Design of Audio Amplifier using BJT transistors - Analog Assignment

2

\bho` ia Dig|`g|t Bdegiso`lc`k`g|: Bdegiso`lc`k`g|: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''8 Bht|xbd|''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''4 Ihj`d|mq`''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''4 Hmviobx Jpgd|mig \xbgtmt|ix .HJ\- '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''< T|b|`t ia |xbgtmt|ix: '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1 

Bd|mq` x`cmig: '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1



Dp|iaa x`cmig ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1



Tb|pxb|mig x`cmig ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1

θ ! β '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1 Dikkig Hbt` Digamcpxb|mig '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''> Dmxdpm| ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''26 Dbodpob|mig'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''26 LD Bgbo}tmt'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''26 BD bgbo}tmt:'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''28 N}hxml+vm Kil`o ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''24 Lmtdpttmig bgl digdoptmig ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''21 X`a`x`gd`t: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2= Bvv`glm~: ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''86

8

Bdegiso`lc`k`g|: M sipol ome` |i |nbge k} o`d|px`xt/ Kx/ Ebxpgbgm|nm/ aix |n` pgsbq`xmgc tpvvix| bgl blqmd`t ig limgc |nmt bttmcgk`g| bgl qbopbho` |mk` n` nbt l`lmdb|`l |i dn`de  `bdn t|`v ia dikvo`|mig ia m|'

4

Bht|xbd| \n` bmk ia |nmt bttmcgk`g| mt |i l`tmcg bgl digt|xpd| bg bplmi bkvomam`x h} ptmgc b GVG + HJ\ |xbgtmt|ix' Mg bllm|mig/ M nbq` hxm`ao} `~vobmg`l Hmviobx Jpgd|mig \xbgtmt|ix/ |n`mx |}v`t/ bvvomdb|mig bgl apgd|migt' Kix`iq`x/ M nbq` b||bdn`l |n` lb|b tn``| ia |n` dnit`g |xbgtmt|ix mg bvv`glm~ t`d|mig' Apx|n`xkix`/ M nbq` lig` hi|n dbodpob|migt LD bgl BD bgbo}tmt aix |nmt bplmi bkvomam`x' Boti /M nbq` l`tmcg`l |n` dmxdpm| mg Kpo|mtmk tia|sbx`' '

Ihj`d|mq` \n` ihj`d|mq` ia |nmt bttmcgk`g| mt |i l`tmcg bgl digt|xpd| b ois dit| bplmi bkvomamdb|mig dmxdpm| aix pt` mg |n` hplc`| t`ck`g| ia nmcn aml`om|} .nmam- t`|t'

\n` bplmi bkvomam`x tv`dmamdb|migt bx` bt aiooist: Mgvp|: Ip|vp|: Vnbt` iaat`|:

866 kQv+v 86 Qv+v 6 .gig+mgq`x|mgc-

K`|nilioic}: 2' Dbodpob|` |n` qio|bc` cbmg .Bq- hbt`l axik |n` tv`dmamdb|mig' 8' L`tmcg |n` dmxdpm| ptmgc BD bgl LD bgbo}tmt h} ptmgc gikmgbo t|bglbxl x`tmt|bgd` qbop`t' 4' @gtpx` |nb| |n` HJ\ iv`xb|`t b| aixsbxl bd|mq` kil`' <' Q`xma} |n` l`tmcg dmxdpm| h} ptmgc Kpo|mtmk' 0' Digt|xpd| |n` dmxdpm| mg |n` obh |i dbodpob|` |n` qio|bc` cbmg bgl |i lmtvob} hi|n mgvp| bgl ip|vp| sbq`aixkt'

