Design and Implement a Computerized System for File Sharing and Access Control

CERTI FI CATI ON PAGE GE  Thi s pr oj ec twr i t t en by he gui dance oft he -under t super vi sor has bee n submi mi t t ed and ac c ept e d by t he de par t me ntof-

………………………… Pr oj ectsupervi sor

………………………… Headofdepar t ment -

………………………… Ext er nalExami mi ner

……………………… Si gn & Dat e

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DED DI I CATI ON  Thi spr oj ec twor ki sdedi cat e dt oAl mi ght yGod.

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DED DI I CATI ON  Thi spr oj ec twor ki sdedi cat e dt oAl mi ght yGod.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I ti s wor t hy t o appr ec i at et hose whose effor t s and supportmadei teasi erf orme met ocarr youtt hi spr oj ectwor k s uc ce ss f ul l y . My i mme nsur abl e appr ec i at i on goe st o Al mi ght y God f or hi s gui dance,pr ot ect i ons,f avour s,success and good heal t h whi ch cont r i but ed t ot he succe ss oft hi sr ese ar ch  wor k,Ir e mai ne v e ri ndebt e df orhi si nfini t e me r ci es and abundantbl essi ngs. I appr ec i at i on al l my my depar t ment al l ec t ur es whose effor tmadei tposs i bl ef orme met oconcl udet hi spr ogr amm mme, myi mmensegr at i t udegoest o mypr oj ectsuper i orf orhi s advi ce ,assi s t ance and encour ageme mentt hr oughout mys t udy ,Ial s oac kno wl e dg et hef o l l o wi ng ;Dr .Mr s . whos e mot her l y advi c e goe s al ong way i nc l osi ng bot h my at t i t ude ,kno wl e dg eand s ki l lg ap,o t he r sar e ,Mr .,Mr . ,Mr .-and my ho nor abl e HOD Mr .-

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 whos ee ffor ti swor t hy ofment i oni ng .Imus te xpr es smy hear tf el t gr at i t ude and wonder f ulsuppor tt o my l ove l y par e nt sMr .-andMr s .-f ort he i rmor al ,financ i al and unfli nc hi ng suppor tt hr oughout my s t ay i n t hi s i ns t i t ut i on,t hose whose names ar e wor t hy ofment i oni ng he r e ar e my br o t he r s , Mr ., Mr ., Re v . Br . ,-and mys i s t er s ,-and ,ot he r sar e Mr s .-andMr s .. Ial so owe a gr eati ndebt ednes st o my uncl esMr .& Mr s .,Mr .& Mr s .-and Mr .& Mr s .and ot her st oo numer ous t o ment i on.Iwi l lnotf or ge tmy cousi nswhosefinanci alcont r i but i onsandadvi ce smadean i mpacti n myl i f e,wor t ht oment i on her ear emyAunt yMi ss , Mr ., Br o, and ot he r s. i am exceedi ngl ygr at ef ult omyl ovel yf r i end and soulmat emi ss -and herf ami l ymember sf ort hei rpr ayer s,financi al suppor tandencour age mentwhi c h wor dsar enote nought o

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expr ess.Ial so r ecogni z et he effortofmy soulbr ot herMr . -whoseeffortgoesal ongwayt opr oducet hi spr oj ect  wor k,Ipr ay t hatGod wi l lgr anty ou al ly ourgood hear t des i r e s. Fi nal l y ,Iam g r e at l yi nde bt e dt o al lmy f r i e nds, ,,al l,,,myr oommat es ,,, and many ot her s and numer ous aut hor s and i ndi vi dual s whos e books and l i t e r a t ur emat e r i al sha v ehe l pe dmei n wr i t i ngt hi spr oj e c t ,I  wi l l not

c oncl ude

t hi s

ac knowl edge me nt wi t hout

commendi ngmybi gAunt yMr s.-and Aunt y-and myc omput eroper at orwhohasdonenobl et ot hi sgoo dwor k . Godbl essyoual l .

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 ABSTRACT

 Tec hnol ogy has pr ov ed be y ond al lr e asonabl e doubt st hat co mput ert ec hnol ogy can el i mi nat et he bur den ofmanual sys t e m

whi c h has bee n affe ct i ng t he admi ni s t r at i v e

ac t i v i t i e s.Fi l ei st hecol l e ct i onofr e c or ds .I thol dsdat at hat i sr equi r ed f orpr ovi di ng i nf ormat i on bot hf orpr esentand f ut ur er e f e r e nc e.I tpl ay sav i t alr o l ei ne v er yor g ani z at i on.

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 Thepr ese ntsy s t em i sbe i ng r e vi e wed and pr obl em t hati s as s oc i at e d wi t hi ti nc l ude si nabi l i t yt oe ffe c t i v e l y handl e fil es,dat a secur i t y ,bat ch pr ocessi ng,mi sappr opr i at i on of dat a,abnormali ndexi ng,fil el ocat i on,mi spl acementoffil es, updat i ngofr e c or ds ,t r ans f e roffil e se t c . Al lt he s epr o bl e ms occ urduet omanualshar i ngoffil esandr ec or dshencet he nee df or a comput er i z ed fil e shar i ng and acc es s cont r ol sys t em. Thi s sys t em wi l lhel pi n el i mi nat i ng al lt hose pr obl emsencount er edi nt hemanualsys t em;i twi l lpr omot e good admi ni s t r at i v e act i vi t i es and di ss emi nat i on of i nf ormat i onont i mel ybasi si fi mpl ement ed.  Theme t hod us ed i n sol vi ngt hi spr obl e m i sbas ed on t opdown appr oach. Thi si sdoneby st ar t i ngwi t ht hege ner al c o nc e pto fwhati sr e q ui r e dbyt hee x i s t i ngs y s t e mt hati ti s l acki ngandbr eaki ngt hem i nt ocomponentpar t swhi c h ar e t hen si mpl i fied wi t ht he i nt r oduct i on oft he new sy s t em.

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 Theuseoffil eandfil eshar i ngi nt hi sc ont e xti sbas edupon modul arappr oac hofpr ogr ammi ng.

 Thi spr oj ectwor kpr ovi de sal t er nat i v es ol ut i onofmanualfil e shari ng t o a comput er i z ed fil eshari ng and acces scont r ol .  Wi t ht hei mpl e me nt at i on oft hi ssof t war e,i twi l lens ur er eal t i me pr ocessi ng,easy access and r et ri evaloffil es,pr oper i ndexi ng,andpr eve nt i onoffil ef r om unaut hori ze duser sand s y s t e ms e c ur i t y .

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 TABLE OFCONTENT

 TI TLEPAGE CERTI FI CATI ON DEDI CATI ON  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT  ABSRACT

CHAPTER ONE 1. 1 I NTRODUCTI ON 1. 2 STATEMENTOFTHEPROBLEM 1. 3 OBJECTI VE OFTHE STUDY 1. 4 SI GNI FI CANCEOFTHESTUDY 1. 5 SCOPE OFTHE STUDY 1. 6 LI MI TATI ON OFTHESTUDY 1. 7 DEFNI TI ONOFTERMS

CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 LI TERATURE REVI EW 9

2. 1I NTRODUCTI ON 2. 2TYPESOFFI LE 2. 3FI LEORGANI ZATI ON 2. 4FI LEACCESS 2. 5FI LEACCESSCONTROL 2. 6ACCESSTI ME 2. 7WRI TI NG TO DI SKAND READI NG FROM DI SK 2. 8STORAGE DEVI CES 2. 9FI LEAND SYSTEM SECURI TU

CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 SYSTEM ANALYSI SAND DESI GN 4. 0 I NTRODUCTI ON 3. 2 BRI EFHI STORY/DESCRI TI ONOFTHECASESTUDY 3. 3 ORGANI ZATI ONALCHART 3. 4 ANALYSI SOFTHESYSTEM 3. 5 DATACOLLECTI ON

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3. 6 DATAANALYSI STECHNI QUE 3. 7 PROBLEM DEFI NI TI ON 3. 8 SYSTEM DESI GN 3. 9 SYSTEM SPECI FI CATI ON 3. 10SYSTEM STRUCTUR

CHAPTER FOUR 4. 0

SYSTEM I MPLEMENTATI ON AND DOCUMENTATI ON

5. 0

CODI NG

4. 2 TESTRUNNI NG 4. 3 I NSTALLATI ON PROCEDURE AND DOCUMENTATI ON 4. 4 CHANGE OVERMETHOD 4. 5 TRAI NNI NG OFOPERATOR/STAFF 4. 6 SYSTEM MAI NTENANCE

