Development of "Mang Kepweng's Lab": A Mobile Android Information on Herbal Plants

1 DEVELOPMENT OF “MANG KEPWENG’S LAB”: A MOBILE ANDROID

INFORMATION SYSTEM ON HERBAL PLANTS

Undergraduate Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Information Technology Department (ITD) Cavite State University-Naic  Naic, Cavite

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Bachelor of Science in Computer Science

JANILA ALELI DELA PEÑA JANNA RIA B. NOVERO MAC JOHN T. POBLETE

March 2014

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3 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Janila Aleli dela Peña was born on October 5, 1993 in Manila. She is the eldest daughter of Ms. Ma. Judith dela Peña. She is residing in Lambingan Tanza, Cavite. She finished her primary education at Capipisa Elementary School in 2006, and her secondary education at Amaya School of Home Industries in 2010, where she ranked as second top student in her class. She pursued Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (BSCS) at Cavite State University –  Naic.  Naic. Her first choice was business administration at PUP Maragondon. Unfortunately, she wasn’t able to take the entrance examination so she decided to enroll at Cavite State University  –   Naic for BSIT program. Unluckily the admission for that program had reached the maximum number of students. She had no option but to try the BSCS program as suggested by one of the IT instructors. In her fourth year college, from first to second semester, she was one of the 20 students who received a scholarship grant from Naic Association in Canada. It was a big help for her mother who is raising her alone. There were times when her aunts where there to lend their helping hands. For now she is aiming to have a stable job to help her family. It is also a way of making her dreams come true.

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4 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Janna Ria B. Novero was born on January 29, 1990 in Palangue Central Naic, Cavite. She is the second eldest child of Mr. Mariano T. Novero and Mrs. Rosanna B.  Novero. She is currently residing at Landmass Subdivision, Brgy. Biga Tanza, Cavite. In April 2002, she finished her primary education at Palangue Central Elementary School, Naic, Cavite with awards as salutatorian and one of the most trustworthy in class. In April 2006, she completed her secondary education at Naic National High School and received an honor from first to second year. Last June 2006, she took the program, Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (BSCS) in Cavite State University  –   Naic, but

unfortunately she wasn’t able to finish her study. She had been employed in a company located in Rosario, Cavite from 2007 to 2010 wherein she became a regular employee in 2009. She worked as fabric inspector and at the same time an encoder. In 2010, she decided to pursue her study. On March 16, 2010, she resigned from work. The general manager of the company, upon knowing her  plan, promised to sponsor her studies. In 2010, she enrolled again at Cavite State University in Bachelor of Science in Computer Science. In her fourth year, aside from  being sponsored by her former employer, she got a full and partial academic scholarship from her school. Her only dream is to finish her study and be a big help to her family in all ways. She also dreams to become a successful person someday. She believes that, with God anything is possible as long as you have faith in your heart.

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5 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Mac John T. Poblete was born on February 1, 1994 in Naic, Cavite. He is the only child of Macario J. Poblete and Charito T. Poblete. Currently, he is residing at 06 Santulan, Naic, Cavite. He finished his primary education at Naic Elementary School at Poblacion, Naic, Cavite last March 2006. He completed his secondary level at Cavite National Science High School in March 2010. After he graduated high school, he planned to take up Bachelor of Science in Information Technology at Cavite State University  –   Naic. But after the interview, he was encouraged to take up Bachelor of Science in Computer Science. When he was first year, he was chosen to be the representative in the 19th National Statistics Office (NSO) Division Quiz Bee. He ranked 6th place which qualified him to be the representative in the Regional Quiz Bee. In his second year, he joined the student publication of the campus. He went to Baguio City for a National Seminar/Workshop and won 2nd place. In addition, he represented the campus in the Battle of the Brains at Cavite State University (CvSU)  –   Main in celebration of CvSU 106 th Foundation Day and won 3rd place. In the same year, he joined the IT Quiz Bee at CvSU –   Imus for 2nd IT Celebration and won 2nd runner up. He joined the Regional Press Conference for two times and had been a representative in Cavitewide Press Conference. Aside from those mentioned, he is also a recipient of full and partial academic scholarship. He dreams to be one of the most successful people in the society to help his family and to be emulated by young people.

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6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, the researchers would like to extend their genuine appreciation to the to the Almighty God, for the life, strength, knowledge, courage, wisdom, guidance and good health He incessantly gives; Janila Aleli dela Peña, would like to express her utmost gratitude to her mother, Ms. Ma. Judith dela Peña, Tita Goya, Tita Jac, Tita Ju and Nanay Flor, for the financial assistance and especially for the unconditional love, for unselfish and unfailing moral support. To BIGBANG, especially to Mr. G-Dragon, who serves as her inspiration; Janna Ria B. Novero would like to acknowledge and extend her deepest gratitude to the following persons who contributed to the success of the study. Due to these people, her ideas and effort could not turn into success. To her family, Nanay Rosanna, Tatay Manny, Kuya Kelvin, my sister King, Tita Ning, and Ate Eda, for their love and support, financial and moral matters, for their unending and unconditional love that serves as the

researcher’s inspiration; Mr. Emeterio M. Conception, for his words of encouragement, and help, for his kindness and support, and lastly, for being such an inspiration. His love is very much appreciated; Mac John T. Poblete would like to extend his sincerest thanks and gratitude to his mother, Charito T. Poblete, for her endless and unconditional love and for her never-

ending and consistent moral support; Shandell Y. Poblete, researcher’s cousin, for the financial support. He would also like to thank his group of friends, KALARTESA De  Naic, especially Mrs. Evangelina P. Pangilinan, for the financial help she had given; and, Saint Isidore Parish Choir (SIPC) for the laughter they have shared and for the encouraging words that made him stride harder. vi

7 The researchers likewise would like to extend their deepest gratitude to the following people: Ms. Lilibeth delos Reyes, Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative

Health Care representative, for entertaining the researchers’ inquiries  regarding herbal  plants; Mr. Philip Echaluse, for lending the herbal books to the researchers; Mr. Angelito Catajan, for giving time to help the researchers; Mrs. Sherrlyn M. Rasdas, the research instructor and thesis adviser, for the genuine concern and guidance and for being not just a mere instructor but a cool and good friend to all her students; Mr. John Xavier Nepomuceno, for being so approachable all the times, for sharing his idea and advice regarding the scope of the study. Moreover, for hthekindness and encouragement he gave; Mr. Troy Gilson P. Buenaflor, the technical critic, for his time, in sharing his ideas, for his criticism and support, and also, for being good and nice critic; Mrs. Michelle C. Tañega, for her time, pieces of advice, endless support and for always being so cheerful. Also for her heartwarming smiles, for the laughter and joy she shared with the researchers and for the assistance when the researcher needed her help; Mr. Jeffrey Papa, the department chairperson, for the time, pieces of advice, and support he gave to BSCS IV. Also for the compliments and for appreciating the study made by the researchers; Mrs. Ferry Pabalate, statistician, for guiding the researchers during evaluation of the result of the study;

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8 Mrs. Corazon Nepomuceno, English critic, for checking the researcher’s manuscript;

Kelvin L. Lasieras, researchers’classmate, for making the logo of the system; To the participants of the evaluation, especially Ms. Jehn Kamille H. Robles, for giving their time to evaluate the system; To all CSRangers (Regine, Jubi, Verna, Yovie, Raymond, Oliven, Jethru, and Jonathan), for the laughter and tears, for the ups and downs, and for all the support and encouragement they gave; The researchers express their appreciation to those mentioned in making this study successful and meaningful. This could not be completed without the guidance of everyone.

JANILA ALELI DELA PEÑA JANNA RIA B. NOVERO MAC JOHN T. POBLETE

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9 ABSTRACT DELA PEÑA, JANILA ALELI, NOVERO, JANNA RIA B., POBLETE, MAC JOHN T. Development of “Mang Kepweng’s Lab”: A Mobile Android

Information System on Herbal Plants. Undergraduate Thesis. Bachelor of Science in Computer Science. Cavite State University-Naic. Naic, Cavite. February 2013. Adviser: Michelle C. Tanega

The study entitled “Development of ‘Mang Kepweng’s Lab’: A mobile Android Information System on Herbal Plants” was conducted at Cavite State University –   Naic (CvSU  –   Naic), Bucana, Naic Cavite. The study aimed to create a mobile android information system on herbal plants with the following features: list of herbal plants with images, text information about the herbal plant, preparations or procedure on how to use the herbal plants and description of the herbal plants; database for the collection of herbal  plants; standard buttons and a search bar. The developers used Eclipse Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for the interface, SQLite for the database back-end, Android Software Development Kit Tool for the Application Programming Interface (API) and developer tools and Adobe Photoshop CS6 for aesthetic designs. The researchers were guided by the different phases of Agile Software Development with the following phases: User Stories, Requirements Analysis, Design and Coding, Testing and Implementation. The study was subjected to alpha and beta test  by both developer and target users. Three Barangay Health Workers (BHWs) and School  Nurse tested the system. Moreover, the system was also subjected to evaluation held at CvSU –  Naic by 37 participants comprised of 26 students, 3 BHW, 7 IT Instructors and 1 school nurse. Weighted mean was used to consolidate and analyze the result. The system ix

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yielded an overall rating of 4.64 or excellent. Based on the evaluation results the system’s objectives were met and achieved and the use of “Mang Kepweng’s Lab” provides convenience to the users.

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11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Sections

Page

TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………

i

APPROVAL SHEET ………………………………………………………

ii

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA ………………………………………………….

iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT …………………………………………………….

vi

ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………….

ix

LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………  

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………..  

xiv

LIST OF APPPENDICES ……………………………………………………

xv

INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………….

1

Statement of the Problem ………………………………………………

2

Importance of the Study ………………………………………………..

3

Objective of the Study …………………………………………………

3

Time and Place of the Study …………………………………………...

4

Scope and Limitation of the Study ……………………………………..

5

Definition of Terms …………………………………………………….

6

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ……………………………………..

8

METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………..

61

Project Design ……………..……………………………………………

61

Operation and Testing Procedure ……………………………………….

71

Project Evaluation ……………………………………………………….

71

Sources of Data …………………………………………………

71

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12

Data Gathering Procedure ………………………………………. 72 Data Analysis ……………………………………………………

72

Statistical Treatment …………………………………………….

73

Research Instrument ……………………………………………... 73 System Evaluation ………………………………………………... 73

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………………….

75

Project Description ……………………………………………………...

75

Project Structure ………………………………………………………..

75

Project Capabilities and Limitation …………………………………….

80

Project Evaluation ………………………………………………………

81

Evaluation Results ……………………………………………………..

83

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ……………….

87

Summary ………………………………………………………………..

87

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………

88

Recommendations ……………………………………………………….. 89 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………

90

APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………..

95

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13 LIST OF TABLES

Table

Page

1

Alpha Test ……………………………………………………………..

69

2

Beta Test ………………………………………………………………

70

3

 Number of Participants ………………………………………………..

71

4

Rating Scale …………………………………………………………..

72

5

Test Results ……………………………………………………………

82

6

Evaluation Results ……………………………………………………..

83

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14 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Page

1

Operational Framework …………………………………………………

59

2

Agile Software Development Process …………………………………..

62

3

HIPO of Mang Kepweng’s Lab …………………………………………

64

4

IPO of Mang Kepweng’s Lab …………………………………………..

64

5

Project Development Process …………………………………………… 66

6

Buttons in the Main Form ……………………………………………..

67

7

Splash Screen ……………………………………………………………

76

8

Main Form ………………………………………………………………. 76

9

Herbal Plants Form ……………………………………………………… 77

10

Herbal Plants Information ………………………………………………. 78

11

Preparation and Use Dialog Box ………………………………………..

12

Help Dialog Box ………………………………………………………… 79

13

About Dialog Box ……………………………………………………….. 79

14

Exit Confirmation ……………………………………………………….. 80

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15 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix

Page

A

Gantt Chart ………………………………………………………………

96

B

HIPO Charts ……………………………………………………………..

98

C

IPO Charts ………………………………………………………………..   102

D

Testing Instrument ………………………………………………………..   107

E

Evaluation Form for Students and BHWs ………………….…………. 

F

Evaluation Form for IT Instructors ……………………………………..  112

G

Sample Testing Form …………………………………………………...  115

H

Sample Evaluation for Students and BHWs …………………………... 

I

Sample Evaluation for IT Instructors ……………………………………  121

J

Source Code ……………………………………………………………..   124

K

Letters ……………………………………………………………………   139

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16 DEVELOPMENT OF “MANG KEPWENG’S LAB” : A MOBILE ANDROID INFORMATION SYSTEM ON HERBAL PLANTS Janila Aleli dela Peña Janna Ria B. Novero Mac John T. Poblete

An undergraduate thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of Information Technology, Cavite State University, Naic, Cavite, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Conmputer Science. Contribution No. BSCS - 2013 - 2014 - 01. Prepared under the supervision of Mrs. Michelle C. Tanega.

INTRODUCTION

According to Google’s Our Mobile Planet (2012), there are five billion mobile  phones in the world, from which more than one billion are smartphones. From this figure, around 75% of those people use their phone to access the internet several times and checking social networks to consuming multimedia content. In other words, smartphones  particularly mobile android are great use for anyone in everyday lives not only for communication but as for information system of various topics like different kinds of herbal plants.

In the Philippines, the number of medicinal plants is over 1000 that’s why Filipinos particularly use the herbal plants as an alternative to their treatment which has  been thoroughly tested and have been clinically proven to have medical value in the relief of various ailments. R esearch has also shown that over 40% of plants comprise key ingredients which can be used for prescription drugs, and scientists look to traditional medicine as a guide to help them. There are as many as one hundred and twenty

17 17 2 compounds which have been taken from the higher plants, and 80% of those which are used in modern medicine have a positive connection between their modern usage and their traditional usage (https://www.herbtreatment.com). Purchasing books on herbal plants is time and money consuming, many people tend to use mobile devices to access different information from the internet. Mobile devices are also used as a way of communication, entertainment and for educational  purposes. At present time, most mobile devices run on andro id operating system. As for that matter, the researchers come up with the idea of developing herbal

 plants information system with the application name “Mang Kepweng’s Lab”, a mobile android information system on herbal plants, to easily disseminate information about medicinal plants in the Philippines and to help them choose what medicinal plants would  be appropriate to use, to cure diseases., through mobile phones that can provide information in a fast, easy, and reliable way. Statement of the Problem

This study attempted to develop a mobile android application that will help a  person with common illness on what herbal plants can help to cure his/her illness. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions: 1. What system will support the decision making of a person with common illness that can help him/her aid his/her ailment? 2. How will the system be created? 3. In what way will the system be proven functional? 4. In what way will the performance of the system be determined?

183 Importance of the Study

Since smartphones is trending nowadays, this study will help users to inform about the herbal plants that can be uses as an alternative treatment for common illnesses. This will also be a useful tool to easily disseminate the uses of herbal plants which may  be available in the community or backyard but the people are not aware of the plants. This study will be beneficial to ordinary people by helping them choose on what kind of herbal plants they can use, especially if they have it on their yards. Travelers, adventurers and/or mountain climbers can just easily browse the application available on their phones, in times of need to treat particular illness by using medicinal plants. Another importance of the application is mobility. Young people and/or students who lack information about herbal plants can have easier access to this application.

Objectives of the Study

Generally, the study aimed to develop “Mang Kepweng’s Lab”: a mobile android information system on herbal plants. Specifically, this aimed to: 1. design a mobile information system for android phones that has the following features: a. List of herbal plants with images, text information about herbal plants, preparations or procedure on how to use the herbal plants, description  b. Database for the collection of information of herbal plants c. Standard Buttons/ Menu Interface for controls d. A search bar for browsing

4 19 2. create a system as designed using the following application software: a. Eclipse IDE for programming purposes  b. SQLite for database back-end c. Android SDK Tool for the API libraries and developer tools d. Adobe Photoshop for aesthetic designs 3. test and improve the system based from ISO 9126 4. evaluate the performance of the system from selected criteria of ISO 9126

Time and Place of the Study

Upon approval of the study, the researchers started to gather information about herbal plants as an alternative treatment for common illnesses. Gathering of data was done from March 2013 –   November 2013. The data about the herbal plants was obtained from

Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC)

at PITAHC Building, Matapang Street, East Avenue Medical Center Compound, Diliman, Quezon City. The information about herbal plants was also obtained from different books about herbal plants. The preparation of the outline was completed last June 2013  –   September 2013. The system development was started last December 2013 and ended last February 2014. The system development was conducted at Cavite State University  –   Naic and at the

researchers’ houses. Testing and debugging was made last February 2014. Testing

20 5 includes alpha test and beta test. In beta test, the beneficiaries were the one tested the system. System evaluation was done last February 2014. System evaluation was conducted at Cavite State University –  Naic by IT Instructors and students.

Scope and Limitation

The information of the android application about the herbal plants was gathered from PITAHC and different herbal books. Basically, it is composed of the photo of the herbal plants; the scientific classifications including kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, and genus; description of the herbal plants and on what kind of illness or herbal  plants can be applied. Photos of the herbal plants were taken by the researchers. Photos from the internet and/or PITAHC were adapted, since the researchers did not find the herbal plants. For easy access of the ordinary people, this application was made available to Android OS Version 2.3 up to 4.2. Users will just be typing their illness and the system will be giving different options for alternative treatment for the specific illness.

