry a fluid from a system to the system?s storage tan0.
"antal!m - rare metal of silver white color having excellent corrosion resistance and a high melting point. 't is widely used for chemical process euipment and specialised aero-space and nuclear applications. "a' - o drain molten steel from a steelma0ing furnace. "a' 4!t System - $ystem which includes the tap-out box, Menturi (dough-nut", sluice ditch, and ash collection box. #ere the hot slag is tapped off of the bottom of the boiler and collected in the ash box for further processing "a'e - sed for holding the end of flap down on steel coil. "a'e Meas!re - Tool used to measure the width of the coil. "a'er Section - section made at an acute angle to a surface of interest, thereby achieving a geometrical magnification of depth. sectioning angle D(degrees" =B achieves a depth magnification of *4E *. "a''ing 4!t - The process of removing molten slag from the bottom of a boiler. "e - Chemical symbol for Tellurium. "ear) S'ee - series of surface crac0s perpendicular to the extruding direction. $peed tearing normally occurs in corner radii or extremities of a section and is caused by localized high temperature "elesco'e - Term given when the winding of a coil gradually becomes concave or convex. "elesco'ing Coil - coil that has not wound properly whose sidewall protrudes out. Tension problems or a bad start on the exit reel causes this condition. "ell!ri!m - 'ts main use in the steel industry is as an additive in leadbearing freecutting steels to further improve their machinability. 'ts presence in the steel is either within the manganese sulphide paarticle where it is parially soluble, or as particles combined with lead or manganese. &or certain applications it offers significant improvements in machinability but the added cost is a factor that should be ta0en into account. "em'er - condition produced in a metal or alloy by mechanical or thermal treatment and having characteristics structure and mechanical properties. given alloy may be in the fully softened or annealed temper, or it may be cold wor0ed to the hard temper, or further to spring temper. 'ntermediate tempers produced by cold wor0ing (rolling or drawing" are called >uarter hard>, >half-hard> and >three uarters hard>, and are determined by the amount of cold reduction and the resulting tensile properties. 'n addition to the annealed temper, conditions produced by thermal treatment are the solution heat-treated temper and the heat-treated and artificially aged temper. 5ther tempers involve a combination of mechanical and thermal treatments and include that temper produced by cold wor0ing after heat treating, and that produced by artificial aging of alloys that are as-cast, as-extruded, as-forged and heat treated, and wor0ed.
"em'er #Met.& - The state of or condition of a metal as to its hardness or toughness produced by either thermal treatment or heat treatment and uench or cold wor0ing or a combination of same in order to bring the metal to its specified consistency. 9ach branch of the metal producing industry has developed its own system of temper designations. 'n flat-rolled products including sheet and strip steel, tin mill products, stainless strip, aluminum sheet and copper base alloy strip they are shown as follows "em'er Brittleness - %rittleness that results when certain steels are held within or cooled slowly through a certain range of temperature below the transformation range. The brittleness is revealed by notched-bar impact tests at room temperature or lower temperatures. "em'er Coe - 'ndustry-standard code that indicates the hardness of the steel. "em'er Colors - %efore the use of instruments such as pyrometers, colors were used to
"em'erat!re) $o!ring - The temperature of the metal as it is poured into the mold. "em'ere an $olishe S'ring Steel Stri' - :4*.4B carbon range (lso 0nown as cloc0 spring steel." This product, while similar to general description under heading of Tempered $pring $teel $trip, is manufactured and processed with great and extreme care exercised in each step of its production. /anufactured from carbon range of .:4*.4B with @oc0well range C =+D*. Cloc0 spring uality has been ground and polished with edges dressed. 't is usually supplied hard blue in color and has a wide range of uses, such as coiled and flat mechanical springs, ignition vibrator springs, springs for timing devices, springs for the electric and electonic fields, steel tapes, rules, etc. "em'ere Martensite - /artensite that has been heated to produce to %CC iron and a fine dispersion of iron carbide. "em'ere S'ring Steel Stri' - ny medium or high carbon (excluding cloc0 spring" strip steel of spring uality which has been hardened and tempered to meet specifications. 3here specification calls for blue or straw color, same is accomplished by passing through heat prepared at proper temperature depending on color reuired. %lue is developed at approximately F44 (degrees" &. "em'ering - lso 0nown as drawing, the process by which steel or iron is softened by reheating it at a considerably lower temperature than that at which its previous hardening was done. "em'ering #Also terme 5rawing.5& - process of re-heating uench-hardened or normalized steel to a temperature below the transformation range and then cooling at any rate desired. The primary purpose of tempering is to impart a degree of plasticity or toughness to the steel to alleviate the brittleness of its martensite. "ensile Strength - The maximum stress in uniaxial tension testing which a material will withstand prior to fracture. The ultimate tensile strength is calculated from the maximum load applied during the test divided by the original cross-sectional area. "ensile "est - (Tension Test" destructive mechanical test whereby strength and ductility properties are measured. "ension evel - $tamco Aeveler in WD !alvinized line - levels the steel. "ension eveling - mechanical operation where coil metal is stretched beyond itHs yield point. "ension Scratch - $ee $cratch,Tension). "erne $late - $heet steel, coated with a lead-tin alloy. The percentage of tin is usually 0ept as low as possible because of its high cost; however, about *DG is normally necessary in order to obtain proper coating of the steel, since pure lead does not alloy with iron and some surface alloying is necessary for proper adhesion.