CHAPTER FI VE 5. 0 SUMMARY ,RECOMMENDATI ON AND CONCLUSI ON 6. 0 SUMMARY 11

5. 2 RECOMMENDATI ON 5. 3 CONCLUSI ON BI BLI OGRAPHY  APPENDI CE

CHAPTER ONE

1. 1 I NTRODUCTI ON  Al mos tal li nf or mat i ons t or edi nac omput e rmus tbei n afil e.Eachdocumenti sst or edi nt hecomput eri ndi vi dual l y  by namei n whati scal l e d a FI LE.A fil ei sa c ol l e ct i on of l e t t er s, number s and spec i al c har act er s. I t may be a pr ogram,a dat abase,a deser t i on,a r eadi ng l i st ,a si mpl e l e t t e re t c ,t he r ear emanydi ffe r e ntt y pe so ffil e s ;dat afil e s , t extfil es,pr ogr am fil es,di r ect oryfil esandsoon. Di ffer ent 12

t ypes of fil e st or es di ffer ent t ypes of i nf or mat i on. For e xampl e pr ogr am fil es t or e s pr ogr ams wher e as t e xtfil e s s t or et e xt . I nt oday’ si nf or mat i on age, wher e ev er y succ es si s dependenton f astst or age,access cont r oland r et r i evalof i nf or mat i on. Comput e r fil e and fil i ng t e c hni ques hav e gai ned mor eat t ent i on. Fi l esi n a pr ogr ammi ngsensear e notr eal l y ve ry di ffer entf r om ot herf or ms offil e orot her appl i cat i on. The bi ggestdi ffer encear et hati n a pr ogr am  y ou ac c esst hefil es equent i al l y( y ou r eadonel i neatat i me st ar t i ngatt hebegi nni ng)and al sowhen you can wr i t eby cr eat i nganew fil ef r om scr at ch ( oroverwri t i ngan exi st i ng one)orbyappendi ngt oanexi st i ngone. Di ffer e nt pr ogr ammi ng l anguag es hav e di ffer ent appr oach ormet hod ofcr eat i ng,edi t i ngand updat i ngfil es  when i t come st o fil e shar i ng and acce s s cont r ol . The st r uct ur eofafil ei sknownt ot hesof t war et hatmani pul at es

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i t . For e xampl e dat abase fil es ar e made up ofse r i es of r ecor ds,wor d pr ocessi ngfil escont ai nsflow oft ext . Except f orASCI It extfil eswhi ch cont ai n onl yr aw t extot herfil es havepr opr i et aryst r uct ur es. Format t i ngand ot hert ypeof i nf or mat i on ar e cont ai ned i n header s or i nt er sper se d t hr oughoutt hefil e. Mostfil eshari ngand accessi scar r i ed outi n st or age devi cesl i ke magnet i cdi sk,flash dr i vesand handdi s ks .Opt i c aldi s ksar eal s oav ai l abl eandi ti sus ual l y f ast er t o acce ss .

Sof t war e manuf act ur er s s t or e t hei r

sof t war e’ s f or sal e on opt i cal di sks bec ause t hey ar e e s s ent i al l y pr e f e r r e df o rappl i c ant sr e qui r i ng l ar g ev o l ume s ofr e f e r e nc edat a.  Ther e ar es t i l ls i gni ficant amount offil e pr oc es si ng c ar r i e do utus i ngfil es t o r e do n mag ne t i ct apebuti ti sof t e n done on mai nf r ames comput er i n a l ar ge commer c i al i ndus t r yo rfinanc i ali ns t i t ut i o ns . Mag ne tt apec o nt i nue st o  beabac kupme di um,e spec i al l yi ni tc ar t r i dgef or ms.When

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usi ngfil es,t heent ryofdat ai ssepar at edf r om pr ocessi ngof dat a. Henceafil ec an bec r eat edatonet i meandpr ocess ed orus eatal at e rt i me .I nf ac tafil ei sde s i g ne dt os t or edat a  whi c hcanbepr oc es sedf ur t her .

1. 2 STATEMENTOFTHE PROBLEM  Ther ehasbee n a cons t antques tbyman si nc ecr eat i on t o i mpr ove on t he qual i t y ofhi sl i f e and exi st ence,t hi s ever i ncr easi ngquesthasbeennecess i t at edandpr opel l edbyt he si mpl enee df orman t oaddr es st hechal l enge spose d b hi s envi r onment .

Some of t he c hal l enge s ass oci at ed wi t h

manual fil e shar i ng and acc es s i ncl udes i nabi l i t y t o e ffe c t i v e l yhandl edat afil e s ,po ori nde x i ng ,c o ng e s t i o no ft he fil e cabi net ,di fficul t yi n accessi ng and l ocat i ng offil es,i t c aus e sdr a w bac kt oadmi ni s t r at i v eac t i v i t i e s ,i nc ons i s t e nc y , unabl et o updat er e c or ds, mi s pl ace ment of fil e due t o t r ansf erf r om one officet o anot her ,del ay i n pr oces si ng of dat ae t c . 15

1. 3 OBJECTI VE OF THE STUDY  The pr i mar y obj e ct i v e of t hi ss t udy i st o des i gn and i mpl ementacomput er i z edsys t em f orfil eshari ngandacces s c o nt r o l . Thi s wi l lhe l pg r e a t l yt oe r adi c at et he i nhe r e nt pr obl ems encount er ed by t he admi ni st r at i ve. I twi l lal so pr omot e an pr ot ec t t he confident i al i t y , i nt egr i t y and a vai l abi l i t yofi nf or mat i onandr e s our c e s.

1. 4 SI GNI FI CANCE OF THE STUDY  The i mpor t ance of t hi sr es ear c h wor k i s base d ot he f ol l owi ng: 1. I t wi l l hel p t o sol v e t he pr obl e m

f aced by

admi ni st r at i vedepart ment 2. t or educ et he wor kl oad or pi l ed of fil es i n t he admi ni s t r a t i v es e ct or 3. i twi l lpr eve ntfil el ossont r ansi t

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4. Thi sr e se ar c h wor k wi l le qual l y be v al uabl ef or s t udent s who may car r y out si mi l ar r e se ar c h i n r e l at e dfie l df o rr e f e r e nc epur po se s .

 Thi swi l lal soas si s tot he ror gani z at i onands ys t em des i gner s t ocompl et el ydesi gn acomput eri zedsyst em wi t h ver yl i t t l e human effor ton keepi ngoffil eswhi chwi l li nt ur n makef or effici ency ,smoot h and be t t erper f or manceofadmi ni st r at i ve act i v i t i es.

1. 5 SCOPEOFTHE STUDY  Themai nobj ec t i v eoft hi ss t udyi st oi de nt i f yabe t t erwayof desi gni ngandi mpl ement i ngacomput er i z edfil es hari ngand accesscont r olsyst em t hatwi l lt ot al l yr educet hepr obl ems f acedbyt heexi st i ngsys t em.Thes t udyi snarr oweddownt o examsand r ecor dsoft hef eder alpol yt ec hni cNekedeower r i f ort hecomput at i on ofst udentdat abase.I twast her angeof per cept i on orunder st andi ng whi ch gaver i set ot he act i on

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t aken i ni mpl ement i ng t he des i r ed pr ogr am,des i gned t o handl epool soffil esand st udent ’ sdat abasefil e. Thi swi l l hel pi nt heeffect i veandeffici entt r acki ngofi nf ormat i on on st udent ’ sdat abaseaswel lasmoni t ori ngt headmi ni st r at i ve act i v i t i es.

1. 6 LI MI TATI ONSOFTHESTUDY  A number off act or s mi l i t at ed agai ns tt hi s pr oj ec twhi c h posessomedi fficul t i es,t heyar easf ol l ows; 1.

Unwi l l i ngnes s oft he r es pondentt or el e asebasi c and

ne c e s s ar yf ac t s . 2. Costofsour ci ngofi nf or mat i on f r om r el ev antj our nal s, mat er i al s,I nt er netand r espondent s att he admi ni st r at i ve ar e ai se xor bi t ant 3.

I nsuffici ent mat er i alat t he sc hooll i br ar y has al so

mi l i t at ed on t he pr ogr ess oft hi sr ese ar ch as mostoft he  booksi nt hel i br ar yar ei r r el e v antt ot hi ss t udy .

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4.

Thes t r es sofco mbi ni ngl e ct ur esandr es e ar c hwor khas

notbei nge asyonmyownpart .

1. 7 DEFI NI TI ON OFTERMS ei s a pac kage ofi nf or mat i on wi t h a name FI LE: A fil at t ac he dt oi t ,i tpr o v i de ss t at i c me t ho ds f o rt he c r e at i o n, copyi ng,del et i on,movi ng and openi ng offil esand ai ds i n t hec r e at i o no ffil es t r e am obj e c t s .

si s a name gi v en t o bas i c orr aw f act s and DATA:  Thi fig ur e st hatar epr o c es s e di nt oi nf o r mat i o n

SYSTEM. I O NAMESPACE: Thi scont ai nst ypest hatal l ow sy nc hr onous and asy nc hr ous r eadi ng and wr i t i ng t o fil e s and dat as t r eams and t ypes t han pr ov i de basi c fil e and di r e c t o r ys uppo r t s .

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COMPUTER: Thi si sadevi cet hatwor ksundert hecont r ol ofst or ed pr ogr ams,aut omat i cal l y accept i ng,st ori ng and pr oce ss i ng of dat at o pr oduce i nf or mat i on whi c hi st he r e s ul toft hatpr oc es s i ng .

si sanyt hi ngaboutwhi chdat acanbes t or ed. ENTI TY:Thi

DATABASE:

Thi s i s a si ngl e or gani z ed col l ect i on of

s t r uct ur ed dat as t or ed wi t h a mi ni mum ofdupl i cat i on of dat ai t emssoast opr ovi deaconsi st entandcont r olofpool o fdat a.

SYSTEM: her e,i tmeansacomput ersy st em t hati sai med ordesi gnedt opr ovi deeffici entmeansofi nf ormat i on st or age andr e t r i e v alofdat afil e s .

si sa s e tofi ns t r uc t i onst hati swr i t t e ni n PROGRAM: Thi t hel anguageoft hecomput er .