The application will only run on android operating system. The Mang Kepweng’s Lab application covered the herbal plants found in the Philippines. Another restriction of the application was the bounded information provided by PITAHC and different books. Diagnosis was not included in the system. Questions of the users about their illness will not be answered by the system. The ISO 9126 criteria that were used to evaluate the study are as follows: functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability, and portability.

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Definition of Terms

These are the terms that the researchers used in the context that served as guide to the readers and the future of this study. Adobe Photoshop CS6  –   was used to edit the images of herbal plants, buttons and

interface used in the application Android Development Tools (ADT) plug-in  –   was used in Eclipse IDE to develop the

android application Android Operating System  –  was the operating system used to execute the “Mang

Kepweng’s Lab” Android Phone  – was the device used to see the output of the study “Mang Kepweng’s

Lab” Computer  –   was used to develop the application and to edit the document and other

requirements in the study Diseases –  was used to represent the illnesses that can be treated by herbal plants Eclipse IDE  –  was the programming environment used to develop the android

application Herbal Plants – was use to represent the medicinal plant that can be use as an alternative

medicine Information System  –  was used to disseminate the information of “Mang Kepweng’s

Lab” ISO 9126 – was used as the standard criteria for the evaluation of the application

227 Mang Kepweng’s Lab  –   was

the name of the android application developed by the

researchers SQLite Database –  was used as database engine to store all the information of the study Taxonomic information  –   was used in the application to classify each herbal plants

scientific classification

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The researchers had searched for important facts, principles, and studies to the system. This chapter presented readings and literature related to the topics which were relevant and useful in conducting the study.

Android Operating System

According to Byous (2008), as cited by Macale and Magante (2013), android is a Linux-based operating system designed primarily for touch screen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Android operating system has a lot of versions, namely: Cupcake, Donut, Éclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich and the latest is the Jelly Bean (p. 12). Versions

Since the introduction of Android in 2007, Google’s flagship open-source OS for mobiles, the dynamics of the mobile phone industry have changed completely. A new mobile ecosystem, consisting of Android apps and mobile hardware has evolved at a rapid pace, challenging traditional market leaders like Apple, Nokia and Blackberry (Anonymous, 2013, para. 1). Moreover, Google's Android division certainly has a sense of humor as it named all their version codenames after desserts (just as Intel names all its CPUs after rivers). To celebrate new version release of Android, a giant mock-up of the dessert that matches

924 the codename is usually delivered to the Google Campus and put on display (Chang, 2012, para. 1). Android 2.3 Gingerbread

This version made its debut in December 2010. The key feature that became available with this release was the much hyped ‘Near Field Communications’ (NFC) capability, allowing users to perform tasks such as mobile payments and data exchange through swiping their mobile phones over a tag. It also added support for more than one camera and other sensors (http://www.veriqual.com/history-of-android-os/). Android 3.0 / 3.1 / 3.2 Honeycomb

Honeycomb was released in February 2011, and was rapidly followed by 3.1 and 3.2 which only came out in July / August 2011. Android-based tablets should be running 3.X as that will be optimized for tablets, (implying current Android OS 2.X are not really designed for tablets) That did not stop a slew of smaller manufacturers as well as Samsung from putting out an army of Android tablets of various sizes before the end of 2010 with Android 2.X hoping to catch the Christmas shopping season and success of Apple's iPad. Motorola Xoom is the first Android 3.X tablet to be released. It has since been followed by a ton of Tablets (Chang, 2012, Android 3.0/3.1/3.2, i.e. Honeycomb, para. 13). Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich

This version was released in October 2011, this was a major overhaul to the Android UI, allowing enhanced contact menus, improved keyboard layouts and NFC capabilities. Since Honeycomb was optimized just for tablets, with most phones still

10 25 running the 2.x Android versions, the Ice Cream Sandwich release strove for a unified  platform that was optimized to run on both tablets and phones (Anonymous, 2013, Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich, para. 1). Android 4.1 Jelly Bean

Android Jelly Bean that launched at the recent Google I/O and brings a number of advantages and new features. The new additions include increased input keyboard, the new design features of the search, new UI and search through Voice Search is faster. Not to forget Google Now also a section updated. Google Now gives the right information at the right time anyway. One is the ability to check the weather, the traffic, or the results of sporting events. The operating system Android 4.1 Jelly Bean first appeared in the Asus tablet product, the Google Nexus 7 (Sihabuddin, 2013, Android 4.1 Jelly Bean Section,  para. 1). Android 4.2 Jelly Bean

Android version 4.2 was first introduced by LG Google Nexus 4. It features photo for panorama sphere, daydream as a screensaver, power control, lock screen widget, run a lot of users, exclusively for tablets only, and the latest widget. (Sihabuddin, 2013, Android 4.2 Jelly Bean Section, para. 1). Usage Statistics

Based from TechPinas, according to Mr. Orlando B. Vea, Smart's Chief Wireless Advisor, the company has seen a doubling of the number of subscribers using smartphones in the last four months of 2011 due to increased availability of devices and the growing demand for mobile Internet.

26 11 From August to December 2011, Smart noted a steep rise in the use of the top three smartphone operating systems in its network. Google's mobile OS, Android, tallied the highest increase with a 300% spike, followed by BlackBerry OS with 66%, and Apple's iOS with 62%. The figures were culled from a series of one-day snapshots of Smart's network taken every month (Anonymous, 2012, para. 1, 3, 4). In addition, according to Alexander (2012), the smartphones usage statistics are as follows: 1. 80% of humans own a mobile phone 2. There are 91.4 million smartphones in the United States alone 3. Out of the 5 billion mobile phones in the world, 1.08 billion are smartphones 4. Android has the highest market share with 46.9% while the iPhone has 28.7% 5. 9 out of 10 smartphone users use their phone on a daily basis. 6. The most popular smartphone activity is texting, followed by internet browsing and playing games. 7. A higher percentage of Android users are below the age of 34 in comparison to iPhone users. 8. People between the ages of 25 and 34 are more likely to own a smartphone (62%) than any other age group. 9. Android users consume the more data on a monthly basis (582MB) compared to users of other mobile operating systems. 10. iPhone users download more apps on a monthly basis (48) when compared to users of other mobile operating systems.

12 27 Android Software Development

According to Kim (2009), as cited by Macale and Magante (2013), android software development is a process by which new applications are usually developed in the Java programming language using the Android Software Development Kit, but other development tools are available. As of April 2011, more than 200, 000 applications have  been developed for Android, with over 3 billion downloads. The Android platform has also grown to become a favorite among mobile developers. A June 2011 research indicated that over 67 % of mobile developers used the platform at the time of  publication (p. 14). Mobile Application

According to Janssen (2013), as cited by Abad, Arcena, and Cortez (2013), mobile applications are a move away from the integrated software systems generally found on PCs. Instead, each app provides limited and isolated functionality such as a game, calculator or mobile Web browser. Although applications may have avoided multitasking because of the limited hardware resources of the early mobile devices, their specificity is now part of their desirability because they allow the consumers to hand-pick what their devices are able to. The simplest mobile apps take PC-based applications and port them to a mobile device. As mobile apps become more robust, this technique is somehow lacking. A more sophisticated approach involves developing specifically for the mobile environment, taking advantage of both its limitations and advantages (p. 12). Also, according to Siegler (2012), as cited by Macale and Magante (2013), a mobile application is a software application designed to run on smartphones, tablet

13 28 computers and other mobile devices. They are available through application distribution  platforms, which are typically operated by the owner of the mobile operating system, such as Apple App Store, Google Play, Windows Phone Marketplace and BalckBerry App World.

Information System

According to Albano, Atole and Ariola (2003), as cited by Hiso and Mondina

(2013) in the book “Introduction to Information Technology”, there are various definition of information system, but the most appropriate is that of Steven Alter: “a particular type of work that uses information technology to capture, transmit, store, retrieve, manipulate

or display information, thereby supporting one or more other systems.” A work system in Alter’s definition refers to any unit or system itself that produces output for internal or  external customers through a process performed by human participants with the help of information technology. Although they have been synonymous to computerized systems, information systems are not necessarily electronically aided or computerized.  Nevertheless, most systems nowadays interface with one another through a medium of information transmission. In the information system, this medium of system elements include the equipment, software, accurate date, personnel (that of the system or the users) and the documented procedures of the system (p. 7). Types of Information System

According to Shelly, Cashman and Vermaat (2000), an information system is a collection of hardware, software, data, people and procedures that are designed to

14 29 generate information that supports the day-to-day, short-range, and long-range activities of users in an organization. Information systems generally are classified into five categories: office information systems, transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and expert systems. The following sections present each of these information systems. 1. Office Information Systems An office information system, or OIS, is an information system that uses hardware, software and networks to enhance work flow and facilitate communications among employees.

Win an office information system, also described as office

automation; employees perform tasks electronically using computers and other electronic devices, instead of manually.

With an office information system, for example, a

registration department might post the class schedule on the Internet and e-mail students when the schedule is updated. In a manual system, the registration department would  photocopy the schedule and mail it to each student’s house. 2. Transaction Processing Systems A transaction processing system (TPS) is an information system that captures and

 processes data generated during an organization’s day-to-day transactions. A transaction is a business activity such as a deposit, payment, order or reservation. Transaction processing systems were among the first computerized systems developed to process business data  –   a function originally called data processing. Usually, the TPS computerized an existing manual system to allow for faster processing, reduced clerical costs and improved customer service.

15 30 3. Management Information Systems While computers were ideal for routine transaction processing, managers soon

realized that the computers’ capability of performing rapid ca lculations and data comparisons could produce meaningful information for management.

Management

information systems thus evolved out of transaction processing systems. A management information system, or MIS is an information system that generates accurate, timely and organized information so managers and other users can make decisions, solve problems, supervise activities, and track progress. Because it generates reports on a regular basis, a management information system sometimes is called a management reporting system (MRS). 4. Decision Support Systems Transaction processing and management information systems provide information on a regular basis. Frequently, however, users need information not provided in these reports to help them make decisions. A sales manager, for example, might need to determine how high to set yearly sales quotas based on increased sales and lowered  product costs. Decision support systems help provide information to support such decisions. A decision support system (DSS) is an information system designed to help users reach a decision when a decision-making situation arises. A variety of DSS exist to help with a range of decisions. 5. Expert Systems An expert system is an information system that captures and stores the knowledge of human experts and then imitates human reasoning and decision-making processes for

16 31 those who have less expertise. Expert systems are composed of two main components: a knowledge base and inference rules.

A knowledge base is the combined subject

knowledge and experiences of the human experts. The inference rules are a set of logical  judgments applied to the knowledge base each time a user describes a situation to the expert system. Although expert systems can help decision-making at any level in an organization, non-management employees are the primary users who utilize them to help with job-related decisions. Expert systems also successfully have resolved such diverse  problems as diagnosing illnesses, searching for oil and making soup. Integrated Information Systems

With today’s sophisticated hardware, software and communications technologies, it often is difficult to classify a system as belonging uniquely to one of the five

information system types discussed. Much of today’s application softwar e supports transaction processing and generates management information.

Other applications

 provide transaction processing, management information, and decision support. Although expert systems still operate primarily as separate systems, organizations increasingly are consolidating their information needs into a single, integrated information system (http://bisom.uncc.edu/courses/info2130/Topics/istypes.htm). Elements of the Information System

According to Hiso and Mondina (2013), automated processing of data into information requires more than just the computer system. Other components make up the Information System for it to be able to generate valuable information.

17 32 In an information system, data transform into information through processing. For  processing to be successful, the system requires the following: 1. People who are: (a) the qualified personnel to develop and maintain the system, and (b) trainable users of the system or the operators; 2. Computer equipment or the hardware to be used by the people to process information. 3. Data or information that are encoded and manipulated; 4. Software or the set of instructions that instructs the equipment what to do to process data or information; 5. Procedure or the guidelines for the effective and optimal operation of the system; 6. Telecommunications, the media composed of the hardware and software that facilitate the transmission of the electronic data within the system (pp.8-9).

Medicine

According to Calabashmusic website (2011), the importance of medicine has been there since the ancient times. Although the methods were different but medicine was there is some guise. The ancestors did have diseases and that is why they found solutions through the branch of medicine. Today, the means and methods have changed. The technology and the medical science have advanced a lot and have cure for most of the diseases, except a few. In the present age, the branch of medicine comprises use of drugs, exercises and all other non-surgical means to restore and maintain good health. Medicine is a sort of basic necessity of life because at some point of time body needs an outer source to cure something ill-functioning part in the body. Moreover, medicine also helps in healing wounds when injured. Everyone needs medicine and a life without the branch of medicine seems impossible be it allopathic, homeopathic or herbal medicine.

18 33 Allopathic Medicine

Allopathic medicine refers to the practice of traditional or conventional Western medicine. The term allopathic medicine is most often used to contrast conventional medicine with alternative/complementary medicine, or homeopathy. Many cancer centers are now combining allopathic medicine (conventional treatments) along with alternative treatments such as massage and acupuncture to help manage the side effects of treatment (Eldridge, 2012, para. 1). Homeopathic Medicine

According to Walther, et al. (2013), homeopathy, also known as homeopathic medicine, is an alternative medical system that was developed in Germany more than 200 years ago. This fact sheet provides a general overview of homeopathy and suggests sources for additional information. The alternative medical system of homeopathy was developed in Germany at the end of the 18th century. Supporters of homeopathy point to two unconventional theories: "like cures like" — the notion that a disease can be cured by a substance that produces similar symptoms in healthy people; and "law of minimum dose" — the notion that the lower   the dose of the medication, the  greater   its effectiveness. Many homeopathic

remedies are so diluted that no molecules of the original substance remain. In addition, homeopathic remedies are derived from substances that come from  plants, minerals, or animals, such as red onion, arnica (mountain herb), crushed whole  bees, white arsenic, poison ivy, belladonna (deadly nightshade), and stinging nettle. Homeopathic remedies are often formulated as sugar pellets to be placed under the tongue; they may also be in other forms, such as ointments, gels, drops, creams, and

19 34 tablets. Treatments are "individualized" or tailored to each person; it is not uncommon for different people with the same condition to receive different treatments (Walther, 2013, Overview section, para. 2). Herbal Medicine

As cited in the University of Maryland Medical Center website (2013), herbal medicine, also known as botanical medicine or phytomedicine, refers to using a plant's seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. Herbalism has a long tradition of use outside of conventional medicine. It is becoming more mainstream as improvements in analysis and quality control along with advances in clinical research show the value of herbal medicine in the treating and preventing disease. Furthermore, according to World Health Organization (WHO) (2013), herbal medicines include herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations and finished herbal  products, which contain as active ingredients parts of plants, or other plant materials, or combinations. 1. Herbs: crude plant material such as leaves, flowers, fruit, seed, stems, wood,

 bark, roots, rhizomes or other plant parts, which may be entire, fragmented or  powdered. 2. Herbal materials: in addition to herbs, fresh juices, gums, fixed oils, essential

oils, resins and dry powders of herbs. In some countries, these materials may  be processed by various local procedures, such as steaming, roasting, or stir baking with honey, alcoholic beverages or other materials. 3. Herbal preparations: the basis for finished herbal products and may include

comminuted or powdered herbal materials, or extracts, tinctures and fatty oils

35 20 of herbal materials. They are produced by extraction, fractionation,  purification, concentration, or other physical or biological processes. They also include preparations made by steeping or heating herbal materials in alcoholic beverages and/or honey, or in other materials. 4. Finished herbal products: herbal preparations made from one or more herbs. If

more than one herb is used, the term mixture herbal product can also be used. Finished herbal products and mixture herbal products may contain excipients in addition to the active ingredients. However, finished products or mixture  products to which chemically defined active substances have been added, including synthetic compounds and/or isolated constituents from herbal materials, are not considered to be herbal. History of Herbal Medicine

The origins of alternative medicine, also known as holistic medicine, can be traced back thousands of years to the very roots of medicine. Many millennia ago,

 physicians or healers would assess the sick person’s emotional condition in addition to their physical symptoms before beginning treatment. The roots of alternative medicine

deal with the symptoms of the “whole” person, not merely the physical signs  of illness. This is radically different from traditional medicine today. In medicine today, people demand to be cured immediately, and the demand for medicines and treatments that do so is very high. Most physicians today are trained to assess physical symptoms and base treatments on that, without much consideration of the

 person’s emotional or intellectual state.

