Design of Copper Electrowinning Circuit using Conventional cells

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Amsdfn jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt usdnf kjnvmntdjne` km``s © Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e 9?56 ljgebuhid`eOcjthed`.kjh

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm - 9 -

Kjntmnts

5.

DNQYJA]KQDJN ......................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. ......... =

9.

B]NAEHMNQE@ _YDNKD_@M[ .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... 6

;.

_@ENQ MU]D_HMNQ [D\DNF................................................................... [D\DNF............................................................................................................. .......................................... 4

;.5.

_rjauktdjn retm .............................................................................................................................................. 4

;.5.5.

Ketcjam ektdvm erme ................................................................. ............................................................... .......... 4

;.5.9.

Amsdfn kurrmnt amnsdty .............................................................. ................................................................. ....... 4

;.5.;.

Kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky ........................................................................................................................................... 5?

;.9.

Cervmst kyk`m ............................................................................................................................................... 55

;.;.

Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` ena nuhimr jb km``s dn t cm km``-cjusm ............................................................. 59

;.1.

Ymktdbdmr sdzm ena nuhimr ............................................................................................................................ 52

;.1.5.

Ymktdbdmr sdzm.................................................................................................................................................... 52

;.1.9.

Ymktdbdmr nuhimr dntj tcm km``-cjusm ............................................................. ................................................. 54

;.=.

1.

Ketcjam strdppdnf hekcdnm sdzm ................................................................................................................... 9?

HEQMYDE@ B@JVYEQM[ .................................................................................... ................................................................................................................. ............................. 95

1.5.

Hetmrde` perehmtmrs .................................................................................................................................... 95

1.5.5.

[j`da perehmtmr .............................................................................................................................................. 95

1.5.9.

Fes perehmtmr ................................................................................................................................................ 95

1.5.;.

@dquda perehmtmrs.......................................................... ................................................................. ................ 95

1.5.1.

@eijretjry hmtcja........................................................ ................................................................. ................ 95

1.5.=.

Kcmhdke` kjhpjsdtdjn hmtcja ........................................................... ............................................................ 95

1.9.

Nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm skevmnfmr ena kjhhmrkde` kdrkudts........................................................................ 9;

1.;.

Km``-cjusm M`mktrj`ytm adstrdiutdjn ............................................................................................................... 91

=.

_YJKMA]YM JB KJ__MY M@MKQYJVDNNDNF KDYK]DQ [DH]@EQDJN............................. 92

=.5.

Fmnmre` ........................................................................................................................................................ 92

=.9.

Kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt amskrdptdjn ................................................................................................... 92

=.;.

[dhu`etdjn jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt ................................................................................................ 96

=.;.5.

Nmw kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt ................................................................................................................ 96

=.;.5.5.

Amsdfn aete ............................................................. ................................................................. ................ 96

=.;.5.9.

[dhu`etdjn prjkmaurm jb e nmw kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt ....................................................... ........ 93

=.;.9.

Mxdstdnf kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt............................................................................................................ 1?

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm - ; -

2.

=.;.9.5.

Eaadtdjne` njtdjns ............................................................. .............................................................. ........ 1?

=.;.9.9.

Amsdfn aete ............................................................. ................................................................. ................ 15

=.;.9.;.

[dhu`etdjn prjkmaurm jb tcm mxdstdnf kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt ...................................................... 19

YMBMYMNKM[ ............................................................ ............................................................................................................................... .......................................................................... .......=6

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm - 1 -

5.

Dntrjauktdjn

Kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf ds tcm rmkjvmry jb kjppmr hmte` jntj tcm ketcjam brjh m`mktrj`ytm. Qcm m`mktrj`ytm hey im tcm `mekc sj`utdjn jr tcm purdbdma sj`utdjn brjh sj`vmnt mxtrektdjn. Qcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf km``-cjusm usdnf tcm kjnvmntdjne` km``s ces heny km``s. Mekc km`` ds rmktenfu`er ijx cevdnf 5 h wdam, brjh 5.= tj 9 h ammp ena brjh = tj 6 h `jnf. Qcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf km`` kjntedns heny ketcjams ena tcm sehm nuhimr +5 enjams. Kjppmr ds p`etma jn tj ijtc sdams jb tcm ketcjam scmmts, wcd`m wetmr ds jxdadzma tj bjrh jxyfmn fes ena cyarjfmn djns jn tcm enjam. Qcm rdkc m`mktrj`ytm ds bma dntj tcm km``s ena tcmn ds pessma tcrjufc tcm km``s. Jnkm tcm kjppmr ampjsdt jn jnm sdam ketcjam ces p`etma tj tcm wmdfct jb ~2? gf, tcm ketcjams erm un`jeama brjh tcm km``.

 Et tcm imfdnndnf jb 54??, kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf usdnf dnmrt `mea enjams wes mstei`dscma es tcm hmtcja jb purdbydnf kjppmr sj`utdjn. Dn 5456, tcm bdrst `erfm p`ent stertma usdnf `mekc sj`utdjn brjh vet `mekc. Qcm ketcjam wes tcm stertmr scmmt ena tcm enjam wes tcm _i-[i e``jy W 5 X. Qcm dntrjauktdjn jb kjppmr sj`vmnt mxtrektdjn es tcm dntmrbekm imtwmmn `mekcdnf ena m`mktrjwdnndnf p`ents p`ents dhprjvma tcm que`dty que`dty jb kjppmr ampjsdtdjn. Yj``ma ena kest _i-Ke-[n _i-Ke-[n enjams cevm tegmn p`ekm jb _i-[n enjams imkeusm _i-Ke-[n enjams cevm prmsmntma imttmr hmkcendke` prjpmrtdms, kjrrjsdjn rmsdstenkm ena `jnf `dbm tdhm W 5 X. Adhmnsdjne``y stei`m enjams (A[E) usma dn tcm e`ge`d dnaustry cevm immn prjpjsma ena tmstma dn kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf km``-cjusm. A[E erm kjhhjn`y beirdketma brjh tdtenduh kjvmrma wdtc p`etdnuh jr rutcmnduh jxdam. A[E erm kcmhdke``y stei`m ena aj njt dntrjaukm dhpurdtdms dntj tcm km``. A[E ds vmry mxpmnsdvm aum tj tcm prmkdjus hmte`s usma dn henubekturdnf W 5 X.  Qcm usm jb stertmr scmmt imfdns wdtc tcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf tmkcnj`jfy. Qcm stertmr scmmts amhenas hjrm  wjrg bjr henubekturdnf ena usdnf dn tcm km``-cjusm. Kurrmnt`y pmrhenmnt pmrhenmnt ketcjam i`engs erm usma dn p`ekm p`ekm jb stertmr scmmts. scmmts. Kjppmr ds m`mktrjampjsdtma jn e hjtcmr p`etm jb tdtenduh jr stedn`mss stmm`. [tedn`mss stmm` tmkcnj`jfy ces immn frjwdnf dn pjpu`erdty kjhperma tj tdtenduh imkeusm jb tcm sdfndbdkent`y `jwmr dndtde` kepdte` mxpmnadturm W 5 X W 9 X. Dntrjauktdjn jb kjppmr sj`vmnt mxtrektdjn tmkcnj`jfy ces bjridaamn tcm usma jb kj``jdae` eaadtdvms dn tcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf imkeusm jb tcm pjtmntde` prji`mhs essjkdetma wdtc tcm bjrhetdjn jb krua dn sj`vmnt mxtrektdjn. Qcm usm jb e cdfc hj`mku`er wmdfct fuer fuh amrdvetdvm es e `mvm`dnf efmnt bjr `mekc/sj`vmnt mxtrektdjn/kjppmr mxtrektdjn/kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf ces immn rmkjfndzma. Dt ds immn rmkjfndzma e`sj tcet she`` eaadtdjn jb kjie`t tj kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm amkrmesms tcm kjrrjsdjn jb _i enjams ena tcm kjntehdnetdjn jb ketcjam dn _i W 5 X W ; X. Dn kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf km``-cjusm, kjnkrmtm km``s cevm immn usma bjr e `jnf pmrdja. Kjnkrmtm km``s usma @dnmrs tj prjtmkt tcm kjnkrmtm strukturm. @mea wes usma es e `dndnf hetmrde` et tcm imfdnndnf. Iut @mea `dnmrs jxdadzma ena brmqumnt`y `megma. @mea wes rmp`ekma wdtc jtcmr `dnmr hetmrde`s es _RK, bdimr-rmdnbjrkm p`estdk ena CA_M. Ymkmnt`y tcm trmna ces immn tjweras tcm usm jb pj`yhmr kjnkrmtm km``s. Qcm pj`yhmr kjnkrmtm km`` rmqudrms nj `dnmr jr iubbmr scmmts W 5 X W ; X. Cjwmvmr tcmrm erm heny qumstdjns wcdkc rmhedn sukc es tcm ve`um jb tcm kurrmnt amnsdty wcmn tcm nmw kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt ds amsdfnma jr wcy tcm nuhimrs jb ketcjams pmr km``s erm adbbmrmnt bjr tcm kjppmr prjauktdjn retm jb 9? ena 1? gtpe. Qcmsm qumstdjns rm`etm hukc hjrm tj tcm amtmrhdnetdjn jb tcm nuhimr ena adhmnsdjns jb mqudphmnt.  Qcm purpjsm jb tcds pui`dketdjn ds tj fdvms tcm prjkmaurm jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt mqudphmnt sdzdnf ena kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm sdhu`etdjn. Qcmrmbjrm tcds pui`dketdjn sterts wdtc tcm smkjna kceptmr wcdkc mxp`edns tcm bunaehmnte` prdnkdp`ms jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf, kjppmr m`mktrj`ysds ena Bereaeys `ew.  Qcm tcdra kceptmr fdvms hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjns wcdkc fdvm tcm p`ent mqudphmnt sdzdnf sukc es nuhimr jb km`` cjusm ketcjams, cervmst kyk`m, nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km``, nuhimr jb km``s pmr km``-cjusm, rmktdbdmr ena ketcjam strdppdnf hekcdnm kepekdty iesma jn tcm evmrefm nuhimr jb jvmrcmea krenm rmvj`utdjns imtwmmn km``s ena strdppdnf pmr aey.

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm =

 Qcm bjurtc kceptmr fdvms tcm kcerektmrdstdk jb m`mktrj`ytm b`jw ena tcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn wcdkc fdvms tcm `dquda spmkdbdk frevdty es e bunktdjn jb `dquda m`mhmnt kjhpjsdtdjn, tcm ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty dn tcm dnaustrde` prektdkm, nuhimr jb km``s dn tcm skevmnfmr ena kjhhmrkde` kdrkudt, ena tcm m`mktrj`ytm adstrdiutdjn.  Qcm bdrtc kceptmr mxp`edn tcm prjkmaurm jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt sdhu`etdjn iy usdnf Hdkrjsjbt mxkm` sj`vmr prjfreh stmp iy stmp. Qcm prjkmaurm jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt sdhu`etdjn kjnkmrns twj kesms. Qcm bdrst kesm ds tcm sdhu`etdjn jb e nmw kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf p`ent kjnsdstdnf tj bdna nuhimr ena sdzm jb mqudphmnt ena b`jwretm jb m`mktrj`ytms bjr e gnjwn kjppmr prjauktdjn retm. Qcm smkjna kesm ds tcm sdhu`etdjn jb en j`a kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf p`ent kjnsdstdnf tj bdna tcm kjppmr prjauktdjn, jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty, ena m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretms brjh e gnjwn trensbmrrma kjppmr retm dn tcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt.

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 2

9.

Bunaehmnte` prdnkdp`ms

Kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf ds iesma jn tcm kjppmr m`mktrj`ysds prdnkdp`m wcdkc usms tcm m`mktrdke` pjwmr tj rmaukm kjppmr djns dn sj`utdjn tj kjppmr hmte` jn tcm ketcjam ena tj jxdadzm wetmr jn tcm enjam dn jxyfmn fes ena cyarjfmn djns W ; X. Qcm kcmhdke` mquetdjn (e) fdvms tcm kjppmr kjppmr m`mktrj`ysds m`mktrj`ysds f`jie` kcmhdke` rmektdjn.

9CJ + 9Ku[ J1 8 9Ku + J + 9C[J1

(e)

.Kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt jb e p`ent cevdnf @/[S/MV kjnbdfuretdjn ena usdnf pmrhenmnt ketcjam tmkcnj`jfy kjnsdsts jb e stedn`mss stmm` ketcjam, en dnmrt enjam (`mea e``jy), ena tcm kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm tcet kjntedns Ku +9, Bm+;, Bm+9, Kj+9, ena [J1-9  es heljr m`mhmnts. Qcm prmajhdnent rmektdjns et tcm ketcjam erm fdvmn iy tcm kcmhdke` rmektdjns (i) ena (k) ena tcm prmajhdnent rmektdjns et tcm enjam surbekm erm fdvmn iy tcm kcmhdke` rmektdjns (a) ena (m).

Ku+ + 9m∙ 8 Kuj

(i)

Bm+; + m∙  8 Bm+

(k)



C J 8 9C+ + J + 9m∙

(a)

Bm+ 8 Bm+;  + m∙

(m)



 Et tcm ketcjam, tcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (5) fdvms tcm kurrmnt amnsdty wcdkc ds tcm suh jb kurrmnt amnsdtdms usma rmspmktdvm`y bjr tcm kcmhdke` rmektdjns (i) ena (k) W 1 X.

` dk 8 d + d

(5)

 Vcmrm ‐  ‘  ds  ds ketcjam kurrmnt amnsdty (E/h 9  ),‘   ),‘  ‘ ds kurrmnt amnsdty usma tj p`etm kjppmr (E/h 9  ), ena ‐  ‘  ds  ds `dhdtdnf kurrmnt amnsdty usma tj rmaukm  +;(E/h 9  ).

 Qcm drjn `dhdtdnf kurrmnt amnsdty amnsdty ds tcm hexdhuh ve`um jb kurrmnt amnsdty amnsdty tcet usms tj rmaukm Bm+; tj Bm+ jntj tcm ketcjam. Qcm drjn kurrmnt amnsdty ds `dhdtma iy tcm adbbusdjn jb Bm+; djns tcm ketcjam surbekm.  Qcm hess jb kjppmr ampjsdtma jn tcm ketcjam ds fdvmn iy Bereaeys `ew. hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (9).

H 8

 42.13=

 x

2;.== 

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

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Bereaey `ew ds fdvmn iy tcm

(9)

_efm 6

Vcmrm ‐   ‐ ds tcm hess jb kjppmr (freh), ‐ 42.13=  42.13= ‘  ‘  ds ds Bereaey kjnstent (kju`jhis pmr hj`m), ‐ 2;.==  2;.== ‘  ‘ ds   ds kjppmr hj`er hess (frehs pmr hj`m), ‐ 9  9‘  ‘    ds ds hj`ms jb m`mktrjn pmr hj`m jb kjppmr, ‐ Q  Q‘  ‘    ds ds tcm tdhm wcmn kurrmnt ces immn epp`dma (smkjnas), ‐ D  D ‘  ‘ ds   ds tcm kurrmnt ehpmrefm (Ehps) ena ‐ζ‘  ds  ds kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky.

 Qcm ve`ums jb kurrmnt ehpmrefm ehpmrefm ena kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky erm fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjns mxprmssdjns (;) ena (1). (1). ‐E‘ ds tcm ketcjam ektdvm erme (h9 ).

D 8 dk x E

 ζ 

 

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

(;)

(1)

_efm 3

;.

_`ent mqudphmnt sdzdnf

;.5.

_rjauktdjn retm Kjppmr prjauktdjn retm jb en m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt ds fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (=). . _Y 8 G x E x n x JKA x ζ x 5?∙2

(=)

Vcmrm ‐ _Y  _Y ‘  ‘  ds ds kjppmr prjauktdjn retm (t/c), ‐ G  G ‘  ‘ ds  ds e kjnstent (5.53=62 frehs jb kjppmr ampjsdtma pmr ehp-cjur), ‐   E‘   E‘  ds  ds ketcjam 9  9  ektdvm erme (h  ), ‐ n  n‘  ‘    ds ds tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams dntj tcm km``-cjusm, ‐ JKA  JKA ‘  ‘  ds ds jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty (E/h  ), ena ‐ζ‘  ds  ds kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky.

;.5.5.

Ketcjam ektdvm erme

Hjamrn kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt usm pmrhenmnt ketcjam tmkcnj`jfy wdtc stedn`mss stmm` ketcjam. Qcmrm erm twj pmrhenmnt ketcjam tmkcnj`jfdms7 D[E prjkmss dn `etm 6?—s ena Gdaa prjkmss dn `etm 3?—s. Ijtc 3?—s.  Ijtc hmtcjas usm sdam mafm strdp. Qcm hedn adbbmrmnkm imtwmmn D[E ena Gdaa prjkmss ds rm`etma tj tcm ijttjh jb ketcjams. Qcm D[E prjkmss usms wex jn tcm ijttjh jb tcm ketcjam tj prmvmnt kjppmr ampjsdtdjn (tcm twj scmmts jb kjppmr ampjsdt erm njt kjnnmktma). Qcm Gdaa prjkmss `mevms tcm ijttjh mxpjsma (tcm twj scmmts jb kjppmr ampjsdt erm kjnnmktma) W 5 X W 9 X. Bmeturms jb mekc tmkcnj`jfy rm`etma tj tcm sdzm jb ketcjam erm es bj``jws< D[E prjkmss   

; tj ;.9= hh tcdkg ;52@ stedn`mss stmm` ketcjam p`etm. 594? hh cmdfct x 5?19 hh wdatc ketcjam adhmnsdjn. 9.15 h9 ketcjam ektdvm erme.

Gdaa prjkmss   

; tj ;.59= hh tcdkg ;52@ stedn`mss stmm` ketcjam p`etm. 5?2? hh cmdfct x 5??? hh wdatc ketcjam adhmnsdjn. 9.;9 h9 ketcjam ektdvm erme.

 Qcm usefm retm pmr ymer jb stedn`mss stmm` ketcjam ds mstdhetma et 9?% jb tcm nuhimr jb ketcjam dn tcm km``-cjusm bjr ijtc pmrhenmnt ketcjam tmkcnj`jfdms.

;.5.9.

Amsdfn kurrmnt amnsdty

 Qcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (2) fdvms tcm ve`um jb tcm kjppmr `dhdtdnf kurrmnt amnsdty brjh wcdkc kjppmr pjwamr sterts tj im prjaukma W 1 X.

` D 8zxBxAx



Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

α

(2) _efm 4

 Vcmrm ‐  ‘ ds tcm `dhdtdnf kurrmnt amnsdty, ‐ z  z ‘ ds hj`ms jb m`mktrjns pmr hj`m jb kjppmr, ‐ B  B‘  ‘   ds   ds Bereaey kjnstent, ‐ A  A‘  ‘   ds   ds tcm adbbusdjn kjmbbdkdmnt, ‐  ‘ ds tcm iu`g m`mktrj`ytm tmnjr jb kjppmr, ena ‐  ‘ ds tcm ijunaery tcdkgnmss.

 Qcm ve`ums jb tcm ijunaery tcdkgnmss ena tcm adbbusdjn kjmbbdkdmnt erm ampmnama jn tcm m`mktrj`ytm prjpmrtdms ena m`mktrj`ytm efdtetdjn. Dn tcm hjamrn kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt usdnf tcm kjnvmntdjne` km`` tmkcnj`jfy, tcm ve`um jb tcm kjppmr `dhdtdnf kurrmnt amnsdty ds renfma brjh 3?? ‛  3?? ‛  5???  5??? E/h9. Dt ces immn bjuna bjr e kjnvmntdjne` kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf km`` tcet dnkrmesdnf tcm retdj jb jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty jn tcm `dhdtdnf kurrmnt amnsdty amkrmesm tcm sdzm jb tcm kryste`s tcet hegm up kjppmr ampjsdt brjh wm``-bjrhma `erfm kryste`s tj vmry bdnm kryste`s jr pjwamry ampjsdts W = X. Qcm renfm jb jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty tcet prjaukms e kjhpekt strukturm jb kjppmr ampjsdt ds renfma brjh 96? ‛  96?  ‛  ;=?   ;=? E/h 9 bjr e spmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr verdma brjh ;? tj ;= f/`. Dn kjnsmqumnkm, tcm ve`um jb eajptma amsdfn kurrmnt amnsdty bjr hjst jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt ds ;?? E/h9. Dn tcm sehm wey, dt ces immn jismrvma e`sj tcet tcm kjhpekt strukturm jb kjppmr ampjsdt ces immn jitednma wcmn tcm retdj jb jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty jn tcm kjppmr tmnjr dn tcm spmnt m`mktrj`ytm ds `mss tcen 5? W = X. Qcds ru`m ds wdam`y usma dn tcm dnaustrde` prektdkm. Qcm spmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr hust im frmetmr tcen ;? f/` bjr e amsdfn kurrmnt amnsdty jb ;??  E/h9. Qcds nmw ru`m jpmns tcm pjssdid`dty tj dnkrmesm tcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty up tj 1?? E/h 9.  Qcm hjamrn kjppmr kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf usms usms kj`a rj``ma _i-Ke-[n _i-Ke-[n enjams cevdnf e cdfc kjrrjsdjn rmsdstenkm. rmsdstenkm. Qcm `dbm tdhm jb tcmsm enjams ds renfma brjh = ena 5? ymers et tcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty renfma brjh 93? -;9? E/h 9 W 5 X. Qcm usefm retm pmr ymer ds mstdhetma et 9=% jb tcm nuhimr jb enjams dn tcm km``-cjusm.

;.5.;.

Kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky

Dn tcm dnaustrde` kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt, tcm kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky ds tcm brektdjn jb tcm kurrmnt tcet ds usma tj p`etm kjppmr. Qcm jtcmr brektdjn ds tcm suh jb tcm kurrmnt `jssms wcdkc erm keusma fmnmre``y iy m`mktrdke` scjrt-kdrkudts ena tcm rmauktdjn jb Bm+; djns et tcm ketcjam. Qcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (6) fdvms tcm ve`um jb kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky wcmn tcm rmauktdjn jb Bm+;  djns ds tcm jn`y kurrmnt `jss W 1 X. Qcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (6) scjws tcet tcm kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky dnkrmesms wdtc dnkrmesdnf tcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty, dnkrmesdnf tcm drjn ijunaery tcdkgnmss, ena amkrmesdnf drjn tmnjr dn kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm.

 ζ  5 ‛ B x A x



 

α  

(6)

Vcmrm ‐ B  B‘  ‘   ds  ds bereaey kjnstent, ‐  ‘ ds tcm kjmbbdkdmnt adbbusdjn jb  +; djns, ‐  ‘ ds tcm m`mktrj`ytm tmnjr jb  +; djns, ‐α‘  ds  ds tcm drjn ijunaery tcdkgnmss, ena ‐ JKA  JKA ‘  ‘  ds ds tcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty.

Dn tcm dnaustrde` prektdkm, tcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt usdnf e kjnvmntdjne` km`` ena jpmretdnf wdtc tcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt kurrmnt amnsdty amnsdty renfma brjh 93? tj ;9? E/h9, tcm drjn tmnjr dn tcm kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm ds hedntednma et hexdhuh ve`um jb 9 f/` tj cevm kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky renfma brjh ?.33 tj ?.49 W 5 X. Qcm drjn tmnjr ds hedntednma dn tcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt iy i`mmadnf tcm kjppmr spmnt m`mktrj`ytm. Dn kjnsmqumnkm tcm b`jwretm ve`um jb drjn i`mma ds renfma brjh 5 tj 1% jb kjppmr spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm bjr tcm retdj jb strdppma kjppmr jn strdppma drjn brjh `jeama jrfendk renfma brjh =?? =?? ‛   ‛  5???.  5???. Henfenmsm dntj tcm kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm ds `meama tj pmrhenfenetm bjrhetdjn wcdkc amfreams tcm [S jrfendk dn tcm strdppdnf kdrkudt. Qcm retdj bmrrjus drjn jn henfenmsm hust im frmetmr tcen 5? (Mc (Ef/EfK`) jb kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm hust im `mss tcen 2?? hR). Dn kjnsmqumnkm, tcm hdndhuh tjte` drjn tmnjr dntj tcm kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm hust im 5 f/`. Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 5?

 Vcmn tcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty ds dnkrmesma tj e ve`um renfma brjh ;6? tj 1?? E/h9, tcm ve`um jb tcm ijunaery tcdkgnmss α amkrmesms imkeusm jb tcm m`mktrj`ytm efdtetdjn keusms iy jxyfmn mvj`utdjn. Dn tcds kjnadtdjn, tcm drjn `dhdtdnf kurrmnt dnkrmesms. Dn kjnsmqumnkm, tcm drjn tmnjr dn tcm kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm hust im ~ 5 f/` tj cevm e ve`um jb kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky renfma brjh ?.33 tj ?.49.

;.9.

Cervmst kyk`m

 Qcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudts usdnf tcm pmrhenmnt pmrhenmnt ketcjam nmma strdppdnf hekcdnms tj smperetm tcm kjppmr ampjsdt brjh tcm stedn`mss stmm` i`eng. Qcm tcdkgnmss jb tcm kjppmr ampjsdt hust im ~ = hh bjr e fjja jpmretdjn jn strdppdnf hekcdnm. Qcm cervmst kyk`m ampmnas jn tcm jpmretdnf kjurent amnsdty, tcm kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky ena tcm jnm sdam ketcjam ektdvm erme. Qcmrm erm ; kesms< Bdrst kesm< tcm cervmst kyk`m ds ke`ku`etma brjh tcm wmdfct jb tcm jnm sdam kjppmr ampjsdt. Qcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (3) fdvms tcm ve`um jb tcm cervmst kyk`m (aeys) brjh tcm wmdfct jb tcm jnm sdam jb kjppmr ampjsdt. Qcm wmdfct jb jnm sdam kjppmr ampjsdt ds renfma brjh 1? tj 2? gf

CK (aeys) 8

   G  E      

(3)

Vcmrm ‐ CK  CK ‘  ‘ ds  ds cervmst kyk`m (aeys), ‐   H ‘  ‘ ds  ds tcm wmdfct jb jnm sdam kjppmr ampjsdt (gf), ‐ G  G ‘  ‘ ds  ds 5.53=62, ‐   E‘   E‘  ds  ds ketcjam ektdvm erme, 9  ‐ JKA  JKA ‘  ‘ ds  ds jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty (E/h  ), ena ‐ζ‘  ds  ds kurrmnt amnsdty. [mkjna kesm< tcm cervmst kyk`m ds ke`ku`etma brjh tcm tcdkgnmss jb tcm jnm sdam kjppmr ampjsdt< Qcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (4) fdvms tcm ve`um jb tcm cervmst kyk`m (aeys) brjh tcm tcdkgnmss jb tcm jnm sdam jb kjppmr ampjsdt. Qcm ve`um jb tcm tcdkgnmss jb tcm jnm sdam kjppmr ampjsdt ds = hh.

CK (aeys) 8

=  3.4   G      1

(4)

Vcmrm ‐ CK  CK ‘  ‘ ds   ds cervmst kyk`m (aeys), ‐ =  = ‘  ‘ ds   ds tcm tcdkgnmss jb jnm sdam kjppmr ampjsdt (hh), ‐ 3.49  3.49 ‘  ‘ ds   ds tcm spmkdbdk frevdty jb kjppmr ampjsdt (t/h ; ), ‐ G  G ‘  ‘ ds  ds 5.53=62, ‐ JKA  JKA ‘  ‘  ds ds jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty (E/h 9  ), ena ‐ζ‘ ds kurrmnt amnsdty .

 Qcm wmdfct jb jnm sdam kjppmr ampjsdt ampjsdt ds fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn mxprmssdjn (5?).

VJ[ (gf) 8 G x E x J KA x ζ x 5? ∙;x CK x 59

(5?)

Vcmrm ‐ VJK  VJK ‘  ‘  ds ds tcm wmdfct jb jnm sdam kjppmr ampjsdt, ‐ CK  CK ‘  ‘ ds   ds cervmst kyk`m (aeys), ‐ G  G ‘  ‘  ds 5.53=62, ‐ JKA  JKA ‘  ‘ ds   ds jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty (E/h 9  ), ‐   E‘   E‘  ds  ds tcm ketcjam ektdvm erme (h 9  ), ena ‐ζ‘ ds kurrmnt amnsdty .

 Qcdra kesm< Dn tcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt, tcm terfmt ds tcm strdp e`` tcm km``-cjusm ketcjams dn jnm wmmg. Dn kjnsmqumnkm tcm cervmst kyk`m ds bdxma et 6 aeys. Qcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (5?) fdvms tcm wmdfct jb jnm sdam kjppmr ampjsdt. Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 55

;.;.

Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` ena nuhimr jb km``s dn tcm t cm km``-cjusm

 Qcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` tdhms tcm nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm km``-cjusm mque`s tcm tjte` nuhimr jb ketcjams dntj tcm km``-cjusm (n). Kurrmnt`y, tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` hust im e hu`tdp`m jb ; imkeusm tcm un`jeama ketcjam hmtcja brjh tcm km`` ds< mvmry tcdra ketcjam ds un`jeama pmr krenm jvmr km`` `mnftc. Vdtc tcds un`jeama ketcjam hmtcja, tcm kurrmnt amnsdty dnkrmesms brjh JKA tj 1/; x JKA E/h 9 jn tcm ketcjams tcet rmhedn dntj tcm km``.  Qei`m 5 fdvms prjauktdjn retm, nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm km``-cjusm, ena nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` bjr mxdstdnf kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudts usdnf pmrhenmnt ketcjam tmkcnj`jfy W 2 X.  Qei`m 5E< _rjauktdjn retm, nuhimr jb ketcjams ketcjams pmr km``, ena nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm tcm km``-cjusm bjr mxdstdnf mxdstdnf p`ent _rjauktdjn retm, gtpe Nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km``

=.= ;9 ;;

4.= =9 ;?

55.3 5?9 95

5; 61 ;;

53 49 ;;

9? 31 1=

;? 3? 24

 Qei`m 5I< _rjauktdjn _rjauktdjn retm, nuhimr jb jb ketcjams pmr km``, ena nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm km`` cjusm bjr mxdstdnf mxdstdnf p`ent _rjauktdjn retm, gtpe Nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km``

19 5=2 =6

1= 521 =6

== 533 2?

6? 52? 24

39.= 921 2?

55= 55= 93? 22

99= 2?? 22

 Qcm nuhimrs jb km``s dntj tcm km`` cjusm erm tcm hu`tdp`m jb 9 imkeusm tcm km``-cjusm km``- cjusm erm amsdfnma tj cevm twj `dnms cevdnf mque` nuhimr jb km``s bjr en jptdhuh errenfmhmnt jb ius-ier. Bdfurm 5 fdvm kurrmnt adstrdiutdjn bjr e frjup jb km``s kjnnmktma tj jnm rmktdbdmr.

Bdfurm 5< kurrmnt adstrdiutdjn

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 59

 Qei`m 5 e`sj scjws tcet tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` ds renfma brjh 95 tj 24. Qcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` dnkrmesm wdtc dnkrmesdnf tcm kjppmr prjauktdjn retm. Qcm hexdhuh ve`um jb tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` jb 24 ds `dhdtma iy tcm un`jea hmtcja jb ketcjam brjh km`` wcdkc pu`` jut ketcjam jvmr tcm `mnftc km``. Bjr tcm p`ents `jketma dn tcm kj`amr k`dhetm, tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` ken rmekc 3? tj rmaukm e iud`adnf spekm. Brjh tcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (=), dt ds pjssdi`m tj jitedn tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams dntj tcm km``-cjusm wcmn tcm amsdfn kurrmnt amnsdty, ketcjam ektdvm erme ena kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky erm gnjwn. Qcm qumstdjn rmhedns cjw tj bdna tcm jptdhe` errenfmhmnt jb tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` ena tcm nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm km``-cjusm bjr e fdvmn nuhimr jb ketcjams dntj tcm km``-cjusm. Bjr tcds, tcm trdkg usdnf tcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr krenm ena pmr aey jismrvma dn tcm mxdstdnf kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf wd`` im usma.  Qcm krenm rmvj`utdjn ds tcm petc jb krenm brjh tcm km`` tj tcm strdppdnf hekcdnm ena brjh tcm strdppdnf hekcdnm tj tcm km``. Qei`m 9 fdvms tcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns rmvj`utdjns pmr krenm ena pmr aey bjr tcm tcm mxdstdnf kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudts cevdnf jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty renfma brjh 93? tj ;9? E/h 9, tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` renfma brjh 95 tj 24, ena usdnf tcm pmrhenmnt ketcjam tmkcnj`jfy W 2 X.  Qei`m 9< Nuhimr jb jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr pmr krenm ena pmr aey bjr bjr adbbmrmnt prjauktdjn prjauktdjn retms _rjauktdjn retm, gtpe Jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty, E/h9 Nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` cjusm Cervmst kyk`m, aeys Nuhimr jb ketcjams cervmstma pmr aey Nuhimr jb ketcjams un`jeama pmr krenm Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey Nuhimr jb krenms Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey pmr krenm

4.= ;9? =9 ;? 5=2? = ;59.? 5? ;5.9? 5 ;5.9?

55.3 ;59 5?9 95 9519 6 ;?2.? 6 1;.65 5 1;.65

5; 93? 61 ;; 9119 6 ;13.4 55 ;5.65 5 ;5.65

53 ;?? 49 ;; ;?;2 6 1;;.6 55 ;4.1; 5 ;4.1;

9? 93? 31 1= ;63? 6 =1?.? 5= ;2.?? 5 ;2.?

;? ;?? 3? 24 ==9? 6 633.2 9; ;1.94 5 ;1.94

6? 93? 52? 24 55?1? 6 5=65.5 9; 23.=6 9 ;1.94

 Qei`m 9 scjws tcet tcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey ena pmr krenm ds verdma brjh ;5.9? tj 1;.65. Bjr e nmw kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt usdnf tcm pmrhenmnt ketcjam ena cevdnf tcm amsdfn kurrmnt amnsdty renfma brjh 93? tj ;9? E/h9, tcm nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm km``-cjusm ena tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` wd`` im smt up tj cevm tcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey ena pmr krenm renfma brjh ;5 tj 11. Qcds ve`um hegms dt pjssdi`m njt tj cevm en dntmrruptdjn dn tcm kjppmr prjauktdjn.  Qei`m ; fdvms mxehp`ms jb tcm nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm km``-cjusm ena tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` bjr tcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf. Qcm ve`ums cevdnf tcm rma kj`jr erm tcm aete. Qcm jtcmr ve`ums erm ke`ku`etma es bj``jw<  Qcm prjauktdjn retm retm (t/c) ds fdvmn fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (55).

_Y 8

prjaktjn ret (tpe) 3;

(55)

Vcmrm ‐ _Y  _Y ‘  ‘ ds  ds tcm prjauktdjn retm (t/c) ena ‐ 3;99  3;99 ‘  ‘ ds  ds tcm wjrgdnf cjurs pmr ymer jb tcm km``-cjusm.

Nuhimr jb km``-cjusm ketcjams ds ke`ku`etma usdnf tcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (59).

n8

_Y   G  E    

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

(59) _efm 5;

Vcmrm ‐ n  n ‘  ‘ ds  ds tcm nuhimr jb km``-cjusm ketcjams, ‐ _Y  _Y ‘  ‘ ds  ds prjauktdjn retm (t/c), ‐ G  G ‘  ‘ ds  ds e kjnstent (G ds 5.53=62 ds frehs jb kjppmr ampjsdtma per ehp-cjur), ‐   E‘   E‘  ds  ds ketcjam ektdvm erme (h 9  ), ‐ AKA  AKA ‘  ‘  ds ds amsdfn kurrmnt amnsdty (E/h 9  ) ena ‐ζ‘  ds  ds kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky.

 Qcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` ds verdei`m. Qcm stertdnf ve`um jb tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` ds 24. Qcm nuhimr jb km``s dntj km``-cjusm ds fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (5;).

Nuhimr jb km``s 8

Nhir jb k`` cjs ketcjas

(5;)

Nhir jb ketcjas pr k``

Db tcm nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm km``-cjusm ds njt e hu`tdp`m jb 9, Amsdfn nuhimr jb km`` dntj tcm km``-cjusm ds tcm bdrst nuhimr hu`tdp`m jb 9 wcdkc ds im`jw tcm nuhimr jb km``s. Amsdfn nuhimr jb km``-cjusm ketcjams ds fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (51).

Amsdfn nuhimr jb km`` cjusm ketcjams 8 Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` x Amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s

(51)

Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr aey ds fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (5=).

Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr aey 8

sfn nhir jb k`` cjs ketcjas ervst kyk` (aeys)

(5=)

 Qcm nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr krenm ds fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn mxprmssdjn (52) (tcm krenm ds amsdfnma tj `dbt pmr pu`` mvmry ;ra ketcjam jvmr km`` `mnftc).

Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr krenm 8

Nhir jb ketcjas pr k`` ;

(52)

 Qcm tjte` nuhimr nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns rmvj`utdjns pmr aey ds fdvmn fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (56). (56).

Qjte` nuhimr jb krenm turns pmr aey 8

Nhir jb n`jeaa ketcjas k etcjas pr aey aey Nhir jb n`jeaa ketcjas pr kren

(56)

 Qcm nuhimr jb krenms ds verdei`m. Qcm nuhimr jb krenm wd`` im kcenfma brjh 5, 9, ;… Db ;… Db tcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey ena pmr krenm ds jut jb tcm renfm (;?-11), tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` ds kcenfma tj `jw ve`um 2;, 2?, =6…. =6…. Qcm jpmretdjn stjps wcmn tcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey ena pmr krenm ds imtwmmn ;5 ena 11.  Qcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey aey ena pmr krenm ds fdvdnf fdvdnf iy tcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn mxprmssdjn (53).

Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjn pmr aey ena pmr krenm 8 Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

jte` Nhir jb krenn rvj`tjns pr aey Nhir jb krens

(53) _efm 51

 Qcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt kurrmnt amnsdty ds fdvmn fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn mxprmssdjn (54).

JKA 8

_Y  

(54)

G  E  n  

Vcmrm ‐ JKA  JKA ‘  ‘ ds   ds jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty (E/h 9  ), ‐ An  An ‘  ‘ ds   ds tcm amsdfn nuhimr jb km``-cjusm ketcjams, ‐ _Y  _Y ‘  ‘ ds   ds prjauktdjn retm (t/c), ‐ G  G ‘  ‘ ds   ds e kjnstent (G ds 5.53=62 ds frehs jb kjppmr ampjsdtma per ehp-cjur), ‐   E‘   E‘  ds   ds ketcjam ektdvm erme (h 9  ), ena ‐ζ‘  ds  ds kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky.

 Qei`m ;E< Mstdhetdjn Mstdhetdjn jb tcm nuhimr jb jb km``s dntj tcm km``-cjusm km``-cjusm ena tcm nuhimr nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` km``

_rjauktdjn retm, gtpe  Vjrgdnf cjurs pmr ymer _rjauktdjn retm, t/c  Qypm jb ketcjam i`eng i`eng Ketcjam ektdvm erme, h 9 Amsdfn kurrmnt amnsdty, E/h 9 Kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky Kjnstent G Amsdfn cervmst kyk`m, aeys Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` cjusm Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` Nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm Amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm Amsdfn nuhimr jb km`` cjusm ketcjams Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr aey Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr krenm  Qjte` Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns rmvj`utdjns pmr aey Nuhimr jb krenms Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey pmr krenm Jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty, E/h9

5 1= 3;99 =.15 D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 6??3.9 24 5?5.2 5?? 24?? 43=.6 9; 19.4 5 19.32 ;?5.6?

9 1= 3;99 =.15 D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 6??3.9 13 512.? 512 6??3 5??5.5 52 29.2 9 ;5.94 ;??.?5

; 1= 3;99 =.15 D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 6??3.9 ;2 541.6 541 2431 446.6 59 3;.5 9 15.=6 ;?5.?1

1 1= 3;99 =.15 D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 6??3.9 ;? 9;;.2 9;9 242? 441.; 5? 44.1 ; ;;.51 ;?9.?3

= 1= 3;99 =.15 D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 6??3.9 91 949.9 949 6??3 5??5.; 3 59=.5 ; 15.65 ;??.?5

2 1= 3;99 =.15 D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 6??3.9 91 949.? 949 6??3 5??5.5 3 59=.5 1 ;5.94 ;??.?5

6 1= 3;99 =.15 D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 6??3.9 95 ;;;.6 ;;9 2469 442.? 6 519.; 1 ;=.=6 ;?5.=2

 Qei`m ;I< Mstdhetdjn Mstdhetdjn jb tcm nuhimr jb jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm ena tcm nuhimr jb jb ketcjams pmr km``

_rjauktdjn retm, gtpe  Vjrgdnf cjurs pmr ymer _rjauktdjn retm, t/c  Qypm jb ketcjam i`eng i`eng Ketcjam ektdvm erme, h 9 Amsdfn kurrmnt amnsdty, E/h 9 Kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky Kjnstent G Amsdfn cervmst kyk`m, aeys Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` cjusm Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` Nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm Amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm Amsdfn nuhimr jb km`` cjusm ketcjams Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr aey Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr krenm  Qjte` Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns rmvj`utdjns pmr aey Nuhimr jb krenms Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey pmr krenm Jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty, E/h9

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

3 ;? 3;99 ;.2? D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 1269.5 2; 61.9 61 1229 222.? 95 ;5.6 5 ;5.65 ;??.?=

4 ;? 3;99 ;.2? D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 1269.5 1= 5?;.3 5?9 1=4? 2==.6 5= 1;.6 5 1;.65 ;?=.;6

5? ;? 3;99 ;.2 D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 1269.5 ;? 5==.6 5=1 129? 22? 5? 22.? 9 ;;.? ;?;.;4

55 ;? 3;99 ;.2 D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 1269.5 91 541.6 541 12=2 22=.5 3 3;.5 9 15.=6 ;?5.?1

59 ;? 3;99 ;.2? D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 1269.5 95 999.= 999 1229 222 6 4=.5 ; ;5.65 ;??.2=

5; 9? 3;99 9.1 D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 ;551.3 19 61.9 61 ;5?3 111.? 51 ;5.6 5 ;5.65 ;??.2=

51 9? 3;99 9.1 D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 ;551.3 ;? 5?;.3 5?9 ;?2? 1;6.5 5? 1;.6 5 1;.6 ;?=.;6

_efm 5=

 Qcm rmsu`ts jb Qei`m Qei`m ; scjw tcet< tcet< 















Bjr e prjauktdjn retm jb 1= gtpe wdtc jnm krenm, tcmrm ds jn`y jnm errenfmhmnt jb nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm km``-cjusm ena nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` (kj`uhn 5 jb Qei`m ;). Bjr e prjauktdjn retm jb 1= gtpe wdtc twj krenms, tcmrm erm = pjssdid`dtdms jb errenfmhmnts wcdkc fdvm tcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey ena pmr krenm renfma brjh ;5 tj 11. Qcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` ds renfma brjh ;2 tj 13 (kj`uhns 9 ena ; jb Qei`m ;). Bjr e prjauktdjn retm jb 1= gtpe wdtc ; krenms, tcmrm erm ; pjssdid`dtdms jb errenfmhmnts wcdkc fdvm tcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey ena pmr krenm renfma brjh ;5 tj 11. Qcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` ds renfma brjh 91 tj ;? (kj`uhns 1 ena = jb Qei`m ;). Bjr e prjauktdjn retm jb 1= gtpe wdtc 1 krenms, tcmrm erm 9 pjssdid`dtdms jb errenfmhmnts wcdkc fdvm tcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey ena pmr krenm renfma brjh ;5 tj 11. Qcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` ds renfma brjh 95 tj 91 (kj`uhns 2 ena 6 jb Qei`m ;). Bjr e prjauktdjn retm jb ;? gtpe wdtc jnm krenm, tcmrm erm 6 pjssdid`dtdms jb errenfmhmnts wcdkc fdvm tcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjn pmr aey ena pmr krenm renfma brjh ;5 tj 11. Qcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` ds renfma brjh 1= tj 2; (kj`uhns 3 ena 4 jb Qei`m ;). Bjr e prjauktdjn retm jb ;? gtpe wdtc twj krenms, tcmrm erm ; pjssdid`dtdms jb errenfmhmnts wcdkc fdvm tcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey pmr krenm renfma brjh ;5 tj 11. Qcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` ds renfma brjh 91 tj ;? (kj`uhns 5? ena 55 jb tei`m ;). Bjr e prjauktdjn retm jb ;? gtpe wdtc ; krenms, tcmrm ds jnm pjssdid`dty jb errenfmhmnts wcdkc fdvm tcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey pmr krenm renfma brjh ;5 tj 11. Qcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` ds 95 (kj`uhns 59 jb tei`m ;). Bjr e prjauktdjn retm jb 9? gtpe wdtc jnm krenm, tcmrm erm 1 pjssdid`dtdms jb errenfmhmnts wcdkc fdvm tcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey pmr krenm renfma brjh ;5 tj 11. Qcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` ds renfma brjh ;? tj 19 (kj`uhns 5; ena 51 jb tei`m ;).