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I NFORMATI ON:t hi si saf ac tabo uts o me t hi ngandi tal s oa dat a t hat has been conv e r t ed i nt o a mor e us ef ul or i nt e l l i g e ntf o r mf orde c i s i onmaki ng .

si saper son whoi sst udyi ngatauni ver si t y , STUDENT: Thi c ol l e georpol y t e c hni c .

si sa wr i t t en accountofsomet hi ng t hati s RECORD: Thi keptsot hati tcanbel ookedatandusedi nt hef ut ur e.

si san e l e c t r o ni cr e pr e s e nt at i o no fy o ur CREDENTI AL: Thi i dent i t y; i tl i nks an i ndi vi dual t oat echnol ogy such as per sonali dent i ficat i onnumber s,use r namesandpasswor ds.

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CHAPTER TWO

2. 0 LI TERATURE REVI EW 2. 1I NTRODUCTI ON Fi l ei sabl oc k ofar bi t r ar yi nf or mat i on orr e s our c ef o r s t or i ng i nf or mat i on whi c h i s av ai l abl e t o a comput er pr og r am and i s us ual l y based on some ki nd ofdur abl e s t or age . A fil ei s dur abl ei n t he se nse t hat i tr emai ns avai l abl ef orpr ogr amst ouseaf t ert hecur r entpr ogr am has fini s hed. Comput erfil esc an beconsi der edast hemoder n count er partofpaperdocumentwhi cht r adi t i onal l ywer ekept i nofficesandl i br ari esfil eswhi char et hesour ceoft het er m.  The dat a s t or ed i n fil e si s al ways ent er ed i n an or gani z ed manner .Recor ds may be st or e al phabet i cal l y by name,bydat eorbyt hesequencei nwhi cht heyar er ece i ve d. Onefie l di nt her e c o r dsi st heo r g a ni z i ngf ac t o rf o rt hefil e .

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 Thi sfiel dwhi c hi suse dt ode t e r mi net heor deroft hefil ei s c al l e dr e c or dke yorke yfie l d.

2. 2 TYPESOF FI LE MASTER FI LE:Thi si st hemai nfil ef oranappl i c at i on;i ti s al ar ge fil ef or a f ai r l y per manent nat ur e e. g. c ust omer l e dg er ,pay r ol l ,i nv e nt or ye t c .Af e at ur et onot ei st her e gul ar updat i ng oft hes e fil es t o show a cur r entposi t i on. For exampl ecust omer ’ sor der swi l lbepr ocessedi ncr easi ngt he  bal ance owi ng figur e on a cus t ome rl e dger r ecor d and updat i ng ofst udent sr ecor ds. I ti s seen t her ef or et hat mas t e rr e c or dswi l lc ont ai ndat aofas t at i cnat ur e .

 TRANSACTI ON FI LE:Thi si sal soknownasmov ementfil e.  Thi si sat e mpor ar yfil eus edt os t or edat awhi c hwi l lbeuse d t o updat et he mast erfil e. I ti s made up oft he v ar i ous t r ansact i onscr eat ed f r om t hesour cedocument s. Assoon 23

as i thas been used f ort hi s pur pose ( updat i ng) ,i ti s no l o ng e rr e q ui r e d. I t wi l lt he r e f o r e ha v eav e r ys ho r tl i f e  bec ause i twi l lbe r epl ac e d by a fil ec ont ai ni ng t he ne xt  bat c hofor der s.

si safil ewi t har easonabl eamount REFERENCE FI LE:Thi of per manenc y .

Exampl es of dat a use d f or r ef e r enc e

pur pose s ar e pr i ce l i s t ,t abl es of r at e of payment , r egi st r at i onsnumber s,namesandaddr ess es.

2. 3 FI LEORGANI ZATI ON  Thi si st he ar r angementofr ecor ds wi t hi n a dat abas e. I t r ef er st ot hewayi n whi ch r ecor dsar ehel d on afil ewi t ha  vi e wt ot her e t r i e v alofdat a/i nf or mat i on. Wes t ar tf r om t he poi ntwher et hei ndi vi dualphysi calr ecor dl ayouthas been al r eady desi gned i . e.t he fil e st r uct ur e has al r eady been dec i ded. How doweor g ani z eourmanyhundr edsore v en

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t housands ofsuch r ecor ds ( e. g.st udent ’ sr ecor d)on di sk. Oper at i ngsys t em support st hr eet ypesoffil eor gani zat i on.  Thes ear es equent i al ,s er i alandr andom fil eor gani z at i on.

SERI ALFI LE ORGANI ZATI ON  Thi sme t hod i si n as i nce ,i nr espec tofc hr onol ogi c alor der , r ec or dson a fil e ar er ead orpr oce ss ed i nt he same or der  whi c ht he y we r ei ni t i al l yr ecor ded. A fil e ’ sor gani z at i on i s ser i ali ft he r ecor ds on t he fil e are i n al ogi calsequence ac c or di ng t ot he i rke yfie l de . g .i n al phabe t i c alo r de rori n numer i calor der .

SEQUENTI ALFI LEORGANI ZATI ON  Thi si s us ed whe n a hi gh per c e nt age of r ecor ds ar e pr oces sed att hesamet i me. Theyar eusual l ysort ed i nt o some or der e. g.ascendi ng order ofst udent ’ sr egi st r at i on number .I tcont ai nsdat ael ement st hatar es t or edoneaf t er

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anot heri n se quence . Whenyou r eadt hedat af r om di sk,i t mustber eadi nt hesamese quencei nwhi chi twaswr i t t en.  To r ead any par t i cul ar e l e ment of dat a, al l pr e c edi ng el ement s mus tfir s tbe r ead. I ti s one whi ch r ec or ds ar e org ani zedbyphysi calsequenceal one,r ecor dsar ewr i t t enon t hefil eo neaf t e rt heo t he ri naphy s i c als e q ue nc e .

RANDOM FI LEORGANI ZATI ON  Thi si sanor gani z at i onbyme ansofi nde xi ng. Thi sopt i oni s conduct ed wi t hout r e gar ds t o t he s equence e i t he r chr onol ogi calorkeyed. Recor dsar ear r angedi n sequent i al o r de rb yke y s ,i naddi t i o nt oi nde xo re nabl ese s t abl i s he dt o t her e c or dt hephy s i c all oc alofke y swi t hi nt hefil e .

2. 4 FI LEACCESS Fi l e acces s means l ocat i ng i ndi vi dualr ecor ds on t he fil e.  Thewayi n whi c h afil ecan beacc ess e dwi l ldepe ndon how

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t hefil ei sor gani zed,butaccessmi ghtbeser i al ,sequent i al anddi r ectaccess.

SERI AL ACCEESS  Theonl y way t o ac ces sa s er i al l y or gani z ed fil ei sse r i al l y .  Thi ss i mpl y meanst hate ac hr e cor di sr e ad f r om t hedi sk i nt omai ns t o r a g eoneaf t e rt heo t he ri nt heo r de rt he yoc c ur . i . e .t os t ar tatt hefir s tr e c o r do nt hefil e ,t he ng oo nt ot he ne xtand son on t hr ough t ot he e nd oft he fil e. Wi t h t r ans ac t i onfil e s ,s e r i alac c e sso fanuno r de r e dfil ewi l lo f t e n  be s ui t abl e bec ause e v er yr e cor d on t he fil e has t o be processed.

SEQUENTI ALACCESS Sequent i alacc ess i st he acces s ofr ecor ds on sequent i al org ani zedfil e.Wi t houtusi ngani ndex.Sequent i alaccessi s

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f as t er t han se r i al ac c es s bec ause s i nce r ec or ds on a sequent i alor gani z ed fil e ar ei n key fiel d or der ,once t he par t i c ul arr e c or dhasbe e nl o c at e d;t he r ei snone e dt oc he c k ser i al l yt hr ough t her estoft hefil e. Ther ei sa met hod of l oc at i ng r e co r ds on a s eq ue nt i alfil e,known as BI NARY SEARCH whi c h means t hat i ndi v i dual r ec or ds can be l ocat edmorequi ckl yt hanwi t hser i alaccess.

DI RECT ACCESS  Thi si swhe r ey ou c an r ead onl yr e cor d orwr i t ene wr e cor d  wi t houthavi ngt owai tf ort hedat abaset or eadal lt heot her r e c or ds .I nadi r e c tac c e ssfil e ,o neoft hefie l dsi nt het abl e mus tbe se tup as a pr i mar y key i . e.di r ec tacc es si sa met hod ofl ocat i ng an i ndi vi dualr ecor di n a fil e di r ect l y  wi t houthavi ngt ol ookt hr oughanyot he rr ec or dfir s t .

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FI LE ACCESSCONTROL  Ac ces scont r oli st heabi l i t yt oper mi tordenyt heuseofa par t i c ul arr e s our c ebyapar t i c ul are nt i t y .Whe n ac r e de nt i al i spr esent ed t oa r eader ,t he r eadersends t he cr edent i al ’ s i nf or mat i on usual l y a numbert o cont r olpanel(a hi ghl y r el i abl e pr oce ss or ) .