36 21 Since its inception, alternative medicine has survived the ages and stages of the field of medicine. Despite the prevalence of modern medical practices, there are still millions of people worldwide that take advantage of alternative treatments for ailments or well-being. Some of these alternative treatments include massage therapy, herbal remedies, and meditation. Massage is one of the most long-standing forms of alternative treatment, and it is highly popular today as a treatment for aches and pains, and as a

means of stress release and relaxation. Most people probably don’t even think about massage as a type of alternative medicine. Through the ages, every society has used their own forms of alternative medicines and treatments. There are over 5000 years of history and many types of treatments that were used far and wide, and many traditional medical treatments can even find their roots in alternative medicine from long ago. Long ago in Europe, medical issues were treated by one of two types of healers, the physicians or the folk healers. The folk healers appealed to the poorer factions of society, in that they used natural treatments that were more affordable and easier to come  by. Folk healers were often highly respected in these underprivileged sections of society. Folk healers often incorporated philosophy and religious faith into their healing practices, which helped to strengthen a sick person’s mind and spirit, as well as his body. Eventually, folk medicine evolved into the traditional medicine we are familiar

with in today’s world. With each passing century, many great advances have been made in treatments and cures for various diseases and conditions. Despite the dominance of traditional medicine in the world today, there is still a  place for alternative medicine. It is alive and well, and used by many people around the

22 37 world through massage therapy, acupuncture, aromatherapy, herbal remedies, meditation, and many other forms of alternative treatments. Many physicians now support many of these treatments, making them less alternative. The origins of alternative medicine were very forward thinking. Alternative medicine has survived through the millennia because it has real validity, despite a great deal of ridicule through the ages. Though they do not have the immediate effect that many drugs and treatments of traditional medicine, they are feasible option for a person to consider. (Snow, para. 1 - 8). Types of Herbalism

According to Bayalan, Villa and Landicho (2008), there are three types of herbal medicine systems. These are Chinese Herbalism, Ayurveda and Western Herbalism. Chinese herbalism is one of the major components of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), or Oriental medicine (OM). In TCM, herbs are often used in conjunction with other techniques, such as  acupuncture or massage. Chinese herbalism is a holistic medical system, meaning that it looks at treating a patient as a whole person, looking at the mental and spiritual health, as well as the physical health, of the individual. Illness is seen as a disharmony or imbalance among these aspects of the individual. Chinese herbalism has been practiced for over 4,000 years. One of the earliest and certainly the most important Chinese herbal text is the Huang Ti Nei Ching, or Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine. It is believed to  be authored by Huang Ti during his reign over China, which started about 2697 B.C. Since that time, herbal practices have been more extensively documented and refined. In modern China, traditional Chinese herbalism is taught alongside conventional Western

23 38  pharmacology. Chinese herbal remedies have been used in the West only relatively recently, over the past two decades. These remedies are more gentle and natural that conventional medicines. In addition, they have fewer unpleasant side effects. Individuals with chronic disorders in particular are increasingly drawn to the holistic aspect of Chinese

herbalism

and

TCM

in

general

(http://medical-

dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Traditional+Chinese+Herbalism). Ayurveda came from two Sanskrit words; Ayus, or "life," and Veda, or "knowledge." "Ayurveda" has been translated as "the knowledge of life," and as "the science of life." It has been suggested by one modern writer that a more appropriate translation would be "the knowledge of life span." According to Ayurvedic philosophy (2012), health is dependent upon one's ability to live in harmony with one's self and with the external universe. Traditionally, as much attention was given to illnesses of the mind as to illnesses of the body. The Ayurvedic  physician taught that in order to avoid illness and pain, the patient must control the destructive (and self-destructive) nature. Living in harmony with the environment was recognized as essential to one's mental, physical, and spiritual well-being. Ayurvedic physicians taught that prevention was more desirable than a cure. Their ideal was to develop an individual's natural resistance to disease to the point where one's immune system could function as one's best medicine. Their goal was to maintain an individual in his or her optimal health throughout life, so that the ultimate goal of life which is the awareness of his or her connection with the life principle could be pursued without hindrance (http://www.naturalhealthschool.com/17_1.html).

24 39 According to The Free Dictionary (2008), western herbalism is a form of the healing arts that draws from herbal traditions of Europe and the Americas, and that emphasizes the study and use of European and Native American herbs in the treatment and prevention of illness. Western herbalism is based on physicians' and herbalists' clinical experience and traditional knowledge of medicinal plant remedies preserved by oral tradition and in written records over thousands of years. Western herbalism, like the much older system of  traditional Chinese medicine, relies on the synergistic and curative  properties of the plant to treat symptoms and disease and maintain health. Western herbalism is based upon pharmocognosy, the study of natural products. Pharmocognosy includes the identification, extraction methods, and applications of specific plant constituents responsible for specific therapeutic actions, such as the use of digoxin from Digitalis leaf for  heart failure. These constituents are extracted, purified and studied in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical research. They may be concentrated to deliver standardized, set doses. Sometimes, the natural constituent can be synthesized in the lab, or changed and patented. Practitioners may choose to use fresh medicinal plants, simple extracts, or standardized extracts. In standardized extracts, a specific quantity of a constituent is called a marker compound, and it may or may not be the active constituent(s) in the plant medicine. There are preparations with standardized active constituent quantities, and preparations with greater emphasis on quality of crude plant material and traditional preparation methodology than on finalized total quantity of marker compounds. The preference  between the two for precision dosing is philosophical, practical and variable. When using  plants extracts in which the active constituents and their cofactors are well established, or

40 25 the therapeutic and lethal doses are close, standardized products are often preferred. When using plant extracts whose active constituents remain obscure, or the active constituents when purified produce weaker therapeutic results or more undesirable side effects, the products produced under good manufacturing processes and according to the traditional National Formulary U. S. Dispensatory or U. S. Pharmacopeia are preferred. Types of Herbal Application

According to Ferrell and Cherne (2004), there are six ways on applying herbal medicine. The types of herbal application are listed below: 1. Fomentation: These are cotton towels soaked in an herbal tea infusion or decoction which is as hot as can be tolerated. This is placed on a body part. This stimulates blood and lymph circulation; warms joints and other parts; reduces internal inflammations; and relieves colic and pain. By alternating hot and cold fomentations, healing blood moves more rapidly into and out of the affected area. This is especially helpful for sluggish circulation, constipation, urine retention, etc. After soaking it in the herbal tea, fold and wring the hot towel slightly and place it on the affected area. Over that place a layer of  plastic. To keep the heat in, place a dry towel or heating pad on top. Every so often, resaturate the hot, soaked towel. 2. Poultice: This is a small pile of powdered or pulverized herbs, moistened with water (and/or tinctures, infusions, decoctions, salves, oils) and applied to the surface of the skin. Fresh herb can be applied without moistening. If there will  be body movement, wrap a cloth around the poultice to hold it place, perhaps taping it slightly. Poultices are used to reduced inflammation, and withdraw

26 41  pus and embedded particles. Ginger and cayenne increase circulation; Echinacea and garlic reduce infectious sores. Valerian and kava kava reduce  pain. Lobelia tincture added to a poultice will reduce pain very well. Clay  poultices, with or without herbs, made into a thick, doughy consistency, are good at drawing outpoisons. Clay can be purchased at health-food stores. Mixed with mashed cabbage leaves, the clay poultice is good for boils and tumors. Mixed with powdered cayenne or ginger, painful arthritic joints can  be treated. 3. Salves: Salves are used to treat boils and dry or itchy skin. Astringent herbs (white oak bark, bayberry) tone the skin. Demulcent herbs (comfrey) soften and keep the surface moist and healthy looking. Salves are a thick consistency of herbal oil, herbs, and a little oil (never mineral oil) to cover the mixture,  baked in a covered pot at 125 ° - 200° for 2-4 hours. Melt beeswax (about 1 ½ oz. to 1 pint oil) and stir it into the oil. Preserve the salve by adding ½ tsp. vitamin E per cup of solution to 1 oz. of salve. 4. Oils: Oils are usually made from mints and aromatic herbs, and are applied to increase circulation and warmth to the area, and treat skin diseases and painful  joints. They are also used when giving massages, for dry skin; these are to be rubbed on the surface of the skin before a poultice, hot pack or fomentation is applied. Add 1 oz. olive oil 2 oz. macerated herb. Mix carefully and bake in the oven at 115° - 200° until the herbs become crisp (about 2-4 hours). When that happens, the oils have left the herbs and entered the olive oil. Strain out the

42 27 herbal oil. Add to it the oil from one 400 I.U. vitamin E capsule to every cup of herbal oil (as a preservative). Put the oil in a dark bottle. Olive oil usually has a long shelf life before it goes rancid. Certain oils will be absorbed by the skin faster than others. When you want the oil to remain on the skin for a long period to help heal external sores, etc., use olive or peanut oil, or avocado. (wheat germ, sesame, and sunflower oil absorb much faster.). Essential herbal oils can also be purchased in a health-food store and are more highly concentrated. 5. Douches: These are used to treat vaginal infections and excessive secretions. They are prepared by making a strong infusion or decoction using herbs such as goldenseal, myrrh, slippery elm, plantain, and (if there are excessive secretions or bleeding) white oak bark. One Tbsp. of apple cider vinegar should be added on one quart tea, to maintain an acid pH. While tea is warm, carefully insert the douche. Retain for 3-5 minutes. Use once daily for 5-7 days, and only during the infection. Thereafter, only used once a month. Pregnant women should not use douches. 6. Bolus:This is suppository inserted into the rectum or vagina, to draw out toxins and treat swellings, infections, cysts, tumors, inflammations and hemorrhoids. For vaginal infections, boluses are only used when douches are not successful. The herbs used in boluses are astringents (white oak bark,  barberry, witch hazel), demulcents (slippery elm, comfrey rot), and antibiotic herbs (garlic, goldenseal, chapparal, myrrh). To make a bolus, add 10%  powdered slippery elm (by volume or weight) to your selection of herbs. Mix

28 43 the herbs well, either by stirring or blending. Slowly pour water into the mixture until becomes a thick, doughy consistency. Then roll into strips about ½-inch thick and ¾-inch long. If necessary, put the mixture into the refrigerator to cool a while before rolling the suppositories. When formed, let them dry by being exposed to the sun or in an oven under low heat. Do not  burn them. Then put them in a jar and keep in the refrigerator. Before inserting the bolus, let it set at room temperature 25-20 minutes, to warm up. To make insertion easier, dip in olive oil or warm water and quickly insert. Insert before long rest period in time (p. 112). Important Facts about Herbs

Ferrell and Cherne (2004) cited 25 important facts about herbs. It is listed below: 1. Storage: Herbs are best stored in glass jars. Do not expose them to sunlight for long periods of time. 2. Weight factor: Larger persons require larger amounts than smaller or underweight individuals. Women generally require smaller doses than men, due to their lower average weight, Children and elderly people need smaller doses. 3. Climate: The medicinal effect of herbs is intensified in hot climates; therefore give less at such times. 4. People vary in their reactions: Some people are more intolerant to herbs than others are. It is best to initially give a smaller dose and see their reaction; it is always safe to start with the smaller child ’s dose, then build up to a larger

29 44 dose if that seems best. Increase slowly, remaining on each level for 2-3 days, to observe for unusual reactions. 5. Amounts for children: The formula is divide 150 (the assumed average adult

weight) by the children’s weight. For example, a child weighs 50 pounds. This is 1/3 of the average adult weight (of 150 pounds). Therefore give him only a third of the regular dose. 6. During pregnancy: Women respond to herbs differently when pregnant. At such times, it is best to give smaller herbal doses and observe response. Sometimes mild and nutritive herbs are best. Some herbs should not be given during pregnancy (including diuretics, purgatives and emmenagogues; all of these are active in the pelvic area and should be avoided). 7.  Nervous people: Give them smaller doses than robust individuals. 8. People with high blood pressure: These people should avoid herbs that stimulate the heart or constrict the blood capillaries and arteries (licorice root, ephedra, and lily of the valley are examples). But cayenne and garlic can be used in normal amounts. 9. When herbs are combined: Herbs are frequently combined; but, if not done  properly, one herb may over-power or neutralize the effects of others. 10. Laxative herbs: Give slow-acting laxatives in the morning, so as not to disturb sleep. They may take 1-3 days to work; whereas fast-acting ones usually take 4-8 hours. Do not increase the amount until a 3-day period is over, using the same amount everyday. Then, if the desired result is not obtained, increase the amount. The desired objective is generally 2 bowel movements a day.

45 30 11. Sedatives and antispasmodic herbs: Give them on an empty stomach or just  before bedtime. 12. Astringents and minerals: Astringent herbs should not be taken at the same time as nutritional supplements containing iron. The tannins in astringent herbs will leach calcium, iron and other important minerals out of the intestines. Therefore, only give astringent herbs for a short period of time. 13. Blood-purifying herbs: Take these herbs on an empty stomach. 14. Strong, bitter herbs: To avoid nausea, be sure and give enough water with them. 15. Powerful herbs: Be careful in giving herbs which have powerful effects. These include lobelia, juniper berries, black cohosh, poke root, aconite and shavegrass (horsetail). 16. Bitter pills: They have a tonic effect on the stomach, digestion and related organs. 17. Herbal temperatures: A hot infusion or decoction is used to help induce sweating. Cool tears are used for tonic effect, and warm teas produce a feeling of relaxation. 18. Tablets vs. capsules: Tablets are easier to work with than capsules in hot climates; the latter tend to stick together. Vegetarians either open and empty capsules or use tablets, since capsules are made from slaughterhouse products. 19. Herbs at mealtime: To avoid taking too much liquid, capsules or tablets are  preferable to teas at mealtime.

46 31 20. Varying the intensity of the amount given:Here are several principles to keep in mind: a. For a slow, gradual, general effect, give the herbs in small quantities of syrup or milk between meals. This will retard absorption.  b. To aid appetite, increase digestive secretions or for a local effect on stomach or intestines, give herbs before meals. Give the herbs in acacia gum or olive oil for a localized effect on stomach or intestines. c. To reduce the irritation of certain herbs, give them in syrup or soy milk. d. To increase absorption of the herbs and produce a more rapid effect, give them 1 –  2 hours after the meal. e. To reduce the bitter taste of herbs, without reducing the bitterness, take the dose in a large quantity of fluid, syrup, or honey. The bitter taste is often necessary for the proper effect to take place, but the bitterness can be disguised to the taste buds. f. Fluids which do not taste good can be taken more easily by drinking them cold, followed by a drink of plain water. 21. Weekly rest day:In order for herbs to work best, they should not be taken one day each week. Then, after 2-3 weeks of treatment, no herbs should be taken for 3 days in a row. During the rest period, observe the patient. (1) If energy remains low during that time or if the symptoms worsen, at the end of the rest  period put back on the dosage, (2) If improves during the rest period, then extend the rest period a day or so and then continue the treatment with smaller doses than were used before. (3) If the patient seems to completely recover

47 32 during the rest period, then the treatment can be changed to a more tonic, nutritive approach. (4) New symptoms or problems may reveal at this time. If so, an herb formula or new therapy should be instituted to meet it. (5) If the  patient seems to get stronger during each rest period, begin reducing therapy and extending the rest periods. 22. Types of teas:When bitter teas are taken, they have a tonic effect on digestion and related organs. A cool infusion or decoction is used for tonic effects. Hot teas are used during sweating therapy. Warm teas will create a feeling of relaxation. 23. Types of herbs: Flowers and leaves, being more delicate, are usually made into infusions. A decoction is used when trying to extract healing properties from most roots, barks, twigs and seeds. 24. Determining the dosage: First, study the suggested dosages for each herb.  Next, consider whether the disease is chronic or acute; whether the patient is a child or an adult; and whether he is strong, weak or pregnant. Perhaps lactation or menstruation is present. Consider the age, temperament, sex and size of the individual. It is always safer to start with a smaller dose; and if that works well, increase it slowly to the normal dosage. If a child will take the herb, give him only part of that which an adult would receive. 25. Herbs for Children: Only give mild herbs to children and adults who are experiencing an acute ailment, not harsh laxatives and strong cleansing herbs. Mild herbs can be given in large amounts, usually 1 cup of tea per dose. Here are mild herbs: peppermint, chamomile, catnip, comfrey leaf, nettles,

48 33 chickweed, spearmint, and alfalfa. The strength and energy level of the individual tells a lot (pp. 110 - 112). Preparations of Herbal Medicine

According to Ferrell and Cherne (2004), there are eight (8) ways of preparations of herbs, which are follows: 1. Infusion (Steeping): One pint boiling water is poured over 1 oz. dried herb. Cover it with a tight fitting lid, so steam will not escape. Let it stand (steep) 20 minutes. Strain off the clear liquid. Immediately use or keep in the refrigerator a short time till use. Average dose: 1 tbsp. of the herb per tea cup. Take 3 times a day. An infusion is used when the volatile oils in herbs are needed, as in peppermint and spearmint, or when the herb is composed of flowers or leaves.

A “sun tea” is made in this way: Put the 1 oz. of dried herb and a pint of water into a large glass jar. Place this in the sun for 2-4 hours; and the heat from the sun will extract the herb into the liquid. 2. Decoction (Boiling): (1) place 1 oz. dried herb (or 2 oz. fresh herb) in 1 ½  pints of cold water. Boil for 20-30 minutes (or longer if roots are very hard). Strain off the clear liquid. (2) Here is an alternative method (which requires more time): take 1 oz. dry herb or 2 oz fresh herb (pulverize for best results), soak for 3 –   12 hours in 1 ½ pints of cool water. Then simmer in warm water for 30minutes. Strain liquid into a clean container. Allow to settle and cool slightly. Drink liquid while still warm. Average dose: 1 Tbsp. to 1 ounce water. Take 3 times a day. In order to extract the deeper healing qualities of

49 34 stems, roots, and barks, the herbs must be simmered for 15-25 minutes. Many times it is left uncovered during the simmering, to evaporate some of the water. Infusions and decoctions require a brief period of time for their  preparation; and both must be used before they sour or growth of the undesirable materials starts (usually within 24-72 hours). 3. Tincture: One (1)  –   two (2) oz. dried herbs are steeped in 1 pint cold grain alcohol (brandy or vodka) for2 days. During that time, vigorously shake it 3 times a day. Then strain and store for use. Average dose: One tablespoon clear liquid, taken 3 times a day. Advantage: The herb or herbal compound (several herbs mixed together) are ready for instant use whenever needed, with no aging problems. 4. Fluid Extracts: This is a tincture which maybe as concentrated as a regular tincture, but maybe as much as 5 times more concentrated. 5. Concentrated Herbs: These are relatively new products on the market. Some herbs are needed to be taken in larger dose to be effective. For those who take many capsules of an herb daily, using concentrated herbs is a great help. The concentration is often 4-6 times that the original herbs. Concentrated herbs are taken one step further than herbal extracts; they are freeze-dried to remove the moisture content. The result is a solvent-free product  – with no added alcohol. This power has all the nutrients in a form that will digest quickly in the blood stream. They work quickly for the relief of pain.