 Qcm jptdhuh kjnbdfuretdjn kjnbdfuretdjn wcdkc prmsmnt `jw kepdte` kjst jb tcm km``-cjusm km``-cjusm ds tcm jnm wcdkc wcdkc cevm tcm cdfc ve`um ve`um jb tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km``.

;.1.

Ymktdbdmr sdzm ena nuhimr

;.1.5.

Ymktdbdmr sdzm

 Qcm sdzm spmkdbdketdjn jb rmktdbdmr ds iesma jn tcm hexdhuh AK kurrmnt ehpmrefm ena AK vj`tefm. Qcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (9?) fdvms tcm ve`um jb tcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt ehpmrefm. Qcm ve`um jb jpmretdnf kurrmnt ehpmrefm hust renfm brjh 6? tj 3?% jb tcm hexdhuh AK kurrmnt ehpmrefm jb tcm rmktdbdmr. Qcm ius-ier hust im sdzma jn tcm hexdhuh AK kurrmnt ehpmrefm jb tcm rmktdbdmr.

DE 8 JKA x E x KK x 5?∙;

(9?)

Vcmrm ‐ ‘  ds  ds tcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt ehpmrefm (GE), JKA ds tcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty (E/h 9  ), E ds tcm ketcjam ektdvm erme (h 9  ), ena KK ds tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km``.

 Qcm hexdhuh AK kurrmnt ehpmrefm ehpmrefm jb tcm rmktdbdmr ds fdvmn fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn mxprmssdjn (95). Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 52

DE 8

 .6=

(95)

Vcmrm ‐ ‘ ds tcm hexdhuh AK kurrmnt ehpmrefm (GE) ena ‐ ‘ ds tcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt ehpmrefm (GE).

 Qcm hexdhuh kurrmnt kurrmnt amnsdty jb tcm tcm rmktdbdmr ds fdvmn fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (99). HKA 8

   E  

(99)

Vcmrm ‐   HKA ‘  ‘ ds  ds tcm hexdhuh kurrmnt amnsdty jb tcm rmktdbdmr   , ‐  ‘ ds tcm hexdhuh AK kurrmnt ehpmrefm jb tcm rmktdbdmr (GE), ‐   E‘   E‘  ds  ds tcm ketcjam ektdvm erme (h 9  ), ena ‐ KK  KK ‘  ‘  ds ds tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km``.

 Qcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (9;) (9;) fdvms tcm ve`um ve`um jb tjte` vj`tefm. vj`tefm.

R 8 R + R  

(9;)

Vcmrm ‐  ‘  ds  ds tcm tjte` vj`tefm (R), ‐  ‘ ds tcm tjte` km`` vj`tefm (R), ena ‐  ‘ ds ius-ier ena `jssms vj`tefm (R).

 Qcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (91) (91) fdvms tcm ve`um ve`um jb tjte` km`` km`` vj`tefm.

R 8 R x KY

(91)

Vcmrm ‐  ‘ ds tcm km`` vj`tefm (R) ena ‐ KY  KY ‘  ‘ ds  ds tcm nuhimr jb km``s dn smrdms kjnnmktma tj tcm rmktdbdmr.

 Qcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (9=) (9=) fdvms tcm ve`um ve`um jb km`` vj`tefm. vj`tefm.

R 8   +   +   +   

(9=)

Vcmrm ‐  ‘ ds tcm mqud`dirduh km`` vj`tefm, ‐  ‘ ds tcm ketcjam jvmr  pjtmntde`, -  -  ‐  ‘ ds tcm enjam jvmr -  - pjtmntde`,   ena ‐  ‘ ds tcm rmsdstenkm arjp vj`tefm

Mqud`dirduh km`` vj`tefm (  ) ds fdvmn iy tcm tcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn mxprmssdjn (92). (92).

R 8   -   

(92)

Vcmrm ‐  ‘ ds tcm m`mktrjam stenaera pjtmntde` jb tcm kcmhdke` rmektdjn (a) (5.9; R) ena ‐  ‘ ds tcm m`mktrjam stenaera pjtmntde` jb tcm kcmhdke` rmektdjn (i) (?.;1R).

 Qcm ve`um jb ketcjam jvmr-pjtmntde` jvmr-pjtmntde` jpmretdnf et tcm jpmretdnf jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty amnsdty jb ;?? E/h9 ds ~?.?3 R. tcm ve`um jb enjam jvmr-pjtmntde` jpmretdnf wdtc tcm enjam (_i2%[i) et tcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty jb ;?? E/h9 ds ~?.2 R. Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 56

 Qcm rmsdstenkm arjp arjp vj`tefm ds tcm suh jb<   

M`mktrjam kjntekt rmsdstenkm vj`tefm arjp. M`mktrjam dntmrne` rmsdstenkm arjp. M`mktrj`ytm rmsdstenkm vj`tefm arjp.

M`mktrjam kjntekt vj`tefm arjp<

Dn tcm hjamrn kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf km``-cjusm, tcm m`mktrjam kjntekt vj`tefm arjp ds renfma brjh = tj 9=% jb tcm tjte` km`` vj`tefm.

M`mktrjam dntmrne` ena m`mktrj`ytm rmsdstenkm vj`tefm arjps <

 Qcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (96) (96) fdvms tcm m`mktrjam m`mktrjam dntmrne` ena ena m`mktrj`ytm rmsdstenkm rmsdstenkm vj`tefm arjps.

RY 8 JKA x Τ x @  

(96)

Vcmrm ‐  ‘ ds tcm rmsdstenkm vj`tefm rmsdstenkm vj`tefm arjp (R), ‐JKA‘ ds tcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty (E/h 9  ), ‐Τ‘ ds tcm hetmrde` rmsdstdvdty (Τ-  (Τ-  h), ena ‐@‘ ds tcm `mnftc jb tcm hetmrde` (h).

-

M`mktrjam dntmrne` rmsdstenkm vj`tefm arjp

 Qcm m`mktrdke` rmsdstdvdtdms rmsdstdvdtdms jb stedn`mss stmm` ena `mea erm rmspmktdvm`y rmspmktdvm`y 2.4 5?∙6 ena 9.9 5?∙6 Τ-h. Dn kjnsmqumnkm tcm m`mktrjam dntmrne` rmsdstenkm arjp ds nmf`dfdi`m.

-

M`mktrj`ytm rmsdstenkm vj`tefm arjp

Dn tcm hjamrn km``-cjusm, tcm ve`um jb tcm ketcjam-ketcjam kmntmr-`dnm adstenkm ds 4= hh, tcm ketcjam tcdkgnmss ds ~; hh, ena tcm enjam tcdkgnmss ds ~2 hh. Dn kjnsmqumnkm tcm adstenkm imtwmmn ketcjam ena enjam ds ~1; hh. tcm  ve`um jb tcm rmsdstdvdty jb tcm m`mktrj`ytm kjntedndnf ;= f/` jb kjppmr ena 53? f/` jb ekda et tcm tmhpmreturm jb 1=¿K ds ~?.?564 Τ-h.  Qcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (93) fdvms tcm ve`um jb tcm km`` vj`tefm wdtc e ve`um jb jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty renfma brjh 93? tj 1?? E/h 9.

R 8

.=6+6.24     ∙e

(93)

Vcmrm ‐  ‘ ds tcm km`` vj`tefm (R), ‐JKA‘ ds tcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty (E/h 9  ), ‐e‘ ds tcm b rektdjn rektdjn jb m`mktrjam kjntekt rmsdstenkm vj`tefm dntj tcm km`` vj`tefm (evmrefm ve`um ?.5=).

 Qcm ve`um jb ius-ier ena `jssms vj`tefms ds amsdfnma et 5=% jb tjte` km`` vj`tefm. Qcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (94) fdvms tcm ve`um jb ius-ier vj`tefm ena `jssms vj`tefm.

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 53

R 8 R x

=

(94)



 Qcm jpmretdnf pjwmr pjwmr jb tcm rmktdbdmr (gV) (gV) ds fdvmn fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (;?).

J_ 8 R x DE 

;.1.9.

(;?)

Ymktdbdmr nuhimr dntj tcm km``-cjusm

 Qcm rmktdbdmrs usma dn tcm m`mktrj`ysds jb njn-bmrrjus hmte` cevm tcm hexdhuh AK ehpmrefm renfma brjh = tj 5?? gE ena tcm AK vj`tefm renfma brjh 5?? tj 5??? R. tcm nuhimr jb km``s kjnnmktma tj jnm rmktdbdmr ds e hu`tdp`m jb 9 (Bdfurm 5). Qcm frjup jb km``s kjnnmktma sdam iy sdam ds ke``ma i`jkg (Bdfurm 5).  Qcm nuhimr jb km``s kjnnmktma kjnnmktma tj jnm rmktdbdmr rmktdbdmr ds fdvmn iy iy tcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (;5). (;5).

Nuhimr jb km``s pmr rmktdbdmr 8

Nhir jb k``s pr k`` cjs nhir jb rktbr

 

(;5)

 Qcm nuhimr jb km``s pmr pmr ijkg ds dntmfmr dntmfmr nuhimr ena ds fdvmn fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn mxprmssdjn (;9).

Nuhimr jb km``s pmr i`jkg 8

Nhir jb k``s pr rktbr

(;9)



 Qcm nuhimr jb i`jkg dntj km``-cjusm ds fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn mxprmssdjn (;;)

Nuhimr jb i`jkg i`jkg pmr km`` cjusm 8

Nhir jb k``s pr k`` cjs

(;;)

Nhir jb k``s pr i`jkg

 Qei`m 1 fdvms tcm nuhimr jb rmktdbdmrs jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf km``-cjusm bjr twj mxdstdnf p`ents, Qmngm Bunfuruhm Hdndnf (Amhjkretdk Ympui`dk jb Kjnfj) ena Gensenscd (\ehide). Dn Qei`m 1, tcm nuhimr jb rmktdbdmrs ds kcenfma brjh 5 tj ; bjr mekc km``-cjusm. Qcm amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm km``-cjusm ds frmetmr tcen tcm nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm km``-cjusm bjr Qmngm Bunfuruhm Hdndnf km``-cjusm wdtc ; rmktdbdmrs ena bjr Gensenscd km``-cjusm wdtc 9 ena ; rmktdbdmrs imkeusm tcm nuhimr jb km``s pmr i`jkg hust im en dntmfmr nuhimr. Qcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt ehpmrefm ds 6?% ena 6=% jb tcm hexdhuh AK kurrmnt ehpmrefm jb tcm rmktdbdmr rmspmktdvm`y bjr Qmngm Bunfuruhm Hdndnf ena Gensenscd km``-cjusms.  Qcm nuhimr jb rmktdbdmrs rmktdbdmrs dn ijtc tcm tcm mxdstdnf km``-cjusms km``-cjusms jb Qmngm Bunfuruhm Bunfuruhm Hdndnf ena Gensenscd Gensenscd ds 9.

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 54

 Qei`m 1< Nuhimr jb jb rmktdbdmrs bjr Qmngm Bunfuruhm Hdndnf Hdndnf ena Gensenscd

_rjauktdjn retm, gtpe  Vjrgdnf cjurs pmr ymer _rjauktdjn retm, t/c  Qypm jb ketcjam i`eng Ketcjam ektdvm erme, h 9 Amsdfn kurrmnt amnsdty, E/h 9 Kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky Kjnstent G Amsdfn cervmst kyk`m, aeys Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` cjusm Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` Nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm Amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm Amsdfn nuhimr jb km`` cjusm ketcjams Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr aey Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr krenm  Qjte` Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns rmvj`utdjns pmr aey Nuhimr jb krenms Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey pmr krenm Jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty, E/h9 Nuhimr jb rmktdbdmrs pmr km`` cjusm Nuhimr jb km``s pmr rmktdbdmr Nuhimr jb km``s pmr i`jkg Nuhimr jb i`jkg pmr km`` cjusm Jpmretdnf kurrmnt ehpmrefm, gE Hexdhuh kurrmnt ehpmrefm, gE Hexdhuh kurrmnt amnsdty, E/h 9  Qjte` vj`tefm, R

;.=.

 Qmngm Bunfuruhm Hdndnf 55= 55= 55= 3;99 3;99 3;99 3;99 3;99 3;99 D[E D[E D[E 9.15 9.15 9.15 ;?? ;?? ;?? ?.4 ?.4 ?.4 5.53=3 5.53=3 5.53=3 6 6 6 53=96.= 53=96.= 53=96.= 22 22 22 93?.6 93?.6 93?.6 93? 93? 939 5313? 5313? 53259 921?.? 921?.? 92=3.4 99 99 99 59?.? 59?.? 59?.4 ; ; ; 1?.?? 1?.?? 1?.94 94?.6 94?.6 933.6 5 9 ; 93? 51? 41 51? 6? 16 9 1 2 12.9= 12.9= 1=.49 22.?6 22.?6 2=.2? 15=.;= 15=.;= 159.1? 6?3.1 ;=1.9? 9;6.?9

6? 3;99 3;99 D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 5?4?5.6 24 5=3.? 5=3 5?4?9 5==6.1 9; 26.6 9 ;;.32 ;??.? 5 5=3 64 9 14.34 22.=5 ;44.44 ;44.61

Gensenscd 6? 3;99 3;99 D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 5?4?5.6 24 5=3.? 52? 55?1? 5=66.5 9; 23.2 9 ;1.94 942.9 9 3? 1? 1 14.32 2=.23 ;41.44 9?9.1?

6? 3;99 3;99 D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 6 5?4?5.6 24 5=3.? 529 55563 5=42.4 9; 24.1 9 ;1.65 949.2 ; =1 96 2 13.2= 21.36 ;4?.55 5;2.29

Ketcjam strdppdnf hekcdnm sdzm

 Qcmrm erm twj typms jb strdppdnf hekcdnm, D[E prjkmss ena Gdaa prjkmss. Qcmrm twj strdppdnf hmtcjas, henue` ena hekcdnm.  Qcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (;1) (;1) fdvms tcm sdzm sdzm jb tcm kepekdty kepekdty jb strdppdnf hekcdnm. hekcdnm.

Hk  8

n   V

(;1)

Vcmrm ‐  ‘ ds tcm kepekdty jb strdppdnf hekcdnm (ketcjams/cjur), ‐ n  n‘  ‘    ds ds tcm amsdfn nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr tcm km``-cjusm, ‐CK‘  ds  ds cervmst kyk`m (aeys), ena ‐VC[‘  ds  ds wjrgdnf cjurs jb strdppdnf hekcdnm pmr aey.

 Qcm wjrgdnf cjurs cjurs jb tcm strdppdnf hekcdnm usdnf henue` henue` hmtcja ds 54 cjurs pmr aey.

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 9?

1.

Hetmrde` b`jwretms

1.5.

Hetmrde` perehmtmrs

1.5.5.

[j`da perehmtmr [j`da dntj tcm km``-cjusm ds tcm kjppmr ampjsdt. Qcm kjppmr ampjsdt ds kcerektmrdzma iy e hess ( Hs ) mxprmssma dn

(tjn).

1.5.9.

Fes perehmtmr Fes dntj tcm km``-cjusm ds tcm jxyfmn fes. Qcm jxyfmn fes ds kcerektmrdzma iy e hess ( H ) mxprmssma dn (tjn). (tjn).

1.5.;.

@dquda perehmtmrs

@dqudas dntj tcm km``-cjusm erm tcm kjppmr m`mktrj`ytms. Qcm kjppmr m`mktrj`ytms erm kcerektmrdzma iy e hess ( H ) [F ) mxprmssma dn (t/h; ) ds tcm retdj jb tcm mxprmssma dn (tjn) ena e vj`uhm ( R ) mxprmssma dn (h; ). Qcm spmkdbdk frevdty ( [F hess jn tcm vj`uhm jb kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm. Qcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (;=) fdvms tcm rm`etdjnscdp tcet `dngs tcm hess, tcm  vj`uhm ena tcm spmkdbdk spmkdbdk frevdty jb kjppmr kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm.

[F 8

 

(;=)

 Qcmrm erm twj hmtcjas bjr jitedndnf tcm spmkdbdk frevdty jb `dquda, tcm `eijretjry hmtcja ena tcm kcmhdke` kjhpjsdtdjn hmtcja.

1.5.1.

@eijretjry hmtcja

 Vcmn dt ds pjssdi`m tj cevm cevm pcysdke``y tcm `dquda, tcm tcm `eijretjry hmtcja bjr jitedndnf jitedndnf tcm spmkdbdk spmkdbdk frevdty jb `dquda ds es bj``jws<   

_ut tcm `dquda dn e tmst tuim jb jnm `dtmr tj tcm herg jb e `dtmr,  Vmdfc tcm vj`uhm vj`uhm jb jnm `dtmr jb `dquda (f),  Ena tcm retdj jb wmdfct wmdfct jn tcm jnm `dtmr `dtmr vj`uhm jb `dquda fdvms tcm spmkdbdk frevdty. frevdty.  Qcm spmkdbdk frevdty jitednma dn tcds kjnadtdjn ds tcm epprjxdhetma epprjxdhetma ve`um et ehidmnt tmhpmreturm. tmhpmreturm.

1.5.=.

Kcmhdke` kjhpjsdtdjn hmtcja

 E `dquda ds cjhjfmnmjus hdxturm jb sj`vmnt ena sj`utms. Dn tcds pui`dketdjn, tcm sj`vmnt ds wetmr ena sj`utms erm er m tcm m`mhmnts eppmerdnf dntj tcm kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm ena adssj`vma dn wetmr es su`betm. Qcmsm m`mhmnts eppmerdnf dn tcm kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm erm `dstma dn tcm Qei`m =.  Qcm dnamx ‐g‘ ds en damntdbdketdjn damntdbdketdjn nuhimr jb tcm kcmhdke` m`mhmnt dn tcds pui`dketdjn. Et tcds `mvm`, dt ds ambdnma twj jtcmr perehmtmrs7 tcm hess jb m`mhmnt jb dnamx ‐g‘ ( Hg ) mxprmssma dn (gf) dntj tcm `dquda ena tcm tmnjr jb m`mhmnt jb dnamx ‐g‘ ( Kg ) mxprmssma dn (gf/h (gf/h; ) dntj tcm `dquda. Qcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (;2) (;2) fdvms rm`etdjnscdp rm`etdjnscdp tcet `dngs tcm hess hess jb m`mhmnt jb dnamx ‐g‘, tcm tmnjr jb m`mhmnt jb dnamx ‐g‘ ena tcm vj`uhm jb `d quda. Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 95

 Qei`m =< M`mhmnts eppmerdnf dn kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm M`mhmnt C9[J1 Ku Kj Bm Hn

Dnamx (g) 5 9 ; 1 =

Hg  8 R x Kg  

(;2)

Dt ces immn jismrvma bjr e `dquda kjntedndnf kjppmr su`betm ena su`burdk ekda tcet W 6 X< 





 Qcm spmkdbdk frevdty jb kjppmr su`pcetm jr su`pcurdk ekda `dquda ds epprjxdhetm`y e `dnmer bunktdjn jb kjnkmntretdjn mxprmssma dn (%).  Qcm spmkdbdk frevdty jb `dqudas jb mque` kjnkmntretdjn mxprmssma dn (%) jb kjppmr su`pcetm ena jb su`pcurdk ekda ds nmer`y damntdke`.  Qcm spmkdbdk frevdty jb `dquda kjntedndnf epprmkdei`m ehjunts e hjunts jb kjppmr su`pcetm ena su`pcurdk ekda ds ampmnamnt prdnkdpe``y upjn tcm tjte` kjnkmntretdjn (%) ena ds e`hjst dnampmnamnt jb tcmdr prjpjrtdjn.

 Qcmsm jismrvetdjns cevm immn mxtmnama tj tcm m`mhmnts eppmerdnf dn tcm kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm ena tcm sdhp`mst hmtcja tcet e``jws cevdnf tcm epprjxdhetma ve`um jb spmkdbdk frevdty jb `dquda brjh tcm kcmhdke` kjhpjsdtdjn ds fdvmn.  Qcm hmtcja kjnsdsts jb bdnadnf e tjte` se`t tmnjr ( Kts ) mxprmssma dn (gf/h ; ) jb m`mhmnts es se`t dntj tcm `dquda. Dn tcds kesm, tcm se`t ds dn bjrh jb su`betm. Ebtmr, tcm tjte` se`t tmnjr hust im epp`dma dn tcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (;6) tcet fdvms tcm rm`etdjnscdp imtwmmn tcm `dquda spmkdbdk frevdty ena tcm tjte` se`t tmnjr jb m`mhmnts. Qcm mquetdjn (;6) kjhms brjh aete tcet fdvm tcm spmkdbdk frevdty jb `dquda es e bunktdjn jb tmnjr jb m`mhmnt es se`t dn idnery systmh W 3 X.