The cont r ol panel compar es t he

cr edent i al s number t o an acces s cont r ol l i st , gr ant s or deni est hepr esent edr equestandsendsat r ansact i on l ogt o a dat abase . Whe n acc es si s deni e d based on t he acc es s c ont r oll i s t ,t her e s o ur c er e mai nsl o cke d.I ft he r ei samat c h  be t wee n t he c r e dent i al and t he ac ces s cont r ol l i s t ,t he c o nt r o lpane lo pe r at e sar e l a yi nt ur nunl o c kst her e s our c e .

Passwor dsareusedf oraccesscont r olt han anyot hert ypeof sol ut i on bec aus et he y ar ee as yt oi mpl e me nt and ar e ext r emel y ver sat i l e. On i nf ormat i on t echnol ogy sys t ems, pass wor ds can be use dt o wr i t epr ot ec tdocument s,fil es , di r ect ori esandt oal l ow accesst osyst emsandr esour ces. 29

 TYPESOF ACCESSCONTROL 1. DI SCRETI ONARY ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS  Thi sal l owst heowneroft hei nf or mat i on t odec i dewhocan r ead,wr i t eand execut ea part i cul arfil eorse rv i ce. When user scr eat eandmodi f yfil esi nt hei rown homedi r ect ori es, t hei rabi l i t yt o do t hi si s becauset hey havebeen gr ant ed di s c r e t i o nar ya c c e ssc o nt r o lo v e rt hefil e st hatt he yo wn.On enduser sl apt opsanddeskt opsdi scr et i onaryaccesscont r ol syst emsar epr eval ent .

MANDATORY ACCESSCONTROLSYSTEM  Thes esy s t e msdonotal l ow t hec r eat oroft hei nf or mat i ont o gover nwhocanaccessi tormodi f ydat a. Admi ni st r at orand ove r see i ng aut hor i t i espr edet er mi ned who can acces sand modi f y dat a, s ys t ems and r es our ce s. I ti s use d i n a

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mul t i l e v e ls y s t e mt hatpr o c es shi g hl ys e ns i t i v edat as uc h as cl assi fiedgover nmentandmi l i t aryi nf ormat i on.

ROLE BASED ACCESS CONTROLSYSTEM  Thes e sys t ems al l ow us e r s t o acc es s s ys t ems and i nf or mat i on based on t hei rr ol e wi t hi nt he or gani z at i on. Rol e based acces s al l ows end user s acces st oi nf or mat i on and r esour ce based on t hei rr ol e wi t hi nt he or gani z at i on. Rol e base d acc es s can be appl i ed t o gr oups ofpeopl e or i ndi v i dual s .

RULE BASE ACCESSCONTROLSYSTEM  Thi ssys t e m al l owsuse r st oac ce sss ys t emsandi nf or mat i on  bas ed on pr e de t er mi ned and c onfigur ed r ul e s. Rul e scan  be e s t abl i she dt hatal l ow acce s st o al le nd use r s comi ng

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f r om apart i cul ardomai n,host ,net wor korI Paddr esses. I f ane mpl o y e ec hang e st he i rr o l ewi t hi nt heor g ani z a t i o n,t he i r exi st i ngaut hent i cat i on cr edent i al sr emai ni n effectand do notneed t o be r econfigur ed. Usi ng rul es i n conj unct i on  wi t hr ol e s adds gr eat er fle xi bi l i t y be caus er ul es can be appl i e dt ope o pl ea swe l lasde v i c e s /s y s t e ms .

 ACCESSTI ME  Ac ces st i meondi ski st het i mei nt e r v albe t wee nt hemoment t he c ommand i s gi v e nt ot r ansf er dat af r om di s k mai n st or age and t he momentt hi st r ansf eri s compl e t ed.I ti s madeupoft hr eeco mpone nt swhi c har e ;

  Thi si st het i mei tt akest heaccessmechani sm SEEK TI ME: t opos i t i oni t s el fatt heappr o pr i at ecy l i nde r .

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ROTATI ONALDELAY:Thi si st het i met akenf ort hebucket t ocomer oundandposi t i oni t sel fundert her eadwr i t ehead. Ona v e r ag et hi swi l lbet het i met ake nf o rhal far e v o l ut i o no f t hedi skpack.

si st he t ot alt i me t aken t o DATA TRANSFER TI ME: Thi r eadt hecont ent soft hebucketi nt omai nst orage.

2. 7 WRI TI NG TO DI SK AND READI NG FROM DI SK no r de rt opr o c es sfil e ss t o r e dadi s k,  WRI TI NG TO DI SK: I t hedes k car t r i dgepackmustfir stbel oadedi n adi skuni t f ora fixed des kt hedi sk i sper manent l yi nt hedes k uni t . Recor dsar ewr i t t enont oadeskast hedi skpackr evol vesat a const ant spee d wr i t t en i t s des k uni t . Each r ec or di s  wr i t t e ni nr esponset o a wr i t ei ns t r uc t i on.Dat a goesf r om

WRI TE  mai ns t or aget hr ough a READheadont oat r ackon

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t he di sk sur f ace.Recor ds arer ecor ded af t ert he ot heron eacht r ack.

REEADI DI NG FROM OM DI SK:   I no r de rt opr o c es sfil e ss t o r e do n di sk,t hedi sk cart i l ageorpack mustfir stbel oadedont oa deskuni t .Recor dsar er eadf r om t hedeskasi tr evol vesata const antspeed.Each r ec or di sREAD i nr es ponset oar ead i ns t r uct i on.Dat a goes f r om t he di sk t ot he mai n st or age

WRI TE head al t hr ough t he READr eady ment i oned.Bot h r eadi ng and wr i t i ng ofdat a ar e acc omp mpl i shed at a fixed numberofbyt esperse cond.

2. 8 STORAGE DEVI CES OFFI LE St or agede vi c esar et hename mei mpl i esar eme medi um whe r eby dat a( r epr esent i ngcomput erfil es)ar er et ai nedwhenent er ed soast oeaset hest r essofr eent er i ngvol umi nousdat aand al sot okeep t hedat af orf ut ur euseeasyandf astaccessor

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r et ri eval .Thesest oragem me edi um ar epr of essi onal l yknownas MOMORY.Ther ee xi s tt wo c at e gor i es ofme mor y name me l y pr i mar ymemor yandse condar ymemor y .

MARY MEMORY:Acc 1)PRI or di ng t o Opar a( 2003) , ” The pr i mar yme me mor yi sal soknown ascor est or ageormai n memo mor y or f astacc es s memo mor y ,i ti s usual l yr es i dent i nsi det hecomp mput erand notde t achabl e” .I t scomm mmones t t y pe si nc l ude s : i . RAM – Random Ac ces s me me mor yi st he ma mai n me mor y used ast hecomp mput erwor kabl e,i ti svol at i l ei n nat ur e. i . e .i tl o s ti t sdat awhe npo we rs uppl yi sr e mo mo v e d. i i . ROM-Read Onl econt ai ns fixe d dat a y Me Memor y:Thes  when ar e wr i t t e n per manent l y at t he t i me of i t s manuf act ur e.A setofi nst ruct i on st ored i nt hi sway i s sai dt obehar d wi r edandi sof t en cal l edfir mware .Thi s t echni quei sof t en used t oext end t hei nst ruct i on setof t hecomp mput erbyst ori ngspeci alpur posesubr out i nes.I t

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i s al so f r equent l y used t o st or e dat a or i nst r uct i ons  whi c ht hecomput ernee dsal lt het i mef r om t hemoment i ti ss wi wi t c he do n.

ogr ammabl e Read onl y me memor y: i i i . PROM –Pr   Thi si si n cont r astt onor malROM,i n whi ch t hepat t er n ofst or ed dat ai st oper manent l yi ncorpor at edi nt ot hechi pusi ng a“ MASK” dur i ng t he l as ts t age ofmanuf act ur e,t he PROM c an be pr og r amm mmed by t he use r .Howe v er ,t he dat ai s hel d per manent l y onc et he PROM has been pr ogr amm mmed. i v . EPROM PROGRAMMES” ar e used f or t hes e t as ks me mor i es can be r e ad,er ase d and r e wr i t t e n wi t hout r emo movi ngt hem f r om t hecomp mput er .Howev er ,t heer asi ng and r e wr i t i ng pr oc e ss i sv er y sl ow comp mpar ed wi t h r e adi ngwh whi c hl i mi t st he i rus e .  v . EEROM – El e ct r oni cal l y Er asabl e Re ad onl y me mor y:  Thi si ses s ent i al l yt hesameasEAROM.

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2. SECONDARYMEMORY  Thi si san auxi l i ar yorbac ki ngs t or e,i ti snotper mane nt l y fixed i nt ot hecomput er .I ti ssl oweri n oper at i on t han t he pr i mar y memor y be cause t he man me mor yi s ac ce sse d di r ec t l y by t hemai n memor ybef or ei tcan be acc es se d by t hepr o c e ss o r .De t ai l soft hes e c ondar ys t o r a g ede v i c ewo ul d  begi v e nse quentt opi c ssubs eque ntt opi c ssi nc e“ fil eshar i ng andAccessi sanchor edi nt hesest oragedevi ces.