<

Hmviobx Jpgd|mig \xbgtmt|ix .HJ\B |xbgtmt|ix mt b t`kmdiglpd|ix l`qmd` snmdn mt kbl` pv ia |nx`` ob}`xt' \n`x` bx` |si |}v`t ia HJ\ |xbgtmt|ixt: VGV bgl GVG' VGV mt kbl` pv ia |si v+| }v` .vitm|mq`o} dnbxc`bgl ig` g+|}v` snmdn mt mg h`|s``g |n`t` |si v+|}v` kb|`xmbo' Aix GVG mt tbk` |n`ix} hp| |n` |}v` ia ob}`xt bx` qmd` q`xtb' Tmgd` |xbgtmt|ix mt b |nx``+ob}`x t`kmdiglpd|ix kb|`xmbo/ m| boti nbt |nx`` |`xkmgbot' @bdn |`xkmgbo mt digg`d|`l |i `bdn ob}`x/ |n` kmllo` ob}`x mt dboo`l Hbt`/ bgl |n` tml` ob}`x bx` dboo`l @km||`x bgl Dioo`d|ix .bt m| m t tnisg mg amcpx` 2-'

Amcpx` 2: GVG ! VGV |xbgtmt|ix .aipxm`x'`gc'nkd'`lp-

Axik amcpx` bhiq`/ m| mt ihqmipt |nb| |n` tbglsmdn`l ob}`x Hbt` mt liv`l h`|s``g |n` i|n`x ip|`x |si ob}`xt' \n` ip|`x ob}`xt nbq` sml|nt kpdn cx`b|`x |nbg |n` tbglsmdn`l ob}`x' Bcbmg bt m| mt ihqmipt mg `bdn |xbgtmt|ix |si v+g j pgd|migt `~mt|' Apx|n`xkix`/ ig` ia |n`t` v+g jpgd|migt bosb}t iv`xb|`t mg aixsbxl hmbt bgl |n` i|n`x jpgd|mig iv`xb|`t mg x`q`xt`l hmbt snmdn l`v`glt |n` qio|bc` mt bvvo}mgc ig snmdn tml`'

Amcpx` 8: vgv bgl gvg |xbgtmt|ixt bgl |n`mx v+g jpgd|migt

0

Amcpx`4: gvg bgl vgv |xbgtmt|ix bgl lmx`d|mig ia dpxx`g| .`o`d|xigmdt+|p|ixmbot'st-

Mg amcpx` bhiq`/ mg gvg |xbgtmt|ix/ |n` vitm|mq` tml` ia Q DD mt digg`d|`l |i |n` Dioo`d|ix ia  |xbgtmt|ix snmdn mt g+|}v` kb|`xmbo' Bt mg g+|}v` kb|`xmbo |n` gpkh`x ia ax`` `o`d|xigt bx` kix` |nbg v+|}v` kb|`xmbo/ |n`t` `o`d|xigt h`dik` b||xbd|`l h} | n` Q DD/ lp` |i |nmt |n` l`vo`|mig x`cmig h`|s``g |n` v+g jpgd|mig ia dioo`d|ix bgl hbt` mgdx`bt`t' Ig |n` i|n`x tml`/ |n` g`cb|mq` tml` ia Q @@ mt digg`d| |n` @km||`x ia |xbgtmt|ix/ mg |nmt dbt` g`cb|mq` qio|bc` x`v`ot |n` ax`` `o`d|xigt mg g+|}v` ob}`x/ bgl h`dbpt` ia |nmt |n` l`vo`|mig x`cmig h`|s``g `km||`x bgl hbt` l`dx`bt`t/ ti |n` dpxx`g| aois |nxipcn `btmo}' Tbk` |n`ix} mt |xp` aix vgv |xbgtmt|ix' Kix`iq`x/ bt m| mt tnisg mg amcpx` 4/ mg vgv |xbgtmt|ix |n` `km||`x dpxx`g| mt bllm|mig ia  dioo`d|ix dpxx`g| bgl hbt` dpxx`g|' Nis`q`x mg vgv |}v`/ |n` `km||`x dpxx`g| tvom|t mg|i |n` dioo`d|ix dpxx`g| bgl hbt` dpxx`g|'

   

1

T|b|`t ia |xbgtmt|ix:

Amcpx` <: |xbgtmt|ix t|b|`t .`o`d|xigmd l`qmd`t bgl dmxdpm| |n`ix}

Bd|mq` x`cmig:

Mg bd|mq` x`cmig/ |n` hbt` — `km||`x jpgd|mig mt aixsbxl hmbt`l snmo` |n` hbt`+ dioo`d|ix x`cmig mt x`q`xt`l hmbt`l' \nmt t|b|` mt pt`l aix bkvomamdb|mig apgd|mig' 