[F8 -2.5;4 x 5?∙1 x WKts  X + ?.4619 x Kts  + 5??? (gf/h ;)

(;6)

 Qcmrmbjrm, dt ds ambdnma e kjnstent εg jb m`mhmnt jb dnamx ‐g‘. Qcm kjnstent εg  ds tcm ve`um tj hu`tdp`y tj tcm tmnjr jb m`mhmnt jb dnamx dnamx ‐g‘ tj cevm tcm tmnjr es su`betm se`t ‐ Kgs ‘. Qcm ve`ums jb kjnstent εg  erm fdvmn dn Qei`m 2. Qcm  ve`um jb tmnjr ‐Kgs ‘ jb m`mhmnt jb dn d namx ‐g‘ ds fdvmn iy mquetdjn (;3). Kgs  8 εg  x Kg

(;3)

 Qei`m 2< ve`um jb kjnstent kjnstent  M`ähmnt C9[J1 Ku Kj Bm Hn

Dnamx (g) 5 9 ; 1 =

εg 5.??? 9.=55 9.294 9.654 9.616

 Qcus, tcm ve`um jb tjte` se`t tmnjr ‐Kts‘ jb m`mhmnts dn tcm `dquda wd`` im ke`ku`etma ke`ku`etma ekkjradnf tj mquetdjn (;4).

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 99

Kts  8 ∕g Kgs  8 ∕g εg  x Kg

(;4)

 Qei`m 6 fdvms en mxehp`m bjr jitedndnf tcm spmkdbdk frevdty brjh tcm kcmhdke` kjhpjsdtdjn jb fdvmn kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm. Qcm rmsu`t jb Qei`m 6 scjws tcet tcm ve`um jb tjte` se`t tmnjr ‐Kts‘ jb m`mhmnts dn tcm kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm ds 961.4= gf/h ;. Qcds ve`um ds tcm suh jb tmnjrs es su`betm se`t jb m`mhmnts. Iy epp`ydnf tcm ve`um jb tjte` se`t tmnjr jb m`mhmnts dn tcm mquetdjn (;6), tcm ve`um jb spmkdbdk frevdty jb kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm ‐[F‘ ds 5995.11 5995.11 gf/h ;.  Qei`m 6< [pmkdbdk frevdty brjh kcmhdke` kjhpjsdtdjn kjhpjsdtdjn jb kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm

1.9.

M`mhmnt

Dnamx (g)

C9[J1  Ku Kj Bm Kts

5 9 ; 1

Kjnkmntretdjn gf/h;  53? ;= ?.5 9.=

εg

5.??? 9.=55 9.294 9.654

Kgs gf/h; 53?.?? 36.34 ?.92 2.3? 961.4=

Nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm skevmnfmr ena kjhhmrkde` kdrkudts

Bdfurm 9 fdvms tcm kjnbdfuretdjn jb kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm b`jws dntj e kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt. Qcm km``-cjusm bjr tcm p`ent usdnf @/[S/MV tmkcnj`jfy ds sp`dt dntj twj kdrkudts, skevmnfmr ena kjhhmrkde`. Qcm skevmnfmr kdrkudt rmkmdvms tcm tjte` b`jw jb tcm eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm. Qcm hedn purpjsm jb tcm skevmnfmr km``s ds tj `dhdt jrfendk kjntehdnetdjn jb tcm ketcjam.

Bdfurm 9< M`mktrj`ytm b`jw kjnbdfuretdjn dntj tcm km``-cjusm  Qcm rmpertdtdjn jb km``s imtwmmn skevmnfmr ena kjhhmrkde` kdrkudts ampmnas jn tcm gnjwn ve`ums jb tcm m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km`` dntj skevmnfmr ena kjhhmrkde` km``s, kjppmr tmnjr arjp imtwmmn eavenkm ena spmnt m`mktrj`ytms, ena nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm km``-cjusm. Dn tcm dnaustrde` prektdkm, tcm prjpjrtdjn jb km``s dntj tcm skevmnfmr kdrkudt verdms brjh 5= tj 9=% jb tcm tjte` nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm km``- cjusm.

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 9;

 Qcmrm erm twj hmtcjas bjr jitedndnf tcm nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm skevmnfmr ena kjhhmrkde` km``s. Qcmsm twj hmtcjas erm iesma jn< tcm gnjwn ve`um jb ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty dntj tcm skevmnfmr ena kjhhmrkde` km``s, ena tcm gnjwn  ve`um jb kjppmr tmnjr tmnjr arjp pmr km`` dntj tcm tcm skevmnfmr ena ena kjhhmrkde` km``s. Ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty

 Qcm m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km`` ampmnas jn tcm ketcjam ektdvm erme, tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km``, ena tcm ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty. Qcm ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty ((h;/c)/h9 ) ds tcm retdj jb tcm km`` m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm jn tcm km`` ketcjam ektdvm erme. Qcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (1?) fdvms tcm m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km``.

M`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km`` (h ;/c) 8 E x KK x ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty

(1?)

Vcmrm ‐E‘ ketcjam ektdvm erme (h9) , , ena ‐KK‘ ds tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km``.

Dn tcm dnaustrde` prektdkm, tcm ve`um jb tcm ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty ds renfma brjh ?.?3 tj ?.51 (h ;/c)/h9. Eijvm tcm ve`um jb ?.51 (h ;/c)/h9, tcm _iJ9 pertdk`ms wd`` rmhedn dn suspmnsdjn. Dn tcm hjamrn km``-cjusm, tcm fjja ve`um jb tcm ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty ds ?.59 (h ;/c)/h9. Kjppmr tmnjr arjp pmr km``

 Qcm ve`um jb kjppmr tmnjr arjp pmr km`` ds renfma brjh 9 tj = f/`. tcm m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km`` ds fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (15).

M`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km`` (h ;/c) 8

_Y   Α  nhir jb k``s pr k``∙cjs

(15)

Vcmrm ‐_Y‘ ds kjppmr prjauktdjn retm (t/c), ena ‐ΑKu‘ ds tcm kjppmr tmnjr arjp pmr km``.

1.;.

Km``-cjusm M`mktrj`ytm adstrdiutdjn Bdfurm ; fdvms tcm m`mktrj`ytm adstrdiutdjn ena tcm tengs bjr e kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt.

 Qcm eavenkm brjh tcm Ku [S ds puhpma tj tcm km``-cjusm vde tcm m`mktrj`ytm aue` hmaduh bd`tmr, bd` tmr, wcdkc rmhjvms sj`da pertdk`ms es wm`` es tcm adssj`vma ena mntrednma jrfendks jrfendks dn tcm fernmt ena entcrekdtm `eymrs jb tcm bd`tmr. Qcm uppmr hmade ds entcrekdtm bjr jrfendk rmhjve` ena `jwmr hmade ds fernmt bjr sj`da rmhjve`. Qcm bd`tretdjn mbbdkdmnky hust im frmetmr tcen 4?% bjr jrfendk ena sj`da rmhjve`. Qcm bd`tmr spmkdbdk b`jwretm ds 59 (h ;/c)/h9 ena tcm hdndhuh nuhimr jb bd`tmr undts ds ;. Qcm cj`adnf teng vj`uhm `dvm ds smtup tj kjntedn ; kjnsmkutdvm m`mktrj`ytm bd`tmr iekgwesc kyk`ms.  Qcm bd`tmrma eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm ds tcmn werhma iy mxkcenfdnf tcm cmet brjh tcm spmnt m`mktrj`ytm. Qcmrm ds tcm cmet mxkcenfmr tmhpmreturm rmfu`etjr ebtmr tcm bdrst cmet mxkcenfm wjrgdnf wdtc rew wetmr. Qcm purpjsm jb tcm smkjna cmet mxkcenfmr ds tj hedntedn tcm eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm tmhpmreturm et 1?¿K. Bd`tmrma eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm rmpjrts tj tcm skevmnfmr m`mktrjwdnndnf km``s. Jutb`jw brjh tcm skevmnfmr skevmnfmr km``s b`jws iy frevdty tj tj tcm skevmnfmr skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm suhp suhp brjh wcmrm dt ds puhpma tj tcm rmkyk`m rmkyk`m teng. Bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm ds puhpma tj tcm kjhhmrkde` kjhhmrkde` m`mktrjwdnndnf km``s. Jut`mt kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm b`jws iy frevdty tj tcm spmnt spmnt m`mktrj`ytm teng. [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm ds puhpma tj tcm strdp hdxmr-smtt`mrs vde tcm m`mktrj`ytm cmet dntmrkcenfmr ebtmr rmhjvdnf rmhjvdnf Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 91

tcm drjn i`mma. Qcm rmkyk`m teng ena spmnt m`mktrj`ytm teng erm dntmrkjnnmktma e``jwdnf tcm ie`enkm jb tcm jut`mt kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm tj b`jw tj tcm rmkyk`m teng.

Bdfurm ;< M`mktrj`ytm adstrdiutdjn ena tengs jb km`` cjusm  Vetmr ena ekda hegm up erm eaama tj tcm rmkyk`m teng. Kjie`t su`betm ena Fuer hegm up erm eaama tj tcm skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm suhp. Kjie`t kjhpjsdtdjn dntj tcm kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm ds 5?? hf/`. Fuer ds shjjtcdnf efmnts kjhhjn`y usma dn kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt. Qcm kjnsuhptdjn retm jb Fuer ds 9?? f pmr tjn jb kjppmr ketcjam prjaukma. Fuer ds hdxma wdtc wetmr et ?.6= % (w/w). Bjr kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt kjup`ma wdtc sj`vmnt mxtrektdjn, pj`y prjpy`mnm ie``s erm usma bjr tcm ekda hdst jn tjp jb km``s.

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 9=

=.

_rjkmaurm jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt sdhu`etdjn

=.5.

Fmnmre`

 Qcm sdhu`etdjn jb e kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt wd`` im ajnm jn en Mxkm` sprmeascmmt (Hdkrjsjbt). Mxkm` sprmeascmmt fdvms nuhimrs ena bjrhu`es dn tcm bjrh jb e tei`m (rjws ena kj`uhns). Qcm Mxkm` sprmeascmmt ds heam jb `dnms (nuhimrma wdtc nuhimrs) ena jb kj`uhns (nuhimrma wdtc `mttmrs). Qcm dntmrsmktdjn dntmrsmktdjn jb e rjw ena e kj`uhn ds ke``ma "k m``."  E km`` ds damntdbdma iy e `mttmr ena e nuhimr. Qcm Mxkm` sprmeascmmt ken kjntedn up tj 2=,=;2 rjws ena 9=2 kj`uhns, hjrm tcen 56 hd``djn km``s. Mekc jb tcm km``s jb tcm sprmeascmmt ken kjntedn aete (nuhimrs, tmxt, aetm...) wcdkc erm mntmrma adrmkt`y jr eutjhetdke``y ke`ku`etma. Hdkrjsjbt mxkm` sj`vmr prjfreh wd`` im usma bjr jptdhdzetdjn jb hetmrde` b`jwretms jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt sdhu`etdjn. Mxkm` [j`vmr ds tcm Hdkrjsjbt eaa-dn prjfreh usma bjr wcet-db ene`ysds. Mxkm` sj`vmr prjfreh e``jws bdnadnf tcm jptdhuh ve`um bjr e bjrhu`e dn jnm km``.

=.9.

Kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt amskrdptdjn

Bdfurm 1 fdvms tcm b`jw adefreh jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt. Dn tcds kesm, tcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt ds pert kjppmr prjauktdjn cevdnf @/[S/MV kjnbdfuretdjn. Mekc b`jw ds amsdfnetma iy tcm nuhimr ena tcm b`jw b` jw nehm.

Bdfurm 1< Kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt wdtc b`jw amsdfnetdjns

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 92

=.;.

[dhu`etdjn jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt

=.;.5.

Nmw kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt

=.;.5.5. Amsdfn aete  Qcm sdhu`etdjn prjkmaurm jb e nmw kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt wd`` im mxp`ednma tcrjufc en mxehp`m. Qei`m 3 fdvms amsdfn aete jb en mxehp`m jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt. Amsdfn aete erm usma tj sdhu`etm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt ena sdzma tcm heljr mqudphmnt.  Qei`m 3< Amsdfn aete aete jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt Amsdfnetdjn _rjauktdjn retm  Vjrgdnf cjurs pmr ymer  Qypm jb ketcjam i`eng i`eng  Ektdvm erme jb Gdaa ketcjam ketcjam Amsdfn kurrmnt amnsdty Kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky Kjnstent G Ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty Kjnstent  (ekda) Kjnstent  (kjppmr) Kjnstent 1 (drjn) [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr  Eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr Yetdj jb strdppma kjppmr jn strdppma drjn brjh [S Cervmst kyk`m [trdppdnf hekcdnm wjrgdnf cjurs pmr aey

6?,??? 3;99 D[E 9.15 ;?? ?.4? 5.53=3 ?.59 5.??? 9.=55 9.654 ;= 53? =? 9 2?? 6 54

]ndt t/y crs h9 E/h9 f/Ehp-cjur h/c

f/` f/` f/` f/` aeys cjurs

 Qcm sdhu`etdjn tei`m jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt ds fdvmn iy Qei`m 4 es dt eppmers jn tcm Mxkm` sprmeascmmt.  Qei`m 4 ds ekkjhpendma iy 1 she`` tei`ms< tei`ms< 







[dhu`etdjn eaadtdjne` sj`vmr verdei`m tei`m< [dhu`etdjn eaadtdjne` sj`vmr verdei`m fdvms tcm ve`um jb sj`vmr verdei`ms  wcdkc erm njt dn Qei`m Qei`m 4. [dhu`etdjn sj`vmr kjnstrednt tei`m< [dhu`etdjn sj`vmr kjnstrednt tei`m fdvms sj`vmr kjnstrednts wcdkc wd`` im usma dn tcm sj`vmr prjfreh. [dhu`etdjn aete tei`m< [dhu`etdjn aete tei`m fdvms aete jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt wcdkc erm dn Qei`m 3 (tcm kj`jr jb tcm nuhimr ds rma). [dhu`etdjn rmsu`t tei`m< [dhu`etdjn rmsu`t tei`m fdvms tcm ve`ums jb m`mktrj`ytm b`jw perehmtmr, ena tcm nuhimr ena sdzm jb heljr mqudphmnt.

Dn Qei`m 4, mekc kj`uhn fdvms tcm kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm b`jw es dt eppmers jn Bdfurm 1. Mekc `dnm fdvms b`jw perehmtmrs. Eiirmvdetdjns hmen< Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 96

          

[pM` < [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm  EaM` < Eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm [kKK < [kevmnfmr kjppmr ketcjam [kJx < [kevmnfmr jxyfmn jxyfmn [kM` < [kevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm YmM` < Ymkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm BKjM`< Bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm KjKK < Kjhhmrkde` kjppmr ketcjam KjJx < Kjhhmrkde` jxyfmn KjM` < Kjhhmrkde` Kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm BmI` < Drjn i`mma

=.;.5.9. [dhu`etdjn prjkmaurm jb e nmw kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt  Qcm sdhu`etdjn prjkmaurm prjkmaurm jb e nmw kjppmr kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt kdrkudt ds es bj``jw<

5.

Ke`ku`etdjn jb nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km``, amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm, nuhimr jb krenms ena nuhimr jb rmktdbdmrs -

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐B6;‘ (amsdfn prjauktdjn retm ‛ t/y), ‛ t/y), typm ‐8B=;/B=1‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐B61‘ (nuhimr jb km`` cjusm ketcjams), typm ‐8B6;/ ( B=4 *5?^-2)‘(hetcmhetdke` B=4*B=2*B=6*B=3*5?^-2)‘(hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn 2). Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐B6=‘ (nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km``), typm tcm nuhimr ‐24‘ (hexdhuh ve`um). Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐B62‘ (nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm), typm ‐8B61/B6=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐B66‘ (amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm), typm tcm nuhimr ‐5=3‘ Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐B63‘ (amsdfn nuhimr jb km`` cjusm ketcjams), typm ‐8B6=*B66‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B64‘ (nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr aey), typm ‐8B63/B24‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` km`` ‐B3?‘ (nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr krenm), typm ‐8B6=/;‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B35‘ (nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey), typm ‐8B64/B3?‘.

-

 Qcm nuhimr dntj tcm mxkm` km`` ‐B35‘ ds ‐26.65‘. Qcm nuhimr jb krenm hust im ‐9‘ tj cevm tcm nuhimr tcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey ena pmr krenm imtwmmn ‐;5 - 11‘. -

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B39‘ (nuhimr jb krenms krenms ), typm tcm nuhimr nuhimr ‐9‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B3;‘ (nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey ena pmr krenm), typm ‐8B35/B39‘.  Qcm nuhimr dntj tcm tcm mxkm` km`` ‐B3;‘ ds ‐;;.32‘. Et ‘. Et tcds `mvm`, `mvm`, wm amkdam tj cevm cevm 1 ijkgs (9 ijkgs ijkgs pmr krenm). krenm).

-

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B31‘ (nuhimr jb rmktdbdmrs), typm nuhimr ‐ 9‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B3=‘ (nuhimr jb km``s pmr rmktdbdmr), typm ‐8B66/B31‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B32‘ (nuhimr jb km``s pmr i`jkg), typm ‐8B3=/9‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B36‘ (nuhimr jb i`jkgs pmr km`` cjusm), typm ‐8B66/B32‘.

 Qcm nuhimr dntj tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B32‘ ds ‐;4.=‘. Qcm Qcm nuhimr jb km``s pmr i`jkg ds njt en dntmfmr nuhimr. Et tcds `mvm` tcmrm erm twj jptdjns<  

 Qj cevm jnm rmktdbdmr rmktdbdmr bjr tcm km``-cjusm.  Qj kcenfm tcm amsdfn amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s dntj dntj tcm km``-cjusm es sukc es tcm nuhimr nuhimr jb km``s pmr ijkg ijkg imkjhms en dntmfmr nuhimr wdtc twj rmktdbdmrs.

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 93

 E 5 9 ; 1 = 2 6 3 4 5? 55 59 5; 51 5= 52 56 53 54 9? 95 99 9; 91 9= 92 96 93 94 ;? ;5 ;9 ;; ;1 ;= ;2 ;6 ;3 ;4 1? 15 19 1; 11 1= 12 16 13 14 =? =5

I

K

 Qei`m

4E

Amsdfnetdjn [j`da hess t/c Fes Hess t/c @dquda Hess t/c Rj`uhm h;/c [F t/h;  Ku Bm Ekda

f/` f/` f/` f/`

Ku Bm Ekda

Gf/c Gf/c Gf/c

 Qei`m

4I

Amsdfnetdjn [j`da Hess t/c Fes Hess t/c @dquda Hess t/c Rj`uhm h;/c [F t/h;  Ku Bm Ekda

f/` f/` f/` f/`

Ku Bm Ekda

Gf/c Gf/c Gf/c

A

M

B

F

C

D

L

G

[dhu`etdjn tei`m jb kjppmr kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt

5 [p M`

9 Ea M`

; [k KK

1 [kJx

= [kM`

2 Ym M`

6 Vetmr

[dhu`etdjn tei`m jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt 3 Ekda

4 BKjM`

5? KjKK

[dhu`etdjn eaadtdjne` sj`vmr verdei`m tei`m Bm i`mma b`jwretm/spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm

55 KjJx

59 KjM`

5; BmI`

%

[dhu`etdjn sj`vmr kjnstrednt tei`m [mt jilmktdvm Kjnstrednt = Kjnstrednt 5 Kjnstrednt 9 Kjnstrednt ; Kjnstrednt 1

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 94

 E =9 =; =1 == =2 =6 =3 =4 2? 25 29 2; 21 2= 22 26 23 24 6? 65 69 6; 61 6= 62 66 63 64 3? 35 39 3; 31 3= 32 36 33 34 4? 45 49 4; 41 4= 42 46 43 44 5?? 5?5 5?9 5?; 5?1 5?=

I

K

A M [dhu`etdjn tei`m aete

_rjauktdjn retm Vjrgdnf cjurs pmr ymer Qypm jb ketcjam i`eng Ketcjam ektdvm erme Amsdfn kurrmnt amnsdty Kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky Kjnstent g Ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty Kjnstent  (ekda) Kjnstent  (kjppmr) Kjnstent 1 (drjn) [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr Eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr Yetdj jb strdppma Ku jn [trdppma Bm brjh [S Cervmst kyk`m [trdppdnf hekcdnm wjrgdnf cjurs pmr aey

B

F

6?,??? 3,;99 Gdaa 9.;9 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 ?.59 5.??? 9.=55 9.654 ;= 53? =? 9 2?? 6 54

t/y crs

C

D

L

G

h9  E/h9 f/E-Cr (h;/c/h9

f/` f/` f/` f/` aeys crs

[dhu`etdjn tei`m rmsu`ts

Amsdfn prjauktdjn retm Nuhimr jb km``-cjusm ketcjams Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` Nuhimr jb km``s pmr km``-cjusm Amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s pmr km``-cjusm Amsdfn nuhimr jb km``-cjusm ketcjams Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr aey Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr krenm Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey Nuhimr jb krenms Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns/aey pmr krenm Nuhimr jb rmktdbdmr Nuhimr jb km``s pmr rmktdbdmr Nuhimr jb km``s pmr i`jkg Nuhimr jb i`jkgs pmr km``-cjusm Jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty M`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km`` Nuhimr jb km``s/skevmnfmr Amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s/skevmnfmr Nuhimr jb km``s/kjhhmrkde` Jpmretdnf kurrmnt Ehpmrefm Hexdhuh kurrmnt Ehpmrefm Hexdhuh kurrmnt amnsdty pmr rmktdbdmr Km`` vj`tefm Qjte` km`` vj`tefm pmr rmktdbdmr Ius-ier ena `jssms vj`tefm Qjte` vj`tefm pmr rmktdbdmr Jpmretdnf pjwmr pmr rmktdbdmr Nuhimr jb strdppdnf hekcdnms [trdppdnf hmtcja Kepekdty jb strdppdnf hekcdnm Vmdfct jb jnm sdam kjppmr ampjsdt

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

t/c

E/h9 h;/c

gE gE E/h9 R R R R gV

Ketcjams/cr gf

_efm ;?