2. 9HI STORYOFSTORAGEDEVI CES Hi s t or y of s t or age dev i ce s coul d be t r aced t hr ough t he gener at i onsofcomput er ,si nceeach gener at i on ofcomput er comeswi t hauni queoper at i on wi t hi t sst oragedevi cesqui t e di ffe r e ntors i mi l art oo t he rg e ne r a t i on.  As Opar ah ( 2003)put s”t he fir s tge ner at i on ofc omput e r  wer emadewi t ht her omoni cv al v e s,i t sar c hi t ec t ur alde s i gn

37

 was based on pr i nci pl e dev el oped by John Von Neumann.  Ther ef or et he s t or age de vi c e,i nt he easi l yc omput e r s wer e mer curyDel ayl i nes”i nnct r ansi st orswhi chr educedt hesi ze ofcomput er ,hencedes k”wasi nve nt edandi mpl ement ed.I t gi v e st he se co nd ge ner at i on of c omput e r mor es t or age c apac i t yt hant hefir s tg e ne r at i o n.  Thet hi r dgener at i on ofc omput e rwasbas eon t ec hnol ogyof i nt egr at ed ci r cui t( I C) wi t h vast i nt er nal devi ce cal l ed mi cr opr oc es sor whi c h wer e muc h f as t er mai n t he t hi r d ge ner at i on of comput er wi t h i ncr ease d st or age dev i ce s, opt i calst or age uni tfloaton t he comput ermar keti nt hi s gener at i on si nce i t was dev el oped f r om ve r yl ar ge scal e i nt e gr a t i on( VLSI ) .  Thefif t hgener at i onofcomput er sar emor epowe r f ulbe caus e i tpo s s e sahi g h pr o c es s i ngc apabi l i t i e s .Ex pe r t ss y s t e m and ar t i fic i ali nt e l l i g e nc e( AI )ar ec omput e r soft hi sg e ne r a t i o n.

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Magnet i cmedi um opt i caluni t ,z i p dut i es,smartcar dsar e s omeofi t ss t or ag ede v i c e s .

1.PUNCHED CARD  Thi si st heear l i es tme di um f ordat ai nputi nt ot hecomput er . Fr ench ( 1972)ex pl ai ns t hat “ Dat ai nt he punc h car di s pr epar ed by punc hi ng hol esi nt o a car d wi t ht hepunc hed machi newher ease tofhol esr epr esentacharact er .Thedat a punc hed i nt o t he car d i s vi si bl et o enabl e on opt i cal  v e r i fic at i onbyr e adi ng,al t er nat i v el y ,anot herope r at orwoul d r epunc hed t he dat a wi t ht he al r e ady punc hed car d usi ng  v ar i e t i e s.Thecar d usi ngv ar i e t i es.Thecar di sl i keat ype–  wr i t t e n buthass t i c ked and hopesf orfin car dsbef or eand af t e randaf t e rpunc hi ngr e s pe c t i v e l y .

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2. PAPER TAPE  A t apefil ec hannel s,i twasfir s tuse di n 1970’ st ot r ans mi t t el egr aphi c mess ages ove r wi r es.The basi ci dea of t hi s me t hod i st or ec or d dat a ont ot aper at hert han car ds.An o pe r at o rk e y swi t hdat aus i ngat y pei nt e r l i nke dke y bo ar df o r keyi ngt hedat a.Thedat ai sst or edanddi spl aye don aVDU ( vi sualdi spl ay ,uni t )f or t he oper at or t o confir m what i s  bei ng r e cor ded and i sv e r i fie d by anot her me mor yf or pr oce ss i ng.I fhowev er ,t het apecomesf r om mor et han one s our c e ,t he nt he yar ei ndi v i dual l yv e r i fie d,e di t e d,v al i dat e d andpar t e di nt oas i ng l ei nputt apef o rpr o c e ss i ng .

3.MAGNETI C MEDI A Magne t i c me di a ar e co mput er st or age dev i c es t hat us es el ect r omagnet i sm as el ect r i calcharg es i nt he magnet i ze d sur f acel etone( 1) .Exampl esofmagnet i cmedi a,i ncl udes:

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C TAPE: As t i . MAGBETI he book, i nt r oduct i on t o comput eramanagementt oolbyAbdul ahi ,( 2004)s t at es t hata magnet i c mat er i aldeposi t ed i n gr ai ns,each of  whi c h may magne t i z ed i n one of t he t wo poss i bl e di r e c t i o ns .T oe ac ho ft hedi r e c t i o nst hes i g ni fic anc eO o r Ii s at t ac hed whi c h means t hatdat ac an be wr i t t e n, st or ed and r ead on t ot ape” .The conce ptofmagne t i c t ape i s si mi l ari n many wayst ol ar ge audi ot apesand t ape r ec or ded.Dat a can be wr i t t en on magne t i ct ape, al ongt hel engt h oft het ape( i . e.t hedat abeout put t ed f r om t he CPU and wr i t t en on t ot ape when may be l oadedupont oan onl i nemagne t i cape,t het apemov es ac r oss a READ / WRI TE head f r om one r e e lon t o anot her ”magne t i ct ape i s basi cal l y use d as back up s t or a gede vi c es . i i . MAGNETI s consi stofa flatci r cul ardesk, C DI SK:Thi t hedi skcove r edonbot hdi skswi t hamagnet i cmat er i al .

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 Ac cor di ng t o Abudul ahi ( 2004) ” Dat ai s he l d on a numberdat ai sr ead f r om wr i t t en t oi tby r ot at i ng t he di sk passmemor yont oi t ,orc an r ead dat af r om i tf or i nput t ot he CUP’ s memor y” . The mec hani s m t hat c aus e st hedi s kt or o t at ei sc al l e dadi s kdr i v e .Thedat a on a di sk i sl ocat ed by i t s se ct oras eac ht r ack and se ct or has a uni que i dent i ficat i on number ” . Di sk f or mat t i ng es t abl i she d t r ac k and sec t or number r e f e r e nc es . i i i . FLOPPY DI   Al t houghmi cr ocomput er swi l lof t enhave SK: ahar d di skdr i ve ,t heywi l lal sohaveoneorhasfloppy means ofonl i ne s t or age f orsmal lbusi nes s comput er sy st ems.A floppydi skcoal edi n magne t i cmat er i aland hel di n at hi n casi ng when i ti si nser t ed i nt ot hedi sk dr i v eo nt hes l o ti nt hec o mput e r sc abi ne t .I ti sr o t at e d i n at ur nt abl e.They ar e use di nt he smal l es tmi cr o co mput ersy s t e msaswe l laswi t h mi cr oc omput er sand

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ar e par t i cul ar l y us ef ul i n pr ov i di ng a means of de c ent r al i z e dpr oc e ss i ng . i v . e nc h,Wi nc hes t er  WI NCHESTER DI SK:AsdefinedbyFr di skar esmal lhar ddi skt hati sdevel opedf ort heusei n mi cr ocomput er s.I t has advant age s of mor es t or age c apac i t y ,q ui c ke ra c ce s s ,t husr e duc i ngwai t i ngt i mef o r t heus e randg r e at e rme c hani c alr e l i abi l i t y .

DER:Thi  v . CASSETE/CATERI si s si mi l ar t ot he home dev i ce s ofwhi c h dat a can be key ed i nj us tas i nt he ot herdat ar ecodi ng ot her¼ t o½ ( i nches) .A cart i l age hasbet ween2t o8st or ageont hehi ghdensi t ymake. Ot hermagne t i cmedi at hatwi t hmachi ner yar et headvance s s t r i p c ar ds, smar t car ds e t c due t o t ec hnol og i c al adv anc ement ,t hat ar e be i ng made t o pr oduce mor e sophi st i cat edmagnet i cmedi a.

4. OPTI CALDI SK UNI T

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Opt i cal t ec hnol ogy has bee n i nt r oduce d i nt o co mput er sy s t emsand i snow bei nguse df ordat as t or age.I tcan be us e d asbac k up,g e ne r alpur po s er e t r i e v al .I ti ss i mi l art o t he compactdi sk use df oraudi or eadi ng.Ther e ar et hr ee  bas i ct ype sofopt i calnamel yCDRom,WORM andmagne t i c di sk.Al loft hem usel aser st owr i t eorr ead dat aand t hey pr ovi deameansofst ori ngveryl ar gevol umesofdat a. i .

CDROM ( COMPACT DI SK ROAD ONLY MEMORY) :  Thes e de vi ce s wor k on e xact l yt he same pr i nci pl e as t hatuse df ort he dome s t i c audi oc ompactdi s k( CD)  whi c h has became so popul ar i nr ec enty ear s as a r epl ace me nt f or t he vi ng I LP r ead so me uni t s ar e manuf act ur e d dualus e bot hf orpl ay i ng CDs,wr i t e CDsacc es si ngdat aCDs.Thedev i ce sar eonl yabl et o r ead backpr er ec adedsound ordat abyusi nga l aser atl oweri nt ensi t y and det echi ng t he pat t er n ofl i ght

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r eflect edf r om i t sbeenbyt hesur f aceoft hedi skast he CD r ot at esonat ur nt abl e. i i . WORM

onc e Read MANY: The se i s si mi l ar i n

appear ancet o a fixe d dev i cemagne t i c di sk uni tbut dat ai swr i t t en i nt ot hedi sk by bur ni nga per manent par t pr ec i si on l ase r beam. The r eadi ng of dat ai s conduct edt hesamewayast hatuse df oraCD i . e.i s r ead back by usi ng t he l aseratl oweri nt ensi t y and de t e c t i ngt hepat t e r no fl i g htr e fle c t e df r o mi t sbe am by t hesur f ac eoft hedi s kati tr o t at e so nat ur nt abl e . i i i . MAGNETOe ar e opt i cal r eOPTI CAL DI SKs: Thes  wr i t abl edi skwor kon s i mi l arpr i nc i pl e s.The yar eal so known as er asabl e sand wi c he d bet wee nt wo pl as t i c di sks.Thear eat obeal l owed i sheat ed byal aserand t hen i t s magnet i c change i sr eser ved i . e.a st at ei n  whi c hi tr e mai nswhe nc ool ed.