"est *lat - means of testing >by coils,> for customers who buy >by coil>. The coil is put on the cutting line, about *44 sheets cut to chec0 flatness, bac0 the coil off, and, determine whether coil will be acceptable to the customer. "est Ga!ge - measuring device used to chec0 hydraulic pressure in different components of a hydraulic system. "est !g - n ear li0e pro
"hic%ness Gage or *eeler Stoc% - hardened and tempered, edged, ground, and polished thin section, high carbon strip steel. sually *8 in width and in thic0nesses from .44* to .4D4 manufactured to extremely close tolerances. 't is used primarily for determining measurement of openings by tool and die ma0ers, machinists, and automobile technicians. 't is prepared in handy poc0et size 0nife-li0e holders containing an assembly of various thic0nesses. lso prepared in standard *8 lengths with rounded ends and in *4 ? and 8D? coils. niversally used in the metal industry. "homas $rocess - The continental name for the basic %essemer steel ma0ing process, now superseded by modern day %5$ plants "hreaer Coil - *" narrow width coil of T plate with a base weight between 7DW to *44W. This coil is used anytime the line is to be shut down or on a line start-up. 8" The last coil threaded through the line. The threader coil remains in the line until start up. B" coil fed into the line only to ma0e a connection between sizes. "hreaing "able - 9xtension plate to assist in threading the coil end into the /cIay leveler. "hree-$iece Can - Three-piece cans consist of a body and two e nds. The body side seam can be accomplished by soldering, cementing or welding. The two ends are attached using a double-rolled seam. The curl on the end, containing the seal compound and its flange on the can body are indexed and rolled flat. The sealing compound between fold gives an hermetic seal. "hree-!arter +ar "em'er - (" 'n stainless steel strip tempers are based on a minimum tensile or yield strength. &or Chromium-1ic0el grades three-uarter hard temper is *7D,444 T.$., *BD,444 J.$. min. (%" 'n %rass mill terminology, this temper is three %N$ numbers hard or 8:.=G thic0ness reduction. "hrottle 9alve - manual valve used to regulate the amount of steam entering the turbine. "i - Chemical symbol for Titanium "ie Bar) Ro - %ar or rod-shaped part of the casting added to prevent distortion caused by uneven contraction between separated members. "ight *las% - type of flas0 which remains on mold during pouring. Augs are normally provided for clamping cope and drag together for pouring. "ime /elay - The amount of time between the booster pumps starting and the main pumps starting. This is the time it ta0es the computer to examine the .!.C. or C.M.C. hydraulic system for start-up. "ime "em'erat!re - n isothermal transforamtion diagram showing the relationship between temperature and the time ta0en. "in - Chemical symbol $n. 9lement 1o. D4 of the periodic system; atomic weight **+.74. $oft silvery white metal of high malleability and ductility, but low tensile strength; melting point ==: (degrees" &., boiling point =B+= (degrees" &., yielding
the longest molten-state range for any common metal; specific gravity 7.8+. 6rincipal use as a coating on steel in tin plate; also as a constituent in alloys. "in *ree Steel - *" $ingle or double reduced blac0 plate having a thin coating of chromium and chromium oxide applied electrolytically. 3eirton?s trade name is 3eirchrome and the coating weight is D mgs. ft. or 4.44444B inches thic0. 8" Carbon steel that is coated with chromium rather than tin. 3eirton?s trade name is 3eirchrome and the coating weight is D mgs. ft. or 4.44444B inches thic0. "in Mill - Continuous tin-plating facility to produce tin mill steel sheet to be used in food and beverage cans and other containers. "in Mill $ro!ct - Tin 6late, Tin &ree $teel, or %lac0 6late. "in $late - Tinplate is low carbon mild steel coated on both top and bottom surfaces with an electrolytic deposition of tin. The deposited tin exists as alloyed and free tim and has a passivated surface as well as a coating of oil. "in-*ree Steel - Chromium-coated steel. %ecause it is used in food cans toll>". 5wners of the steel sheet may not possess the facilities to perform needed operations on the material (or may not have the open capacity". Therefore, another steel mill or service center will slit, roll, coat, anneal, or plate the metal for a fee.