50 35 6. Capsules (dry powder):Dry herbs are powdered, and then placed in a 2-piece

gelatin capsule. A #0 (“one ought”) capsule contains about400-450 mg. But this varies with the density of the herb and whether the herb is a root or leaf. A

#00 (“double ought”) capsule has 500-600mg. The lesser-used #000 (“triple ought”) contains about 650-850mg. The capsule may be opened and emptied into hot water for tea; this can be made into a paste for poultices, tinctures, decoctions, infusions or just swallowed. If there is a problem swallowing the capsules, they can be moistened by dipping them in water or a little vegetable oil. Capsules should be stored in a cool, dry place, so they will not moisture and become brittle. Also excess heat and moisture will soften the capsules and they will stick together. Advantages: A capsule is ready for use; and strong acid hers, like valerian root or wormwood, are more pleasant to take. Capsules can be also be inserted in rectum easier then tablets, to treat hemorrhoids and other rectal diseases. Disadvantages: If swallowed, one are taking powder, not the steeped or boiled liquid; and the powder in capsules gradually ages. A major disadvantage is that many capsules are made from made tissues derived from vegetable gelatin. 7. Tablets: Dried herb (plus an excipient [binder or carrier]) is pressed into a tablet shape. The tablet can be used in the same way as a capsule. Advantages: Tablets do not tent to stick together and will resist a warmer climate better that capsules. One can make the tablets themselves and know exactly what is in each one. Disadvantages: Do not let the supply of herbal powder become too old; for it will be difficult to dissolve in the stomach.

51 36 There are two ways to prepare tablets: (1) Purchase and inexpensive tablet machine. It will press them into shape. Mix the herb with 1 1/10 binder (slippery elm, etc.), before making tablets. (2) Another way is to grind the herb fine and add to it a small amount (1 1/10 of the total) of slippery elm, herbal syrup, or other mucilaginous herb. Add small amount of water while mixing, keeping the preparation firm. Then roll them into small pills, about the size of pea. Dry (1) by spreading them out onto a pie dish and left to dry at a room temperature or (2) by placing them in an oven: Preheat the oven to 250 degrees then turn it off and place the pie dish in the oven for 15-30 minutes. Check them in every 5 minutes. When dry, bottle them and keep in cool, dry  place, such as refrigerator. When giving them to children, they can be dipped in honey, molasses, or peanut butter to cover the taste. 8. Electuary: This is an herbal preparation which is mixed with honey, maple syrup, peanut butter, or slippery elm, to form a paste and then rolled into balls. These are then given to children to swallow with juice. Any powdered herb can be mixed with honey and given immediately without any advance  preparation. Measure the exact amount of herb and then add sweetening to it (pp. 109 - 110). Safety, Toxicity, and Side Effects

As cited by Bent (2008) in the US National Library of MedicineNational Institutes of Health, since herbs are plants, they are often perceived as “natural” and therefore safe. However, many different side effects to herbs have been reported and recently reviewed, including effects from biologically active constituents from herbs, side

37 52 effects caused by contaminants, and herb – drug interactions. Case reports of nephropathy caused by the use of certain Chinese herbs are common. A particularly morbid case series describes 105 patients in Belgium who had been taking a Chinese herbal product for weight loss and developed nephropathy caused by the herb  Aristolochia fangchi. Fortythree patients developed end-stage renal failure, and 39 had prophylactic kidney removal. Eighteen of these patients were found to have urothelial carcinoma, which was shown to  be related to the formation of DNA adducts from the aristolochic acid in this herb.Another common toxicity to herbal medicines involves pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are complex molecules found in certain plants that may be used or inadvertently added to herbal medicines (including comfrey, which is still available in the United States). These alkaloids produce hepatotoxicity through a characteristic veno-occlusive disease that may be rapidly progressive and fatal. According to Philomena (2011), the definition of toxic is an ultimately a matter of viewpoint. Many ordinary foods contain constituents that could be regarded as poisonous, such as the alpha gliadin produced by gluten in wheat oats and rye, the cyanogenic glycosides in many fruit seeds, the thiocyanates of the brassica vegetables, alkaloids of the Solanaceae and lectins of many pulses including soya and red kidney beans.  Nonetheless these foods are generally regarded as safe. Similarly, both water and oxygen - can kill in excessive amounts, so quantity is often an important consideration. In  practice however, three groups of herbs can be identified from a safety point of view. First, there are a handful of herbs that contain near pharmaceutical concentrations of poisonous constituents which should on no account be taken internally by unqualified  persons except in homeopathic potencies. Examples are Atropa belladonna, Arnica spp,

53 38 Aconitum spp, Digitalis spp. In many countries availability of these herbs is limited by law. Regulations vary from country to country and the appropriate regulatory authorities or Herb Organizations can be consulted for details. Wildcrafters should be unshakably confident in their identification of the local variants of these species, and children warned to avoid them. Fortunately this is a numerically tiny category. Secondly, are herbs with powerful actions, often causing nausea or vomiting (that usually were traditionally prized for this action). They are perfectly safe used under appropriate conditions. Some of these herbs are restricted in some countries but freely available in others. Lobelia and Eonymus spp are examples. There is some inconsistency here, for example Ephedra is restricted, perhaps with justification, in the UK, but is freely available in the US. Finally, there is an idiosyncratic grouping of herbs which have been alleged, with some scientific support, to exhibit specific kinds of toxicity. The best known is the hepatotoxicity of pyrrolizidine-alkaloid-containing plants such as Comfrey (Symphytum). Other examples are Dryopteris (Male Fern), Viscum (Mistletoe) and Corynanthe (Yohimbe). Although much of the evidence is contentious (see below), lay users would  be advised to avoid internal consumption of these herbs. The vast majority of medical herbs are safe for consumption, but for those without specialized knowledge, it would be prudent to follow simple but sensible guidelines in self-treatment: 1. Use only herbs recommended in respected herb books, especially in countries

like the US where there are few restrictions on availability. 2. Avoid new or unproven wonder remedies.

39 54 3. Do not persist with a remedy if no benefit or result obtains after a moderate

 period, and if adverse reactions take place, stop the treatment and seek experienced advice. 4. Do not persist with a treatment that has brought improvement without testing

to see if continued further consumption is necessary to maintain improvement. 5. Do not engage in self-treatment for complex conditions without experienced

advice. Drug interactions and contraindications must be considered on an individual basis and herbal treatment strategies are often involved and multifaceted. Unfortunately, training and licensing of herbalists is not internationally consistent. In the US the situation is especially complex - no recognized herbal licensing exists. ND's are licensed in a few states, but their herbal training could theoretically be less than that of an unlicensed but experienced herbal practitioner. In the UK, the National Institute of  Mental Health (   NIMH) accredits herbalists who have trained at approved courses:

 practitioners are recognized by NIMH qualifications.

Software Requirements

These were the software used in order to meet the objectives. Eclipse IDE

Macale and Magante (2013) cited that Eclipse IDE is a multi-language software development environment comprising a base workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment. It is written in Java. It can be used to develop applications in Java and by means of various plug-ins, other programming languages

55 40 including Ada, C, C++, COBOL, ForTran, Haskell, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Ruby, Scala, Clojure, Groovy, Scheme and Erlang. It can also be used to develop packages for the software Mathematica. Development environments include Eclipse Java development tools (JDT) for Java and Scala. Eclipse CDT for C/C++ and Eclipse PDT for PHP, among others (p. 15). The stated goals of Eclipse are "to develop a robust, full-featured, commercialquality industry platform for the development of highly integrated tools." To that end, the Eclipse Consortium has been focused on three major projects: The Eclipse Project is responsible for developing the Eclipse IDE workbench (the "platform" for hosting Eclipse tools), the Java Development Tools (JDT), and the Plug-In Development Environment (PDE) used to extend the platform. The Eclipse Tools Project is focused on creating best-of-breed tools for the Eclipse platform. Current subprojects include a Cobol IDE, a C/C++ IDE, and an EMF modeling tool. The Eclipse Technology Project focuses on technology research, incubation, and education using the Eclipse platform. Eclipse also includes a number of unique features such as  code refactoring, automatic code updates/installs (via the Update Manager), a task list, support for unit testing with JUnit, and integration with the Jakarta Ant build tool. Furthermore, the Eclipse Consortium provides prebuilt binaries for Windows, Linux, Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, QNX, and Mac OS X. Much of the interest in Eclipse centers around the plug-in architecure and rich APIs provided by the Plug-in Development Environment for extending Eclipse. Adding support for a new type of

56 41 editor, view, or programming language is remarkably easy, given the well-designed APIs and rich building blocks that Eclipse provides (Storkel, 2012, para. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7). SQLite Database

SQLite is an in-process library that implements a self-contained, serverless, zeroconfiguration, transactional SQL database engine. The code for SQLite is in the public domain and is thus free for use for any purpose, commercial or private. SQLite is currently found in more applications than we can count, including several high-profile  projects. SQLite is an embedded SQL database engine. Unlike most other SQL databases, SQLite does not have a separate server process. SQLite reads and writes directly to ordinary disk files. A complete SQL database with multiple tables, indices, triggers, and views, is contained in a single disk file. The database file format is cross-platform - you can freely copy a database between 32-bit and 64-bit systems or between bigendian and little-endian architectures. These features make SQLite a popular choice as an Application File Format (Anonymous, para. 1 - 2). Android Software Development Kit (SDK) Tool

The Android SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools. These include a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator, documentation, sample code and tutorials. Currently supported development platforms include computers running Windows XP or later versions. The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse using the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plug  –  in (Macale & Magante, 2013, p. 17).

57 42 Adobe Photoshop

According

to

Wikipedia,

Adobe

Photoshop is

a graphics

editing

 program developed and published by Adobe Systems. Adobe's 2003 "Creative Suite" rebranding led to Adobe Photoshop 8's renaming to Adobe Photoshop CS. Thus, Adobe Photoshop CS6 is the 13th major release of Adobe Photoshop. The CS rebranding also resulted in Adobe offering numerous software  packages containing multiple Adobe programs for a reduced price. Adobe Photoshop is released in two editions: Adobe Photoshop, and Adobe Photoshop Extended, with the Extended having extra 3D image creation, motion graphics editing, and advanced image analysis features. Adobe Photoshop Extended is included in all of Adobe's Creative Suite offerings except Design Standard, which includes the Adobe Photoshop edition. Alongside Photoshop and Photoshop Extended, Adobe also publishes Photoshop Elements and Photoshop Lightroom, collectively called "The Adobe Photoshop Family". In 2008, Adobe released Adobe Photoshop Express, a free web-based image editing tool to edit photos directly on blogs and social networking sites. In 2011, a version was released for the Android operating system and the iOS operating system, followed by a release of a version for  Windows 8 in 2013. Adobe distributes Photoshop in Windows and Macintosh versions (para. 1 - 4). Java Programming Language

According

to

Webopedia

(2013),

Java

is

a high-level

programming

language developed by Sun Microsystems.  Java was originally called OAK, and was designed for handheld devices and set-top boxes. Oak was unsuccessful so in 1995 Sun

58 43 changed the name to Java and modified the language to take advantage of the  burgeoning World Wide Web. Java is an  object-oriented language similar to C++,  but simplified to eliminate language features that cause common programming errors. Java source code files (files with a .java extension) are compiled into a format called bytecode (files with a .class extension), which can then be executed by a Java interpreter. Compiled Java code can run on most computers because Java interpreters and runtime environments, known as Java Virtual Machines (VMs), exist for most operating systems,  including UNIX, the Macintosh OS, and Windows. Bytecode can also be converted directly into machine language instructions by a just-in-time compiler (JIT). Java is a general purpose programming language with a number of features that make the language well suited for use on the World Wide Web. Small Java applications are called Java applets and can be downloaded from a Web server and run on your computer by a Java-compatible Web browser,  such as  Netscape Navigator or  Microsoft Internet Explorer. Extensible Markup Language

According to TechTerms website (2013), Extensible Markup Language or XML is used to define documents with a standard format that can be read by any XMLcompatible application. The language can be used with HTML pages, but XML itself is not a markup language. Instead, it is a "metalanguage" that can be used to create markup languages for specific applications. For example, it can describe items that may be accessed when a Web page loads. Basically, XML allows you to create a database of

44 59 information without having an actual database. While it is commonly used in Web applications, many other programs can use XML documents as well.

Software Development Life Cycle

According to Search Software Quality Website (2009), the systems development life cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model used in project management that describes the stages involved in an information system development project, from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application. Various SDLC methodologies have been developed to guide the processes involved, including the waterfall model (which was the original SDLC method); rapid application development (RAD); joint application development (JAD); the fountain model; the spiral model; build and fix; and synchronize-and-stabilize. Frequently, several models are combined into some sort of hybrid methodology. Documentation is crucial regardless of the type of model chosen or devised for any application, and is usually done in parallel with the development process. Some methods work better for specific types of  projects, but in the final analysis, the most important factor for the success of a project may be how closely the particular plan was followed. In general, an SDLC methodology follows the following steps: 1. The existing system is evaluated. Deficiencies are identified. This can  be done by interviewing users of the system and consulting with support personnel.

45 60 2. The new system requirements are defined. In particular, the deficiencies in the existing system must be addressed with specific  proposals for improvement. 3. The proposed system is designed. Plans are laid out concerning the  physical construction, hardware, operating systems, programming, communications, and security issues. 4. The new system is developed. The new components and programs must be obtained and installed. Users of the system must be trained in its use, and all aspects of performance must be tested. If necessary, adjustments must be made at this stage. 5. The system is put into use. This can be done in various ways. The new system can phased in, according to application or location, and the old system gradually replaced. In some cases, it may be more cost-effective to shut down the old system and implement the new system all at once. 6. Once the new system is up and running for a while, it should be exhaustively evaluated. Maintenance must be kept up rigorously at all times. Users of the system should be kept up-to-date concerning the latest modifications and procedures. The following are examples of System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Methodology:

61 46 Fourth Generation Techniques (4GT)

“Fourth generation techniques are the package of software tools that enable a software engineer to specify the characteristics at a high level and then a source code is automatically generated based on these specifications”. The following are the advantages and disadvantages of 4GT: Advantages 1. Reduction in software development time. 2. Improved productivity of software engineers. 3. 4GT helped by CASE, tools and code generators that offer solution to many problems. Disadvantages 1. Some 4GT are not at all easier than programming languages. 2. Generated source code are sometimes³inefficient´ 3. Time is reduced for only small and medium projects. 4. Large software developed by 4GT is not maintainable or difficult to maintain (http://www.only4bca.com/Notes/Software-Engineering/FourthGeneration-Techniques.php). Spiral Model

The spiral model is similar to the incremental model, with more emphasis placed on risk analysis. The spiral model has four phases: Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering and Evaluation. A software project repeatedly passes through these phases in iterations (called Spirals in this model). The baseline spiral, starting in the planning phase, requirements are gathered and risk is assessed. Each subsequent spirals builds on the

62 47  baseline spiral. Requirements are gathered during the planning phase. In the risk analysis  phase, a process is undertaken to identify risk and alternate solutions. A prototype is  produced at the end of the risk analysis phase. Software is produced in the engineering phase, along with testing at the end of the  phase. The evaluation phase allows the customer to evaluate the output of the project to date before the project continues to the next spiral. The following are the advantages and disadvantages of spiral model: Advantages 1.

High amount of risk analysis hence, avoidance of Risk is enhanced.

2.

Good for large and mission-critical projects.

3.

Strong approval and documentation control.

4.

Additional Functionality can be added at a later date.

5.

Software is produced early in the software life cycle.

Disadvantages 1.

Can be a costly model to use.

2.

Risk analysis requires highly specific expertise.

3.

Project’s success is highly dependent on the risk analysis phase.

4.