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2. 10 FI LE AND SYSTEM SECURI TY Sys t em and fil e se cur i t yi s bec omi ng an i ncr eas es si mpl y i mport antand ur genti ssue.Asa wi t nesst ot hi s,consi der t he pr es ent day c onc er n ov er comput er v i r us whi c h i f i nt r oduced i nt o comput ersys t ems,havet heabi l i t yt or ead and/ordes t r oyunpr ot ec t eddat a.I ndee danumberofsuc h uni t sat t ac ksha v er e c e nt l yr e c e i v e dnat i onwi deat t e nt i on. Comput er se cur i t yi s an encompass i ng t er m.I ti ncl udes manyass e t sofpr ot ec t i ngacomput eroracomput ersy st em. Secur i t yi ssuesi ncl udessyst em accessbyaut hori z eduser s orpr ogr amsandl i mi t at i on offil eaccesst ol i mi t eduser sor gr oups offil es .We ar e concer n her e pr i mar i l y wi t ht he c o nt r o lo fac c e s st ofil e s .A s t andar dt e c hni q ueo fpr o t e c t i ng acc es st o fil esi fby me ans ofPERMI SSI ONS.Ev e r y fil ei s ass oci at eswi t h ase tofREAD and WRI TE per mi ss i on bi t s. I nf ac tt he r ear et hr e es e t so fs uc h pe r mi s s i o n bi t sf o re ac h fil e .Onese tf o rt heo wne ro fafil e ,onese tf o ral lo t he rg r o up

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associ at ed wi t ht he fil e and a finalsetf oral lot hergr oup associ at edwi t ht hefil eandafinalsetf oral lot heruser sof t he sy s t e m. Thi s me t hod i s c ommonl y use d i n UNI X oper at i ngsyst em.A fil eownercont r ol st hesetf oral lot her user soft hesyst em.Afil eownercont r ol st hest at esoft hese per mi ssi on bi t s.Thus,afil eowner ,maypr eventot her sf r om r eadi ng orwr i t i ng a fil e by se t t i ng READ,WRI TE bi t sf or gr oup member s and f or al lo t her s ys t em us er st o an unal l aned st at e.Conver sel y ,t hefil eownermi ghtal l ow t he sy s t em use r st ot alacc es st o a fil e se t t i ng t he READ and  WRI TE bi t sassoci at edwi t hal luser s .  A me t hod f or admi ni s t e r i ng se r v i ce ac c ess t o fil e s ofa comput erkey ,andpasswor ds. i .AUTHENTI si s any pr oc e ss by whi c hy ou   CATI ON:Thi  v er i f yt hat s omeone i s who t he yc hai nt he y ar e.Thi s us ual l yi nv ol v es a us er name and a pass wor d butcan i ncl udeanyot hermet hodofdemonst r at i ngi dent i t y ,such

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ass mar tc ar d,r at i c ac ar d,v o i c er e c og ni t i on,fing e rpr i nt s orpasswor ds.An t hent i cat i on i s equi val entt o showi ng  y ourdr i v er sl i cens eatt het i c ke tcount eratt heai r pat .

 A ZATI ON:Thi i i . UTHORI si s findi ng out oft he pr es ence once i dent i fied i s per mi t t ed t o have r esour ce.Thi si s usual l ydet er mi nedbyfindi ngouti ft hatper son i sapart of or has a par t i cul ar l ev el of se cur i t y cl ear ance .  Aut hor i z at i oni sequi v al entt oc hec ki ngt hegue s tl i s tatan excl usi vepar t yorchecki ngf oryourt i cketwhenyou got o oper abr owser .

ENCRYPTED KEY:Thes i i i . e ar e mat hemat i calal gor i t hms t hatar e used t o sec ur et o confident i ali nf or mat i on and  v er i f yt he aut hent i c at i ng of t he peopl es endi ng and r ecei vi ngcr eat edt omakesur et hatsecuri t yrequi r ement s ar et akeni nt oaccount . i v . 

  Thes ear eusedt oacce sscont r olmor e PASSWORDS:

t han anyot hert ypeofsol ut i on becauset heyar eeasyt o

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i mpl ementand ar e ext r emel y ve r sat i l e.on i nf or mat i on t ec hnol og y sy s t em, pass wor ds c an be us ed t o wr i t e pr ot ectdocument s,fil es,di r ect orsand t oal l ow accesst o sy st emsandr es our ce s.

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CHAPTER THREE SYSTEM ANALYSI SAND DESI GN 3. 0 I NTRODUCTI ON  Thel e xi c onuni v er s alenc y c l ope di adefineds ys t em asase tof co nce pt or spec i alme t hod or pr oc edur et hat mus t wor k t o ge t he rt ope r f o r m apar t i c ul arf unc t i o n.I ti st heme t ho do f de t er mi ni nghow bes tt ousec omput er sandot herr es our ce s t o per f or m t asks whi c h mee tt he i nf or mat i on nee ds ofan or g ani z a t i on.Al t e r nat i v e l ys y s t e mi san e nt i t ywhi c hc ons i s t of i ndependent wor k f or ce put t og e t her t o ac hi e v e a par t i c ul arobj e ct i v e.  The e xams and r ecor ds de par t ment of t he f e der al pol yt echni cNekedei sasyst em,hencei t ’ sneedanal ysi sand des i gn duet ot heconst r ai n and se tbacksenhance menti n t hi s sys t em.I nt hi sr egar ds,cont r olhas t o be exc eeded  bec auseunpr edi c t abl edi s t ur banc emyar i sesandendert he syst em.

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Sys t em anal ys i sand des i gn ar est agesi nt hepr oce ssof dri venmet hodol ogySDLC ( syst em devel opmentl i f eci r cl e)i n  whi c h f act s ar e obt ai ned about t he wor ki ng me t hods  bot t l e nec ksand i neffic i ency .Theme t hodol ogywi l le v i dent l y c hanget heexi s t i ngsy s t em i nt o a ne w sy s t em t hr ough t he s t a g e s .

BRI EF HI STORY/DECRI PTI ON OF THE CASE STUDY  Thef ede r alpol yt e c hni cNekede,Ower r iwase s t abl i s hed as t he col l egeoft ec hnol ogy Ower r iby Edei tNo.16 dat ed 1st  Apr i l1978.I twasr ename d.THE POLYTECHNI C byt heI mo St at e gov er nment .The i nst i t ut i on was t aken ov erby t he f eder algov er nmenti n Apr i l1993 and now gov er nedbyt he f e de r a lpo l y t e c hni cAc tt ope r f or mt hef ol l o wi ngf unc t i ons . 1. To pr ovi def ul lt i meorpartt i mecour sesofi nst i t ut i on andt r ai ni ng 2. I n

t ec hnol ogy , appl i ed

sci ence , commer ce and

manag ement i n suc h ot he r fiel ds ofappl i ed bear i ng

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r el evantt ot he deve l opmentofNi ger i ai nt he are as of i ndus t r i aland Ag r i c ul t ur alpr o duc t i o n and di s t r i but i o n f or r e s ear c h i n t he dev el opme nt and adapt at i on of t e c hni ques as t he counci l may f r om t i me t o t i me de t er mi ne t o arr angeconf er ence s,se mi nar s and s t udy gr oupsr e l at i v et ot hefie l dsofl e ar ni ng .  The i ns t i t ut i on i sl ocat ed i n Ne ke de aboutfiv e ki l ome t e r s f r om t he me t r opol i t an capi t al ofI mo St at e Ower r i .The campusc ompr i se ss ome138hec t ar esofl and.