"on - >nit of measure for steel scrap and iron ore. !@5$$ T51 8,8=4 pounds. A51! (19T" T51 8,8=4 pounds. $#5@T (19T" T51 8,444 pounds. 1ormal unit of statistical raw material input and steel output in the nited $tates. /9T@'C T51 *,444 0ilograms. 8,84=.F pounds or *.*48 short tons.> "onghol - The portion of the stoc0 by which the operator grips the stoc0 with tongs. small portion of metal pro
made. 8" Tower for loops of steel (WD !alvanize"; allows entry end to shut down without stopping production; also a tower at which allows the coating to freeze on the steel. "ower 4ven - Mertical, continuous core oven with suspended shelves attached to sproc0et-driven chains. "racer Steam - Companion line to help maintain proper oil temperature. "rac%ing - $ide-to-side movement of the strip through any operating unit. "ra,,ic Mar% - brasion which results from relative movement between contacting metal surfaces during handling and transit. dar0 color from the abrasively produced aluminum oxide is usually observed. mirror image of a traffic mar0 is observed on the ad
"rans,ormation Ranges #trans,ormation tem'erat!re ranges& - Those ranges of temperature within which austenite forms during heating and transforms during cooling. The two ranges are distinct, sometimes overlapping but never coinciding. The limiting temperatures of these ranges depend on the composition of the alloy and on the rate of change of temperature, particularly during cooling. "rans,ormer - n electrical device that uses a magnetic field to change a given voltage or current to a higher or lower voltage or current. "ransit R!st - This rust defect occurs when strip or plate becomes wet from rain or snow during transit; or from damaged containers exposing plate in transit. $trip or plate will generally exhibit a pattern of rust on the edge going inwards due to capillary action. "ransition "em'erat!re - (*" n arbitrarily defined temperature within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics determined usually by notched tests are changing rapidly such as from primarily fibrous (shear" to promarily crystalline (cleavage" fracture. Commonly used definitions are transition temperature for D4G cleavage fracture, *4-ft-lb transition temperature, and transition temperature for half maximum energy. (8" $ometimes also used to denote the arbitrarily defined temperature in a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. "ransmitter - 3here signal comes from for gauges on the boiler. "ransverse Bow - $ee %ow,Transverse). "ransverse /irection - direction perpendicular to the direction of wor0ing "ransverse Strength - measurement of strength when the load is applied acrosss the longitudinal flow of the frain of a metal. Certain impurities such as sulphur have a detrimental effect on the transverse strength. This can be minimised by the inclusion modification process. "ransverse "est - test ta0en at right angles to the principal direction of rolling or forging. "raverse - Transfer car used to move coils on and off, or toward and away, from the reel. "raverse Car - sed to place a coil on the reel or remove coil from the reel. The traverse cars have movement in and out or up and down. "rea $late - $heet or plate having a raise figured pattern on one surface to provide improved traction. "rees - series of vertical spray nozzles arranged in fourteen groups of three nozzles on each tree. The spray from the trees is directed at the rebound panels to maximize particulate removal from the exhaust gases. "rim (ncl!sion - 9dge trimming accidentally wound into a roll of foil
"ri' - To instantly put a boiler or piece of machinery out of service. To disturb the logic of boiler. "ri' 4!t - 5ne or more circuit brea0ers opening up and stopping the flow of power. "ri'le S'ot "est - $ee /inimum Triple $pot verage Coating. "ro?an +orse - barrel shaped vessel containing a seal oil reservoir and a vacuum tan0. 5il travels from the defoaming tan0s into the seal oil reservoir. 't then flows into the vacuum tan0 compartment where gases and vapor are liberated from the oil. The oil is then drawn from the bottom of the vacuum tan0 through a differential pressure regulator to maintain the oil seals. "roosite #obsolete& - previously unresolvable rapidly etching fine aggregate of carbide and ferrite produced either by tempering martensite at low temperature or by uenching a steel at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate. 6referred terminology for the first product is tempered martensite; for the latter, fine pearlite. "rowel Steel - #ardened and tempered spring steel. .:4 to *.4D carbon content. 5rdinary tolerances, but rolled extra flat -- @oc0well C D4. sed in the manufacture of plastering trowels. "r!c%loa - uantities of commodities, including primary and secondary metals, that amount to as much as ==,444 pounds each, which is the standard weight limit on .$. highways. "r!ss S'ring Steel - $upplied cold rolled and bright annealed. Carbon content about .74 -- /anganese .7=. /ust be formed very severely and must be as free as possible from decarburization. """ C!rve - n abbreviation ot Time Temperature Transformation Curve. "!be Bloom - This term is not recommended. The term Tube $toc0) is preferred. "!be Stoc% - semifinished tube suitable for the production of drawn tube. "!be) Alcla - Composite tube composed of an aluminum alloy core habing on either the inside or outside surface a metallurgically bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy coating that is anodic to the core, thus electrolytically protecting the core against corrosion. "!be)Arc-Wele - Tube made from sheet or plate but welded by either gastungsten or gas-metal arc-welding method with or without the use of filler metal. "!be) Bra0e - tube produced by forming and seambrazing sheet. "!be) B!tt-Wele - welded tube, the seam of which is formed by positioning on edge of the sheet against the other for welding.