Doesn’t

work

well

for

smaller

projects

(http://faisalsikder.wordpress.com/category/softwareengineering/page/2/). Agile Methodology

According to DeveloperWorks Website (2013), in Agile development model, each sprint has phases of requirements, design, development and testing. In the

48 63 development phase, development team concentrates on new features to be developed and unit testing around it. But it misses on the regression of existing working functionality. This leads to defect seepage from Development phase to Test phase. Consequence of it is late defect identification, reporting, fixing and re-verification of the defect. This defect cycle continues till it is fixed. The drawback of this approach is project teams put in extra effort of identifying defects and reporting. Late identification of defects also leads to risk of schedule slippage. Below is a mechanism proposed to minimize defect leakage from development  phase to testing phase in agile software development life cycle by moving the regressed automated scripts from testing phase to development phase. The advantages of this approach of agile software development are: 1. Early identification of defects in already working functionality. 2. Development teams can use the regressed automation pieces as and when required to ensure that their new code is not introducing bugs in already existing functionality. 3. Earlier identification of any requirement or design misses. 4. It would save effort invested in reporting and documentation of the  bug. 5. Would help in restricting schedule slippages due to bugs being identified in later stages. 6. It would further remove chances of test phase misses of bugs in already working functionality.

6449 Waterfall Model

The Waterfall Model was first Process Model to be introduced. It is also referred to as a linear-sequential life cycle model. It is very simple to understand and use. In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed fully before the next phase can begin. At the end of each phase, a review takes place to determine if the project is on the right path and whether or not to continue or discard the project. In waterfall model phases do not overlap. The following are the advantages and disadvantages of waterfall model: Advantages 1. Simple and easy to understand and use. 2. Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model  –   each phase has specific deliverables and a review process. 3. Phases are processed and completed one at a time. 4. Works well for smaller projects where requirements are very well understood. Disadvantages 1. Once an application is in the testing stage, it is very difficult to go back and change something that was not well-thought out in the concept stage. 2.  No working software is produced until late during the life cycle. 3. High amounts of risk and uncertainty. 4.  Not a good model for complex and object-oriented projects. 5. Poor model for long and ongoing projects.

50 65 6.  Not suitable for the projects where requirements are at a moderate to high risk of changing (http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-v-modeladvantages-disadvantages-and-when-to-use-it/).

Design Considerations

In the Philippines, some studies related to mobile and android application were

found. Macale and Magante (2013) developed “Who Wants to be an IT Wizard? An IT Quiz Game for Android Application” to provide an alternative way for students to  learn about different knowledge about information technology. As cited in the works of Abad, et al (2013), the introduction of different technology particularly in the field of communication such as mobile phones is very common. These mobile devices provided the means to run different software applications that help humans in their daily activities, one of which are mobile dictionaries. In view of these, the researchers developed a Fisheries Mobile Dictionary (FMD) to help Bachelor of Science in Fisheries (BSFi) students and instructors of Cavite State University –  Naic. Alcorin and Panganiban (2012) developed a computer dictionary for mobile  phones to help users easily find the meaning of different computer terminologies using mobile phones. In conducting the study, the researchers were guided by the different  phases of Agile Software Development Process which include User Stories, Requirements Analysis, Design and Coding, Testing and Implementation. There are also studies regarding herbal medicine. Bayalan et al. (2008) concluded that (1) herbalism is a reputable profession and has been for many thousand years, it

66 51 actually laid the groundwork base for modern medicine, botany, pharmacy, aromatherapy and chemistry, unfortunately the attraction with technology and other reasons, and it was relegated to an experimental and partially wonderful art. There are types of herbalism and these are Chinese Herbalism, Western Herbalism, Ayurveda; (2) there are ten herbal medicines approved by DOH. These are Akapulko (Cassia alata), Ampalaya (Momordica charantia), Bawang (Allium sativum), Bayabas (Psidium guajava), Lagundi (Vitex negundo), Niyog-niyogan (Quisqualis indica L.), Sambong (Blumea balsamifera), Tsaang Gubat (Ehretia microphylla Lam.), Ulasimang Bato (Peperomia pellucida), Yerba Buena (Clinopodium douglasii); and there are many issues regarding herbal medicine. One of them is the awareness in taking herbal or other medicine to avoid kidney ailments and stop buying unsure herbal medicine products sold in malls. The most important reason is to protect consumers and patients from misuse and abuse of OTC medicines which offer therapeutic value (p. 20). Go, Marin, Mappala and Uy (1989) made the Herbal Medicine Expert System (HerMES). This is developed in response to the call for research in the field of Herbal Medicine. Herbal Medicine is seen by the Department of Health as an alternative to the expensive imported drugs which the Filipinos cannot afford. Herbal Medicine is not the hocus-pocus nor the fiction which most people believe it to be. It works! Researches made by Prof. Ludivina S. de Padua and other Herbal Medicine researchers verify this. By developing the HerMES the group hopes that they can increase the awareness and acceptance of the current research being done on Herbal Medicine.

67 52 Evaluation Standard

ISO 9126 is an international standard for the evaluation of software. The standard is divided into four parts which addresses, respectively, the following subjects: quality model; external metrics; internal metrics; and quality in use metrics. ISO 9126 Part one, referred to as ISO 9126-1 is an extension of previous work done by McCall (1977), Boehm (1978), FURPS and others in defining a set of software quality characteristics. The ISO 9126-1 software quality model identifies 6 main quality characteristics, namely: a. Functionality  b. Reliability c. Usability d. Efficiency e. Maintainability f. Portability These characteristics are broken down into subcharacteristics, a high level table is shown below. It is at the subcharacteristic level that measurement for SPI will occur. The main characteristics of the ISO9126-1 quality model, can be defined as follows: Functionality. This characteristic allows to draw conclusions about how well software provides desired functions. It can be used for assessing, controlling and  predicting the extent to which the software product (or parts of it) in question satisfies functional requirements. Suitability. It allows to draw conclusions about how suitable software is for a particular purpose. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of

53 68 software that allow to conclude the presence and appropriateness of a set of functions for specified tasks. Accuracy. It allows to draw conclusions about how well software achieves correct or agreeable results. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude about its provision of correct or agreeable results. Interoperability. It allows to draw conclusions about how well software interacts with designated systems. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude about its ability to interact with specified systems. Security. It allows to draw conclusions about how secure software is. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude about its ability to prevent unauthorized access, whether accidental or deliberate, to programs or data. Reliability. This characteristic allows to draw conclusions about how well software maintains the level of system performance when used under specified conditions. It can be used for assessing, controlling and predicting the extent to which the software product (or parts of it) in question satisfies reliability requirements. Maturity. It allows to draw conclusions about how mature software is. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude about the frequency of failure by faults in the software. Fault-tolerance. It allows to draw conclusions about how fault-tolerant software is. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that

54 69 allow to conclude on its ability to maintain a specified level of performance in case of software faults or infringement of its specified interface. Recoverability. It allows to draw conclusions about how well software recovers from software faults or infringement of its specified interface. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude on its ability to re-establish its level of performance and recover the data directly affected in case of a failure. Usability. This characteristic allows to draw conclusions about how well software can be understood, learned, used and liked by the developer. It can be used for assessing, controlling and predicting the extent to which the software product (or parts of it) in question satisfies usability requirements. Understandability. It allows to draw conclusions about how well users can recognize the logical concepts and applicability of software. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude on the users' efforts for recognizing the logical concepts and applicability. Users should be able to select a software product which is suitable for their intended use. Learnability. It allows to draw conclusions about how well users can learn the application of software. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude on the users' efforts for learning the application of software. Operability. It allows to draw conclusions about how well users can operate software. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude on the users' efforts for operation and operation control.

70 55 Attractiveness. It allows to draw conclusions about how attractive software is to the user. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude on the capability of the software product to be attractive to the user. Efficiency. This characteristic allows to draw conclusions about how well software provides required performance relative to amount of resources used. It can be used for assessing, controlling and predicting the extent to which the software product (or  parts of it) in question satisfies efficiency requirements. Time behavior. It allows to draw conclusions about how well the time  behavior of software is for a particular purpose. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude about the time behavior of the software (or parts of it) in combination with the computer system during testing or operating. Resource utilization. It allows to draw conclusions about the amount of resources utilized by the software. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude about the amount and duration of resources used while performing its function. Maintainability. This characteristic allows to draw conclusions about how well software can be maintained. It can be used for assessing, controlling and predicting the effort needed to modify the software product (or parts of it) in question. Analyzability. It allows to draw conclusions about how well software can  be analyzed. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that

71 56 allow to conclude about the effort needed for diagnosis of deficiencies or causes of failures, or for identification of parts to be modified. Changeability. It allows to draw conclusions about how well software can  be changed. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude about the effort needed for modification, fault removal or for environmental change. Stability. It allows to draw conclusions about how stable software is. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude about the risk of unexpected effects as result of modifications. Testability. It allows to draw conclusions about how well software can be tested and is tested. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude about the effort needed for validating the software and about the test coverage. Portability. This characteristic allows to draw conclusions about how well software can be ported from one environment to another. It can be used for assessing, controlling and predicting the extent to which the software product (or parts of it) in question satisfies portability requirements. Adaptability. It allows to draw conclusions about how well software can  be adapted to environmental change. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude about the amount of changes needed for the adaptation of software to different specified environments. Installability. It allows to draw conclusions about how well software can  be installed in a designated environment. It correlates with metrics which measure

57 72 attributes of software that allow to conclude about the effort needed to install the software in a specified environment. Co-existence. It allows to draw conclusions about how well software can co-exist with other software products in the same operational environment. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude about the dependencies, concurrency behavior, or side effects. Replaceability. It allows to draw conclusions about how well software can replace other software or parts of it. It correlates with metrics which measure attributes of software that allow to conclude about opportunity and effort using it instead of specified other software in the environment of that software.

58 73 Synthesis

Mobile phone keeps an important place in today’s life of the people, one of the most important factors is that it can be easily carried anywhere. Mobile phones are now

everyone’s first choice gadget because it made life more comfortable and can be used for entertainment, researches and other purposes such as a tool for learning.  Nowadays, almost all mobile phones use Android OS. In 2012, Google's mobile OS, Android OS users increase with a 300% spike. After a great increase in usage statistics of the Android OS, different android applications have been arising. Android applications are android phone software that can include entertainment applications, browsing applications and the like. It has several features and functions that give the user satisfaction. Most of the android applications are developed using Java  programming language. It is supported by Android Eclipse IDE where Java programs and android applications are created. The application was developed using Java programming language, SQLite for the database, Adobe Photoshop was used as the image editing software. The application will  be beneficial to ordinary people, travelers, adventurers and/or mountain climbers and

other people like students. Some related studies like “Who Wants to be an IT Wizard?” An IT Quiz Game for Android Devices and Fisheries Mobile Dictionary gave ideas to the researchers to do the application. Agile Software Development Methodology is the  paradigm that was used by the researchers. All the relevant information and studies were gathered, analyzed and assembled

 by the researchers and made the study development of “Mang Kepweng’s Lab”: A Mobile Android Information System on Herbal Plants.

59 74 Operational Framework 

On the basis of the prior concepts, theories and related studies presented; a corresponding operational framework is shown in Figure 1. The figure was designed as the basis in the attainment of the objectives of the study. PROCESS

INPUT A. Knowledge Requirement a. Herbal Medicine  b. Database Management c. Programming d. Mobile Android Application e. Graphic Design f. Android Operating System B. Software Requirement a. Eclipse IDE  b. SQLite Database c. Android SDK Tool d. Android Emulator e. Adobe Photoshop CS 6 f. Microsoft Office 2007 g. Android Operating System C. Hardware Requirement a. Laptop Intel i3 2GB RAM 256MB video card  b. Android Device (Version 2.3 higher) 

OUTPUT

Herbal A. User Stories B. Design and Coding a. Agile Development Paradigm  b. Hierarchical Input Process Output (HIPO) c. Input Process Output (IPO) C. Testing a. Testing Alpha Test Beta Test  b. Improvement D. Implementation  

 

Evaluation

Figure 1. Operational Framework

Medicine Information System (“Mang Kepweng’s Lab”): A

Mobile Android Information System on Herbal Medicine

75 60

Figure 1 shows the operational framework of the Development of “Mang Kepweng’s Lab”: A Mobile Android Information System on Herbal Medicine which is consisted of three parts: input, process and output. The input phase includes all the requirements needed in the development of the system. The input is divided into three categories: knowledge requirements, software requirements and hardware requirements. Knowledge requirements includes related information about herbal medicine, database management, programming, mobile android application, graphic design, animation and android operating system. Software requirements shows the materials used such as Eclipse IDE to develop the application, SQLite database that was used as the storage of information, Android SDK tool for debugging the program, Android emulator to simulate the application, Adobe Photoshop CS 6 for graphic designs, Microsoft Office 2007 for encoding the information and Android OS used as the operating system. Hardware requirements include a laptop with the following specifications: Intel i3 processor, 2GB RAM and 256MB video card where the whole system was made and Android mobile device where the application will be running. In process, system functionalities were recorded in the form of user stories. The researchers derived the test situations from the specifications. All the inputs gathered from the user stories were utilized to meet the expected output. During testing, if the application needs revision, the process returned to corresponding process that needs further development. Otherwise, implementation process takes place.

The expected output was the evaluated “Mang Kepweng’s Lab”: A Mobile Android Information System on Herbal Medicine.

76 METHODOLOGY

The researchers used the following methods to develop the “Mang Kepweng’s

Lab” android application, a mobile android information system on Herbal Plants. Project Design

The researchers used Agile Software Development Methodology in developing the application. The researchers found this methodology as the best technique fitted for the application. It suits the requirements of the system which include small range of scale for easier construction and adjustment of the application. Additionally, agile software development process focused on quick responses to change and continuous development. It is a conceptual framework that promotes foreseen interactions throughout the development cycle. Agile process was preferred where requirements change rapidly. At the beginning of each development scenario, system functionalities were recorded in the form of user  stories. The researchers derived the test situations from the specifications. During testing,

if the application needs revision, the process returned to corresponding process that needs further development. Otherwise, implementation process took place. Figure 2 shows a diagram of the Agile Software Development Methodology.

62 77

User Stories

Requirements Analysis

Design and Coding

Testing

 Need Revision

Implementation

Figure 2. Agile Software Development Process User Stories

Information from different books concerning the various herbal plants in the Philippines was gathered by the researchers. Sabrina Fair Philippines, Inc. was visited by the researchers for information collection. The requirements needed in developing the android application were described by the researchers. The researchers still accumulated more information from different herbal books, internet and PITAHC. The researchers conducted interviews to the most reliable institution in the Philippines that handles different information about traditional and alternative medicine which is the PITAHC. Interview with Barangay Health Workers (BHWs) was also conducted. The researchers visited different libraries including CvSU – 

78 63  Naic and Far Eastern University  –  East   East Asia College to conduct a research for relevant studies and information. Requirement Analysis

After collecting user stories from the target clients, the requirements analysis  phase started. All the required software and hardware were carefully analyzed in  preparation for developing the android andro id application. Design and Coding

The third phase of the paradigm is the design and coding. In this stage, it is necessary to develop a design strategy for the system. The researchers used HIPO and IPO in designing the application. After designing, the coding phase started. The detailed design document was transformed into an actual system. The researchers used Java programming language in creating the required source code in accordance to the program logic. It enabled the researchers to represent the desired output in a manner that results in generation of code to generate the output. Obviously, a data structure with relevant information was used to develop the application. Hierarchical Input Process Output (HIPO) and Input Process Output (IPO) were used as a structural design to the Mang Kepweng’s Lab android application. It shows all the modules of the system.

HIPO is consisted of a hierarchy chart that graphically represents the program’s control structure.

64 79

Main Form 0.0 Search 1.0

Herbal Plants 2.0

Preparation and Use 3.0

Help 4.0

About 5.0

Exit 6.0

Figure 3. HIPO of Mang Kepweng’s Lab The series of buttons under the first module of the Mang Kepweng’s Lab android application is shown in Figure 3. IPO is a graphical representation of the modules to be implemented in a program, demonstrating in what order they will be called and which functions call for other functions. Program: Mang Kepweng’s Lab

Called/Invoked by:

Prepared by: JanilaAlelidela Peña Janna Ria B. Novero Mac John T. Poblete Calls/Invokes:

Home

 None

Output/s:

Input/s:

 None

Search, Herbal Plants, Preparation and Use, Help, About, Exit Process:

Figure 3. IPO of Mang Kepweng’s Lab Load Home Page form Figure 3 shows the graphical illustration of the modules of the system.

Figure 4. IPO of Mang Kepweng’s Lab

80 65 Figure 4 shows the graphical illustration of the modules of the application. Testing

After the design and coding, the researchers conducted testing and performed all the activities that are required in the study. The testing was implemented to detect errors and determine if the system is effective and to make sure that the program runs successfully. The researchers conducted alpha test and beta test. In alpha test, the researchers conducted several testing on each component of the system to see if the system works properly and if errors might occur. After the alpha test, beta test was done where the target clients tested the application. The criteria used in this phase were functionality, reliability and usability. These were used to determine if the application is functional, reliable and user friendly. Implementation

After the testing phase, debugging phase followed. In this phase, the file size of the picture was compressed in order for the system not to malfunction. Implementation took place after the testing and debugging. In this phase, the researchers conducted an evaluation to the participants, where the users can make suggestions and recommendation for the improvement of the application. Subsequent to system evaluation, the system was distributed to different Android OS users. In developing the study, the researchers gathered information about the herbal  plants from the books and internet. Other matters regarding herbal plants were also obtained through an interview with the personnel of PITAHC. Most of the images of the herbal plants were captured by the researchers and others were taken from the internet. Using Adobe Photoshop, the images and Graphical User Interface (GUI) were edited and

81 66 made. The gathered information and images were encoded in the SQLite, a virtual database which is embedded in the Eclipse, the software used to build the application. Figure 5 shows the step by step procedure on how the system was developed. Project Development Process

The researchers gathered information from the books and internet. Most of the images were captured and others were downloaded from the net. The images were saved as .jpg format.