ORGANI ZATI ONALCHART KEY

DSA–Di v i s i o no fs t ude ntaffai r s I DC –I ndus t r i alPr ac t i c ec e nt r e DWS–Wor ksDi vi si on RI D – Rese ar c h & Dev el opment uni t DHMS –Di vi si on ofme di c i nal& TEDC he al t h CD –Cent r alAdmi ni s t r at i on SSP–Juni ors t affper sonnel

–

Tec hnol ogi cal

Ent r epr eneur shi p De v e l opmentce nt er

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 JSP–Juni orSt affper sonal  ADMS–Admi s si on REE/STAT–Rec or ds& St at i s t i cs CENTSTO –Cent r als t or es  ADV–Adv anc es BB –Bi l l sandBudge t ary MAI NACE–Mai nac count Col lDi v–Col l e c t i onDi v i s i on M & E–Moni t or i ng& Er adi at i on MI S

UNI T

–

Manage me nt

i nf ormat i onsyst em uni t  AEC –Admi ss i on& Exami nat i on MHS–Medi cal& heal t hse r vi ce s  AMC – Audi t or i um manage ment commi t t ee EF & AL Ext er nal f undi ng & Ne go t i at i on

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EPC –Educat i onalport alcent er

 ANALYSI SOFTHE SYSTEM  Thi ss ys t em was anal yz ed usi ng t he appr oac hes i nt he met hodol ogyofmoder n sys t em anal ysi s.Met hodol ogyi st he pr ocedur es,t echni ques,t ool sanddocument at i onai dswhi ch  wi l lhel ps ys t em de v el ope r si nt hei re ffor tt oi mpl e menta new i nf or mat i on sys t em. Thor ough i nve st i gat i on exe r ci se  wascar r i e d outt o underc ov ert he pr obl emsaffec t i ng t he exc i si ngsys t em and possi bl esugges t ed sol ut i on t o combat t hepr obl emsaffect i ngt hesy st em.  Themaj orpr obl em ar easobs er v ed wi t ht hepr e sentsys t e m i nc l ude : a) I nf ormat i onr et r i evalpr ocessi sdi fficul tt ounder go  b) Gat he r i ng/col l ect i onofs t udent si nf or mat i on( bot hpas t andpr ese nt )i st i meconsumi ng

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c) The r ei s al way s a pr obl e m ofdat al os s as a r es ul tof i mpr operst orage. d) I nf or mat i on’ s ke pt i n paper fil es ar e e xpose d t o dest r uct i onbyr odent sandant s e) Lackofadequat esecur i t yofi nf ormat i onkepti ncabi net f ) I mpr operfil ei ndexi nge t c.  Af t er t hor ough i nv es t i gat i on of t he pr es ent manage ment syst em,i t s bot t l e neck,i t s costi neffect i veness and ot her pr obl ems.Iam oft heopi ni ont hatanew sys t em bedesi gned  whi c hwi l lai m at : a) Reduci ng t he st r essofdat ai nf or mat i on col l ect i on and updat i ng.  b) El i mi nat i ng l os s ofi nf or mat i on as t he i nf or mat i on wi l l  bes t or ed i nt hecomput ersys t em and al ac k –up copy made . c) Ensur i ngeasyr et r i evalofst udent ’ sr ecor d usi nga ver y fie l dt oac c e s ss uc hr e c o r dsora nyot he rc r i t e r i a.

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d) Educat i onofdat ai nconsi st enci es e) Ensur i ng max i mum dat a se cur i t y wi t h t he use of passwor d asonl yaut hor i z ed per son wi l lhaveacc esst o t hesy st em.

DATA COLLECTI ON  Thi si st he r e s ear c h me t hodol ogy t hathel pr e sear c he r st o g at he rs o ur c e sofi nf o r mat i o nt hatwi l lhe l pbui l di ngt hene w sys t em.Someoft hemodeofdat acol l ect i oni ncl udes: a.I nt e r v i e w  b.Obse r v at i on

 T si sa me t hod t hr ough whi c ha a. I nt er vi ew met hod : hi r ese ar cherge t si n cont actwi t ht her es pondentf r om whom t hei nf or mat i on i st obeobt ai nedand r ecadst hefir sthand i nf ormat i on.Someoft hest aff coul dnotgi vet heopport uni t y of moni t or i ng t he way t he y wor k as t he y se ei t as a

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di st r act i on so t hey dec i ded t o gr antme an i nt er vi ew and f r om any di s c ussi on wi t ht he m,Iwas l ed i nt o a mor e under s t andi ng oft he oper at i ons oft he exams and r ec ads depart mentoft hepol yt echni c.

s i s a me t hod i nt e nded  b. Obser vat i on met hod: Thi confir mat i on ofanswerobt ai ned t hr ough i nve st i gat i on and concl usi on dr awn f r om t he oper at i onal act i vi t i es of t he depar t ment .Iobse r ve dt hewayt hewor ker s/depar t ment al s t aff car r i e d out t hei rv ar i ous t asks and al so what i s happeni ng i nt he depar t ment .Idi scov er ed al so how of t en st aff arebei ngi nt er r upt ed,i nt hei rwor k,t hepr essur et hey arewor ki ngunderandt hei rat t i t udet owor k.

SAMPLE SYSTEM FLOWCHART FOR FI LE UPDATI NG DATA ANALYSI STECHNI QUE I n anal yz i ng t he pr oces si ng oft extfil e,each documenti s st or edi nt hecomput eri ndi vi dual l ybyt henamei n whati s 57

cal l ed a FI LE.Many docume nt s fil es t ake t he f or m ofa f ormat t ed sequence ofc haract er s,i nt hei rsi mpl estf orm, suc h fil es ar e cal l ed t ext fil es bec ause t hey consi s t of pr i nt abl ec har ac t e r s . Howe v er ,i ti s al mos ti mposs i bl e t o ge tt he f e e t of admi ni s t r at i v e dat a pr oc es si n a c omme r ci al or home envi r onment .When you ar el ooki ng att he admi ni st r at i ve dat apr ocessi ng,whenyou arel ooki ngatt headmi ni st r at i ve dat apr o ce s s i ng ,t hef o l l o wi ngshoul dber e al i z e d. 1. Theme t hodofdat ai nputi sdi ffer ent 2. Theme t hodofupdat i ngfil esi sdi ffer ent 3. Fi l esar eupdat edf r equent l yduet oc hange si n dynami c meads 4. Spec i al l yt r endedst aff ar eempl oy edt opr epar edat af or comput erout putandt ohandl et hr ough putj obsi nt he co mput er .

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Consi derf orexampl est udent sdat abasemast erfil esuchfil e mayr equi r eupdat i ngev er ydaysi nces omest udent scomes f o r mi s s pe l l i ng o fname s wr o ng i ni t i al ,wr o ng r e g i s t r at i o n numberet c.Due t ot hi s fiat s,t he s t udent sr ec or ds wi l l under go updat i ng effe ct s uc h c hange st hat wi l l ai d i n comput i ngt hecor r ec ts t udentdat abase .Theme t hod use d t o updat ea mast erfil ei st o makesmal lfil econt ai ni ngal l t he amendme nt s gener at ed dur i ng a waki ng day and t o updat et hemast erfil eatt heendoft heday .

SAMPLE SYSTEM FLOWCHART FOR FI LE UPDATI NG

Transaction

Old

file

master file

UPDT!

 New master file

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I nt headmi ni s t r at i v es e ct or ,s e par at efil e swi l lbeamodef o r hol di ng de t ai l s of new pol i ci es , amended pol i ci es and de t e c t e dpo l i c i e s .Suc hfil e sar ekno wnast r ans ac t i o n fil e .( i t i sal socal l edmovementfil e) .Assoonast heyhavebeenused t oupdat et hemast erfil e,t heyar eer ased.

PROBLEM DEFI NI TI ON  Thepr obl e m defini t i on i n fil eshar i ngand ac c es sc ont r oli s  bas eduponfil epr oce ssi ngpr ocedur es .Thes t r uc t ur eofany oper at i ng dat a sy st em i s based upon dat a el ement s( I . e.

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c r e a t i ng ,updat i ng ,s at i ng ,addi ng orde l e t i ng r e c or dsf r o m fil ee t c ). Touset hecomput eri ti sal waysneces saryt ogetdat a i nt oi t .I n manycases,when t heamountofdat ai sl ar ge,a comput erfil eorf ol derhas t obeopened t o st or et hedat a. Usi ngfil ehandi ngt ec hni ques ,t hes amedat a can be us ed ove randoveragai normodi fied.

SYSTEM DESI GN Desi gni nvol vessynt hesi swhi chi st hechoosi ngandput t i ng t og e t he rc omponent sand how t he y ar eoper at e dt of or m a sy s t e m.The s ys t em des i gn use d on t hi s wor ki s modul ar appr oac ht o pr ogr ammi ng whi c hi st hemoder ns t r uc t ur e d desi gn.Themoder n st r uct ur eddesi gn i sapr ocessori ent ed t echni quef orbr eaki ngup al arg epr ogram i nt oahi er arc hy

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ofmodul est hatr esul ti n acomput erpr ogram t hati seasi er t oi mpl ementand mai nt ai n.Thepur poseoft hi st ask i st o pr epar et echni caldesi gn speci ficat i onsf ora dat abase t hat  wi l lbeadapt abl ef orf ut ur er e qui r eme nt sand e xpans i on i n t headmi ni st r at i vedepart ment s.

SYSTEM STRUCTURE I n co mput er s ci e nce and i nf or mat i on s ci e nce ,s ys t em s t r uct ur e al so means t he co nnec t i ons of v ar i ous subco mpone nt st hat i nt er c hang ei nf or mat i on t hr ough s ome channel or pr oce ss es i n or der t of aci l i t at et he flow of i nf or mat i o ns e c ur e l y . Thesys t em st r uct ur eoft hecomput er i ze dfil eshari ngand accesscont r olsys t em i sbased on fivet abl es.Theset abl es de fine st her o l e s( ac c e s sr i g ht ) , us e r sandappl i c at i o n fil e s . Oneormor er ol l escan beappl i edt oeac h use randt oeac h appl i c at i onfil e .Them-r o l et abl ede fine sal lt her o l e sf ort he

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sys t em. The mappl i cat i on r ol es t abl es defines t he r ol es as s oc i at e dwi t he ac happl i c at i o n.  The m-us er -r ol es t abl e de fines t he r ol e s ass oc i at e d wi t h eachuser . Use r soft hesys t em ar edefined i nt hem-use rt abl e.An admi ni st r at orc ol umni nt hem-usert abl eser vesasaflagt o i dent i f y whet herornott he useri s an admi ni st r at or s can acce sst hem-r ol esandm-use r st abl es ,and conse quent l y addr ol esand us er st ot hesy s t e m ormakechange s.Themappl i cat i on t abl e cont ai ns i nf or mat i on about al lt he appl i cat i onsandURLs( pat h)t hatconst i t ut et hesyst em.