"!be) /rawn - tube brought to final dimensions by cold drawing through a die. (1oteE this product may be produced from either seamless or non-seamless extruded stoc0 or from welded stoc0". "!be) Embosse - tube the outside surface of which has been roll-embossed with a design in relief regularly repeated in a longitudinal direction. "!be) Etr!e - tube formed by not extruding. (1oteE This product may be either seamless or non-seamless." "!be) *inne - Tube which has integral fins or pro
"!be) Wele - tube produced by forming and seam-welding sheet longitudinally "!be - hollow wrought product that is long in relation to its cross section, which is symetrical and is round, a regular hexagon or octagon, elliptical, or suare or rectangular with sharp or round corners, and that has uniform wall thic0ness except as affected by corner radii. "!bing-Electrical Metallic - tube having certain standardized length and combinations of outside diameter and wall thic0ness thinner than that of @igid conduit,) commonly designated by nominal electrical trade sizes, for use with compression-type fittings as a protection for the electric wiring "!bing - 3hen referring to 5CT!, tubing is a separate pipe used within the casing to conduct the oil or gas to the surface. epending on conditions and well life, tubing may have to be replaced during the operational life of a well. "!b!lar Con!ctor - tubular product suitable for use as an electric conductor. "!,,riing - form of surface hardening, the process involves nitrogen but does not achieve the hardness of conventional nitriding. Tu0on #ardness Test method for determining microhardness by using a Inoop diamond indenter or Mic0ers suarebase pyramid indenter. "!mbling - The process for removing scale from forgings in a rotating container by means of impact with each other and abrasive particles and small bits of metal. process for removing scale and roughness from forgings by impact with each other, together with abrasive material in a rotating container. "!nish - The reservoir at the top of the continuous caster into which molten steel is poured. "!ngsten - Chemical symbol 3. 9lement 1o. 7= of the periodic system; atomic weight *+B.:8. !ray metal of high tensile strength, ductile and malleable when specially handled. 't is immune to atmospheric influences and most acids, but not to strong al0alis. The metal is used as filament and in thin sheet form in incandescent bulbs and radio tubes. (*" &orms hard abrasion -- resistant particles in tool steels. (8" 6romotes hardness and strength at elevated temperatures. "!nnel *!rnace - Type of furnace whereby stoc0 to be heated is placed upon cars which are then pushed or pulled slowly through the furnace. "!rbine - $team driven mechanical device used to drive a piece of machinery. "!rning - method for removing the surface from a cicular piece by bringing the cutting edge of a tool against it while the piece is rotated. "!rning Gear - motor used to rotate the shaft when the generator is down. The turning gear prevents the shaft from warping. "!rntable - The base on which a centrifugal casting mold rests.
"win - Two portions of a crystal having a definite orientation relationship; one may be regarded as the parent, the other as the twin. The orientation of the twin is either a mirror image of the orientation of the parent across a twinning plane or an orientation that can be derived by rotating the twin portion about a twinning axis. "win) /e,ormation - twinned region produced by a shear li0e distortion of the parent crystal structure during deformation. 'n ferrite, deformation twins form on Y8**Z planes. "wist - condition wherin a transverse axis held in the plane of the strip would rotate about the longitundianl axis when moved along the strip. "wo-+igh Mill - stand having only two rolls. $ome two-high mi
"em'er Brittleness - reversible increase in the ductile-brittle transition temperature in steels heated in, or slowly cooled through, the temperature range from about 744 to **44 & (B7D to D7D C". "em'er Brittleness - %rittleness that results when certain steels are held within, or are cooled slowly through, a certain range of temperature below the transformation range. The brittleness is revealed by notched-bar impact tests at or below room temperature. "em'er Rolling - Aight cold rolling of sheet steel. The operation is performed to improve flatness, to minimize the formation of stretcher strains, and to obtain a specified hardness or temper. "em'ering - @e-heating a uench-hardened or normalized ferrous alloy to a temperature below the transformation range and then cooling at any rate desired. "em'ering - 'n heat treatment, re-heating hardened steel to some temperature below the * temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness andor increasing toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. "ensile Strength - 'n tensile testing, the ratio of the maximum force sustained to the original cross-sectional area. "ensile Strength - 'n tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to original crosssectional area. lso called ultimate strength. "ensile Strength #Also calle !ltimate strength& - %rea0ing strength of a material when sub