 Qcmrm erm heny redsjns wcdkc wd`` fudam amsdfnmr tj tegm e jnm jptdjn sukc es tcm kjst jb tcm idf rmktdbdmr, tcm m`mktrdke` errenfmhmnt… Et tcds `mvm` tcm smkjna jptdjn ds tegmn. Qcm amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm km`` cjusm ds kcenfma brjh ‐5=3‘ tj ‐52?‘. -

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B66‘ (amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm), typm nuhimr ‐52?‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B63‘, tcm nuhimr jb km``km``-cjusm ketcjam imkjhms ‐55?1?‘ Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B64‘, tcm nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr aey imkjhms ‐5=66.51 ‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐B35‘, tcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey imkjhms ‐23.=6‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B3;‘, tcm nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey ena pmr krenm imkjhms ‐;1.94 ‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B3=‘, tcm nuhimr jb km``s pmr rmktdbdmr imkjhms ‐3?‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐B32‘, tcm nuhimr jb km``s pmr i`jkg imkjhms ‐1?‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B33‘ (jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty), typm ‐8B6;/( B=4 *5?^-2)‘ (hetcmhetdke` (hetcmhetdke` B=4*B=2*B63*B=3*5?^-2)‘ mxprmssdjn 2).  Qcm ve`um jb jpmretdnf jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty amnsdty ds k`jsm tj tcm tcm ve`um jb amsdfn kurrmnt kurrmnt amnsdty.

9.

Ke`ku`etdjn jb kjppmr m`mktrj`ytm b`jw perehmtmrs 

[pmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jw

 Qcm gnjwn perehmtmrs perehmtmrs jb tcm spmnt spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jw erm< erm< j j j

-

[pmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐A51‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr), typm ‐8 B21‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A5=‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr), typm ‐8 B26‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A52‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr), typm ‐8 B2=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐A5;‘ ( spmnt spmnt m`mktrj`ytm tjte` se`t tmnjr), typm ‐8A51*B29+A5=*B2;+A52*B25‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A55‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm `dquda [F), typm ‐8( -2.5;4*5?^-1* -2.5;4*5?^-1*A5;^9+?.4619* A5;+5???)/5???‘.

 Qcm `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm jb spmnt m`mktrj`ytm ds en ungnjwn perehmtmr ena dt imkjhms e sj`vmr verdei`m. Qcm stertdnf ve`um jb `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm ds ‐5??‘. -

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A5?‘, typm nuhimr typm nuhimr ‐5??‘ ( i`um i`um kj`jr). Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A4‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8A5?*A55‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A53‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 A5?*A51‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A54‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm drjn hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 A5?*A5=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A9?‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm ekda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 A5?*A52‘. 

Drjn i`mma b`jw

 Qcm gnjwn perehmtmrs perehmtmrs jb tcm drjn i`mma b`jw erm< j j j

-

Drjn i`mma kjppmr tmnjr Drjn i`mma drjn tmnjr Drjn i`mma ekda tmnjr

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐D;1‘ ( drjn drjn i`mma kjppmr tmnjr ),  ), typm ‐8A51‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D;=‘ (drjn i`mma drjn tmnjr), typm ‐8A5=‘. Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm ;5

-

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D;2‘ (drjn i`mma ekda tmnjr), typm ‐8A52‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐D;;‘ ( drjn drjn i`mma tjte` se`t tmnjr), typm ‐8D;1*B29+D;=*B2;+D;2*B25‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D;5‘ (drjn i`mma `dquda [F), typm ‐8( -2.5;4*5?^-1* -2.5;4*5?^-1* D;;^9+?.4619* D;;+5???)/5???‘.

 Qcm retdj jb drjn i`mma b`jwretm/spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm b`jwretm ds en ungnjwn ve`um ena dt imkjhms e sj`vmr verdei`m.  Qcm stertdnf ve`um jb tcm retdj jb drjn drjn i`mma b`jwretm/spmnt b`jwretm/spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm b`jwretm ds ‐5.??‘. - Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B1;‘, typm e nuhimr ‐ 5.??‘ (i`um kj`jr). - Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D;?‘ (drjn i`mma `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm), typm ‐8A5?*B1;/5??‘. - Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D94‘ (drjn i`mma `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8D;?*D;5‘. - Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D;3‘ (drjn i`mma kjppmr hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8D;?*D;1‘. - Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D;4‘ (drjn i`mma drjn hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8D;?*D;=‘. - Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D1?‘ (drjn i`mma ekda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8D;?*D;2‘.  Eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm b`jw



 Qcm gnjwn perehmtmr perehmtmr jb tcm eavenkm eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm b`jw ds< j

-

 Eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M51‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr), typm ‐8 B22‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐M53‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 A53+D;3+B6;*5??? ‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M54‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm drjn hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 A54+( M53 M53-A53 )/B23‘.

 Essuhdnf tcet drjn ds trenspjrtma dntj tcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt jn`y iy tcm kcmhdke` trensbmr wey. Dn kjnsmqumnkm e`` trensbmrrma drjn erm drjn DDD. -

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐M9?‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm ekda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 A9?+( A53  )*43/2;.==+( A54 A53-M53 )*43/2;.==+(  A54 )*;*43/(9*==.3=)‘ wcmrm wcmrm 43, 2;.== 43, 2;.== ena ==.3= erm tcm hj`er hessms jb ekda, kjppmr ena drjn. M54 )*;*43/(9*==.3=)‘ Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M5?‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm), typm ‐8 M53/M51‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M5=‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr), typm ‐8 M54/M5?‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M52‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr), typm ‐8 M9?/M5?‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M5;‘ (eavenkm (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm tjte` se`t tmnjr), typm ‐8M51*B29+M5=*B2;+M52*B25‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M55‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm [F), typm ‐8( -2.5;4*5?^-1* -2.5;4*5?^-1*M5;^9+?.4619* M5;+5???)/5???‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M4‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8M5?*M55‘. 

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[j`vmr smt jilmktdvm ena kjnstrednt 5

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐A12‘ (sj`vmr smt jilmktdvm), typm ‐8 A4+( M53 M53-A53 )/5???+( M54 M54-A54 )/5???+( M9? M9? )/5???*9/43-M4‘ wcmrm 9 ena 43 erm hj`er hessms jb twj cyarjfmn etjhs ena ekda. Qcm kj`jr jb nuhimr A9? )/5???*9/43dntj tcm mxkm` km`` ‐A12‘ ds frmmn.

 Et tcds `mvm`, tcm ve`um jb ekda tmnjr jb tcm eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm ds ‐ 9?.26‘. Qcds ds ber brjh tcm ve`ums usue``y bjuna dntj tcm mxdstdnf p`ents. Qcm ve`um jb `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm jb spmnt m`mktrj`ytm hust im kcenfm henue``y untd` tcm  ve`um jb ekda tmnjr jb tcm eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm ds frmetmr tcen ‐5=?‘. -

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A5?‘, tcm nuhimr ds kcenfma brjh ‐5?? ‐5??‘‘ tj ‐==?‘.  Qcm ve`um jb ekda tmnjr tmnjr jb tcm eavenkm eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm kcenfms kcenfms brjh ‐9?.26‘ tj ‐5=;.3; ‘.

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Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A16‘ (kjnstrednt 5), typm ‐8 M54-A54-D;4 ‘. Qcm kj`jr jb nuhimr dntj dntj tcm mxkm` km`` ‐A16‘ ds frmmn. Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm ;9



-

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B34‘ (m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km``), typm ‐8B2?*B=2*B6=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B4?‘ (nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm skevmnfmr kdrkudt), typm ‐8M5?/B34‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B45‘ (amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm skevmnfmr kdrkudt), typm ‐8YJ]NA]_( B4? B4?,?)‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B2‘ ( kjppmr kjppmr ketcjam sj`da sj`da hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8B=4*B=2*B33*B45*B6=*B=3*5?^-2‘. *5?^-2‘. 

-

Jxyfmn fes hess b`jwretm jb skevmnfmr kdrkudt

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐F6‘ (jxyfmn fes hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 B2*52/2;.==‘ wcmrm 52 ena 2;.== erm tcm etjhdk hessms jb jxyfmn ena kjppmr. 

-

Kjppmr ketcjam sj`da hess b`jwretm jb skevmnfmr kdrkudt

[kevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm b`jw

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐C4‘ (skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 M4-B2-F6‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C53‘ (skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 M53-B2*5???‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C54‘ (skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm drjn hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 M54‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C9?‘ (skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm ekda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 M9?+( M53  )*43/2;.==‘ wcmrm 43 M53-C53 )*43/2;.==‘ ena 2;.== erm hj`er hessms jb ekda ena kjppmr.

 Qcm skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm ds en ungnjwn perehmtmr perehmtmr ena dt ds e sj`vmr verdei`m. verdei`m. Qcm stertdnf  ve`um jb skevmnfmr skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm `dquda vj`uhm vj`uhm b`jwretm ds tcm tcm ve`um jb eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm.

-

Dn tcm km`` ‐C5?‘, typm ‐==6.?3‘ (i`um kj`jr).

-

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C51‘ (skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr), typm ‐8 C53/C5?‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C5=‘ (skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr), typm ‐8 C54/C5?‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C52‘ (skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr), typm ‐8 C9?/C5?‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C5;‘ (ske vmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm tjte` se`t tmnjr), typm ‐8C51*B29+C5=*B2;+C52*B25‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C55‘ (skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm [F), typm ‐8( -2.5;4*5?^-1* -2.5;4*5?^-1*C5;^9+?.4619* C5;+5???)/5???‘. 

-

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A13‘ ( sj`vmr sj`vmr kjnstrednt 9), typm ‐8 C4-C5?*C55‘. Qcm ‘. Qcm kj`jr jb nuhimr dntj tcm mxkm` km`` ‐A13‘ ds f  

-

[j`vmr kjnstrednt 9

Bmma kjhhmrkde` b`jw

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B49‘ (nuhimr jb km``s jb kjhhmrkde` kdrkudt), typm ‐8B66-B45‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M;?‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm), typm ‐8B49*B34‘.

 Qcm bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr, drjn, ena ekda tmnjrs erm ungnjwn perehmtmrs. Qcmy erm sj`vmr  verdei`ms. Qcm stertdnf ve`ums jb bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr, drjn, ena ekda tmnjrs erm tcm ve`ums jb skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr, drjn, ena ekda tmnjrs. -

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐M;1‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr), typm nuhimr ‐16.;2‘ ( i`um i`um kj`jr). Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M;=‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr), typm nuhimr ‐ 9.??‘ ( i`um i`um kj`jr). Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M;2‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr), typm nuhimr ‐5=6.4?‘ ( i`um i`um kj`jr). Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M;;‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm tjte` se`t tmnjr), typm ‐8M;1*B29+M;=*B2;+M;2*B25‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M;5‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm [F), typm ‐8( -2.5;4*5?^-1* -2.5;4*5?^-1*M;;^9 +?.4619*M;; +5???)/5???‘. +5???)/5??? ‘. Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm ;;

-

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M94‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8M;?*M;5‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M;3‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 M;?*M;1‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M;4‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm drjn hess b`jwretm), b` jwretm), typm ‐8M;?*M;=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M1?‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm ekda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8M;?*M;2‘. 

-

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B92‘ (kjppmr ketcjam sj`da hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 B6;-B2‘. 

-

Kjppmr ketcjam sj`da hess b`jwretm jb kjhhmrkde` kdrkudt

Jxyfmn fes hess b`jwretm jb kjhhmrkde` kdrkudt

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ F96‘ (jxyfmn fes hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 B92*52/2;.==‘ *52/2;.==‘ wcmrm 52 ena 2;.== erm tcm etjhdk hessms jb jxyfmn ena kjppmr. 

Jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm

 Qcm gnjwn perehmtmrs perehmtmrs jb tcm jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm b`jw erm< j j j

-

Jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr Jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr Jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C;1‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr), typm ‐8 D;1‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C;=‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr), typm ‐8 D;=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C;2‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr), typm ‐8 D;2‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C;;‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm tjte` se`t tmnjr), typm ‐8C;1*B29+C;=*B2;+C;2*B25‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C;5‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm [F), typm ‐8( -2.5;4*5?^-1* -2.5;4*5?^-1*C;;^9 +?.4619* C;; +5???)/5???‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C94‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8M94-B92-F96‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C;?‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm), typm ‐8C94/C;5‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C;3‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 M;3-B92*5??? ‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C;4‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm drjn hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 M;4‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C1?‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm ekda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8M1?+(M;3-C;3)* 43/2;.==‘. 43/2;.== ‘. [j`vmr kjnstrednts ;, 1 ena =

-

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A14‘ (sj`vmr kjnstrednt ;), typm ‐8 C;3/C;?-C;1 ‘. Qcm kj`jr jb nuhimr dntj tcm mxkm` km`` ‐A14‘ ds frmmn. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A=?‘ (sj`vmr kjnstrednt 1), typm ‐8C;4/C;?-C;= ‘. Qcm kj`jr jb nuhimr dntj tcm mxkm` km`` ‐A=?‘ ds frmmn. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ F12‘ (sj`vmr kjnstrednt =), typm ‐8 C1?/C;?-C;2 ‘. Qcm kj`jr jb nuhimr dntj tcm mxkm` km`` ‐F12‘ ds frmmn. 

Ymkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm

 Qcm gnjwn perehmtmrs perehmtmrs jb tcm rmkyk`m rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm b`jw erm< j j j

Ymkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr Ymkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr Ymkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm ;1

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Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D51‘ (rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr), typm ‐8 D;1‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D5=‘ (rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr), typm ‐8 D;=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D52‘ (rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr), typm ‐8 D;2‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D5;‘ (rmkyk`m (rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm tjte` se`t tmnjr), typm ‐8D51*B29+D5=*B2;+D52*B25‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D55‘ (rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm [F), typm ‐8( -2.5;4*5?^-1* -2.5;4*5?^-1* D5;^9 +?.4619*D5; +5???)/5???‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D4‘ (rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8C94-D94-A4‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D5?‘ ( rmkyk`m rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm), typm ‐8 ‐8D4/D55‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D53‘ ( rmkyk`m rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8D5?*D51‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D54‘ ( rmkyk`m rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm drjn hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 ‐ 8D5?*D5=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D9?‘ ( rmkyk`m rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm ekda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8D5?*D52‘.  Ekda b`jw



 Qcm gnjwn perehmtmr perehmtmr jb tcm ekda b`jw ds< j

-

 Ekda [F

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A;5‘ ( ekda ekda [F), typm nuhimr ‐5.31‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A1?‘ (ekda b`jw ekda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8M1?-D9?-C9?‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A94‘ (ekda b`jw `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8( A1? A1?/?.43)/5???‘ wcmrm ?.43 ds hess brektdjn (w/w) jb purm ekda dntj tcm dnaustrde` ekda. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A;?‘ (ekda b`jw `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm), typm ‐8A94/A;5‘.  Vetmr b`jw



 Qcm gnjwn perehmtmr perehmtmr jb tcm wetmr wetmr b`jw ds< j

-

 Vetmr [F

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ L55‘ (wetmr [F), typm nuhimr ‐5.???‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ L4‘ (wetmr `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8M94-A94-D4-C4‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ L5?‘ (wetmr `dquda vj`uhm b` jwretm), typm ‐8 L4/ L55‘.

 Et tcds `mvm`, dt eppmers Qei`m 5? es dt eppmers jn Mxkm` Hdkrjsjbt sprmeascmmt. Qei`m 5? fdvms sdhu`etdjn rmsu`ts jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt wdtc tcm stertdnf stertdnf ve`ums jb sj`vmr verdei`ms. [dhu`etdjn rmsu`ts erm njt jptdhdzma. jptdhdzma. Mxkm` sj`vmr prjfreh wd`` im usma bjr tcm jptdhdzetdjn.

;.

 Mxkm` sj`vmr prjfreh Mxkm` sj`vmr prjfreh mxmkutdjn ds es bj``jws< 5) 9) ;) 1) =)

Jn tcm –Aete—, dn tcm  Ene`ysds  –Ene`ysds frjup— k`dkg sj`vmr  (db tcm sj`vmr kjhhena ds njt eved`ei`m, yju hust ektdvetm tcm sj`vmr eaa-dn). Dn tcm –[mt jilmktdvm— ijx, mntmr tcm km`` rmbmrmnkm –A12— jb sdhu`etdjn sj`vmr kjnstrednt tei`m.. K`dkg  Re`um  –Re`um jb— ena tcmn typm tcm nuhimr –?— dn tcm ijx. Dn tcm –Iy Kcenfdnf Rerdei`m Km``s — ijx, mntmr tcm rmbmrmnkm bjr mekc sj`vmr verdei`m sj`vmr  verdei`m (i`um kj`jr dn Qei`m 5? ena sdhu`etdjn verdei`m tei`m). [mperetm tcm rmbmrmnkms wdtc kjhhes (Mnf`dsc vmrsdjn). Dn tcm –[uilmkt tj tcm kjnstrednts— ijx, mntmr sj`vmr kjnstrednts iy ajdnf tcm bj``jwdnf< e. Dn tcm –[j`vmr _erehmtmrs— ade`jf ijx, k`dkg  Eaa  –Eaa—. i. Dn tcm –Km`` Ymbmrmnkm — ijx, mntmr tcm km`` rmbmrmnkm jb kjnstrednt 5 (sdhu`etdjn sj`vmr kjnstrednt tei`m). k. K`dkg tcm –rm`etdjnscdp— –8–, dn tcm –Kjnstrednt — ijx, typm tcm nuhimr – ?—. a. K`dkg  Eaa  –Eaa— bjr tcm smkjna sj`vmr kjnstrednt. Vcmn tcm `est sj`vmr kjnstrednt ds eaama (km`` – F12—), k`dkg –JG — tj rmturn tj – [j`vmr _erehmtmrs— ade`jf ijx. Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm ;=

 E 5 9 ; 1 = 2 6 3 4 5? 55 59 5; 51 5= 52 56 53 54 9? 95 99 9; 91 9= 92 96 93 94 ;? ;5 ;9 ;; ;1 ;= ;2 ;6 ;3 ;4 1? 15 19 1; 11 1= 12 16 13 14 =? =5

I

K

 Qei`m

5?E

Amsdfnetdjn [j`da hess t/c Fes Hess t/c @dquda Hess t/c Rj`uhm h;/c [F t/h;

A

M

B

F

C

D

5 [p M`

9 Ea M`

; [k KK 5.169

1 [kJx

= [kM`

2 Ym M`

6 Vetmr

=9.29 =9.29 5.???

?.;65 265.9 ==?.? 5.99?

23;.4 ==6.5 5.993

239.5 ==6.5 5.992

9=19.4 9?3;.2 5.99?

f/` f/` f/` f/`

96;.;9 ;=.?? 9.?? 53?.??

931.39 =?.? 9.?? 5=;.3;

939.92 16.;2 9.?? 5=6.4?

96;.;9 ;=.?? 9.?? 53?.??

Ku Bm Ekda

Gf/c Gf/c Gf/c

549=?.? 55??.? 44???.?

963=;.4 5551.; 3=241.9

92;35.4 5551.; 36421.9

69492.4 1526.; ;6=?=9.3

 Qei`m

5?I

[dhu`etdjn tei`m jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt 3 Ekda

4 BKjM`

5? KjKK 2.4;4

55 KjJx

59 KjM`

5; BmI`

;994.= 92;1.? 5.992

;99?.3 92;4.5 5.99?

2.65 =.=? 5.99?

5.616 -13.?2 -92.59 5.31?

 Ku Bm Ekda

f/` f/` f/` f/`

939.92 16.;2 9.?? 5=6.4?

96;.;9 ;=.?? 9.?? 53?.??

96;.;9 ;=.?? 9.?? 53?.??

Ku Bm Ekda

Gf/c Gf/c Gf/c

591616.3 =923.5 15=45;.4

5563?3.1 =923.5 19225=.9

549.=? 55.?? 44?.??

-165?;.5

[dhu`etdjn eaadtdjne` sj`vmr verdei`m tei`m 5.?? Bm i`mma b`jwretm/spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm

[mt jilmktdvm Kjnstrednt 5 Kjnstrednt 9 Kjnstrednt ; Kjnstrednt 1

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

G

[dhu`etdjn tei`m jb kjppmr kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt

 Ku Bm Ekda

Amsdfnetdjn [j`da Hess t/c Fes Hess t/c @dquda Hess t/c Rj`uhm h;/c [F t/h;

L

[dhu`etdjn sj`vmr kjnstrednt tei`m -1.;;2 Kjnstrednt = ;.;1? -?.4=5 4.2;4 -?.??1

%

-53.;=?