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  SYSTEM SPECI FI CATI ON  TheComput er i z e dFi l eshar i ngandac ce sscont r olsy s t em i s  bas ed on i nt r ane tappl i cat i on/s of t war e .I tc an beac ces sed ce nt r al l yt hr ough any ne t wor kt hat i s connec t ed t ot he s e r v e rho s t i ngt heappl i c at i o n.Thi she l pst oe ns ur et hatal l fil e acc e ss and co nt r oli s manage at one poi nt t he r eby r educi ngdat ar edundancyand al sol i mi tunaut hor i z ed fil e access.

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The appl i cat i on i s powe r ed by Wamp s er v e r and suppor t edbyMysqldat abase.Theappl i cat i onwasdev el oped i nphp.

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CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM I MPLEMENTATI ON AND DOCUMENTATI ON 4. 0 I NTRODUCTI ON Sys t e m

i mpl e ment at i on i ncl udes har dwar e acq ui s i t i on,

s of t war ei ns t al l at i on and t e s t i ng o ft hes y s t e m.I tr e f e r st o t he act i vi t i es t hatt ake pl ace as t he new comput erbased sy s t em t akes ov erf r om t he manualfil l i ng sy s t em.Dur i ng i mpl ement at i oncaref ulpl anar esetpt oensur et hatt hatt he new sys t em oper at es qui t e smoot hl y .I t equal l yi nvol ve s t r ai ni ngs t affpr o pe r l yt of o l l o wt hene w pr o c edur e s .

CODI NG  Thecodi ngoft hede si gni st hehi ghes tl e v e lofde t ai l sonany sof t war e dev el opment .The codi ng i s achi ev ed usi ng php pr ogr ammi ngl anguageandmys qIdat abase .

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 TEST RUNNI NG Thi sdefinest her equi r ement swhi cht hesof t war eshoul d mee t as i ti s pr ogr ess i ve l y i nt egr at ed i nt o a compl et e package.Thet est i ngpr ocessi sconcer nedwi t h pr ovi ngt hat t he package pr oduces cor r ectand expect ed r esul tf oral l poss i bl e i nput dat a. Uni tt es t i ng and v er i ficat i on was per f or med by al lmodul esand pr oc e dur est o ensur et hat i nf or mat i on pr oper l y flows i nt o and outoft he modul e or pr ocedur e undert es t .Thi si s usual l y done by t he sys t em anal ystt oascer t ai nt hati tcor r espondswi t ht hel ai d darn r equi r ementandspeci ficat i onoft hesyst em.Thi si sachi eved usi ngdat aspeci menpr ovi dedei t herf r om t heol dsys t em or gener at edt estdat apr ovi dedbyt hesyst em anal yst .

I NSTALLATI ON PROCEDUREAND DOCUMENTATI ON

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 Thei ns t al l at i on i squi t es i mpl e .I ns t al lt hewamps e r v e rand configur et hedat abase

CHANGEOVER METHOD I n consi der i nga sui t abl emet hod ofchangeove rdef er ent f ac t o r sha v et obeputi nt oc ons i de r at i o n.Oneofs uc hf ac t o r i st he costeffect i veness oft he i mpl ement at i on.Si nce t he i mpl ement at i on t oavoi d col l apsei nt henew sys t em,whi ch mi ghtl oadt owast eoffinance. Ther e ar e di ffer entme t hod,par al l elme t hod and phas edme t hod.

s me t hod i s used when a new DI RECT METHOD: Thi sy s t em i si nt r oduce d wi t hout any r ef er ence t ot he ol d sys t em.Thi shappensi n acasewher et her ei snosi mi l ari t y  be t wee nt he ol d sys t em and t he ne w sys t e m orwhen t he

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or gani z at i on cannotcopywi t ht heexpensesofr unni ngbot h t heol dandt henew sy s t em.

4. 5 TRANI NI NG OFOPERATORS/STAFF  Thei nt r oduct i on oft hene w sy s t e m wi l lde fini t el yaffec tt he al r e adye xi s t i ngs y s t e m us e di nt hee s t abl i s hme nt .The r e f o r e  bef or eanyne ws ys t em i si ns t al l e d,s t aff e speci al l yt hosei n t hedepar t mentt hatwoul dmani pul at et hesys t em nee dst o  be t r ai ne d on t he manag ementand us age oft he sy s t e m.  Thi sc oul d be ac hi e v ed t hr ough or gani z e d i ns t r uc t i onal cl asse swher eexper t soft henew sy st em woul d expl ai nt he  v ar i ous t ec hni que si nv ol v e di n oper at i ng t he ne w sys t em. Someol dst aff whomayhavean i deaoft hef easi bi l i t yst udy pr ocessand desi gn st ages carr i ed outear l i erwi l lhavebe f ur t hert r ai nedon how t ohandl et henew sys t em.Thi sst ep i s nec e ss ar y as no co mput er base ds ys t em i sl i kel yt o

69

f unct i on effect i ve l y unl esst her ei s adequat e knowl edge of t hev al ueoft hes y s t e m,i tus e sandl i mi t at i ons .  A sys t em anal ys ti n mos tc ase swoul d bene ede dt oensur e t hatal lper sonsi nvol vedwi t ht henew sys t em arecompet ent enough t omakei tan oper at i onalaccompl i shment .Al sot he coope r at i on bet we en t he s t aff and t he anal ys t mus t be c or di alf ort hes y st e mt obehi g hl yut i l i z e d.

4. 6 SYSTEM MAI NTENANCE Sys t e m mai nt enanc ei ss i mpl yc hanges made t ot he ne w sys t e m. Ther e may be c hanges i n t he f ut ur e on t he comput er i zedfil eshari ngandaccesscont r olsyst em Enhancementandcor r ect i vechangesi snece ssar yf ort heup kee poft hesy s t em.Whent hes echange sar edocument ed,i t  wi l lhe l p anypr ogr ammet hatwi l lf ur t heri nf ut ur eame nd t hesof t war et ounder st andt hepr ogr am.

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CHAPTER FI VE

SUMMARY  Themaj orr eason whyacomput eri se mpl oy e di nt ov ar i ous act i vi t i es i st o sol ve pr obl em,whet hersi mpl e orcompl ex.  Thecomput ersol v e spr obl em when i ti spr ogr amme dt odo so. Howe v er ,t heempl oy mentofco mput eri nt ot heexamsand r ec or ds depar t ment of f eder al pol yt ec hni c Neke de wi l l enhance s and i mpr ov es t he admi ni s t r at i v ef unct i on and qual i t i es of wor k.Pr i or t ot hi sf act ,t hi s wi l lhel pt he depar t mentt o hav ea f easi bl esys t em and mai nt ai n a ve r y effect i veandeffici entfil esys t em andaccesscont r ol .

RECOMMENDATI ON  The f ol l owi ng r ecomme ndat i ons ar e nec ess ar yf ore ffect i v e oper at i onofexamsandr ecor ds:

71

a) Feder alpol yt ec hni cNekedeshoul dequi pt hei rcomput er r oo m

wi t h ai r condi t i oner t o enhance e ffec t i v e

per f or manceoft hecomput ersy st em.  b) Thes ys t em i sr ec ommende df oranyi nf or mat i on sys t em t hatshoul dwantt ogocomput er i z ed c) St aff t o handl e t he sy s t e m shoul d unde r go s ome ext ensi vet r ai ni ngt omakef oreffici encyand l et t erwor k pe r f o r manc es oast oc apt ur et hef ac i l i t i e spr o v i de df o r  byt hesy s t em t oac hi e v edes i r e dpur pose s . d) Ther eshoul dbeadat abaseadmi ni s t r at orwhowi l lov er se eal lt hesys t emsand makesur eacc es si sdeni ed t o unaut hor i z eduser .

CONCLUSI ON  Thi spr oj e ctwor kt ook al otoft i met ovi sual i z eande xpl or e t he c onc ept of r e cor d keepi ng.Not onl y do e xams and r ecor dsdepart mental l ow f ort hecol l ect i onofvastamountof

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st udent sdat a,t heywor kf or ce.Wher ei nt hepast ,st udent s r ecadshadt obemanual l ypr ocessedf orfil l i ngandanal ysi s. I tcan beent er edqui ckl yandeasi l yi nt oacomput ersyst em  whi c h al l owsf orf as t erdec i si on maki ngandqui c ke rr e fle xe s f o rf e de r alpo l y t e c hni cNe ke deasawho l e .

BI BLI OGRAPHY  Abdul ahi ,J. I( 2004) ,I nt r oduct i ont oComput era ManagementToolNi ger i a:Vi ct ory Publ i s he r s .

 Abdul ahi ,J. I( 2001)I nt r oduc t i on t oComput erSt udi esand Basi cPr ogr ammi ng:Mant l ePubl i sher s.

Fr enchCS,( 1972) ;Comput erSci ence ,4th  Edi t i on,London: DPPubl i cat i onLt d.

Mi l l s,A. P( 1984)Comput erI nf ormat i onSyst em Dev el opment :Anal ys i sandDes i gn,Sout h–  Wes t er nPubl i shi ngCo,USA.

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