weighing from DD to 87D pounds per base box. To convert to decimal thic0ness multiply weight per base box by .444**. "in $lating - 9lectroplating metal ob
austentite is completed during heating. c* The temperature at which austenite begins to form during heating. cB The temperature at which transformation of ferrite to austenite is completed during heating. . c= The temperature at which austenite transforms to delta ferrite during heating. . e(cm" e* eB e= The temperatures of phase changes at euilibrium. . r(cm" 'n hypereutectoid steel, the temperature at which precipitation of cementite starts during cooling. . r* The temperature at which transformation of austenite to ferrite or to ferrite plus cementite is completed during cooling. . rB The temperature at which austenite begins to transform to ferrite during cooling. . r= The temperature at which delta ferrite transforms to austentie during cooling. . /(s" (or r" The temperature at which transformation of austenite to martensite starts during cooling. . /(f" The temperature at which martensite formation finishes during cooling. .15T9E ll these changes except the formation of martensite occur at lower temperatures during cooling than during heating, and depend on the rate of change of temperature. "rans,ormation "em'erat!re - The temperature at which a change in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are usedE -*-The temperature of the eutectoid transformation. -B- The temperature at which pro-eutectiod ferrite begins to separate from austenite under conditions of slow cooling. . -cm- The temperature at which pro-eutectoid cementite begins to separate from austenite under conditions of slow cooling. /(f"- The temperature at which transformation of austenite to martensite finishes during cooling. . /(s"-The temperature at which transformation of austenite to martensite starts during cooling. "rans,ormation "em'erat!re - The temperature at which transformation occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. "ransition "em'erat!re #!ctile-brittle transition tem'erat!re - n arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens" change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear" to primarily cleavage. "ransverse - Aiterally, ?across?, usually signifying a direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of wor0ing. "re'anning - type of boring where an annular cut is made into a solid material with the coincidental formation of a plug or solid cylinder. "ri'le $oint - The intersection of the boundaries of three ad
"!ngsten Carbie - Compound of tungsten and carbon, of composition varying between 3C and 3(8"C; imbedded in a matrix of soft metal, such as cobalt, extensively used for $intered Carbide Tools. "win) Annealing - twin produced as the result of heat treatment. "win) Crystal - portion of a crystal in which the lattice is a mirror image of the lattice of the remainder of the crystal. "wist - winding departure from flatness. : - Chemical symbol for ranium. :.S.S. Ga!ge - gauge system used for carbon steels but not appropriate for stainless steels where thic0ness is specified in decimals. #owever, salesperson should always uestion customer when unsure as to whether .$.$. or decimal is being specified. &or example, *F gauge for .$.$. is .4D+) not .4*F). .$.$. does not stand for lbrich $tainless $teel. :ltimate Analysis - 'n chemistry, this is a uantitive analysis in which percentages of all elements in the substance are determined. :ltimate "ensile Strength - The highest load applied in brea0ing a tensile test piece devided by the original cross-sectional area of the test piece. :ltimate Strength - --The maximum conventional stress, tensile, compressive, or shear, that a material can withstand. :ltrasonic Cleaning - 'mmersion cleaning aided by ultrasonic waves which cause microagitation. :ltrasonic (ns'ection - means of locating defects in steel. 3hen acoustic energy in the ultrasonic range is passed through steel, the sound waves tend to travel in straight lines, rather than diffusing in all directions as they do in the audible range. 'f there is a defect in the path of the beam it will cause a reflection of some of the energy, depleting the energy transmitted. This casts an acoustic shadow which can be monitered by a detector placed opposite the transducer or energy source. 'f the acoustic energy is introduced as a very short burst, then the reflected energy coming bac0 to the originating transducer can also be used to show the size and depth of the defect. ltrsonic techniues can be used to detect deeply located defects or those contained in the surface layer. $0ill and experience are reuired in interpreting the results portrayed on the cathode ray tube. :ltrasonic "esting - nondestructive test applied to sound-conductive materials having elastic properties for the purpose of locating inhomogeneities or structural discontinuities within a material by means of an ultrasonic beam. :ltrasonic Waves - 3aves of ultrasonic freuency. They include longitudinal, transverse, surface, and standing waves.