Dp|iaa x`cmig Mg |nmt x`cmig/ hi|n hbt`+`km||`x jpgd|mig bgl hbt`+dioo`d|ix jpgd|mig bx` x`q`xt`l hmbt`l'



Tb|pxb|mig x`cmig Mg tb|pxb|mig x`cmig/ hi|n hbt`+`km||`x jpgd|mig bgl hbt`+dioo`d|ix jpgd|mig bx` aixsbxl hmbt' Tb|pxb|mig x`cmig bgl dp|iaa x`cmig bx` pt`l aix tsm|dnmgc apgd|mig'

θ!β Mg LD kil` |n` o`q`o ia M D bgl M@ lp` |n` kbjixm|} dbxxm`xt h`|s``g |n` |si jpgd|migt bx` x`ob|`l h} b rpbg|m|} dboo`l bovnb' .@o`d|xigmd l`qmd`t bgl dmxdpm| |n`ix}-

   Mg LD kil` |n` o`q`ot ia M D bgl MH mt l`amg`l h} b rpbg|m|}:

  

3

Amcpx` 0: o`q`ot ia M D bgl MH \n`x`aix`/ bt m| mt ihqmipt axik amcpx` 0/ xbgc` ia MH dpxx`g| mt mg kmdxi bkv`x`/ |n`x`aix` mg ml`bo |xbgtmt|ix MD smoo h` `rpbo |i MH' Kix`iq`x/ |n` qbop` ia bovnb mt bosb}t o`tt |nbg ig`:

    M@ mt |n` tpk ia MH bgl MD/ snmdn do`bxo} tnist |nb| M @ mt bosb}t cx`b|`x |nbg MD'

θ

Amcpx` 1: Dnbgc`t mg h`|b h} dioo`d|ix dpxx`g| .boo`gnioomt|`x'dik-

>

\xbgtmt|ixt bx` kit|o} pt`l aix `m|n`x bkvoma}mgc ix tsm|dnmgc' Mg iv`xb|mig/ |xbgtmt|ix bt M k`g|mig`l h`aix` nbt |nx`` t|b|`t tpdn bt: bd|mq` x`cmig/ dp| iaa x`cmig bgl tb|pxb|mig x`cmig' Gixkboo} |n` tsm|dnmgc apgd|mig ia |xbgtmt|ix nbvv`gt mg tb|pxb|mig x`cmig bgl dp| iaa  x`cmig' Nis`q`x |n` bkvomamdb|mig nbvv`gt mg bd|mq` x`cmig ia |xbgtmt|ix' \n`x` bx` lmaa`x`g| |xbgtmt|ix digamcpxb|migt snmdn `bdn ia |n`k nbt m|t isg a`b|px`t' Tpdn bt dikkig `km||`x/ dikkig `km||`x sm|n x`tmt|ix/ dikkig hbt`/ bgl dikkig dioo`d|ix'

Dnbxbd|`xmt|md

Dikkig Hbt`

Dikkig @km||`x

Dikkig Dioo`d|ix

Mgvp| mkv`lbgd`

Ois

K`lmpk

Nmcn

Ip|vp| mkv`lbgd`

Q`x} Nmcn

Nmcn

Ois

Vnbt` Bgco`

6

Qio|bc` Cbmg

Nmcn

K`lmpk

Ois

Dpxx`g| Cbmg

Ois

K`lmpk

Nmcn

Vis`x Cbmg

Ois

Q`x} Nmcn

K`lmpk

i

2>6

i

6

i

\bho` 2: |xbgtmt|ixt digamcpxb|migt .`o`d|xigmdt+|p|ixmbot'st-

Dikkig Hbt` Digamcpxb|mig Mg |bho` 2/ s` dbg t`` |nb| |n` qio|bc` cbmg aix igo} dikkig hbt` mt nmcn bgl |n`x` mt gi vnbt` tnma|' Ti m| `~bd|o} kb|dn`t |n` x`rpmx`k`g|t ia |n` ihj`d|mq`' H`aix` s` ci aix dbodpob|mig vbx| |n`x` bx` b a`s vimg|t |nb| M tnipol k`g|mig' Amcpx` h`ois mt bg `~bkvo` ia dikkig hbt` digamcpxb|mig