_efm ;2

 E =9 =; =1 == =2 =6 =3 =4 2? 25 29 2; 21 2= 22 26 23 24 6? 65 69 6; 61 6= 62 66 63 64 3? 35 39 3; 31 3= 32 36 33 34 4? 45 49 4; 41 4= 42 46 43 44 5?? 5?5 5?9 5?; 5?1 5?=

I

K

A M [dhu`etdjn tei`m aete

_rjauktdjn retm Vjrgdnf cjurs pmr ymer Qypm jb ketcjam i`eng Ketcjam ektdvm erme Amsdfn kurrmnt amnsdty Kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky Kjnstent g Ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty Kjnstent  (ekda) Kjnstent  (kjppmr) Kjnstent 1 (drjn) [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr Eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr Yetdj jb strdppma Ku jn [trdppma Bm brjh [S Cervmst kyk`m [trdppdnf hekcdnm wjrgdnf cjurs pmr aey

B

F

6?,??? 3,;99 Gdaa 9.;9 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 ?.59 5.??? 9.=55 9.654 ;= 53? =? 9 2?? 6 54

t/y crs

[dhu`etdjn tei`m rmsu`ts Amsdfn Amsdfn prjauktdjn retm 3.155 Nuhimr jb km``-cjusm ketcjams 5?4?5.6 24 Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` Nuhimr jb km``s pmr km``-cjusm 5=3 52? Amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s pmr km``-cjusm Amsdfn nuhimr jb km``-cjusm ketcjams 55?1? Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr aey 5=66.5 Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr krenm 9; Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey 23.=6 9 Nuhimr jb krenms Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns/aey pmr krenm ;1.94 9 Nuhimr jb rmktdbdmr Nuhimr jb km``s pmr rmktdbdmr 3? Nuhimr jb km``s pmr i`jkg 1? Nuhimr jb i`jkgs pmr km``-cjusm 1 Jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty 942.91 M`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km`` 54.4= Nuhimr jb km``s/skevmnfmr 96.49 Amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s/skevmnfmr 93 Nuhimr jb km``s/kjhhmrkde` 5;9 Jpmretdnf kurrmnt Ehpmrefm Hexdhuh kurrmnt Ehpmrefm Hexdhuh kurrmnt amnsdty pmr rmktdbdmr Km`` vj`tefm Qjte` km`` vj`tefm pmr rmktdbdmr Ius-ier ena `jssms vj`tefm Qjte` vj`tefm pmr rmktdbdmr Jpmretdnf pjwmr pmr rmktdbdmr Nuhimr jb strdppdnf hekcdnms [trdppdnf hmtcja Kepekdty jb strdppdnf hekcdnm Vmdfct jb jnm sdam kjppmr ampjsdt

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

C

D

L

G

h9  E/h9 f/E-Cr (h;/c/h9

f/` f/` f/` f/` aeys crs

t/c

E/h 9 h ;/c

gE gE E/h9 R R R R gV

Ketcjams/cr gf

_efm ;6

 E 5 9 ; 1 = 2 6 3 4 5? 55 59 5; 51 5= 52 56 53 54 9? 95 99 9; 91 9= 92 96 93 94 ;? ;5 ;9 ;; ;1 ;= ;2 ;6 ;3 ;4 1? 15 19 1; 11 1= 12 16 13 14 =? =5

I

K

 Qei`m

55E

Amsdfnetdjn [j`da hess t/c Fes Hess t/c @dquda Hess t/c Rj`uhm h;/c [F t/h;

A

M

B

F

C

D

5 [p M`

9 Ea M`

; [k KK 5.=9=

1 [kJx

= [kM`

2 Ym M`

6 Vetmr

4.56 4.56 5.???

?.;31 249.3 =26.6 5.99?

6?5.; =6?.6 5.994

244.; =24.6 5.996

913;.= 9?;=.? 5.99?

f/` f/` f/` f/`

96;.;9 ;=.?? 9.?? 53?.??

932.25 =?.?? 9.?5 5==.=3

931.94 16.15 9.?9 5=4.46

96;.;9 ;=.?? 9.?? 53?.??

Ku Bm Ekda

Gf/c Gf/c Gf/c

54324.4 55;=.1 5?9533.;

93=;1.5 5514.4 33634.1

96??4.= 5514.4 4551?.1

65991.? 1?24.4 ;22941.6

 Qei`m

55I

[dhu`etdjn tei`m jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt 3 Ekda

4 BKjM`

5? KjKK 2.336

55 KjJx

59 KjM`

5; BmI`

;54;.3 9251.5 5.999

;53=.9 92?4.4 5.99?

3.35 6.;9 5.99?

5.6;1 5.62 ?.42 5.31?

 Ku Bm Ekda

f/` f/` f/` f/`

96=.11 ;6.=3 9.?? 56=.2=

96;.;9 ;=.?? 9.?? 53?.??

96;.;9 ;=.?? 9.?? 53?.??

Ku Bm Ekda

Gf/c Gf/c Gf/c

439;;.= =954.3 1=4529.=

45;12.2 =954.3 124639.6

9=9.6 51.1 5944.2

5696.;

[dhu`etdjn eaadtdjne` sj`vmr verdei`m tei`m 5.96 Bm i`mma b`jwretm/spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm

[mt jilmktdvm Kjnstrednt 5 Kjnstrednt 9 Kjnstrednt ; Kjnstrednt 1

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

G

[dhu`etdjn tei`m jb kjppmr kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt

 Ku Bm Ekda

Amsdfnetdjn [j`da Hess t/c Fes Hess t/c @dquda Hess t/c Rj`uhm h;/c [F t/h;

L

[dhu`etdjn sj`vmr kjnstrednt tei`m ?.??? Kjnstrednt = ?.??? ?.??? ?.??? ?.???

%

?.???

_efm ;3

 E =9 =; =1 == =2 =6 =3 =4 2? 25 29 2; 21 2= 22 26 23 24 6? 65 69 6; 61 6= 62 66 63 64 3? 35 39 3; 31 3= 32 36 33 34 4? 45 49 4; 41 4= 42 46 43 44 5?? 5?5 5?9 5?; 5?1 5?=

I

K

B

F

_rjauktdjn retm Vjrgdnf cjurs pmr ymer Qypm jb ketcjam i`eng Ketcjam ektdvm erme Amsdfn kurrmnt amnsdty Kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky Kjnstent g Ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty Kjnstent  (ekda) Kjnstent  (kjppmr) Kjnstent 1 (drjn) [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr Eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr Yetdj jb strdppma Ku jn [trdppma Bm brjh [S Cervmst kyk`m [trdppdnf hekcdnm wjrgdnf cjurs pmr aey

6?,??? 3,;99 Gdaa 9.;9 ;?? ?.4 5.53=3 ?.59 5.??? 9.=55 9.654 ;= 53? =? 9 2?? 6 54

t/y crs

[dhu`etdjn tei`m rmsu`ts Amsdfn Amsdfn prjauktdjn retm Nuhimr jb km``-cjusm ketcjams Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` Nuhimr jb km``s pmr km``-cjusm Amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s pmr km``-cjusm Amsdfn nuhimr jb km``-cjusm ketcjams Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr aey Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr krenm Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey Nuhimr jb krenms Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns/aey pmr krenm Nuhimr jb rmktdbdmr Nuhimr jb km``s pmr rmktdbdmr Nuhimr jb km``s pmr i`jkg Nuhimr jb i`jkgs pmr km``-cjusm Jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty M`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km`` Nuhimr jb km``s/skevmnfmr Amsdfn nuhimr jb km``s/skevmnfmr Nuhimr jb km``s/kjhhmrkde` Jpmretdnf kurrmnt Ehpmrefm Hexdhuh kurrmnt Ehpmrefm Hexdhuh kurrmnt amnsdty pmr rmktdbdmr Km`` vj`tefm Qjte` km`` vj`tefm pmr rmktdbdmr Ius-ier ena `jssms vj`tefm Qjte` vj`tefm pmr rmktdbdmr Jpmretdnf pjwmr pmr rmktdbdmr Nuhimr jb strdppdnf hekcdnms [trdppdnf hmtcja Kepekdty jb strdppdnf hekcdnm Vmdfct jb jnm sdam kjppmr ampjsdt

3.155 5?4?5.6 24 5=3 52? 55?1? 5=66.5 9; 23.=6 9 ;1.94 9 3? 1? 1 942.91 54.4= 93.2? 94 5;5 14.92 2=.23 ;41.44 9.59 524.95 9=.;3 541.=4 4=3=.24 9 Henue` 15.=? 21.??

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

A M [dhu`etdjn tei`m aete

C

D

L

G

h9  E/h9 f/E-Cr (h;/c/h9

f/` f/` f/` f/` aeys crs

t/c

E/h 9 h ;/c

gE gE E/h 9 R R R R gV

Ketcjams/cr gf

_efm ;4

2) K`dkg –[j`vm—. Qj gmmp tcm sj`utdjn ve`ums jn tcm wjrgscmmt, dn tcm – [j`vmr Ymsu`ts—  ade`jf ijx, k`dkg –Gmmp sj`vmr sj`utdjn— .  Et tcds `mvm`, dt eppmers Qei`m 55 es dt eppmers jn Mxkm` Hdkrjsjbt sprmeascmmt. Qei`m 55 fdvms jptdhdzma sdhu`etdjn rmsu`ts jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt.

1.

Ke`ku`etdjn jb jtcmr perehmtmrs -

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B4;‘ ( jpmretdnf jpmretdnf kurrmnt ehpmrefm), typm ‐8B33*B6=*B=2/5???‘. /5???‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B41‘ (hexdhuh AK (hexdhuh AK kurrmnt ehpmrefm jb rmktdbdmr), typm ‐8B4;/?.6=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B4=‘ (hexdhuh kurrmnt amnsdty jb rmktdbdmr), typm ‐8 B33/?.6=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B42‘ (km`` vj`tefm), typm ‐8(5.=6+6.24*5?^-1* ‐8(5.=6+6.24*5?^ -1*B33 )/(5-?.5=)‘.  )/(5-?.5=)‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B46‘ (Qjte` km`` vj`tefm pmr rmktdbdmr), typm ‐8B42*B3=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B43‘ (Ius(Ius-ier ena `jssms vj`tefm), typm ‐8 B46*5=/5??‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B44‘ (Qjte` rmktdbdmr vj`tefm), typm ‐8 B46+B43‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B5??‘ (Jpmretdnf pjwmr pmr rmktdbdmr), typm ‐8B44*B4;‘.  Qcm nuhimr jb tcm strdppdnf hekcdnm ds ds 9 tj cevm 9 hekcdnms (kepekdty (kepekdty 2? ketcjams/cjur). ketcjams/cjur).

-

=.;.9.

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B5?5‘ (nuhimr jb strdppdnf hekcdnms), typm nuhimr ‐ 9‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B5?9‘ (strdppdnf hmtcja), typm ‐ smhd-henue`‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B5?;‘ (strdppdnf hekcdnm kepekdty), typm ‐8( B63 B63/B5?5 )/( B24 B24*B6? )‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B5?1‘ (hexdhuh w mdfct mdfct jb jnm sdam kjppmr), kjppmr), typm ‐8B=4*B=2*B33*B=3*B24*59*5?^-;‘. *59*5?^- ;‘.

Mxdstdnf kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt

=.;.9.5.  Eaadtdjne`  Eaadtdjne` njtdjns  Qcm mxdstdnf kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt wd`` im sdhu`etma tj cevm tcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty bjr e fdvmn trensbmrrma kjppmr retm. Qcm trensbmrrma kjppmr retm ds tcm quentdty iy undt jb tdhm wcdkc kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf rmkmdvms brjh jnm jr hjrm kjppmr sj`vmnt mxtrektdjn kdrkudts. Dn tcm kesm jb tcm trensbmrrma kjppmr kjhm brjh jnm kjppmr sj`vmnt mxtrektdjn, tcm kjppmr trensbmrrma tj tcm kjppmr sj`vmnt kdrkudt ken kjhm brjh jnm jr hjrm prmfnent `mekc sj`utdjn (_@[).  Qcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (19) (19) fdvms tcm trensbmrrma trensbmrrma kjppmr tj tcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt.

t Rι  x (Kι_  KιY ) Qrensbmrrma kjppmr retm (t/c) 8 ∕ι8

(19)

Vcmrm ‐ι‘ ds tcm nuhimr jb _@[ b`jws wcdkc trensbmr kjppmr tj tcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt (ι verdms brjh 5 brjh  5 tj t), ‐  ‘ ds tcm  b`jwretm jb _@[ jb reng ι (h  ι  (h ;/c) , , ‐  ‘ ds tcm kjppmr tmnjr dntj tcm _@[ jb reng ι  (f/`)   (f/`) , , ena ‐  ‘ ds kjppmr tmnjr dntj tcm rebbdnetm jb reng ι  (f/`).  (f/`).

 Qcm hexdhuh jpmretdnf jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty amnsdty ds fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (1;). (1;).

HJKA 8 HKA x ?.4=

(1;)

Vcmrm ‐HJKA‘ ds tcm hexdhuh jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty (E/h 9  ), ena ‐HKA‘ ds tcm hexdhuh kurrmnt amnsdty  (E/h   (E/h 9  ). Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 1?

 Qcm hexdhuh kjppmr kjppmr prjauktdjn retm ds ds fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn mxprmssdjn (11). (11).

H_Y 8 G x E x n x HJKA x  ζ x 5?∙2

(11)

Vcmrm ‐   H_Y ‘  ‘  ds ds hexdhuh kjppmr prjauktdjn retm (t/c), ‐ G  G ‘  ‘  ds ds e kjnstent (5.53=62 frehs jb kjppmr ampjsdtma pmr ehp-cjur), ‐   E‘   E‘  ds  ds ketcjam ektdvm erme (h 9  ), ‐ n  n ‘  ‘ ds   ds tcm nuhimr jb ketcjams dntj tcm km``-cjusm, ‐   HJKA ‘  ‘  ds ds jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty (E/h 9  ), ena ‐ζ‘  ds  ds kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky.

 Qcm hexdhuh trensbmrrma trensbmrrma kjppmr retm retm ds fdvmn tcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn mxprmssdjn (1=).

HQY 8

_Y ∙

(1=)

Vcmrm ‐HQY‘ ds tcm hexdhuh h exdhuh trensbmrrma kjppmr retm (t/c), ‐H_Y‘ ds tcm hexdhuh kjppmr prjauktdjn retm (t/c), ena ‐λ‘ ds e kjnstent.

 Qcm ve`um jb tcm kjnstent kjnstent λ ds fdvmn fdvmn iy tcm hetcmhetdke` hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn mxprmssdjn (12).

 λ 8

     ½

(12)

Vcmrm ‐λ‘ ds e kjnstent, ‐HJKA‘ ds tcm hexdhuh jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty, ‐ε‘ ds tcm retdj jb tcm strdppma kjppmr jn tcm strdppma drjn brjh kjppmr sj`vmnt mxtrektdjn kdrkudt, ‐  ‘ ds tcm drjn tcm  drjn tmnjr dntj tcm drjn i`mma, ‐½‘ ds tcm retdj jb tcm hexdhuh jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty jn tcm spmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr.

=.;.9.9. Amsdfn aete  Qcm mxdstdnf kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt ds tcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt wcdkc ces immn amsdfnma dn perefrepc (=.;.5.). Qcm mxdstdnf kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt wd`` im sdhu`etma tj cevm tcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty bjr e fdvmn trensbmrrma retm. Qei`m 59 fdvms amsdfn aete jb tcm mxdstdnf kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt.  Qcm sdhu`etdjn tei`m jb kjppmr kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt kdrkudt ds fdvmn iy Qei`m 5; es dt eppmers jn tcm Mxkm` Mxkm` sprmeascmmt.  Qei`m 5; ds ekkjhpendma ekkjhpendma iy 1 she`` tei`ms< tei`ms< 







[dhu`etdjn eaadtdjne` sj`vmr verdei`m tei`m< [dhu`etdjn eaadtdjne` sj`vmr verdei`m fdvms tcm ve`um jb sj`vmr  verdei`ms wcdkc erm njt njt dntj Qei`m 5;. 5;. [dhu`etdjn sj`vmr kjnstrednt tei`m< [dhu`etdjn sj`vmr kjnstrednt tei`m fdvms sj`vmr kjnstrednts wcdkc wd`` im usma dn tcm sj`vmr prjfreh. [dhu`etdjn aete tei`m< [dhu`etdjn aete tei`m fdvms aete jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt wcdkc erm dn Qei`m 59.  Qcm kj`jr jb nuhimr dn dn tcm sdhu`etdjn aete aete tei`m ds rma. [dhu`etdjn rmsu`t tei`m< [dhu`etdjn rmsu`t tei`m fdvms tcm nuhimr ena sdzm jb heljr mqudphmnt.

Dn Qei`m 5;, mekc kj`uhn fdvms tcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf b`jw es dt eppmers jn Bdfurm 1. Mekc `dnm fdvms b`jw perehmtmrs. Eiirmvdetdjns hmen< Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 15

          

[pM` < [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm  EaM` < Eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm [kKK < [kevmnfmr kjppmr ketcjam [kJx < [kevmnfmr jxyfmn jxyfmn [kM` < [kevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm YmM` < Ymkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm BKjM`< Bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm KjKK < Kjhhmrkde` kjppmr ketcjam KjJx < Kjhhmrkde` jxyfmn KjM` < Kjhhmrkde` Kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm BmI` < Drjn i`mma  Qei`m 59< Amsdfn aete jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt

Amsdfnetdjn Hexdhuh AK ehpmrefm jb rmktdbdmr Hexdhuh kurrmnt amnsdty jb rmktdbdmr Hexdhuh jpmretdnf amnsdty [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr Yetdj jb strdppma kjppmr jn strdppma drjn brjh [S Yetdj jb Hexdhuh jpmretdnf kurrmnt jn spmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr  Vjrgdnf cjurs pmr ymer  Qypm jb ketcjam i`eng i`eng Ketcjam ektdvm erme Kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky Kjnstent G Amsdfn spmnt m`mktrj`ytm vj`uhm b`jwretm Ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty Kjnstent  (ekda) Kjnstent  (kjppmr) Kjnstent 1 (drjn) [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` Nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm Nuhimr jb km``s dntj tcm skevmnfmr kdrkudt Nuhimr jb krenms Nuhimr jb rmktdbdmrs Nuhimr jb strdppdnf hekcdnms [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr [trdppdnf hmtcja [trdppdnf hekcdnm wjrgdnf cjurs pmr aey  Vmdfct jb jnm sdam sdam kjppmr ampjsdt

2=.23 ;4= ;6=.9= 5 2?? 4 3;99 D[E 9.15 ?.4? 5.53=3 =26.65 ?.59 5.??? 9.=55 9.654 53? 24 52? 94 9 9 9 54? [mhd-henue` 54 2?

]ndt gE E/h9 E/h9 f/`

crs h9 f/Ehp-cjur h;/c (h;/c)/h9

f/`

f/` cjurs gf

=.;.9.;. [dhu`etdjn prjkmaurm jb tcm mxdstdnf kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt  Qcm sdhu`etdjn prjkmaurm prjkmaurm jb tcm mxdstdnf kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt ds es bj``jw< bj``jw<

5.

Ke`ku`etdjn jb hexdhuh kjppmr prjauktdjn retm, hexdhuh trensbmrrma kjppmr retm, ena kjppmr prjauktdjn retm -

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B39‘ (nuhimr jb ketcjams dntj tcm km`` cjusm), typm ‐8B65*B69‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B3;‘ (hexdhuh kjppmr prjauktdjn retm ‛t/c), retm ‛t/c), typm ‐8B21*B29*B=2*B39*B2;*5?^-2‘. *5?^-2‘. Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 19

 E 5 9 ; 1 = 2 6 3 4 5? 55 59 5; 51 5= 52 56 53 54 9? 95 99 9; 91 9= 92 96 93 94 ;? ;5 ;9 ;; ;1 ;= ;2 ;6 ;3 ;4 1? 15 19 1; 11 1= 12 16 13 14 =? =5 =9

I

K

 Qei`m

5;E

Amsdfnetdjn [j`da hess t/c Fes Hess t/c @dquda Hess t/c Rj`uhm h;/c [F t/h;  Ku Bm Ekda

f/` f/` f/` f/`

Ku Bm Ekda

Gf/c Gf/c Gf/c

 Qei`m

5;I

A

M

B

F

5 [p M`

9 Ea M`

; [k KK

1 [kJx

[dhu`etdjn eaadtdjne` sj`vmr verdei`m tei`m Bm i`mma b`jwretm/spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm Jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty

% E/h9

f/` f/` f/` f/`

Ku Bm Ekda

Gf/c Gf/c Gf/c

[mt jilmktdvm Kjnstrednt 5 Kjnstrednt 9 Kjnstrednt ; Kjnstrednt 1

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

L

G

= [kM`

2 Ym M`

6 Vetmr

[dhu`etdjn tei`m jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt 55 KjJx

 Ku Bm Ekda

D

[dhu`etdjn tei`m jb kjppmr kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt

5? KjKK

Amsdfnetdjn [j`da Hess t/c Fes Hess t/c @dquda Hess t/c Rj`uhm h;/c [F t/h;

C

3 Ekda

4 BKjM`

59 KjM`

5; BmI`

[dhu`etdjn sj`vmr kjnstrednt tei`m Kjnstrednt = Kjnstrednt 2

_efm 1;

 E =; =1 == =2 =6 =3 =4 2? 25 29 2; 21 2= 22 26 23 24 6? 65 69 6; 61 6= 62 66 63 64 3? 35 39 3; 31 3= 32 36 33 34 4? 45 49 4; 41 4= 42 46 43 44 5?? 5?5 5?9 5?; 5?1 5?= 5?2 5?6

I

K

A M [dhu`etdjn tei`m aete Hexdhuh kurrmnt ehpmrefm jb rmktdbdmr Hexdhuh kurrmnt amnsdty jb rmktdbdmr Hexdhuh jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr Yetdj jb strdppma Ku jn strdppma Bm Yetdj jb JKA jn spmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr Vjrgdnf cjurs pmr ymer Qypm jb ketcjam i`eng Ketcjam ektdvm erme Kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky Kjnstent G Amsdfn spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm Ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty Kjnstent  (ekda) Kjnstent  (kjppmr) Kjnstent 1 (drjn) [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` Nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm Nuhimr jb km``s/skevmnfmr kdrkudt Nuhimr jb krenms Nuhimr jb rmktdbdmrs Nuhimr jb strdppdnf hekcdnms [trdppdnf hmtcja [trdppdnf hekcdnm wjrgdnf cjurs/aey Vmdfct jb jnm sdam kjppmr ampjsdt [dhu`etdjn tei`m rmsu`ts Nuhimr jb ketcjams/km`` cjusm Hexdhuh prjauktdjn retm Hexdhuh trensbmrrma kjppmr retm Qrensbmrrma kjppmr retm _rjauktdjn retm _rjauktdjn retm [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr M`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km``/skevmnfmr Ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty/skevmnfmr M`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km``/kjhhmrkde` Nuhimr jb km``s/kjhhmrkde` Cervmst kyk`m Jpmretdnf cervmst kyk`m Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams/aey Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams/krenm Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns/aey Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjn/aey/krenm Nuhimr jb km``s/rmktdbdmr Km`` vj`tefm Qjte` km`` vj`tefm pmr rmktdbdmr Ius-ier ena `jssms vj`tefm Qjte` rmktdbdmr vj`tefm Jpmretdnf kurrmnt ehpmrefm Jpmretdnf rmktdbdmr pjwmr Kepekdty jb strdppdnf hekcdnm

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

B

F

2=.23 ;4= ;6=.9= 5.?? 2?? 4.6 3;99 D[E 9.15 ?.4 5.53=3 =26.65 ?.59 5.??? 9.=55 9.654 53? 24 52? 94 9 9 9 henue` 54 2?