:ncover "em'erat!re - The temperature of the coil after processing at the batch anneal - approx. *+4 degrees. :nercooling - $ee $upercooling :nerc!re - (%loc0ing" 'f the initial cure is carried out below that necessary for full polymerization undercure may result in subseuent >bloc0ing> or stic0ing of coated sheets. :nerwin - $teel strip that comes off of the bottom of the coil on the entry reel into the side trimmer. :nerwra' - The direction which coils are being wrapped or unwrapped. 'f coil is underwrapping the reel is turning and the steel is fed from the bottom. :n%ille Steel - wild steel insufficiently deoxidized so that it evolves gas and blowholes during solidification. :S - efines the chemical analysis (nified 1umbering $ystem" as a
:rea *ormalehye Resin - thermosetting product of condensation from urea or thio-urea and formaldehyde, soluble in water and used as a sand binder in core and mold compounds. :se Beverage Cans - (%Cs" scrap aluminum beverage cans, although sometimes applied to steel cans as well (steel has a microscopic share of the beverage can mar0et in merica but a much larger share in 9urope and elsewhere". :ltimate Strength - The maximum conventional stress, tensile, compressive, or shear, that a material can withstand. :ltrasonic *re;!ency - freuency, associated with elastic waves, that is greater than the highest audible freuency, generally regarded as being higher than *D 0c per sec. :niversal Mill - rolling mill in which rolls with a vertical axis roll the edges of the metal stoc0 between some of the passes through the horizontal rolls. :'set - (*" The localized increase in cross-sectional area resulting from the application of pressure during mechanical fabrication or welding. (8" That portion of welding cycle during which the cross-sectional area is increased by the application of pressure. :tility Sheet Al!min!m - /ill finish coiled or flat sheet of unspecified composition and properties produced in specific standard sizes and suitable for general building trade usage. 9ac!!m Arc Remelting A 'rocess !se ,or 'ro!cing avance steels to the most emaning an critical s'eci,ications) 'aartic!larly in s!ch areas a s aeros'ace a''lications. "he steel is ,irst 'ro!ce to a very close analysis an the res!lting ingot is sl 9ac!!m - negative pressure that pulls the exhaust steam out of a turbine. 9ac!!m Annealing - Macuum is best characterized as a lac0 of atmosphere (i.e. air,oxygen or other gases". #ence when metals or alloys are heated to high temperatures in a vacuum furnace, there is essentially no oxygen present to oxidize and discolor the surface of the material. nfortunately, vacuum annealing is not condusive to strand annealing (i.e. uncoiling, heating and recoiling". Titanium rolled lbrich is annealed in coil form in vacuum furnaces by outside heat treaters. 9ac!!m Arc Remelting A 'rocess !se ,or 'ro!cing avance steels to the most emaning an critical s'eci,ications) 'aartic!larly in s!ch areas a s aeros'ace a''lications. "he steel is ,irst 'ro!ce to a very close analysis an the res!lting ingot is sl - 1AA 9ac!!m Brea%er - valve used to brea0 the vacuum on the exhaust of a turbine. 9ac!!m Casting - casting in which metal is melted and poured under very low atmospheric pressure; a form of permanent mold casting where the mold is inserted into liuid metal, vacuum is applied, and metal drawn up into the cavity.
9ac!!m /egassing - n advanced steel refining facility that removes oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen under low pressures (in a vacuum" to produce ultra-lowcarbon steel for demanding electrical and automotive applications. 1ormally performed in the ladle, the removal of dissolved gases results in cleaner, higheruality, more pure steel 9ac!!m 4ygen /ecarb!ri0ation #94/& - >3#T 6rocess for further refinement of stainless steel through reduction of carbon content. 3#J The amount of carbon in stainless steel must be lower than that in carbon steel or lower alloy steel (i.e., steel with alloying element content below DG". 3hile electric arc furnaces (9&" are the conventional means of melting and refining stainless steel, M5 is an economical supplement, as operating time is reduced and temperatures are lower than in 9& steelma0ing. dditionally, using M5 for refining stainless steel increases the availability of the 9& for melting purposes. #53 /olten, unrefined steel is transferred from the 9& into a separate vessel, where it is heated and stirred by an electrical current while oxygen enters from the top of the vessel. $ubstantial uantities of undesirable gases escape from the steel and are drawn off by a vacuum pump. lloys and other additives are then mixed in to refine the molten steel further. > 9ac!!m Re,ining - /elting in a vacuum, usually by electrical induction, to remove gaseous contaminants from the metal. 9anai!m - Chemical symbol M. 9lement 1o. 8B of the periodic system; atomic weight D4.:D. !ray-white, hard metal, unaffected by atmospheric influences or al0alis but soluble in most strong acids; melting point B**: (degrees" &.; boiling point about F*D4 (degrees" &.; specific gravity D.+7. 't cannot be electrodeposited. 'ts principal functions as an alloy in the ma0ing of tool steels. (*" 9levates coarsening temperature of austenite (promotes fine grain". (8" 'ncreases hardenability (when dissolved" (B" @esists tempering and causes mar0ed secondary hardening. 9arnish - colorless, transparent finish applied over a decorative system to protect the substrate and in0s and improve gloss. 9ARS - (or IM@" nit used to measure the part of the electrical power that is used to magnetize the iron in an electrical motor or transformer so that the motor or transformer will wor0. Jou get no wor0 output from M@$, but they are always in the circuit. 9egetable 4ils - 5ils extracted from plants, used as drying oils in oil core manufacture. Ainseed oil is an example. 9eins - discontinuity on the surface of a casting appearing as a raised, narrow, linear ridge that forms upon crac0ing of the sand mold or core due to expansion of the sand during filling of the mold with molten metal. 9ent Mar% - small protrusion on a forging resulting from the entrance of metal into a die vent hole.