Amcpx` 1: Bg `~bkvo` ia dikkig hbt` digamcpxb|mig dmxdpm|x}

=

Mg |nmt digamcpxb|mig/ hbt`+`km||`x jpgd|mig mt mg aixsbxl hmbt`l lp` |i |n` g`cb|mq` qio|bc` bvvom`l ig `km||`x |`xkmgbo' Ig |n` i|n`x nbgl/ hbt`+dioo`d|ix jpgd|mig mt mg x`q`xt`l hmbt`l lp` |i vitm|mq` qio|bc` bvvom`l ig dioo`d|ix |`xkmgbo .vitm|mq` qio|bc` tipxd` b||xbd|t |n` ax`` `o`d|xigt ig g+|}v` ob}`x ia gvg |xbgtmt|ix-' Kix`iq`x/ s` dbg tb} |nb| bdxitt hbt`+ `km||`x jpgd|mig |n` x`tmt|bgd` mt tkboo bgl ig |n` hbt`+dioo`d|ix |n` x`tmt|bgd` mt nmcn`x lp` |i x`q`xt` hmbt`l' Ig |n` i|n`x nbgl/ dioo`d|ix dpxx`g| nbt bokit| tbk` qbop` bt `km||`x dpxx`g|/ ti vxilpd`l dpxx`g| bdxitt `km||`x |`xkmgbo lp` |i |n` tkboo x`tmt|bgd` smoo h` b nmcn qbop` bgl bt M k`g|mig`l dioo`d|ix dpxx`g| mt bokit| tbk` bt `km||`x dpxx`g|' \n`g/ |n` vxilpd| ia dioo`d|ix dpxx`g| bgl dioo`d|ix x`tmt|bgd` smoo x`tpo| b nmcn qio|bc` cbmg' Kix`iq`x/ |n` qio|bc` cbmg l`v`glt ig |n` bkipg| ia LD vis`x tipxd` ig |n` mgvp| tmcgbo' Boti m| l`v`glt ig |n` mg|`xgbo x`tmt|bgd` h`|s``g hbt` bgl `km||`x' M| qbxm`t sm|n lmaa`x`g| o`q`ot ia  dpxx`g| |nxipcn |n` `km||`x' .Boobhip|dmxdpm|t'dik-' \n` x`tmt|bgd` h`|s``g `km||`x bgl hbt` |`xkmgbo mt dboo`l xφ bgl |n` qio|bc` bdxitt |nmt x`tmt|ix mt Q φ' Ob|`x ig mg n}hxml+vm kil`o/ M nbq` tnisg |nmt x`tmt|bgd` bgl qio|bc`' Apx|n`xkix`/ mg BD bgbo}tmt |n`x` bx` tik` abd|ixt snmdn bx` mkvix|bg| tpdn bt @bxom`x qio|bc` .qB-/ \xbgt diglpd|bgd` .c k-/ Mgvp| x`tmt|ix .xφ-/ Ip|vp| x`tmt|ix .xi-'

@bxo} qio|bc` .`bxo} `aa`d|Dioo`d|ix qio|bc` nbt tik` `aa`d| ig dioo`d|ix dpxx`g| — m| mgdx`bt`t tomcn|o} sm|n mgdx`bt`t mg qio|bc`' \nmt vn`gik`gig mt dboo`l |n` ‟@bxo} @aa`d|‛ bgl mt kil`o`l bt b omg`bx  mgdx`bt` mg |i|bo dpxx`g| sm|n mgdx`bt`t mg Q D@ .t`bt'pv`gg'`lp-' Kix`iq`x/ b| |n` h`ccmgc |n` l`vo`|mig x`cmig mg ob}`xt h`|s``g hbt` bgl dioo`d|ix/ |n` sml|n ia l`vo`|mig x`cmig h`|s``g |n`t` |si ob}`xt mgdx`bt`t h} b cx`b|`x x`q`xt` hmbt`l lp` |i qio|bc` bdxitt dioo`d|ix bgl hbt`' K`bgsnmo`/ |n` sml|n ia tbglsmdn ob}`x l`dx`bt`t' Gixkboo} @bxom`x qio|bc` mt cmq`g mg lb|b tn``| ia |xbgtmt|ixt' Nis`q`x ma m| mt gi| cmq`g m| dbg h` c`| h} |si k`|nilt:  Amxt| ig` mt lxbsmgc |n` M D+QD@ Cxbvn bgl `~|`glmgc |n` eg`` vimg| ia |n` hbt` dpxx`g| pg|mo boo |n`t` `~|`gl`l omg` mg|`xt`d| |n` Q D@ b~mt mg g`cb|mq` tml`'