GE  E/h9  E/h9 f/`

C

D

L

G

crs h9 f/E-crs h;/c ; h /c/h9

f/`

crs gf

t/c t/c t/c t/c c/y f/` h ;/c (h ;/c)/h9 h ;/c aeys aeys

R R R R gE gV Ketcjams/c

_efm 11

-

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B31‘ (hexdhuh trensbmrrma kjppmr retm), typm ‐8B3;/(5-B=2/( B=3 B=3*B=6*B=4 ))‘.

 Qcm trensbmrrma kjppmr retm hust im `mss tcen hexdhuh trensbmrrma kjppmr retm ena tcds ve`um kjhms brjh kjppmr sj`vmnt mxtrektdjn kdrkudt. Qcm ve`um jb trensbmrrma kjppmr ds 55.; t/c. -

9.

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B3=‘ (trensbmrrma kjppmr retm), typm nuhimr ‐ 55.;‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B32‘ (kjppmr prjauktdjn retm ‛t/c), typm ‐8 B21*B29*B11*B39*B2;*5?^-2‘. *5?^-2‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B36‘ (kjppmr prjauktdjn retm ‛ t/y), ‛ t/y), typm ‐8B32*B2?‘.

Ke`ku`etdjn jb m`mktrj`ytm b`jw perehmtmrs 

[pmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jw

 Qcm gnjwn perehmtmrs perehmtmrs jb tcm spmnt spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jw erm< erm< j j j

-

[pmnt m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm vj`uhm b`jwretm

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A5?‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm vj`uhm b`jwretm), typm ‐8 B2=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A5=‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr), typm ‐8B6=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A52‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr), typm ‐8 B61‘.

 Qcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty ds en ungnjwn perehmtmr ena dt imkjhms e sj`vmr verdei`m. Qcm stertdnf ve`um jb tcm jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty ds tcm amsdfn kurrmnt amnsdty ( ;?? ;?? E/h9 ). -

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B11‘ (jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty), typm nuhimr ‐ ;??‘ (i`um kj`jr).  Qcm spmnt m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr tmnjr ces adbbmrmnt ve`ums ve`ums wcmn tcm jpmretdnf jpmretdnf ve`um ds frmetmr frmetmr jr `mss tcen ;=? E/h9.

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Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B33‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr), typm ‐8db( B11 B110;=?,;=,( B11 B11/B=4 ))‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A51‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr), typm ‐8 B33‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A5;‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm tjte` se`t tmnjr), typm ‐8 A51*B23+A5=*B24+A52*B26‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A55‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm [F), typm ‐8( -2.5;4*5?^-1* -2.5;4*5?^-1* A5;^9+?.4619* A5;+5???)/5???‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A4‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 A5?*A55‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A53‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 A5?*A51‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A54‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm drjn hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8A5?*A5=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A9?‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm ekda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 A5?*A52‘. 

Drjn i`mma b`jw

 Qcm gnjwn perehmtmrs perehmtmrs jb tcm drjn i`mma b`jw erm< j j j

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Drjn i`mma kjppmr tmnjr Drjn i`mma drjn tmnjr Drjn i`mma ekda tmnjr

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D;1‘ (drjn i`mma kjppmr tmnjr), typm ‐8A51‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D;=‘ (drjn i`mma drjn tmnjr), typm ‐8A5=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D;2‘ (drjn i`mma ekda tmnjr), typm ‐8A52‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐D;;‘ (drjn i`mma tjte` se`t tmnjr), typm ‐8D;1*B23+D;=*B24+D;2*B26‘. Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 1=

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Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D;5‘ (drjn i`mma `dquda [F), typm ‐8( -2.5;4*5?^-1* -2.5;4*5?^-1* D;;^9+?.4619* D;;+5???)/5???‘.

 Qcm retdj jb drjn i`mma b`jwretm/spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm b`jwretm ds en ungnjwn ve`um ena dt imkjhms e sj`vmr verdei`m.  Qcm stertdnf ve`um jb tcm retdj jb drjn i`mma b`jwretm/spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm ds ‐5.??‘. -

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B1;‘, typm nuhimr ‐5.??‘ (i`um kj`jr). Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D;?‘ (drjn i`mma `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm), typm ‐8A5?*B1;/5??‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D94‘ (drjn i`mma `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8D;?*D;5‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D;3‘ (drjn i`mma kjppmr hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8D;?*D;1‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D;4‘ (drjn i`mma drjn hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8D;?*D;=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D1?‘ (drjn i`mma ekda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8D;?*D;2‘.  Eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm b`jw

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Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M53‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 A53+D;3+B32*5??? ‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M54‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm drjn hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 A54+( M53 M53-A53 )/B=3‘.

 Essuhdnf tcet drjn ds trenspjrtma dntj tcm kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt iy kcmhdke` trensbmr wey7 dn kjnsmqumnkm e`` trensbmrrma drjn erm drjn DDD. -

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M9?‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm ekda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 A9?+( A53  )*43/2;.==+( A54 A53-M53 )*43/2;.==+(  A54 )*;*43/(9*==.3=)‘ wcmrm wcmrm 43,  43, 2;.== ena ==.3= erm tcm hj`er hessms jb ekda, kjppmr ena drjn. M54 )*;*43/(9*==.3=)‘

 Qcm eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm vj`uhm b`jwretm ds en ungnjwn perehmtmr perehmtmr ena dt imkjhms e sj`vmr verdei`m. Qcm stertdnf  ve`um jb tcm eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm vj`uhm vj`uhm b`jwretm ds tcm ve`um jb tcm spmnt m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm vj`uhm b`jwretm. -

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M5?‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm vj`uhm b`jwretm), typm nuhimr ‐=26.65 ‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M51‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr), typm ‐8 M53/M5?‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M5=‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr), typm ‐8 ‐ 8M54/M5?‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M52‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr), typm ‐8 M9?/M5?‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M5;‘ (eavenkm (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm tjte` se`t tmnjr), typm ‐8M51*B23+M5=*B24+M52*B26‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M55‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm [F), typm ‐8( -2.5;4*5?^-1* -2.5;4*5?^-1*M5;^9+?.4619* M5;+5???)/5???‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M4‘ (eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8M5?*M55‘. 

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Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A16‘ (sj`vmr smt jilmktdvm), typm ‐8( M53 *5???)-5 ‘. Qcm kj`jr jb nuhimr dntj tcm M53-A53 )/( B3= B3=*5???)-5‘ mxkm` km`` ‐A16‘ ds frmmn. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A13‘ (kjnstrednt 5), typm ‐8A4-( M53  )/5???+( M9?  )/5???*9/43M53-A53 )/5???+( M54 M54-A54 )/5???+(  M9?-A9? )/5???*9/43M4‘ wcmrm 9 ena 43 erm tcm hj`er hessms jb 9 cyarjfmn etjhs ena ekda. Qcm kj`jr jb nuhimr dntj tcm mxkm` km`` ‐A13‘ ds frmmn. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A14‘ (kjnstrednt 9), typm ‐8( M54 M54-A54 )/D;4-5‘. 

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Kjppmr ketcjam sj`da hess b`jwretm jb skevmnfmr kdrkudt

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B2‘ (kjppmr ketcjam sj`da hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 B21*B29*B11*B6;*B65*B2;*5?^-2‘. *5?^-2‘. 

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[j`vmr smt jilmktdvm, kjnstrednt 5, ena kjnstrednt 9

Jxyfmn fes hess b`jwretm jb skevmnfmr kdrkudt

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ F6‘ (jxyfmn fes hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 B2*52/2;.==‘ wcmrm 52 ena 2;.== erm tcm etjhdk hessms jb jxyfmn ena kjppmr. Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 12

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[kevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm b`jw

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C4‘ (skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 M4-B2-F6‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C53‘ (skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 M53-B2*5???‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C54‘ (skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm drjn hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 M54‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C9?‘ (skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm ekda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 M9?+( M53  )*43/2;.==‘ wcmrm 43 M53-C53 )*43/2;.==‘ ena 2;.== erm hj`er hessms jb ekda ena kjppmr.

 Qcm skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm ds en ungnjwn perehmtmr ent dt ds e sj`vmr verdei`m. Qcm stertdnf  ve`um jb skevmnfmr skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm ds tcm ve`um jb eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm. b`jwretm. -

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐C5?‘, typm nuhimr ‐=26.65 ‘ (i`um kj`jr). Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C51‘ (skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr), typm ‐8 C53/C5?‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C5=‘ (skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr), typm ‐8 C54/C5?‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C52‘ (skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr), typm ‐8 C9?/C5?‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C5;‘ (ske vmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm tjte` se`t tmnjr), typm ‐8C51*B23+C5=*B24+C52*B26‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C55‘ (skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm [F), typm ‐8( -2.5;4*5?^-1* -2.5;4*5?^-1*C5;^9+?.4619* C5;+5???)/5???‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B34‘ (m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km`` dntj tcm skevmnfmr), typm ‐8M5?/B6;‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B4?‘ (ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty bjr skevmnfmr km``s), typm ‐8 B34/( B65 B65*B29 )‘. 

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Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A=?‘ (sj`vmr kjnstrednt ;), typm ‐8 C4-C5?*C55‘. Qcm kj`jr jb nuhimr dntj tcm mxkm` km`` ‐A=?‘ ds frmmn. 

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[j`vmr kjnstrednt ;

Bmma kjhhmrkde` b`jw

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B45‘ (m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km`` dntj kjhhmrkde`), typm ‐8B65*B29*B22‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B49‘ (nuhimr jb km``s jb kjhhmrkde` kdrkudt), typm ‐8B69-B6;‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M;?‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm), typm ‐8B45*B49‘.

 Qcm bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr, drjn, ena ekda tmnjrs erm ungnjwn perehmtmrs. Qcmy imkjhm sj`vmr  verdei`ms. Qcm stertdnf ve`ums jb bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr, drjn, ena ekda tmnjrs erm rmspmktdvm`y tcm ve`ums jb skevmnfmr m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr, drjn, ena ekda tmnjrs. -

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M;1‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr), typm nuhimr ‐ 16.2;‘ (i`um kj`jr). Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M;=‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr), typm nuhimr ‐5.?;‘ (i`um kj`jr). Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M;2‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr), typm nuhimr ‐52?.1=‘ (i`um kj`jr). Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M;;‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm tjte` se`t tmnjr), typm ‐8M;1*B23+M;=*B24+M;2*B26‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M;5‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm [F), typm ‐8( -2.5;4*5?^-1* -2.5;4*5?^-1*M;;^9 +?.4619*M;; +5???)/5???‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M94‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8M;?*M;5‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M;3‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 M;?*M;1‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ M;4‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm drjn hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8M;?*M;=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐M1?‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm ekda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8M;?*M;2‘. 

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Kjppmr ketcjam sj`da hess b`jwretm jb kjhhmrkde` kdrkudt

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B92‘ (kjppmr ketcjam sj`da hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 B32-B2‘. Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 16

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Jxyfmn fes hess b`jwretm jb kjhhmrkde` kdrkudt

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ F96‘ (jxyfmn fes hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 B92*52/2;.==‘ *52/2;.==‘ wcmrm 52 ena 2;.== erm tcm etjhdk hessms jb jxyfmn ena kjppmr. 

Jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm

 Qcm gnjwn perehmtmrs perehmtmrs jb tcm jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm m`mktrj`ytm b`jw erm< j j j

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Jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr Jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr Jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C;1‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr), typm ‐8 D;1‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C;=‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr), typm ‐8D;=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C;2‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr), typm ‐8 D;2‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C;;‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm tjte` se`t tmnjr), typm ‐8C;1*B23+C;=*B24+C;2*B26‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C;5‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm [F), typm ‐8( -2.5;4*5?^-1* -2.5;4*5?^-1*C;;^9 +?.4619* C;; +5???)/5???‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C94‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8M94-B92-F96‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C;?‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm), typm ‐8C94/C;5‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐C;3‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 M;3-B92*5??? ‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C;4‘ (jut kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm drjn hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 M;4‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ C1?‘ (bmma kjhhmrkde` m`mktrj`ytm ekda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 M1?+(M;3-C;3)* 43/2;.==‘. 43/2;.== ‘. [j`vmr kjnstrednts 1, = ena 2

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Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A=5‘ (sj`vmr kjnstrednt ;), typm ‐8 C;3/C;?-C;1 ‘. Qcm kj`jr jb nuhimr jb ‐A=5‘ ds frmmn. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ F16‘ (sj`vmr kjnstrednt 1), typm ‐8 C;4/C;?-C;= ‘. Qcm kj`jr jb nuhimr jb ‐F16‘ ds frmmn. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ F13‘ (sj`vmr kjnstrednt =), typm ‐8 C1?/C;?-C;2 ‘. Qcm kj`jr jb nuhimr jb ‐F13‘ ds frmmn. 

Ymkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm

 Qcm gnjwn perehmtmrs perehmtmrs jb tcm rmkyk`m rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm b`jw erm< erm< j j j

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Ymkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr Ymkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr Ymkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D51‘ (rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr), typm ‐8 D;1‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D5=‘ (rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr), typm ‐8 D;=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D52‘ (rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr), typm ‐8 D;2‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D5;‘ ( rmkyk`m rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm tjte` se`t tmnjr), typm ‐8D51*B23+D5=*B24+D52*B26‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D55‘ (rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm [F), typm ‐8( -2.5;4*5?^-1* -2.5;4*5?^-1* D5;^9 +?.4619*D5; +5???)/5???‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D4‘ (rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8C94-D94-A4‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D5?‘ (rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm), typm ‐8D4/D55‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D53‘ (rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8 D5?*D51‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D54‘ (rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm drjn hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8D5?*D5=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ D9?‘ (rmkyk`m m`mktrj`ytm ekda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8D5?*D52‘.

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 13

 Ekda b`jw

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 Qcm gnjwn perehmtmr perehmtmr jb tcm ekda b`jw ds< ds< j

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 Ekda [F

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A;5‘ (ekda [F), typm nuhimr ‐5.31‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A1?‘ (ekda b`jw ekda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8M1?-D9?-C9?‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A94‘ (ekda b`jw `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8( A1? /?.43)/5???‘ wcmrm ?.43 ds d s hess brektdjn A1?/?.43)/5???‘ (w/w) jb purm ekda dntj tcm dnaustrde` ekda. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A;?‘ (ekda b`jw `dquda vj`uhm b`jwretm), typm ‐8A94/A;5‘.  Vetmr b`jw

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 Qcm gnjwn perehmtmr perehmtmr jb tcm wetmr wetmr b`jw ds< j

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 Vetmr [F

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ L55‘ (wetmr [F), typm nuhimr ‐5.???‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ L4‘ (wetmr `dquda hess b`jwretm), typm ‐8M94-A94-D4-C4‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ L5?‘ (wetmr `dquda vj`uhm b` jwretm), typm ‐8 L4/ L55‘.

 Et tcds `mvm`, dt eppmers Qei`m 51 es dt eppmers jn Mxkm` Hdkrjsjbt sprmeascmmt. Qei`m 51 fdvms sdhu`etdjn rmsu`ts jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt wdtc tcm stertdnf stertdnf ve`ums jb sj`vmr verdei`ms. [dhu`etdjn rmsu`ts erm njt jptdhdzma. jptdhdzma. Mxkm` sj`vmr prjfreh wd`` im usma bjr tcm jptdhdzetdjn.

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 Mxkm` sj`vmr prjfreh Mxkm` sj`vmr prjfreh mxmkutdjn ds es bj``jws< 5) 9) ;) 1) =)

2)

Jn tcm –Aete—, dn tcm  Ene`ysds  –Ene`ysds frjup— k`dkg sj`vmr  (db tcm sj`vmr kjhhena ds njt eved`ei`m, yju hust ektdvetm tcm sj`vmr eaa-dn). Dn tcm –[mt jilmktdvm— ijx, mntmr tcm km`` rmbmrmnkm –A16— jb sdhu`etdjn kjnstrednt tei`m.  –Re`um jb— ena tcmn typm tcm nuhimr –?— dn tcm ijx. K`dkg  Re`um Dn tcm –Iy Kcenfdnf Rerdei`m Km``s — ijx, mntmr tcm rmbmrmnkm bjr mekc sj`vmr verdei`m sj`vmr  verdei`m (i`um kj`jr dn Qei`m 51 ena sdhu`etdjn verdei`m tei`m). [mperetm tcm rmbmrmnkms wdtc kjhhes (Mnf`dsc vmrsdjn). Dn tcm –[uilmkt tj tcm kjnstrednts— ijx, mntmr sj`vmr kjnstrednts iy ajdnf tcm bj``jwdnf< tcm bj``jwdnf< e. Dn tcm –[j`vmr _erehmtmrs— ade`jf ijx, k`dkg  Eaa  –Eaa—. i. Dn tcm –Km`` Ymbmrmnkm — ijx, mntmr tcm km`` rmbmrmnkm jb kjnstrednt 5 (frmmn kj`jr dn Qei`m 51). k. K`dkg tcm –rm`etdjnscdp— –8–, dn tcm –Kjnstrednt — ijx, typm tcm nuhimr – ?—. a. K`dkg  Eaa tcm sj`vmr kjnstrednt 9. 9 . Vcmn tcm `est sj`vmr kjnstrednt ds eaama (km`` – F13—), k`dkg –JG — tj  –Eaa— bjr tcm sj`vmr rmturn tj –[j`vmr _erehmtmrs— ade`jf ijx. K`dkg –[j`vm—. Qj gmmp tcm sj`utdjn ve`ums jn tcm wjrgscmmt, dn tcm – [j`vmr Ymsu`ts— ade`jf ijx, k`dkg –Gmmp sj`vmr sj`utdjn—.

 Et tcds `mvm`, dt eppmers Qei`m 5= es dt eppmers jn Mxkm` Hdkrjsjbt sprmeascmmt. Qei`m 5= fdvms jptdhdzma sdhu`etdjn rmsu`ts jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt.

1.

Ke`ku`etdjn jb jtcmr perehmtmrs -

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B4;‘ (cervmst kyk`m), typm ‐8B64*5???/( B21 *59)‘. B21*B29*B11*B2;*59)‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B41‘ (jpmretdnf cervmst kyk`m), typm ‐8YJ]NA]_ ‐8YJ]NA]_ ( B4; B4;,?)‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B4=‘ (nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr aey), typm ‐8B39/B41‘. Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm 14

 E 5 9 ; 1 = 2 6 3 4 5? 55 59 5; 51 5= 52 56 53 54 9? 95 99 9; 91 9= 92 96 93 94 ;? ;5 ;9 ;; ;1 ;= ;2 ;6 ;3 ;4 1? 15 19 1; 11 1= 12 16 13 14 =? =5 =9

I

K

 Qei`m

51E

Amsdfnetdjn [j`da hess t/c Fes Hess t/c @dquda Hess t/c Rj`uhm h;/c [F t/h;

A

M

B

F

C

D

5 [p M`

9 Ea M`

; [k KK 5.=11

1 [kJx

= [kM`

2 Ym M`

6 Vetmr

=;.62 =;.62 5.???

?.;34 245.4 =26.6 5.954

246.9 =26.6 5.993

24=.; =26.6 5.992

9143.= 9?=?.9 5.954

f/` f/` f/` f/`

96?.2? ;=.?? 5.?? 53?.??

93=.13 =?.;= 5.?; 5=2.9=

939.3= 16.2; 5.?; 52?.1=

96?.2? ;=.?? 5.?? 53?.??

Ku Bm Ekda

Gf/c Gf/c Gf/c

54324.4 =26.6 5?9536.3

93=32.6 =39.9 336?6.;

96?19.3 =39.9 45?33.9

656=2.6 9?=?.9 ;24?;1.6

 Qei`m

51I

[dhu`etdjn tei`m jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt 3 Ekda

4 BKjM`

5? KjKK 2.461

55 KjJx

59 KjM`

5; BmI`

;9?2.? 9251.5 5.992

;546.; 929;.2 5.954

2.49 =.23 5.954

5.6=2 -15.=9 -99.=6 5.31?

 Ku Bm Ekda

f/` f/` f/` f/`

939.3= 16.2; 5.?; 52?.12

96?.2? ;=.?? 5.?? 53?.??

96?.2? ;=.?? 5.?? 53?.??

Ku Bm Ekda

Gf/c Gf/c Gf/c

591=?3.2 9249.= 154193.4

556=;1.; 9249.= 1;?53;.4

543.6 =.6 5?95.4

-1?24;.4

[dhu`etdjn eaadtdjne` sj`vmr verdei`m tei`m 5 Bm i`mma b`jwretm/spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm ;?? Jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty

[mt jilmktdvm Kjnstrednt 5 Kjnstrednt 9 Kjnstrednt ; Kjnstrednt 1

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

G

[dhu`etdjn tei`m jb kjppmr kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt

 Ku Bm Ekda

Amsdfnetdjn [j`da Hess t/c Fes Hess t/c @dquda Hess t/c Rj`uhm h;/c [F t/h;

L

[dhu`etdjn sj`vmr kjnstrednt tei`m -?.994 Kjnstrednt = ;.555 Kjnstrednt 2 5.==4 -?.446 4.644

%  E/h9

?.?92 -52.?;9

_efm =?