9enting - 6erforation with a vent wire of the sand over and around a mold cavity to assist in the escape of the gases. 9ent!ri "hroat /am'ers - 1orth and $outh. Common to both boilers. 9ent!ri 9alve - Malve that contains nozzled openings arranged in a BF4 %4 pattern, which is often referred to as a doughnut due to its shape. 3ater is fed through the Menturi at a high-pressure level and the water flow develops suction on the line that can be used for various purposes. 9ent!ris - 6erform the primary scrubbing of waste gases, by introducing water to waste heat gases. 9ertical Ais Casting Machine - centrifugal casting machine in which the axis of rotation of the mold is vertical. 9essel Cover - (also called ?#ood?" $ection of the boiler tubes that are located directly over the steel ma0ing vessel. The tubes are in the entry area of the heat and waste gases during steel ma0ing. 9ibrator Ree Steel - #ardened, tempered and white polished wxtra precision rolled. Carbon content about *.44. $teel must withstand great fatigue stresses. 9icers /iamon $yrami +arness "ester - 6atented indentation hardness machine. $ee #ardness 9ic%ers +arness #"est& - $tandard method for measuring the hardness of metals, particularly those with extremely hard surfaces; the surface is sub
9olt - nit of measurement that describes the difference in potential between two points in a circuit. The greater the difference in potential, the more push the electrons that are flowing in the circuit have. 9ol!ntary Restraint Agreements #9RAs& - compromise reached between the .$. government and foreign steel-exporting nations. 'nstead of the nited $tates imposing punitive duties on subsidized steel imports, the foreigners would >voluntarily> limit their steel exports to the nited $tates. 9oss - Aeveler on all three galvanizing lines; series of rolls that flatten the strip. 9oss eveler - set of rolls that flattens and stretches the strip into a flat shape. 9acancy - type of structural imperfection in which an individual atom site is temporarily unoccupied. 9ac!!m Melting - /elting in a vacuum to prevent contamination from air, as well as to remove gases already dissolved in the metal; the solidification may also be carried out in a vacuum or at low pressure. 9eining - type of sub-boundary structure that can be delineated because of the presence of a greater-than-average concentration of precipitate or solute atoms. 9irgin Metal - /etal obtained directly from ore and not used before. W - Chemical symbol for Tungsten, from wolfram. Wal%ing Beam - means of conveying steel bars, billets, slabs, etc., across a cooling bed or through a furnace. The material to be conveyed rests on a metal grid and a second grid is arranged to lift up and move forward between the stationary grid, thus lifting the material and >wal0ing> it forward, before returning to ma0e another stro0e. Wal%ing Beam *!rnace - type of continuous reheat furnace in which the billet or slab moves through distinct heating zones within the furnaceE %y controlling the speed through the zones, steelma0ers can achieve precise rolling temperatures and consume less fuel during operation. Waloon $rocess - n early two-hearth process for ma0ing wrought iron by refining cast iron. The conversion proper was carried out in a hearth furnace 0nown as a finery; re-heating for forging was carried out in a second hearth furnace 0nown as a chafery. War'age - eformation other than contraction that develops in a casting between solidification and room temperature; also, distortion occurring during annealing, stress relieving, and high-temperature service. Wash - casting defect resulting from erosion of sand by metal flowing over the mold or corded surfaces. They appear as rough spots and excess metal on the casting surface. lso call cuts.
Washb!rn Core - thin core which constricts the riser at the point of attachment to the casting. The thin core heats uic0ly and promotes feeding of the casting. @iser removal cost is minimized. Waste +eat - The heat produced by the steel-ma0ing process, which is used to heat the boilers and produce steam. Waster Coil - coil with a weight greater than D444 lbs. that does not meet customer specifications and cannot be sold as a prime coil. These coils get an index number of +444**. Wasters - $heets that have prohibitive defects, for example, seams and buc0led plates. !enerally fit for re-melting purposes only. Watch Main S'ring Steel - sually supplied cold rolled and annealed in large widths and cut and hardened by the spring manufacturers. Carbon content about *.*D and Tungsten .*7, extra precision rolled. Water Base - (ueous" coating in which the film forming ingredients are dissolved in or suspended in a volatile system containing water as the ma
Wavy Eges - term used to describe a uality defect in which the edge of the strip is wavy. Wa $attern - *" precise duplicate, allowing for shrin0age, of the casting and reuired gates, usually formed by pouring or in
Wel "ic%et - red or green tic0et used to identify location of a weld in a coil. These tic0ets are placed in the sidewall of a coil while the coil is being produced. Welability - The feasibility of welding a particular metal or alloy. number of factors affect weldability including chemistry,surface finish,heat-treating tendencies, etc. Weler Boar - >> shaped wooden trough used to guide hand welder Weler Bo - $pecial electrical outlet receptacle to accommodate plug from hand welder. Aocated at several places throughout the line. Weler Clam's - evices used to hold the strip securely in place while a weld is being made. Weler $inch Roll - roll located on the B-high tower used to run the strip into and out of the welder. Weler Stic% - tool used to lift and hold the edge of the strip to be welded. This purpose is to chec0 the alignment of the edges. Weling Electroe - metal or alloy in rod or wire forms used in electric arc welding to maintain the arc and at the same time supply molten metal or alloy at the point where the weld is to be accomplished. Weling *lash - $0in exposed too long to the ultraviolet rays of welding or melting arcs will burn as in a sunburn. Though temporary blindness can result, it is not permanent, as is popularly believed. Weling Ro - rolled, extruded or cast round filler metal for use in