Amcpx` 3: @bxom`x qio|bc` cxbvn .vn}tmdt'dthtjp'`lp

T`digl ig` mt/ ptmgc |n` aiooismgc aixkpob .t`bt'pv`gg'`lp-

       ⁌

26

Dmxdpm|

Amcpx` >: dikkig hbt` dmxdpm| l`tmcg`l mg Kpo|mtmk Mg bhiq` l`tmcg |n` hbt` ia |xbgtmt|ix mt cxipgl`l |n` `km||`x |`xkmgbo mt digg`d|`l |i BD vis`x tipxd` sm|n |n` qbop` ia '6363q .XKT qbop`- mg t`xm`t sm|n b dbvbdm|ix/ bgl b x`tmt|ix mg t`xm`t sm|n b LD vis`x tipxd`' \n` dioo`d|ix |`xkmgbo mt digg`d|`l |i b x`tmt|ix mg t`xm`t sm|n b LD vis`x tipxd` bgl b dbvbdm|ix snmdn mt vbxboo`o sm|n |n` x`tmt|ix bgl |n` LD vis`x tipxd`' \n` ip|vp| qio|bc` mt tnisg bt Qi'

Dbodpob|mig LD bgbo}tmt dbg h` pt`l |i l`tmcg b dmxdpm|/ h} bttpkmgc tik` gikmgbo qbop` ia  dikvig`g|t/ s` dbg l`tmcg |n` dmxdpm| snmdn mt tpm|bho` aix ipx x`rpmx`k`g|t' Apx|n`xkix`/ M nbq` lig` |n` LD bgl BD bgbo}tmt ia bhiq` dmxdpm|x} |i tnis bgl vxiq` |nb| |n` B Q mt 266'

LD Bgbo}tmt Mg LD bgbo}tmt/ dbvbdm|ix h`dik` iv`g dmxdpm|/ bt m| mt tnisg mg amcpx` h`ois:

Amcpx` =: Dmxdpm| pgl`x LD bgbo}tmt

22

EQO b| H@ oiiv:

               θ: Kmgmkpk:

266

Kb~mkpk:

466

Bgl k`btpx`l h} LKK: 203 M nbq` dnit`g 203 snmdn mt g`bx h} |n` bq`xbc` qbop` ia H`|b'

 -   .   . -   EQO b| D@ oiiv:

                M H:

    ⁌  

28

BD bgbo}tmt: Mg BD bgbo}tmt dbvbdm|ixt bgl LD vis`x tipxd`t h`dik` tnix| dmxdpm|'

Amcpx` 26: Dmxdpm| pgl`x BD bgbo}tmt Ip|vp| x`tmt|bgd` lp` |i `bxo} qio|bc`:

       ⁌ Mg ixl`x |i amgl MT.tb|pxb|mig dpxx`g|- / M nbq` bttpk`l Q D@ mt `rpbo |i z`xi .tb|pxb|mig x`cmig QD@ mt `rpbo |i z`xi- \n`x`aix` M DT:

    .-         \n`x`aix`:

                    

24

\n`x`aix` aix ip|vp| x`tmt|bgd`:

         \n`x`aix` aix mg|`xgbo x`tmt|ix:

           \n`x`aix` aix |xbgt diglpd|bgd`:

         N}hxml+vm Kil`o

 Y

Amcpx` 22: N}hxml+vm kil`o

2<

EDO b| ip|vp| gil`:

  . .    - -              \n`x`aix`/ mg ixl`x |i amgl |n` qio|bc` bkvomamdb|mig/ M g``l amgl |n` x`ob|mig h`|s``g Qφ bgl QT axik |n` n}hxml+vm kil`o' Mg bllm|mig/ h} limgc EQO b| H@ oiiv: Gi|mgc |nb| QT bgl qio|bc` bdxitt |n` `km||`x x`tmt|ix bx` mg vbxboo`o bgl qio|bc` mg vbxboo`o mt tbk`' \n`x`aix` |n` |i|bo qio|bc` ia Q T bgl QX@:

      Tmgd` QT ; QX@

       \n`x`aix`:

             

20

\n`x`aix` h} tpht|m|p|mgc Q φ mg `rpb|mig l`xmqb|` h} EDO b| ip|vp| gil`:

                     Tmgd` ck; 3'26> QT; 6'8qv+v xd ; 46e℡ xi ; 44'46< e℡ \n`x`aix`:

             Ip|vp| sbq`

mgvp| sbq`

Amcpx` 28: sbq` aixk ia mgvp| bgl ip|vp| |be`g axik Kpo|mtmk/ lmqmtmigt bx` nmcnomcn|`l

21

Lmtdpttmig bgl digdoptmig M nbq` lig` |n` vxbd|mdbo dmxdpm|x} bgl |`t|`l/ M nbq` t`| |n` mgvp| qio|bc` |i 6'8 qio|bc` h} Apgd|mig C`g`xb|ix/ boti |nmt ip|vp| sbt dn`de`l sm|n itdmooitdiv`/ m| sbt tnismgc tmgptimlbo tmcgbo sm|n b vmde |i vmde qio|bc` ia 6'8 kQ' Apx|n`xkix` mg vxbd|mdbo M nbq` pt`l b 8G8888B |xbgtmt|ix/ |si 446° A dbvbdm|ixt/ ig` 26e ℡/ bgl b46 e ℡ x`tmt|ixt' Boti M nbq` pt`l |si LD vis`x tipxd` aix `km||`x bgl dioo`d|ix |`xkmgbot' Kix`iq`x/ M nbq` aioois`l |n` tbk` dmxdpm|x} snmdn M nbq` lig` |n` dbodpob|mig aix m|' Mg bllm|mig M nbq` k`btpx`l |n` mgvp| bgl ip|vp| h} b lmcm|bo itdmooitdiv`/ M nbq` |be`g tik` tgbv tni| ia |n` mgvp| bgl ip|vp| sbq`t' \n` bkvomamdb|mig sbt bokit| 266/ |n` ip|vp| sbt bokit| g`bxh} 86' Mg h`ois M tnis |n` mgvp| bgl ip|vp| qio|bc` h} bg itdmooitdiv` snmdn sixet sm|n b tia|sbx` ig dikvp|`x ti M nbq` |be`g tik` tgbv tni| ia tmcgbo: Mgvp| qio|bc`:

Amcpx` 28: mgvp| tmcgbo |be`g axik Lmcm|bo t|ixbc` itdmooitdiv` @bdn lmqmtmig mt 266 kQ' Mg h`ois M nbq` tnisg m|t tv`dmamdb|mig snmdn |n` itdmooitdiv` vxiqml`:

Amcpx` 24: mgvp| qio|bc`”t tv`dmamdb|mig

23

Ip|vp| qio|bc`:

Amcpx` 24: Ip|vp| qio|bc` @bdn lmqmtmig mt t`| |i 0 Q / |n`x`aix` |n` vmde |i vmde ia tmcgbo mt mg aipx lmqmtmigt/ snmdn smoo h` 86Q' Ip|vp| qio|bc` tv`dmamdb|mig:

Amcpx` 2<: ip|vp| qio|bc` tv`dmamdb|mig B| |n` `gl/ |n` vxiho`k snmdn M abd`l sbt sn`g M k`btpx`l |n` ip|vp| qio|bc` h} LKK/ |n` qio|bc` sbt qbx}mgc mg xbgc` ia 0 |i 3/ bgl boti |n` sbq`t snmdn s`x` tnismgc mg itdmooitdiv` sbt domvvmgc snmo` M sbt k`btpxmgc |n` qio|bc`' Mg digdoptmig/ h} |nmt bttmcgk`g| M nbq` o`bxg| kix` bhip| dikkig hbt` digamcpxb|mig bgl m|t a`b|px` bgl mkvix|bg| abd|ixt |nb| nbq` `aa`d| ig m|' Dikkig hbt` digamcpxb|mig nbt gi vnbt` tnma| bgl nmcn qio|bc` cbmg snmdn mt tpm|bho` |i pt` aix bplmi bkvomam`x' Apx|n`xkix`/ M nbq` pgl`xt|iil |n` iv`xb|mig ia dikkig hbt` digamcpxb|mig' \n` aixsbxl hmbt ig `km||`x+ hbt` jpgd|mig bgl x`q`xt` hmbt ig dioo`d|ix+hbt` jpgd|mig lp` |i |n` LD vis`x tipxd`t bdxitt |n`k' Kix`iq`x/ M nbq` o`bxg| kix` |n` `aa`d| ia mkvix|bg| abd|ixt mg BD bgbo}tmt bgl bkvomamdb|mig tpdn bt `bxo} qio|bc`/ mg|`xgbo x`tmt|bgd` |xbgt diglpd|bgd`'

2>

Vxbd|mdbo dmxdpm| tpdd`ttapoo} lig`

Lmcm|bo t|ixbc` itdmooitdiv` |i |be` k`btpx` bgl tgbv tni|t s`x` | be`g ia 

2=

X`a`x`gd`t: 

Aoi}l/ \'O' 8661/ Lmcm|bo Apglbk`g|bot / =|n `lm|mig/ V`bxtig Vx`g|md` Nboo/ Tmgcbvix`'



Sbgc'X/' 866=/'  Hmviobx Jpgd|mig \xbgtmt|ix Uigomg`[/'Bqbmobho` axik: n||v:))aipxm`x'`gc'nkd'`lp)`><)o`d|px`t)dn<)gil`4'n|ko UBdd`tt`l ig =|n ia Bvxmo[



Bgig}kipt/' Dikkig Hbt` Bkvomam`xUigomg`[/' Bqbmobho` axik: n||v:))sss'boobhip|dmxdpm|t'dik)qioY4)dnv|Y<)3'n|ko UBdd`tt`l ig =|n ia Bvxmo[



Liiom||o`'B/' Hmviobx Jpgd|mig \xbgtmt|ix Uigomg`[/' Bqbmobho` axik: n||v:))pt`xt'`d`'cb|`dn'`lp)wbobg)@D@46<6)O`d|px`t)O`d|px`86HJ\%86Tkboo%86Tmcgbo |n %86Kil`o'vla Ubdd`tt`l ig = ia Bvxmo[



T|ixx'S/' 8626/' Hmviobx \xbgtmt|ix Uigomg`['/ bqbmobho` axik: n||v:))sss'`o`d|xigmdt+ |p|ixmbot'st)|xbgtmt|ix)|xbgY2'n|ko UBdd`tt`l ig 26|n ia Bvxmo[



Nioomt|`x'B/' 866='/ Vn}tmdt/ TVMD@ Vbxbk`|`xt ! \xbgtmt|ix Kil`ot Uigomg`[' Bqbmobho` axik: n||v:))sss'boo`gnioomt|`x'dik)boo`g)amo`t)vn}tmdt'vla Ubdd`tt`l ig 26|n ia Bvxmo[



Bgig}kipt'/  GVG Dnbxbd|`xmt|mdt Dpxq`tUigomg`[/' Bqbmobho` axik: n||v:))sss'vn}tmdt'dthtjp'`lp)|xbd`)GVG'DD'n|ko UBdd`tt`l ig 26|n ia Bvxmo[



E`gg`|n X' Obe`x/' 866>'  @bxo} @aa`d| bgl HJ\ HmbtmgcUigomg`[/' Bqbmobho` axik: n||v:))sss't`bt'pv`gg'`lp)w`t`42=)O`d|px`YGi|`t)O`dY'vla UBdd`tt`l ig 28|n ia Bvxmo[

86

Bvv`glm~:

LB\B TN@@\