The gathered data were encoded in the Eclipse to be able to create “Mang Kepweng’s Lab”. Figure 5. Project Development Process

67 82 Operation and Testing Procedure Operation Procedure

First, install the Mang Kepweng’s Lab into your android phone. Once installed, launch the application. The main form will appear with different buttons to be selected.  Next, click any button you want to view the content behind the selected button. Click the exit button to end the application. The buttons will allow you to navigate the application.

Figure 6. Buttons present in the Main Form Click on the search button in order to find the herbal plants that may help cure an ailment. It will provide the image, common name, scientific name, Filipino name, other names, taxonomical classification, description, medicinal use, preparation and warning. The Herbal Plants button provides a list of herbal plants. Once a herbal plant is tap, it will  provide the image, common name, scientific name, Filipino name, other names, taxonomical classification, description, medicinal use, preparation and warning. Preparation and Use button is a control that user can click to display the ways to gather

83 68 and prepare herbal plants as a medicine material. Help is a button that once clicked; it will display how the application is used. The about button is use to display the information about the application and the developers. Exit button is a confirmation whether to exit the application or not. Testing Procedure

The system had undergone testing procedure to ensure that the system functions correctly produce the right output. Two levels of testing were conducted, the Alpha test and Beta test. In Alpha test, the researchers conducted several testing on each component of the system to see if the system works properly and if errors might occur.

69 84 Table 1. Alpha Test Component/ Module

Search Button Herbal Plants Button Preparation and Use Button Help Button

Test Conducted The researchers clicked the search button and view the

search bar The researchers clicked the Herbal Plants button to view the list of Herbal Plants The researchers clicked the Preparation and Use  button to view the ways of preparing the herbal plants The researchers clicked the help button to view the alert dialog containing on how to use the application The researchers clicked the about button to view the

About Button

alert dialog containing the information about the application and developers The researchers clicked the exit button to choose

Exit Button

whether to close or not the application, if okay button is clicked, the application exits. The researchers searched for illnesses to verify if the

Search Bar

application shows the correct and appropriate information The researchers selected a Herbal Plants to verify if

Herbal Plants Module

the application shows the correct and appropriate information

After the components were tested by the researchers in alpha test, the researchers conducted a test for the target clients (refer to Appendix D overall Testing Instrument ).

Beta test was done to improve the system based on the user’s need. The beta test was also used to find some defects. On this stage, the feedback of the participants was used to fix the defects noticed by the target clients. Table 2 shows the tests conducted by the users.

70 85 The distribution of the software was limited to a selection of participants in CvSU –  Naic. The participants of the system testing were four (4) Barangay Health Workers (BHW). The users rated the system according to the given criteria. Five (5) is excellent, four (4) is very satisfactory, three (3) is satisfactory, two (2) is fair, and one (1) is poor. Table 2. Beta Test Component/ Module

Search Button Herbal Plants Button Preparation and Use Button Help Button

Test Conducted The participants clicked the search button to view the

search bar The participants clicked the Herbal Plants button to view the list of Herbal Plants The participants clicked the Preparation and Use button to view the ways of preparing the herbal plants The participants clicked the help button to view the alert dialog containing on how to use the application The participants clicked the about button to view the

About Button

alert dialog containing the information about the application and developers The participants clicked the exit button to choose

Exit Button

whether to close or not the application, if okay button is clicked, the application exits. The participants searched for illnesses to verify if the

Search Bar

application

shows

the

correct

and

appropriate

information The participants selected a Herbal Plants to verify if the Herbal Plants Module

application

shows

the

correct

and

appropriate

information The beta test to be constructed had the criteria as follows: functionality, reliability and usability.

86 71 Functionality was a criterion to be tested if the software provides an accurate result and if the content of the software provides appropriate functions for the user objectives. On the other hand, reliability was the criterion to determine if the system has no errors, if the software contains valid and updated information and such are presented in an organized manner and if the software is capable of handling errors. Lastly, usability was tested to see if the software provides the user to learn the application, if the software is easy to operate and if the software product is attractive to the user. Project Evaluation Sources of Data

The study was subjected to a performance evaluation. Table 3 shows the  breakdown of the participants of the system. Thirty (30) CvSU  –   Naic students and BHWs and seven (7) IT Instructors from Information Technology Department (ITD) evaluated the application. Table 3 shows the breakdown of participants of the system evaluation. Table 3. Number of Participants Participants

Number of Participants

Students and BHWs

30

IT Experts

7 TOTAL

37

87 72 The data collected were used to determine if the system is effective. The system was evaluated using an evaluation form which measure the effectiveness of the application (refer to Appendix E and F overall evaluation form). Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers performed individual evaluation wherein the software was demonstrated on individuals in specific offices.

The initial step in system evaluation was the introduction of the title of the system and its specific objectives. Next, the system was presented and demonstrated to the respondents. Each respondent used and explored the system after the demonstration. After that, the researchers distributed the evaluation forms to the respondents to evaluate the system. Data Analysis

Table 4 shows the rating scale used in evaluating the application. The corresponding interpretations were used in analyzing the result of the criteria. Table 4. Rating Scale Ratings

Interpretation

4.50 –  5.00

Excellent

3.50 –  4.49

Very Satisfactory

2.50 –  3.49

Satisfactory

1.50 –  2.49

Fair

0.00 –  1.49

Poor

88 73 Statistical Treatment

The researchers used the population size of the IT Faculty and random sampling was applied to complete the total number of students and BHWS. Weighted Mean was used in computing for the result of the evaluation. The weighted mean is the average value of all the results from each criterion. The formula used to obtain the weighted mean is:

 

           

Where   =

weighted mean

   =

  =

  =

particular observation from 1 to 5 rating from 1 to 5

total number of respondents

Research Instrument

The evaluation form which is the primary instrument in gathering data was used in this study. The evaluation form was based on ISO/IEC 9126, an international standard for the evaluation of software quality. System Evaluation

The following are the selected criteria of ISO 9126 software standards that were used to evaluate the quality and the performance of the presentation for the users. Functionality is the set of attributes that bear on the existence of a set of functions and

74 89 their specified properties. Reliability defines the capability of the system to maintain its service provision under defined conditions for defined periods of time. Usability refers to the ease of use for a given function. Efficiency is concerned with the system resources used when providing the required functionality.

For IT experts’ evaluation form, maintainability and portability were added to test if the presentation could identify and fix errors within a software component and to test how well the software could adopt to change in its environment or with its requirements, respectively.

90 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the researchers present the developed system and the results of the tests and the evaluation made. Project Description

“Mang Kepweng’s Lab” is a mobile android information system which includes a list of herbal plants with its scientific name, common name, Filipino name and other names. Each herbal plant has also text information about its taxonomical classifications, description, medicinal uses, and the ways to prepare the herbal plants and warning and/or cautions on using the herbal plants. The application is capable of suggesting herbal plants that may be a cure to an ailment. This application was developed using Eclipse IDE. It consists of 156 herbal  plants that are usually found in the Philippines. Alpha test and beta test were conducted to

determine the application’s affectivity. BHW, school nurse, students and IT instructors evaluated the application. Project Structure

These are the screen shots of “Mang Kepweng’s Lab” application with explanation of the use of each form.

76 91

Figure 7. Splash Screen Figure 7 shows the splash screen appears before the main form is displayed.

Figure 8. Main Form Figure 8 shows the main form of the application which consists of six (6) buttons in the main menu, the search, herbal plants, preparation and use, help, about and exit and a search bar where the user may type the ailment and the application will automatically

92 77 suggests the herbal plants that may cure the ailment. The search button is used to show the search bar. When the user chooses an herbal plant, the application shows the image, description, medicinal uses, preparation and warning for the use of the herbal plant. The  preparation and use button is a control that user can click to display the ways on how to use plant material as medicine. The help button is used to display the application help system. The about button provides the information about the application and developers. Exit button is used to close the application.

Figure 9. Herbal Plants Form Figure 9 shows the herbal plants form where the list of herbal plants is enumerated. This is displayed whenever the herbal plants button is clicked.

78 93

Figure 10. Herbal Plants Information Figure 10 shows the herbal plants information. This will appear either by clicking herbal plants from the list of suggested herbal plants or from the herbal plants form.

Figure 11. Preparation and Use Dialog Box

79 94 Figure 11 shows a dialog box with the ways on how to use plant material as medicine. It includes the required dosage suggested for adult and children.

Figure 12. Help Dialog Box Help dialog box is shown in Figure 12. This dialog box displays the information on the application to be used.

Figure 13. About Dialog Box

80 95 Figure 13 shows the about dialog box. The about dialog box displays the information about the application and the developers.

Figure 14. Exit Confirmation Figure 14 shows the exit confirmation. If OK button is clicked, the application exits, otherwise, it stays running. Project Capabilities and Limitation

“Mang Kepweng’s Lab” has capabilities and limitations. The capabilities of the application are: 1. It automatically suggests herbal plants to the user’s input, which is the ailment, in the search bar; 2. The application has a list for herbal plants; 3. Every herbal plant has its image for easier identification;

96 81 4. Every herbal plant also contains different information such as scientific name, common name, Filipino name, taxonomical classification, description, medicinal uses, ways on how to use the herbal plant and warning in using the herbal plant The limitations of the application are: 1. The application can only be installed on Android OS from Android Version 2.3 –  4.2;  4.2; 2. The application does not have a list of illnesses; 3. The search bar is only capable of suggesting herbal plants not the ailment itself; 4. There is no sound available for application start-up and tapping the  buttons. Project Evaluation

The application had undergone series of testing. The developers first conducted an alpha test to determine the behavior of the different software components. After the alpha test, BHW and the school nurse tested the system. Table 5 shows the result of the test conducted by the researchers and the users.

97 82 Table 5. Test Results Test Conducted

Behavior

The users clicked the search button to view The the search bar

search

bar

was

viewed

successfully.

The users clicked the Herbal Plants button to The list of herbal plants was viewed view the list of Herbal Plants

successfully.

The users clicked the Preparation and Use A

pop-up

box

containing

the

 button to view the ways of preparing the  preparation and use of the herbal herbal plants

 plants displayed.

The users clicked the Help button to view the alert dialog containing on how to use the application

The

alert

dialog

was

viewed

successfully.

The users clicked the Help button to view the An alert dialog containing the alert dialog containing on how to use the information about the application and application

the developers came out.

The users searched for illnesses to verify if The

application

provided

an

the application shows the correct and appropriate picture and information appropriate information

of the herbal plant.

The users selected a Herbal Plants to verify if The

application

provided

an

the application shows the correct and appropriate picture and information appropriate information

of the herbal plant.

The users clicked the Exit button

Confirmation to exit appeared.

The

users

selected

Cancel

on

the The application did not exit. Main

confirmation to exit message. The users selected Ok on the confirmation to exit message.

menu remained on the screen. The application exited.

98 83 Evaluation Results

Shown in Table 5 is the result of evaluation obtained from the BHWs, school nurse, students and IT Instructors. Table 5. Evaluation Results Criteria

Ratings

Weighted Interpretation Mean

5

4

3

2

1

30 26

7 10

0 1

0 0

0 0

4.81 4.68

Excellent Excellent

24

11

2

0

0

4.59

 b. Fault Tolerance

15

18

3

0

0

4.33

Excellent Very Satisfactory

Usability a. Learnability  b. Understandability c. Operability

28 29 31

9 8 6

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

4.76 4.78 4.84

d. Attractiveness

17

18

2

0

0

4.41

26 27

9 7

2 3

0 0

0 0

4.65 4.65

4

1

2

0

0

4.29

5

2

0

0

0

4.71

Very Satisfactory Excellent

4

3

0

0

0

4.57

Excellent

24

11

2

0

0

4.59

Excellent

5

2

0

0

0

4.71

Excellent

4.64

Excellent

Functionality a. Suitability Suitability  b. Accuracy Reliability a. Maturity

Efficiency a. Time Behavior  b. Resource Behavior Maintainability (For IT Instructors Only) a. Analyzability Analyzability  b. Testability Portability a. Adaptability(For IT Instructors Only)  b. Installability c. Conformance (For IT Instructors Only)

WEIGHTED MEAN

Excellent Excellent Excellent Very Satisfactory Excellent Excellent

84 99 Functionality Suitability is the essential functionality characteristic and refers to the appropriateness of the functions of the software. This criterion got a weighted mean of 4.81 interpreted as excellent. Accuracy refers to the correctness of the functions. Accurateness of the system got a weighted mean of 4.68 interpreted as excellent. Reliability Maturity sub-characteristic concerns frequency of failure of the software. This criterion got a weighted mean of 4.59 interpreted as excellent. Fault tolerance is the ability of the software to withstand and recover from component, or environmental, failure. This criterion yielded 4.33 which have an equivalent rating of very satisfactory. Usability Learnability enables the user to learn how to use the system. This got a weighted mean of 4.76 interpreted as excellent. Understandability determines the ease of which the systems functions can be understood, relates to user mental models in Human Computer Interaction methods. This criterion yielded 4.78 which has an equivalent rating of excellent. Operability is the ability of the software to be easily operated by a given user in a given environment. Operability of the system got a weighted mean of 4.84 interpreted as excellent.

100 85 Attractiveness is the capability of the software product to be attractive to the user. Attractiveness of the system got a weighted mean of 4.41 which has an equivalent rating of very satisfactory. Efficiency Time behavior characterizes response times for a given through put. In this criterion, 4.65 was the obtained weighted mean interpreted as excellent. Resource behavior characterizes resources used, such as memory, CPU, disk and network usage. This criterion got a weighted mean of 4.65 interpreted as excellent. Maintainability Analyzability characterizes the ability to identify the root cause of a failure within the software. This characteristic got a weighted mean 4.12 interpreted as very satisfactory. Testability characterizes the effort needed to verify (test) a system change. This characteristic got a weighted mean of 4.67 interpreted as excellent. Portability Adaptability characterizes the ability of the system to change to new specifications or operating environments. This criterion got a weighted mean of 4.50 interpreted as excellent. Installability characterizes the effort required to install the software. This criterion yielded 4.58 interpreted as excellent. Conformance is similar to compliance for functionality, but this characteristic relates to portability. One example would be Open SQL conformance which relates to

86 101  portability of database used. This characteristic got a weighted mean of 4.67 interpreted as excellent. The system got an overall weighted mean of 4.63 or interpreted as Excellent. This shows that the participants were very satisfied and that the system is an effective tool for  browsing herbal plants. The result shows that the “Mang Kepweng’s Lab” satisfies the need of the user; it functions well and is reliable, usable, efficient, maintainable, portable, and acceptable to the user.

102 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION

This section presents the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations of the study. Summary

The researchers developed “Mang Kepweng’s Lab”, a mobile android information system for people, traveler, mountaineers and students. The software allowed users to easily enter their disease and the software suggests what herbal plants can cure the ailment. This application can be passed easily via Bluetooth and is only installed on Android OS Version 2.3 to 4.2. It can be installed on these devices for mobility purposes. In developing the system, data were gathered through research and interviews. The developers gathered information in the library of Cavite State University-Naic and FEU  –   East Asia College Library. Other data were gathered from the books, internet and PITAHC. The gathered information were used to develop the system. In designing the system, the developers used agile methodology because it helped researchers to create software that meets the user's expectations and needs especially for quick changes in the system. Random sampling was used to determine the 30 students to evaluate the system and purposive sampling was done to get the population size of the IT Instructors. The researchers used Eclipse for creating the system, SQLite for the database, Adobe Photoshop CS6 used for design and Android OS was used as the operating system for the finished application. After the creation of the application, testing phase was conducted to check the correctness of program logic and syntax. This condition was considered to see if the system is applicable to use or there are changes to be made. The researchers conducted

103 88 alpha and beta test. The beta test participants consist of three (3) BHWs and the school nurse. There is no suggestion given by the beta test participants. System evaluation was conducted after the alpha and beta test. The researchers distributed the application to different Android OS running devices via Bluetooth to test if the application worked well in different versions of Android OS. The evaluation criteria used were based from the ISO 9126. The application was evaluated by thirty seven (37) participants comprised of twenty six (26) students, seven (7) IT Instructors, three (3) BHWs and the school nurse. It was rated through the following scale: five (5) is excellent, four (4) is very satisfactory, three (3) is satisfactory, two (2) is fair, and one (1) is poor. Results were consolidated and analyzed using weighted mean. The system had an overall rating of weighted mean 4.64 which means excellent. This proved that the use of “Mang Kepweng’s Lab” application provides convenience to the users when searching for herbal plants. Conclusion

Based on the findings derived from the study, the application has met all of its requirements. The accomplished application contains a list of herbal plants with its scientific name, common name, Filipino name, other names, taxonomical classifications, description, medicinal uses, preparation and warnings on using the herbal plants. The researchers used Eclipse IDE to develop the application, SQLite for the database backend, Android SDK tool for the API libraries and developer tools and Adobe Photoshop in designing the interface of the application.