Wet *ilm "hic%ness - 3et film thic0ness can be measured using the 6&und !auge. spherical section of glass is pressed into the wet coating. The diameter of the spot is measured in mm and wet film thic0ness correlated to dry film thic0ness. Wet Scr!bber #Gas Washer& - 'n air pollution control, a liuid (usually water" spray device for collecting pollutants in escaping foundry gases. Wettability "est - The degree to which a metal that has passed through a die forming a hollow profile (shape", separated and not completely re
Withs - The lateral dimension of rolled steel, as opposed to the length or the gauge (thic0ness". 'f width of the steel strip is not controlled during rolling, the edges must be trimmed. Wil Steel - $teel which has not been completely deoxidized and reacts violently after casting due to liberation of gases of cooling. Winch /rive - (Clutch" hydraulic piston that applies pressure to clutch plates to obtain the reuired motor amperage, controlling loop tension on the winch drive. Win Bo - The box-type structure of the boiler, located on the burner dec0 that contains the fuel supply manifolds, burners and air registers. Combustion air is delivered to the windbox where it is distributed by means of the air registers to all four burners. Wire) Alcla - composite wire product comprised of an aluminum-alloy wire having on its surface a metallurgically bonded aluminum or aluminum-alloy coating that is anodic to the alloy to which it is bonded, thus electrolytically protecting the core alloy against corrosion Wire)Col-+eating - 3ire uality suitable for use in the manufacture of coldheaded products such as ribets and bolts. Wire) /rawn - 3ire brought to final dimensions by the drawing through a die. Wire) Etr!e - 3ire produced by hot extruding. Wire)*lattene an Slit - &lattened wire that has been slit to obtain suare edges. Wire)*lattene - 3ire having two parallel flat surfaces and round edges produced by roll-flattening round wire Wire - solid wrought product that is long in relation to its cross section, which is suare or rectangular with sharp or rounded corners or edges or is round, hexagonal or octagonal and whose diameter or greatest perpendicular distance between parallel faces is less than 4.B7D inch. Wi0ar Control - Control used to set auto valves at specific points. WMB) W+B an Etra W+B Graes - $pring steel wires produced from aced openhearth steels. Wol,ram - The alternative name for tungsten Wooy *ract!re - fracture that is fibrous or woody in appearance due to the elongation of the individual grains. This may be accentuated by the presence of slag or by a banded structure. 't is grey and dull and is characteristic of ductile but nonhomogeneous material such as wrought iron
Woot0 - carbon steel containing * to *.FG C produced by melting a bloomery iron or an inhomogeneous steel with charcoal in a crucible. The process originated in 'ndia as early as the Brd century .. Wor% +arening - 'ncrease in resistance to deformation (i.e. in hardness" produced by cold wor0ing. $ame as strain hardening Wor% Roll Balance - Cylinders that supply the force used to hold the wor0 rolls up in place. Wor% Rolls - Two, smaller, rolls of a four-high stand of the 3eirlite /ills, Tandem /ills, and the Temper /ills. These rolls, through the use of hydraulic pressure, are responsible (along with the bac0up rolls" for the shape of the steel. Wra') oose - condition in a coil due to insufficient tension which creates a small void between ad
melted. This distinguishes fusion welding from brazing. 'n pressure welding
to determine accurately the size of the unit cell and therefore the distance apart of the individual atoms. &rom the relative intensity of the lines it is possible to deduce the distribution throughout the unit cell, the various types of atoms in an alloy or the degree of preferred orientation in the material. -Ray Ga!ge Recorer - 9uipment used to produce a gauge chart that records thic0ness measurements. -Ray Ga!ge :nit - 9uipment used to measure thic0ness of steel. The unit is positioned across the width of the strip on the entry end of the line. -Rays - Aight rays, excited usually by the impact of cathode rays on matter, which have wave lengths between about *4-F cm, and *4-: cm; also written K-rays, same as @oentgen rays. @arways - measuring instrument used to monitor the water level of drums. @ellow Brass - FDG copper and BDG zinc. lso 0nown as #igh %rass. copper-zinc alloy, named for its yellow hue. &ormerly a very popular alloy, but now largely replaced by Cartridge %rass. @ellowing - coating defect consisting of a physical change of a coating in which the color of the cured coating gets yellower as it ages, or after reba0ing. @iel - >The ratio of the uantity of finished shipments to the total raw steel produced, ad @iel o, a coil - &or non-standard grades of steel, price is affected by the weight ordered. Jield of coil is the expected ship weight of a single coil of a particular type of steel and is used in the calculation of price. @iel $oint - The first stress in a material less than the maximum obtainable stess at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress. lso 0nown as upper yield stress. @iel $oint Elongation - Corresponds to a region of non-homogeneous deformation when a sample is sub