 E =; =1 == =2 =6 =3 =4 2? 25 29 2; 21 2= 22 26 23 24 6? 65 69 6; 61 6= 62 66 63 64 3? 35 39 3; 31 3= 32 36 33 34 4? 45 49 4; 41 4= 42 46 43 44 5?? 5?5 5?9 5?; 5?1 5?= 5?2 5?6

I

K

A M [dhu`etdjn tei`m aete Hexdhuh kurrmnt ehpmrefm jb rmktdbdmr Hexdhuh kurrmnt amnsdty jb rmktdbdmr Hexdhuh jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr Yetdj jb strdppma Ku jn strdppma Bm Yetdj jb JKA jn spmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr Vjrgdnf cjurs pmr ymer Qypm jb ketcjam i`eng Ketcjam ektdvm erme Kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky Kjnstent G Amsdfn spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm Ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty Kjnstent   (ekda) Kjnstent  (kjppmr) Kjnstent 1 (drjn) [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` Nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm Nuhimr jb km``s/skevmnfmr kdrkudt Nuhimr jb krenms Nuhimr jb rmktdbdmrs Nuhimr jb strdppdnf hekcdnms [trdppdnf hmtcja [trdppdnf hekcdnm wjrgdnf cjurs/aey Vmdfct jb jnm sdam kjppmr ampjsdt

B

F

2=.23 ;4= ;6=.9= 5.?? 2?? 4.6 3;99 D[E 9.15 ?.4 5.53=3 =26.65 ?.59 5.??? 9.=55 9.654 53? 24 52? 94 9 9 9 henue` 54 2?

GE  E/h9  E/h9 f/`

[dhu`etdjn tei`m rmsu`ts Nuhimr jb ketcjams/km`` cjusm 55?1? Hexdhuh prjauktdjn retm 5?.2= Hexdhuh trensbmrrma kjppmr retm 55.;4 Qrensbmrrma Qrensbmrrma kjppmr retm 55.;? _rjauktdjn retm 3.=9 _rjauktdjn retm 6?333.96 [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr ;=.?? M`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km``/skevmnfmr 54.=3 Ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty/skevmnfmr ?.553 M`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km``/kjhhmrkde` 54.4= Nuhimr jb km``s/kjhhmrkde` 5;5 Cervmst kyk`m Jpmretdnf cervmst kyk`m Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams/aey Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams/krenm Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns/aey Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjn/aey/krenm Nuhimr jb km``s/rmktdbdmr Km`` vj`tefm Qjte` km`` vj`tefm pmr rmktdbdmr Ius-ier ena `jssms vj`tefm Qjte` rmktdbdmr vj`tefm Jpmretdnf kurrmnt ehpmrefm Jpmretdnf rmktdbdmr pjwmr Kepekdty jb strdppdnf hekcdnm

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

C

D

L

G

crs h9 f/E-crs h;/c ; h /c/h9

f/`

crs gf

t/c t/c t/c t/c c/y f/` h ;/c (h ;/c)/h9 h ;/c aeys aeys

R R R R gE gV Ketcjams/c

_efm =5

 E 5 9 ; 1 = 2 6 3 4 5? 55 59 5; 51 5= 52 56 53 54 9? 95 99 9; 91 9= 92 96 93 94 ;? ;5 ;9 ;; ;1 ;= ;2 ;6 ;3 ;4 1? 15 19 1; 11 1= 12 16 13 14 =? =5 =9

I

K

 Qei`m

5=E

Amsdfnetdjn [j`da hess t/c Fes Hess t/c @dquda Hess t/c Rj`uhm h;/c [F t/h;

A

M

B

F

C

D

5 [p M`

9 Ea M`

; [k KK 5.456

1 [kJx

= [kM`

2 Ym M`

6 Vetmr

9?.23 9?.23 5.???

?.13; 241.4 =26.6 5.991

6?=.4 =65.6 5.9;=

6?;.= =6?.= 5.9;;

9161.1 9?99.9 5.991

f/` f/` f/` f/`

964.5= ;3.1? 5.?? 53?.??

942.;6 =6.4? 5.?; 513.53

94;.6; =1.22 5.?; 5=;.23

964.5= ;3.1? 5.?? 53?.??

Ku Bm Ekda

Gf/c Gf/c Gf/c

953?5.; =26.6 5?9536.3

;;5?5.; =32.= 31659.2

;5531.9 =32.= 36223.3

662=3.9 9?99.9 ;21??9.=

 Qei`m

5=I

[dhu`etdjn tei`m jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt 3 Ekda

4 BKjM`

5? KjKK 3.22?

55 KjJx

59 KjM`

5; BmI`

;9?1.; 9251.5 5.992

;54;.1 92?3.3 5.991

9;.?= 53.3; 5.991

9.53? 1.2= 9.=; 5.31?

 Ku Bm Ekda

f/` f/` f/` f/`

935.64 15.21 5.?? 561.=;

964.5= ;3.1? 5.?? 53?.??

964.5= ;3.1? 5.?? 53?.??

Ku Bm Ekda

Gf/c Gf/c Gf/c

5?3319.1 92?3.3 1=2992.9

5??539.6 92?3.3 124=3?.=

69;.91 53.3; ;;4?.??

1==1.4

[dhu`etdjn eaadtdjne` sj`vmr verdei`m tei`m ;.;9 Bm i`mma b`jwretm/spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm ;69.=? Jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty

[mt jilmktdvm Kjnstrednt 5 Kjnstrednt 9 Kjnstrednt ; Kjnstrednt 1

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

G

[dhu`etdjn tei`m jb kjppmr kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt

 Ku Bm Ekda

Amsdfnetdjn [j`da Hess t/c Fes Hess t/c @dquda Hess t/c Rj`uhm h;/c [F t/h;

L

[dhu`etdjn sj`vmr kjnstrednt tei`m ?.??? Kjnstrednt = ?.??? Kjnstrednt 2 ?.??? ?.??? ?.???

%  E/h9

?.??? ?.???

_efm =9

 E =; =1 == =2 =6 =3 =4 2? 25 29 2; 21 2= 22 26 23 24 6? 65 69 6; 61 6= 62 66 63 64 3? 35 39 3; 31 3= 32 36 33 34 4? 45 49 4; 41 4= 42 46 43 44 5?? 5?5 5?9 5?; 5?1 5?= 5?2 5?6

I

K

A M [dhu`etdjn tei`m aete Hexdhuh kurrmnt ehpmrefm jb rmktdbdmr Hexdhuh kurrmnt amnsdty jb rmktdbdmr Hexdhuh jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr Yetdj jb strdppma Ku jn strdppma Bm Yetdj jb JKA jn spmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr Vjrgdnf cjurs pmr ymer Qypm jb ketcjam i`eng Ketcjam ektdvm erme Kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky Kjnstent G Amsdfn spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm Ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty Kjnstent   (ekda) Kjnstent  (kjppmr) Kjnstent 1 (drjn) [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` Nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm Nuhimr jb km``s/skevmnfmr kdrkudt Nuhimr jb krenms Nuhimr jb rmktdbdmrs Nuhimr jb strdppdnf hekcdnms [trdppdnf hmtcja [trdppdnf hekcdnm wjrgdnf cjurs/aey Vmdfct jb jnm sdam kjppmr ampjsdt

B

F

2=.23 ;4= ;6=.9= 5.?? 2?? 4.6 3;99 D[E 9.15 ?.4 5.53=3 =26.65 ?.59 5.??? 9.=55 9.654 53? 24 52? 94 9 9 9 henue` 54 2?

GE  E/h9  E/h9 f/`

[dhu`etdjn tei`m rmsu`ts Nuhimr jb ketcjams/km`` cjusm Hexdhuh prjauktdjn retm Hexdhuh trensbmrrma kjppmr retm Qrensbmrrma Qrensbmrrma kjppmr retm _rjauktdjn retm _rjauktdjn retm [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr M`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km``/skevmnfmr Ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty/skevmnfmr M`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km``/kjhhmrkde` Nuhimr jb km``s/kjhhmrkde` Cervmst kyk`m Jpmretdnf cervmst kyk`m Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams/aey Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams/krenm Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns/aey Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjn/aey/krenm Nuhimr jb km``s/rmktdbdmr Km`` vj`tefm Qjte` km`` vj`tefm pmr rmktdbdmr Ius-ier ena `jssms vj`tefm Qjte` rmktdbdmr vj`tefm Jpmretdnf kurrmnt ehpmrefm Jpmretdnf rmktdbdmr pjwmr Kepekdty jb strdppdnf hekcdnm

55?1? 5?.2= 55.;4 55.;? 5?.=3 33?54.64 ;3.1? 54.65 ?.554 54.4= 5;5 =.99 2 531? 9; 3? 1? 3? 9.53 561.69 92.95 9??.4; 25.41 59112.16 13.19

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

C

D

L

G

crs h9 f/E-crs h;/c ; h /c/h9

f/`

crs gf

t/c t/c t/c t/c c/y f/` h ;/c (h ;/c)/h9 h ;/c aeys aeys

R R R R gE gV Ketcjams/c

_efm =;

-

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B42‘ (nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams pmr krenm), typm ‐8B65/;‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B46‘ (nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns pmr aey), typm ‐8B4=/B42‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐B43‘ (nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns/aey/krenm), typm ‐8B46/B61‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B44‘ (nuhimr jb km``s pmr rmktdbdmr), typm ‐8B69/B6=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B5??‘ (km`` vj`tefm), typm ‐8(5.=6+6.24*5?^-1* ‐8(5.=6+6.24*5?^-1*B11 )/?.3=‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B5?5‘ (tjte` km`` vj`tefm pmr rmktdbdmr), typm ‐8B5??*B44‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B5?9‘ (Ius(Ius-ier ena `jssms vj`tefm), typm ‐8 B5?5*5=/5??‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B5?;‘ (tjte` vj`tefm pmr rmktdbdmr), typm ‐8 B5?5+B5?9‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B5?1‘ (jpmretdnf kurrmnt ehpmrefm), typm ‐8B65*B29*B11/5???‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B5?=‘ (jpmretdnf rmktdbdmr pjwmr), typm ‐8B5?;*B5?1‘. Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ B5?2‘ (kepekdty jb strdppdnf hekcdnm), typm ‐8( B39 B39/B62 )/( B41 B41*B63 )‘.

Db tcm eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr ds frmetmr tcen == f/`, tj evjda tcm kjppmr kryste``dzetdjn, tcm b`jwretm jb tcm spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm hust im dnkrmesma. Qcm hetcmhetdke` mxprmssdjn (16) fdvms tcm nmw ve`um jb tcm spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm.

[pmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm 8

rensbrra kjppr ret   (==∙spnt `ktrj`yt kjppr tnjr)

(16)

Vcmrm trensbmrrma kjppmr retm ena spmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr erm mxprmssma rmspmktdvm`y dn ‐ t/c  t/c ‘  ‘ ena  ena ‐f/`‘.

-

Dn tcm mxkm` km`` ‐ A5?‘ (spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm), typm ‐8 B3=*5???/(==- B33 )‘. K`dkg –[j`vm—. Qj gmmp tcm sj`utdjn ve`ums jn tcm wjrgscmmt, dn tcm – [j`vmr Ymsu`ts— ade`jf ijx, k`dkg –Gmmp sj`vmr sj`utdjn—.

 Et tcds `mvm`, dt eppmers Qei`m 52 es dt eppmers jn Mxkm` Hdkrjsjbt sprmeascmmt. Qei`m 5=2 fdvms jptdhdzma sdhu`etdjn rmsu`ts jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt wdtc tcm ve`um jb eavenkm m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr `mss tcen == f/`.

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm =1

 E 5 9 ; 1 = 2 6 3 4 5? 55 59 5; 51 5= 52 56 53 54 9? 95 99 9; 91 9= 92 96 93 94 ;? ;5 ;9 ;; ;1 ;= ;2 ;6 ;3 ;4 1? 15 19 1; 11 1= 12 16 13 14 =? =5 =9

I

K

 Qei`m

52E

Amsdfnetdjn [j`da hess t/c Fes Hess t/c @dquda Hess t/c Rj`uhm h;/c [F t/h;

A

M

B

F

C

D

5 [p M`

9 Ea M`

; [k KK 5.456

1 [kJx

= [kM`

2 Ym M`

6 Vetmr

9?.23 9?.23 5.???

?.13; 3;;.1 23?.3 5.991

311.; 231.3 5.9;;

315.4 23;.2 5.9;9

9;;6.? 54?4.5 5.991

f/` f/` f/` f/`

964.5= ;3.1? 5.?? 53?.??

94;.=; =1.23 5.?9 5=;.11

945.;; =5.46 5.?9 5=3.?1

964.5= ;3.1? 5.?? 53?.??

Ku Bm Ekda

Gf/c Gf/c Gf/c

92511.2 23?.3 599=12.?

;6111.2 244.2 5?=?6?.6

;==96.2 244.2 5?3?96.?

6;;51.4 54?4.5 ;1;211.;

 Qei`m

52I

[dhu`etdjn tei`m jb kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt 3 Ekda

4 BKjM`

5? KjKK 3.22?

55 KjJx

59 KjM`

5; BmI`

;9?1.; 9251.5 5.992

;54;.1 92?3.3 5.991

9;.?= 53.3; 5.991

9.53? 1.2= 9.=; 5.31?

 Ku Bm Ekda

f/` f/` f/` f/`

935.64 15.21 5.?? 561.=;

964.5= ;3.1? 5.?? 53?.??

964.5= ;3.1? 5.?? 53?.??

Ku Bm Ekda

Gf/c Gf/c Gf/c

5?3319.1 92?3.3 1=2992.9

5??539.6 92?3.3 124=3?.;

69;.91 53.33 ;;4?.?

1==1.4

[dhu`etdjn eaadtdjne` sj`vmr verdei`m tei`m 9.66 Bm i`mma b`jwretm/spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm ;69.= Jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty

[mt jilmktdvm Kjnstrednt 5 Kjnstrednt 9 Kjnstrednt ; Kjnstrednt 1

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

G

[dhu`etdjn tei`m jb kjppmr kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf kdrkudt

 Ku Bm Ekda

Amsdfnetdjn [j`da Hess t/c Fes Hess t/c @dquda Hess t/c Rj`uhm h;/c [F t/h;

L

[dhu`etdjn sj`vmr kjnstrednt tei`m ?.??? Kjnstrednt = ?.??? Kjnstrednt 2 ?.??? ?.??? ?.???

%  E/h9

?.??? ?.???

_efm ==

 E =; =1 == =2 =6 =3 =4 2? 25 29 2; 21 2= 22 26 23 24 6? 65 69 6; 61 6= 62 66 63 64 3? 35 39 3; 31 3= 32 36 33 34 4? 45 49 4; 41 4= 42 46 43 44 5?? 5?5 5?9 5?; 5?1 5?= 5?2 5?6

I

K

A M [dhu`etdjn tei`m aete Hexdhuh kurrmnt ehpmrefm jb rmktdbdmr Hexdhuh kurrmnt amnsdty jb rmktdbdmr Hexdhuh jpmretdnf kurrmnt amnsdty [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm drjn tmnjr Yetdj jb strdppma Ku jn strdppma Bm Yetdj jb JKA jn spmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr Vjrgdnf cjurs pmr ymer Qypm jb ketcjam i`eng Ketcjam ektdvm erme Kurrmnt mbbdkdmnky Kjnstent G Amsdfn spmnt m`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm Ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty Kjnstent   (ekda) Kjnstent  (kjppmr) Kjnstent 1 (drjn) [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm ekda tmnjr Nuhimr jb ketcjams pmr km`` Nuhimr jb km``s pmr km`` cjusm Nuhimr jb km``s/skevmnfmr kdrkudt Nuhimr jb krenms Nuhimr jb rmktdbdmrs Nuhimr jb strdppdnf hekcdnms [trdppdnf hmtcja [trdppdnf hekcdnm wjrgdnf cjurs/aey Vmdfct jb jnm sdam kjppmr ampjsdt

B

F

2=.23 ;4= ;6=.9= 5.?? 2?? 4.6 3;99 D[E 9.15 ?.4 5.53=3 =26.65 ?.59 5.??? 9.=55 9.654 53? 24 52? 94 9 9 9 henue` 54 2?

GE  E/h9  E/h9 f/`

[dhu`etdjn tei`m rmsu`ts Nuhimr jb ketcjams/km`` cjusm Hexdhuh prjauktdjn retm Hexdhuh trensbmrrma kjppmr retm Qrensbmrrma Qrensbmrrma kjppmr retm _rjauktdjn retm _rjauktdjn retm [pmnt m`mktrj`ytm kjppmr tmnjr M`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km``/skevmnfmr Ketcjam bekm vm`jkdty/skevmnfmr M`mktrj`ytm b`jwretm pmr km``/kjhhmrkde` Nuhimr jb km``s/kjhhmrkde` Cervmst kyk`m Jpmretdnf cervmst kyk`m Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams/aey Nuhimr jb un`jeama ketcjams/krenm Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjns/aey Nuhimr jb krenm rmvj`utdjn/aey/krenm Nuhimr jb km``s/rmktdbdmr Km`` vj`tefm Qjte` km`` vj`tefm pmr rmktdbdmr Ius-ier ena `jssms vj`tefm Qjte` rmktdbdmr vj`tefm Jpmretdnf kurrmnt ehpmrefm Jpmretdnf rmktdbdmr pjwmr Kepekdty jb strdppdnf hekcdnm

55?1? 5?.2= 55.;4 55.;? 5?.=3 33?54.64 ;3.1? 9;.25 ?.519 54.4= 5;5 =.99 2 531? 9; 3? 1? 3? 9.53 561.69 92.95 9??.4; 25.41 59112.16 13.19

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

C

D

L

G

crs h9 f/E-crs h;/c h;/c/h9

f/`

crs gf

t/c t/c t/c t/c c/y f/` h ;/c (h ;/c)/h9 h ;/c aeys aeys

R R R R gE gV Ketcjams/c

_efm =2

2.

Ymbmrmnkms 5- Irmnt Cdsgmy, _rdnkdp`ms ena _rektdke` kjnsdamretdjns jb kjppmr M`mktrjrmbdndnf ena M`mktrjwdnndnf , tcm [jkdmty bjr Hdndnf, Hmte``urfy, ena Mxp`jretdjn, 9??4. 9- Yjidnsjn, Q., V.F. Aevmnpjrt, ena L. Lmngdns, Kjppmr M`mktrjwdnndnf ena tcm D[E _rjkmss, kjppmr 4= , [entdefj, Kcd`m, 5446. ;- Imugms, N.Q. ena Ieamncjrst, L. Kjppmr m`mktrjwdnndnf< tcmjrmtdke` ena prektdke` amsdfn , Qcm [jutcmrn Ebrdke Dnstdtutm jb Hdndnf ena Hmte``urfy, 9??4. 1-  Q.N Enamrsjn, K.N. K.N. Vrdfct ena G.L. Ydkceras, Ydkceras, Dhpjrtent M`mktrjkcmhdke` espmkts jb m`mktrjwdnndnf kjppmr brjh ekda `mekc sj`utdjn , Dntmrnetdjne` syhpjsduh jn Cyarjhmte``urfy, Kcdkefj, 546;. =- Y. Vdnena, M`mktrjkrdste``dsetdjn< Qcäjrdm mt epp`dketdjn , Ljurne` am pcysdqum DR, 5441. 2- Irden Gmnnmay, Vd``deh F. Aevmnpjrt, Lekgsjn Lmngdns, Qdn Yjidnsjn, M`mktrj`ytdk Kjppmr, M`mktrjwdnndnf ena sj`vmnt mxtrektdjn. Vjra jpmretdnf aete , [HM, 9??4. 6- Cj``mr C.A., _mbbmr M.@., Ym`etdjn imtwmmn kjhpjsdtdjn ena amnsdty jb equmjus sj`utdjn jb kjppmr su`pcetm ena su`pcdrdk ekda , Iu``mtdn jb tcm iurmeu jb stenaeras, Rj` 5;. 3- Aevda. @dam, KYK Cenaijjg jb kcmhdstry ena pcysdks , dntmrnmt vmrsdjn, 9??2.

_rm-bmesdid`dty stuadms jb kjppmr cyarj-hmte``urfdke` p`ents _rm-bmesdid`dty stuay ds kjnauktma bdrst tj sjrt jut epp`dkei`m skmnerdjs. Dt ds amsdrei`m tj aj sjhm prm-bmesdid`dty stuadms jb yjur jwn jr wdtc cm`p jb kjnsu`tent imbjrm mve`uetdjn bmesdid`dty stuay ajnm iy mnfdnmmrdnf jbbdkms. Db yju bdna jut mer`y tcet tcm prjpjsma p`ent amsdfn prjlmkt dame ds njt bmesdi`m, dt wd`` sevm yjur hjnmy. Qcm pepmr ds tcm hmte``urfdke` mnfdnmmrdnf pepmr tcet fdvms tcm jppjrtundty tj aj prm-bmesdid`dty stuay jb kjppmr cyarjhmte``urfdke` p`ents jb yjur jwn.  Qcm pepmr fdvms tcm upaetm jb tcm amsdfn krdtmrde ena hmte``urfdke` kjnstrednts kjnstrednts jb kjppmr sj`vmnt mxtrektdjn ena tcm hjam`s jb prm`dhdnery b`jw adefreh hess ie`enkm jb cmep `mekcdnf, kjnvmntdjne`, sp`dt kdrkudts. Qcm hjam`s jb prm`dhdnery b`jw adefreh hess ie`enkm erm mxmkutei`m jn Hdkrjsjbt Mxkm` sprmeascmmt. cttps
Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm =6

Ljsmpc Gebuhid`e

_efm =3