89 104 The application was tested for its functionality, reliability and usability before it was evaluated. The users like the system and are satisfied with the outcome of the system. The application was evaluated by twenty six (26) students, seven (7) IT instructors, three (3) BHWs and the school nurse. The evaluation shows that the system is functional, reliable, user friendly, efficient, clear and understandable. Recommendations

For other researchers who want to enhance the application, the researchers recommend the following: 1. The search bar should be capable of searching through either herbal plants or diseases. 2. There should be a list for diseases. 3. Include sounds in the application start-up. 4. Include more pictures of the herbal plants for easier identification. 5. Add features like users can send the information through Simple Messaging Service (SMS).

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Macale, J. K., & Magante, M. G. (2013). “Who wants to be an IT Wizard?”: An IT Quiz Game Application for Android Devices. Unpublished undergraduate thesis, Cavite State University - Naic.  Napolitano, W. (2013). The history of Herbal Medicine. Available from http://www.life123.com/health/natural-remedies/herbs/the-origins-of-herbalmedicine.shtml.  Nazimuddin S., & Nagyi H. S. (2013). Cucumis sativus Linn. Available from http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/C/ Cucumis_sativus/#Taxonomy Philomena, G. (2011). Safety and Toxicity of herbal medicines. India: Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science(pp. 40 - 44). Pie, R. (2013 ). Android Version History Guide v1.0 To v4.1 Jelly Bean. Available from http://www.redmondpie.com/android-version-history-guide-v1.0-to-v4.1-jelly bean-infographic/2013/03/android-operating-system-history.html. Reinhard, E. (2011). The Five Causes of Illnesses. Available http://www.goldenlightherbs.com/Info/five_causes_of_illnesses.aspx.

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108 93 Rouse, M. (2009). System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Available from http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/definition/systems-development-lifecycle Rubin, A. (2013).  Android co-founder says mobile OS was originally designed for cameras. Available from http://www.dpreview.com/news/2013/04/16/androidwas-originally-designed-for-cameras. Shaw, N. R. (2011). A brief history of Android OS _ Life of Android . Retrieved August 2, 2013, from http://www.lifeofandroid.com/news_detail/a-brief-history-of-androidos/. Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat. (2000). Types of Information System. Available from http://bisom.uncc.edu/courses/info2130/Topics/istypes.htm Siddharth, K. S. (2013).  Agile Software Development Life Cycle. Available from https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/blogs/siddharthsaraya/?sortby =0&maxresults=10&order=asc&lang=en Sihabuddin, M. (2013).  Android (Operating System) History. Retrieved August 1, 2013 from http://go-androidmarket.blogspot.com/2013/03/android-operating-systemhistory.html. Sikder,  Sikder,  F. (2011). Software Engineering  –   Spiral Model . Retrieved October 10, 2013, from http://faisalsikder.wordpress.com/category/software-engineering/ Skumar. (2012). Waterfall Software Development Methodology. Available from http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-v-model-advantages-disadvantagesand-when-to-use-it/ Smith, J. E. (2011).  A Brief History of Herbal Medicine. Available from http://www.inspiredtimesmagazine.com/Resources/In4PgHerbal.pdf. Snow,

K. (2013). The Origins of Alternative Medicine. Available from http://www.filipinoherbshealingwonders.filipinovegetarianrecipe.com/the-originsof-alternative-medicine.htm.

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110

APPENDICES

111

APPENDIX A Gantt Chart

112 97

113

APPENDIX B HIPO (Hierarchical Input Process Output)

114 99

Main Form 0.0 Search 1.0

Herbal Plants 2.0

Preparation and Use 3.0 Module 0.0 Main Form

Search 1.0 Herbal Plants Information 1.1 Module 1.0 Search

Herbal Plants 2.0

List of Herbal Plants 2.1 Module 2.0 Herbal Plants

Help 4.0

About 5.0

Exit 6.0

115 100

List of Herbal Plants 2.1

Herbal Plants Information 2.1.1 Module 2.1 List of Herbal Plants

Preparations and Use 3.0

Preparations and Use dialog box 3.1 Module 3.0 Preparations and Use

Help 4.0

Helpdialog box 4.1 Module 4.0 Help

116 101

About 5.0

About dialog box 5.1 Module 5.0 About

Exit 6.0

Exit dialog box 6.1 Module 6.0 Exit

117

APPENDIX C IPO (Input Process Output)

103 118

Program: Mang Kepweng’s Lab

Prepared by: Janila Aleli dela Peña Janna Ria B. Novero Mac John T. Poblete

Main Form Called/Invoked by:

Calls/Invokes:

Search Bar

 None

Herbal Plants List Preparations and Use Help Output/s:

Input/s:

Tap Search Button

Search Bar

Tap Herbal Plants Button

Herbal Plants List

Tap Preparations and Use Button

Preparations and Use

Tap Help Button

Help

Process:

Load Search Bar Load Herbal Plants List Load Preparations and Use

119 104 Program: Mang Kepweng’s Lab

Prepared by: Janila Aleli dela Peña Janna Ria B. Novero Mac John T. Poblete

Module: 1.0 Search Form Called/Invoked by:

Calls/Invokes:

Search Form

Main Form

Output/s:

Input/s:

List of suggested herbal plants

Tap Search Bar

Process:

Searching for Herbal Plants Information

Program: Mang Kepweng’s Lab

Prepared by: Janila Aleli dela Peña Janna Ria B. Novero Mac John T. Poblete

Module: 2.0 Herbal Plants Called/Invoked by:

Calls/Invokes:

Herbal Plants

Main Form

Output/s:

Input/s:

Tap Herbal Plants Button List of Herbal Plants Process:

Load List of Herbal Plants

105 120 Program: Mang Kepweng’s Lab

Prepared by: Janila Aleli dela Peña Janna Ria B. Novero Mac John T. Poblete

Module: 2.1 Herbal Plants Information Called/Invoked by:

Calls/Invokes:

Herbal Plants Information

Herbal Plants

Output/s:

Input/s:

Herbal Plants Information

Tap desired herbal plant

Process:

Load Herbal Plants Information

Program: Mang Kepweng’s La b

Prepared by: Janila Aleli dela Peña Janna Ria B. Novero Mac John T. Poblete

Module: 3.0 Preparations and Use Called/Invoked by:

Calls/Invokes:

Main Form

Preparations and Use

Output/s:

Input/s:

Tap Preparations and Use Button

Preparations and Use

Process:

Load Preparations and Use

121 106 Program: Mang Kepweng’s Lab

Prepared by: Janila Aleli dela Peña Janna Ria B. Novero Mac John T. Poblete

Module: 4.0 Help Form Called/Invoked by:

Calls/Invokes:

Main Form

Help Form

Output/s:

Input/s:

Help

Tap Help Button

Process:

Load Help Form

Program: Mang Kepweng’s Lab

Prepared by: Janila Aleli dela Peña Janna Ria B. Novero Mac John T. Poblete

Module: 5.0 About Form Called/Invoked by:

Calls/Invokes:

Main Form

Input/s:

About Form

Output/s:

About

Tap About Button

Process:

Load About Form

122

APPENDIX D TESTING INSTRUMENT

108 123 Republic of the Philippines CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY –  NAIC Tel. No. (046) 856-0401/856-0943/697-9530 Fax. No. (046) 856-0942 Website: http://www.cvsu-naic.edu.ph E-mail: [email protected] Proponents: Janila Aleli dela Peña Janna Ria B. Novero Mac John T. Poblete Title: Development of “Mang Kepweng’s Lab”: A Mobile Android Informatio n

System on Herbal Plants

 Name (Optional): ________________________________

Date: ____________________

Direction: Place a check (√) below the number corresponding to your rating of the software according to the given criteria. The ratings to be used are: 5 – Excellent 4 – Very Satisfactory 3 – Satisfactory 2 – Fair 1 –  Poor Criteria

5

4

Rate 3

2

  a. Does the software product provide an accurate    A    N result?    O    I    Y    T   T    I    C   L  b. Does the content of the software provide    N    U appropriate functions for the user objectives?    F    Y a. Does the software have no errors?    T    L    I  b. Does the software contains valid and updated    B information and such are presented in an    A    I    L organized manner?    E    R c. Does the software capable of handling errors?    Y a. Does the software provide the user to learn the    T    I application?    L    I  b. Does the software easy to operate?    B    A    S c. Is the software product attractive to the user?    U

Comments/ Recommendations:  ________________________________________________________________________   __________________________ Signature

1

124

APPENDIX E EVALUATION INSTRUMENT FOR STUDENTS AND BHWs

125 110 Republic of the Philippines CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY –  NAIC Tel. No. (046) 856-0401/856-0943/697-9530 Fax. No. (046) 856-0942 Website: http://www.cvsu-naic.edu.ph E-mail: [email protected] Proponents: Janila Aleli dela Peña Janna Ria B. Novero Mac John T. Poblete Title: Development of “Mang Kepweng’s Lab”: A Mobile Android Information

System on Herbal Plants Evaluation Form for: Students and Barangay Health Workers (BHWs)

 Name (Optional): ________________________________

Date: ____________________

Direction: Place a check (√) below the number corresponding to your rating of the software according to the given criteria. The ratings to be used are: 5 – Excellent 4 – Very Satisfactory 3 – Satisfactory 2 – Fair 1 –  Poor Criteria    Y    T    I a. Suitability - Does the application functions    L appropriately according to how it was designed?    A    N    O    I    T  b. Accuracy - Does the application provide    C    N information that is correct and exact?    U    F

a. Maturity - Does the application perform without failure?    Y

   T    L    I    B    A    I  b. Fault Tolerance - Does the software product    L maintain a specified level of performance in cases    E    R of software faults?

Rate 5

4

3

2

1

111 126

a. Learnability - Does the application can be easily learned?    Y  b. Understandability - Is the application easy to    T    I comprehend?    L    I    B    A    S c. Operability - Is the application easy to operate?    U

d. Attractiveness - Is the software attractive to the users?    Y a. Time Behavior - Does the application take less    C    N time to process a request?    E    I    C    I    F  b. Resource Behavior - Does the application    F  provide result with minimum effort?    E    A   Y    T   T a. Installability - Does the software require less    R   I effort to be installed?    I    O   L    P   B

Comments/ Recommendations:  ________________________________________________________________________   ________________________________________________________________________   ________________________________________________________________________

 _________________________ Signature

127

APPENDIX F EVALUATION INSTRUMENT FOR IT INSTRUCTORS

113 128 Republic of the Philippines CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY –  NAIC Tel. No. (046) 856-0401/856-0943/697-9530 Fax. No. (046) 856-0942 Website: http://www.cvsu-naic.edu.ph E-mail: [email protected] Proponents: Janila Aleli dela Peña Janna Ria B. Novero Mac John T. Poblete Title: Development of “Mang Kepweng’s Lab”: A Mobile Android Information

System on Herbal Plants Evaluation Form for: IT Instructors

 Name (Optional): ________________________________

Date: ____________________

Direction: Place a check (√) below the number corresponding to your rating of the software according to the given criteria. The ratings to be used are: 5 – Excellent 4  – Very Satisfactory 3 – Satisfactory 2 – Fair 1 –  Poor Criteria    Y    T    I a.    L    A    N    O    I    T  b.    C    N    U    F

Suitability - Does the application functions appropriately according to how it was designed? Accuracy - Does the application provide information that is correct and exact?

   Y a. Maturity - Does the application perform without    T failure?    L    I    B    A    I  b. Fault Tolerance - Does the software product    L maintain a specified level of performance in cases    E    R of software faults?    Y a.    T    I    L    I    B  b.    A    S    U

Learnability - Does the application can be easily learned? Understandability - Is the application easy to comprehend?

Rate 5

4

3

2

1

114 129

c. Operability - Is the application easy to operate? d. Attractiveness - Is the software attractive to the users?    Y a. Time Behavior - Does the application take less    C time to process a request?    N    E    I    C    I    F  b. Resource Behavior - Does the application    F    E  provide result with minimum effort?    Y    T    I a.    L    I    B    A    N    A    T  b.    N    I    A    M

Analyzability - Does the application identify the root cause of a failure within the application? Testability - Does the application require effort to test the system?

a. Adaptability -Does the application have the ability to new specifications or operating    Y    T environments?    I

   L    I    B  b. Installability - Does the software require less    A    T effort to be installed?    R    O    P

c. Conformance –  Is the database portable?

Comments/ Recommendations:  ________________________________________________________________________  ________________________ Signature

130

APPENDIX G Sample Testing Form

131 116

132 117

133

APPENDIX H Sample Evaluation Form for Students and BHWs

134 119

135 120

136

APPENDIX I Sample Evaluation Form for IT Instructors

122 137

123 138

139

APPENDIX J Program Listing

125 140

Program Code: Development of “Mang Kepweng’s Lab” A Mobile Android Information System on Herbal Plants. #MainActivity.java  package com.apps.mangkepwengslab; import com.apps.mangkepwengslab.MainActivity; import com.apps.mangkepwengslab.ListHerb; import android.os.Bundle; import android.app.Activity; import android.app.AlertDialog; import android.app.SearchManager; import android.content.Context; import android.content.DialogInterface; import android.content.Intent; import android.util.Log; import android.view.Menu; import android.view.View; import android.widget.Button; import android.widget.SearchView;  public class MainActivity extends Activity { final Context context=this;; @Override  protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); onSearchRequested(); Button btnSearch= (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnSearch1); Button btnHerb = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnHerbal); Button btnPrep= (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnPrep); Button btnHelp= (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnHelp); Button btnAbout = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnAbouts); Button btnExit = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnExit); //Create on click listener class  btnAbout.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() { //When you click the button, Alert dialog will be showed  public void onClick(View v) { /* Alert Dialog Code Start*/ abt(); /* Alert Dialog Code End*/ }

141 126 });  btnSearch.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() { //When you click the button, Alert dialog will be showed  public void onClick(View v) { /* Alert Dialog Code Start*/ onSearchRequested(); /* Alert Dialog Code End*/ } });  btnExit.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() { //When you click the button, Alert dialog will be showed  public void onClick(View v) { /* Alert Dialog Code Start*/ alert(); /* Alert Dialog Code End*/ } });  btnHelp.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() { //When you click the button, Alert dialog will be showed  public void onClick(View v) { /* Alert Dialog Code Start*/ help(); /* Alert Dialog Code End*/ } });  btnPrep.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() { //When you click the button, Alert dialog will be showed  public void onClick(View v) { /* Alert Dialog Code Start*/  prep(); /* Alert Dialog Code End*/ } });  btnHerb.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener(){ @Override  public void onClick(View v) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub Intent goToList= newIntent(MainActivity.this,SearchListActivity.class); startActivity(goToList); finish(); } }); }

142 127  public void alert(){ AlertDialog.Builder alert = new AlertDialog.Builder(context); alert.setTitle("EXIT"); //Set Alert dialog title here alert.setMessage("Do you want to close the application?"); //Message here alert.setPositiveButton("Ok", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {  public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int whichButton) { //Close the Activity when click OK. android.os.Process.killProcess(android.os.Process.myPid()); } }); alert.setNegativeButton("Cancel", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {  public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int whichButton) { // Cancelled. dialog.cancel(); } }); AlertDialog alertDialog = alert.create(); alertDialog.show(); }  public void help(){ AlertDialog.Builder alert = new AlertDialog.Builder(context); alert.setTitle("Help"); //Set Alert dialog title here alert.setMessage("This application is a type of information system on herbal plants. It includes the list of herbal plants with its scientific name, common name, Filipino name and other names. Each herbal plants has also text information about its taxonomical classifications, description, medicinal uses, the ways to prepare the herbal  plants and warning and/or cautions on using the herbal plants. \n\n" + "As the application starts-up, the search engine is also initialized where the user can type the ailment needed treatment and the application automatically suggests/lists down herbal plants that may help to cure the ailment searched. \n\n" + "The Main Form has six (6) main buttons: Search button, Herbal Plants  button, Preparation and Use button, Help button, About button and Exit button. \n\n" + "Once the Search button is clicked, the search engine will then be shown up.If Herbal Plants button is tapped, the list of herbal plants will be displayed with a search bar. A dialog box on how to use plant materials as medicine will pop-up when Preparation and Use button is ticked. Information on how to use will show off if Help  button is clicked. The About button will display the information about the application itself and the developers.Lastly, a confirmation to exit the application will pop-up. \n\n"+ "NOTE: This application does not claim any therapeutic treatment as the developers only refer to information from Philippine Institute for Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC) and different herbal books specifically Amazing

143 128 Healing Plants by JC Kurian, PH.D., D.S.C. and Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants by George D. Pamplona - Roger, M.D." ); //Message here alert.setPositiveButton("Ok", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {  public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int whichButton) { dialog.cancel(); } }); AlertDialog alertDialog = alert.create(); alertDialog.show(); }  public void prep(){ AlertDialog.Builder alert = new AlertDialog.Builder(context); alert.setTitle("How to Use Plant Material as Medicine (Preparation and Use)"); //Set Alert dialog title here alert.setMessage("From the time immemorial, mankind has been in search for plant, animal and other materials that could be used to take care of the pains, deformities, ailments and diseases that affect some of the unfortunate members of our society.\n\n" + "The history of medicine can be linked with the remote past. Although modern medicine, or allopathy, has been accepted by a large portion of the population of the world, only in recent years has there been a new look at natural remedies, home remedies, and simple ways of using plant materials which are so easily available in one's own backyard or in the neighbourhood.\n\n"+ "The plant kingdom has many plants with properties that are conductive to health. To secure the best results from the use of plants as remedial agencies, they must  be used consistently over a sufficient period of time.\n\n"+ "Of course, it is always advisable to consult an Ayurvedic physician  before self medicating or administering any herbal medicine. In fact, it is highly recommended that after the reader makes an exact identification of the medicinal plant and has a clear and complete understanding of the plant use that has been recommended in the application for a particular ailment, the Ayurvedic doctor should confirm the same. This will not only strengthen the psyche of the patient but will also reduce the chances of wrong diagnosis and treatment procedures.\n\n"+ "Those who persist with these natural plant remedies will obtain good results. The problem is that many people, when they experience the first improvement and some relief, discontinue before the full work of restoration has been completed in the  body. It is worth repeating that good results depend upon one's own patience and the continued use of medicinal plants.\n\n\n"+ "GENERAL RULES TO KEEP IN MIND:\n"+ " 1. Flowers should be gathered before or after the flowers open completely. Collect them in clear dry weather, in the morning, after the dew has disappeared.\n"+

144 129 " 2. Leaves should be gathered when fully developed. Biennial plant leaves should be gathered during the second season or year, when they are strongest. Collect in clear, dry weather, in the morning, after the dew has disappeared.\n"+ " 3. In the case of stalks, collect them after fruiting occurs.\n"+ " 4. Gather bulbs after the new bulbs are completely formed and also  before the leaves decay.\n"+ " 5. Gather the root, trunk, branch or bark, either during the time of flowering or when the fruit is ripened. Dead or decaying materials should be separated.\n"+ " 6. Seeds should be collected when they are fully matured.\n"+ " 7. In the case of underground stems (rhizomes) and roots:\n"+ " a. Gather annuals just before flowering.\n"+ " b. Gather biennials after the first leaves appear during the first season or at the end of the year.\n"+ " c. Gather perennials either before new leaves begin to appear or after the plant matures and the leaves have all fallen from the plant.\n"+ " 8. All drying should be done in the shade, especially the flowers and leaves. Dry as quickly as possible, but thoroughly. Often, when drying is complete, a short exposure to the sun will help to prevent fungus attack. Always store in a cool and dry place. Mouldy or mildewed materials should never be used. If the plant material is stored in paper bags or boxes, be sure that each is correctly labeled for easy identification.\n"+ " 9. It should be noted that aluminum vessels should never be used for aqueous preparation of herbs. Stainless steel, glass or good quality enamelware are  preferable. Pure soft water should be uses as far as possible.\n"+ " Hot Infusion: Pour boiling water over the collected herb, steep for 15 minutes and strain. This method is used for flowers and leaves to make a tea for use right away. It could also be used for powdered bark, roots, seeds, or resins and also for bruised nuts, seeds, bark or buds.\n\n"+ " Cold Infusion: Steep in cold water for several hours, strain and use.\n"+ " Decoction: Here the hard parts of the plants, such as twigs, roots, barks, rhizomes, berries and some seeds are gently simmered for about 30 minutes in water so as to release their properties. Strain before use.\n"+ " 10. Normal Dosage : Normally in the preparation of the above, twenty grams of the fresh herb or plant are used in one liter of water. However, if dried herbs are used, the amount of plant material should be 10 grams.\n"+ " Normal Dosage For: \n"+ " Adults : 4 or 5 cups a day.\n"+ " Children: \n"+ " Aged 10 to 15 years: 3 to 4 cups a day.\n"+ " Aged 6 to 9 years: 2 cups a day.\n"+ " Aged 2 to 5 years: 1 cup a day.\n"+ " 1 to 2 years: One half cup a day.\n"+ " Below 1 year: 1/4 or less cup a day.\n\n"+ " A Useful Table for Quick Measurements:\n"+

130 145 " 1 tablespoon = 5 grams (green herb)\n"+ " 1 dessertspoon = 2 grams (dry herb)\n"+ " 1 teaspoon = 25 drops\n"+ " 1 cup = 16 tablespoon\n"+ " 1 liter = 7 or 8 cups\n\n"+ "This information is for those accustomed to strict obedience to exact dosages necessary in the use of pharmaceutical remedies. When one deals with herbs and  plants, the dose does not need to be so precise since the natural remedies outlined in this application do not cause harm. A word of caution is always added when the material could cause some side effects.\n"+ "In the herbal plants that describe the plants, very often you will notice that at the end of the description it will say: \"Dose: Normal\". This means you will have to use the above guidelines.\n"+ "For external uses, gargles, inhalations, and fomentations, the amounts used may be increased as necessary.\n"+ " 11. Juices: The juice of plants can be obtained without too much difficulty. The plant may be chopped, minced, crushed and then squeezed to extract the  juice. A cloth may be used to extract the juice. Straining is also done in the same manner. The normal dosages are: Adults, five drops of juice in a tablespoon of water taken every three hours; children 10 to 15 years of age, three drops in a tablespoon of water every three hours; children 5 to 10 years of age, two drops in a tablespoon of water every three hours; children 1 to 2 years of age, one drop in a tablespoon of water, every two hours. The younger the child, the lesser the quantity of juice to be given in water every two hours. Remember, a teaspoon contains approximately 25 drops. Juice must be used as soon as possible after it is extracted because it oxidizes very quickly, and its virtue declines rapidly. Never prepare juice for use the next day.\n"+ " 12. Powders: Herbs may also be taken in powder form, if the powder is fine. The usual dosage in such cases is one quarter to one third of a level teaspoon. The  powder is placed on the front part of the tongue and then washed down with a glass of water. Be careful not to inhale the powder into the lungs before it is washed off the tongue.\n"+ "To make the powder, the dried herb or plant may be ground in a mill or with a pestle in a mortar. It may be added to food, taken in capsules or made into pill form.\n"+ " 13. Poultices (Cataplasms): Poultices made from plant material may take on various forms:\n"+ " a. Fresh herbs may be applied directly to or over the affected  part, whether it is an inflammation, a wound, or a painful area.\n"+ " b. Dry herb sachets, hot or cold, depending upon the need, may  be used for cramps, neuralgia, otitis, insomnia, etc.\n"+ " c. Plasters are made by pounding or macerating the fresh herb until it is a homogenous mass that may be applied directly to the affected area. It may be applied directly or in a single thickness of clean, cotton cloth. If no fresh plants are available, then the dried herb may be used. This is prepared by soaking it in boiling water and using a sufficient quantity to enable the poultice to be made without excess fluid.\n"+

131 146 "Cold poultices have a cooling effect on swollen or inflamed areas and  produce good results in neuralgia, contusions (bruises), sprains, rheumatism and gout. Hot poultices may be used with painful inflammatory conditions.\n"+ "In the preparation of poultices, use wooden spoons and not metal ones, especially if they are in contact with the material for any length of time.\n"+ " d. Compresses and fomentations may also be used. The former is applied cold, and the fomentation is always hot. To make them, take a clean cloth of sufficient size and immerse it in a strong decoction of the required herb or plant. This should be about four times as strong as for tea. Wring out the folded cloth and place it over the affected part.\n"+ " 14. Ointments: This may be made by using suitable herbs. The herb or  plant should be cut fine and a strong decoction made, or the plant itself may be added directly to the fat or oil used as the base of the ointment. Suitable fats are: coconut fat, almond oil or any vegetable oil. Lard and petroleum jelly, while often used, are not desirable. Most fats, and especially oils, require the addition of a hardener. Beeswax is the choice, although, when not available, paraffin wax may be used.\n"+ " Preparation: The decoction or plant is added to the base, fat, or oil and simmered until the moisture of the herb or decoction has been evaporated, which may take several hours. Strain while hot, and if necessary, add a little hardener. If the ointment is too soft, it may be reheated and more wax hardener added. Too much hardener makes the ointment difficult to apply. It may be made stronger if the herbs used at first are strained out, and the process repeated using more of the same herb. This may be repeated several times. The hardener is added last. Place in suitable containers to cool, until ready for use." ); //Message here alert.setPositiveButton("Ok", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {  public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int whichButton) { dialog.cancel(); } }); AlertDialog alertDialog = alert.create(); alertDialog.show(); }  public void abt(){ AlertDialog.Builder alert = new AlertDialog.Builder(context); alert.setTitle("About Mang Kepweng's Lab"); //Set Alert dialog title here alert.setMessage("Mang Kepweng's Lab is a mobile android information system on medicinal plants. This application includes the most commonly used medicinal  plants in the Philippines with its scientific name, description, taxonomical information, medicinal use, how to use and images.\n\n" + "This application was developed by Mac John T. Poblete, Janila Aleli dela Peña and Janna Ria B. Novero, from Cavite State University - Naic. \n\n" + "All rights reserved, 2014 "); //Message here alert.setPositiveButton("Ok", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {  public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int whichButton) {

132 147 dialog.cancel(); } }); AlertDialog alertDialog = alert.create(); alertDialog.show(); } @Override  public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) { // Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present. getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu); // Associate searchable configuration with the SearchView SearchManager searchManager = (SearchManager) getSystemService (Context.SEARCH_SERVICE); SearchView searchView = (SearchView) menu.findItem (R.id.search).getActionView(); searchView.setSearchableInfo(searchManager.getSearchableInfo(getComponent  Name())); return true; }  protected void onResume() { super.onResume(); onSearchRequested(); } } #SearchListActivity.java  package com.apps.mangkepwengslab; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.HashMap; import android.app.Activity; import android.content.Intent; import android.net.Uri; import android.os.Bundle; import android.text.Editable; import android.text.TextWatcher; import android.view.View; import android.widget.AdapterView; import android.widget.ArrayAdapter; import android.widget.EditText; import android.widget.ListView; import android.widget.AdapterView.OnItemClickListener;

148 133  public class SearchListActivity extends Activity { // List view  private ListView lv; // Listview Adapter ArrayAdapter adapter; // Object obj; // Search EditText EditText inputSearch; // ArrayList for Listview ArrayList> productList; @Override  public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.search_list); onSearchRequested(); // Listview Data String[] commonName = { "Acacia (Akasya)", "Alfalfa (Alfalfa)", "Althea", "Anise (Anis)", "Annatto (Atsuete)", "Antidysenteric Holarrhena (White Angel)", "Arjuna Myrobalan (Apunga)", "Artichoke (Artichoke)", "Asparagus (Esparaggo)", "Avocado (Abokado)", "Bael Tree (Bael)", "Balloon Vine (Parol-parolan)", "Bamboo (Kawayan)", "Banana (Saging)", "Basil (Sulasi)", "Bauhinia (Alibangbang)", "Beetroot (Remolacha)", "Bengal Currants (Caramba)", "Betel Nut Palm (Bunga)", "Bilimbi (Kamiyas)", "Bitter Gourd (Ampalaya)", "Black Mulberry (Itim na moras)", "Black Oil Plant (Bilogo)", "Black Pepper (Paminta)",

149 134 "Bowstring Hemp (Buntot Tigre)", "Brazil Wood (Sapang)", "Bread Fruit (Kamansi)", "Broad Bean (Patani)", "Broccoli (Brocolli)", "Butter Tree (Betis)", "Cabbage (Repolyo)", "Cacao (Kakaw)", "Cactus", "Camphor (Laurel)", "Carambola (Bilimbi)", "Carrot (Karot)", "Cashew (Kasoy)", "Castor Bean (Tangan-tangan)", "Catechu Tree (Palo Maria)", "Celery (Kinchay)", "Century Plant (Magey)", "Chives (Sibuyas)", "Cinnamon (Canela)", "Clitoria (Pukinggan)", "Clove Tree (Klabong Pako)", "Cluster Fig (Banig-usa)", "Coconut (Buko)", "Coffee (Kape)", "Coriander (Kulantro)", "Corn (Mais)", "Cotton (Bulak)", "Country Borage (Oregano)", "Cowhage (Nipay)", "Creat (Sinta)", "Crown Plant (Kapal-kapal)", "Cucumber (Pipino)", "Curry Leaf (Bignay)", "Custard Apple (Atis)", "Cypress (Cypres)", "Deadly Nightshade (Lubi-lubi)", "Dodder (Putat)", "Dwarf Nasturtium (Lampaka)", "Eggplant (Talong)", "Elephant Creeper (Sedang Dahon)", "Emblic Myrobalan (Bangkiling)", "Eucalyptus (Eucalipto)", "Flame of the Forest", "Four Angled Bean (Sigarilyas)", "Four OClock Plant (Alas Cuatro)", "French Beans (Bitsuwelas)",

150 135 "Garlic (Bawang)", "Ginger (Luya)", "Golden Trumpet (Kampanilya)", "Grape Fruit (Suha)", "Guava (Bayabas)", "Hibiscus (Gumamela)", "Hierba Buena (Yerba buena)", "Horse Radish Tree (Malunggay)", "Hyacinth Bean (Bataw)", "Indian Aloe (Sabila)", "Indian Privet (Lagundi)", "Indian Spinach (Alugbati)", "Ivy Gourd (Upo)", "Jack Tree (Langka)", "Jasmine (Sampaguita)", "Java Plum (Duhat)", "Jicama (Singkamas)", "Kohlrabi (Petsay)", "Lady Finger (Okra)", "Lantana (Kantutay)", "Lemon Grass (Tanglad)", "Lentil (Kadios)", "Leucas (Pansi-pansi)", "Mandarin Orange (Ponkan)", "Marigold (Amarillo)", "Mexican Daisy (Kapanitulot)", "Musk Mallow (Kastuli)", "Mustard (Mustasa)", "Ngai Camphor (Sambong)", "Oleander (Adelfa)", "Onion (Sibuyas)", "Orange (Dalandan)", "Orange Tree (Dayap)", "Palmyra Palm (Palmira)", "Papaya (Papaya)", "Passion Flower (Granadilla)", "Passion Fruit (Pasionara)", "Peacock Flower (Bulaklak ng Paraiso)", "Peanut (Mani)", "Pepper (Siling Pangsigang)", "Peppermint (Polios)", "Periwinkle (Tsitsirika)", "Persia Lilac (Bagalunga)", "Phyllanthus (Karmay)", "Pineapple (Pinya)", "Poinsettia (Paskwa)",

151 136 "Pomegranate (Granada)", "Prickly Pear (Kalit-kalitan)", "Purslane (Ulasiman)", "Queen Carpe Myrtle (Banaba)", "Radish (Labanos)", "Rangoon Creeper (Niyog-niyogan)", "Red Sandalwood (Makatanglin)", "Ringworm Shrub (Akapulko)", "Roselle (Roselle)", "Rubber Tree (Balete)", "Sage (Damong Maria)", "Sapodilla (Tsiko)", "Sensitive Plant (Makahiya)", "Sesame (Linga)", "Sesban (Katuray)", "Shiny Peperomia (Ulasimang Bato)", "Snake Beans (Sitaw)", "Snake Gourd (Patola)", "Snake Weed (Tawa-tawa)", "Soursop (Guyabano)", "Soya Bean (Balatong)", "Sponge Gourd (Patolang Bilog)", "Sprout Leaf Plant (Kataka-taka)", "Squash (Kalabasa)", "Star Apple (Kaymito)", "Sugar Cane (Tubo)", "Sunflower (Mirasol)", "Swamp Cabbage (Kangkong)", "Sweet Pepper (Siling Pari)", "Tapioca (Kamoteng Kahoy)", "Taro (Gabi)", "Temple Tree (Kalatsusi)", "Tomato (Kamatis)", "Tropical Almond (Talisay)", "Turmeric (Luyang Dilaw)", "Watermelon (Pakwan)", "White Gourd (Kundol)", "Wild Tea (Tsaang Gubat)", "Woolflower (Kadayohan)", "Yellow Oleander (Kampanero)", }; lv = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.list_view); inputSearch = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.inputSearch); // Adding items to listview

152 137 adapter = new ArrayAdapter(this, R.layout.list_items, R.id.product_name, commonName); lv.setAdapter(adapter); lv.setOnItemClickListener(new OnItemClickListener() {  public void onItemClick(AdapterView parent, View view, int position, long id) { long new_id = lv.getItemIdAtPosition(position); // id=lv.getSelectedItemId(); id=id+1; Intent herbIntent = new Intent(getApplicationContext(), HerbActivity.class); //Object obj = adapter.getItem(position); // Creating a uri to fetch country details corresponding to selected listview item Uri data = Uri.withAppendedPath(HerbContentProvider.CONTENT_URI, String.valueOf(id)); // Setting uri to the data on the intent herbIntent.setData(data); //countryIntent.setDataAndType(data, "image/jpeg"); // Open the activity startActivity(herbIntent); } }); /** * Enabling Search Filter * */ inputSearch.addTextChangedListener(new TextWatcher() { @Override  public void onTextChanged(CharSequence cs, int arg1, int arg2, int arg3) { // When user changed the Text SearchListActivity.this.adapter.getFilter().filter(cs); adapter.notifyDataSetChanged(); } @Override  public void beforeTextChanged(CharSequence arg0, int arg1, int arg2, int arg3) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub } @Override

138 153  public void afterTextChanged(Editable arg0) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub adapter.notifyDataSetChanged(); } }); } }

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APPENDIX K Letters

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