DESERTATION

1

A DISSERTATION PROJECT REPORT ON

“EFFECT OF NON PERFORMING ASSETS IN BANKS” A dissertation project report submitted to Accurate Business School,

Greater Noida as mandatory part of PGDM course.

Submitted ToBhuvaneshwari mam

Submitted bySonam kumari ABSDM1113127

Batch 2011-2013 ACCURATE BUSINESS SCHOOL 49, Knowledge Park – III, Greater Noida-201306 ACCURATE BUSINESS SCHOOL

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CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project titled ” EFFECT OF NON PERFORMING submitted by Ms. SONAM KUMARI ASSESTS IN BANKS ” submitted KUMARI bearing ROLL NO. ABSDM1113127 in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Post Graduate Graduate Diploma in Management Management ( PGDM) and her work is original and under my guidance and supervision. This work has not been submitted anywhere else for any other degree/diploma as per my best of knowledge.

DATE :

PROF. BHUVANESHWARI MAM

ACCURATE BUSINESS SCHOOL

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Executive Summary A project has been prepared under the title of ‘Non Performing Assets in banks’. First of all the information regarding the banking industry is given. In that various various facts regarding regarding the bank industry is being provided. Also the various various types of non performing assets. The brief introduction of non performing assets is given. In this the definition, various benefits, objective, limitation etc. are mentioned. Then a analysis of data is made. Then the objective of doing the project is mentioned. After that analysis comes. At the last me find Conclusion & Suggestion. Then comes “facts and finding” part. In this part first of all the details about the non performing assets by me is given. Then a comparison is made among the three companies selected by me on various parameters.


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S.NO. 1

TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER NAME INTRODUCTION BANKS NON PERFORMING ASSESTS RELATION WITH BANKS AND NPA

PAGE NO. 4-49 4-22 23-39 40-49

2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH OBJECTIVE LIMITATIONS

51-56 51-52 53-54 56

3

DATA ANALYSIS

57-83

4

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

83-86

BIBILIOGRAPHY


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CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION OF BANKING INDUSTRY


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DEFINITION OF BANK “An organization, usually a corporation, chartered by a state or federal government, which does most or all of the following: receives demand deposits and time deposits, honors instruments drawn on them, and pays interest on them; discounts notes, makes loans, and invests in securities; collects checks, drafts, and notes; certifies depositor's checks; and issues drafts and cashier's checks.”

DEFINITION OF BANKING In general terms, “The business activity of accepting and safeguarding money owned by other individuals and entities, and then lending out this money in order to earn a profit” So we can say that Banking is a company, which transacts the business of banking. The Banking Regulations Acts defines the business as banking by stating the essential function of a banker. The term banking is defined as “Accepting for the purpose of leading or investment, deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawal by cheque, draft, order or otherwise.”


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HISTORY OF BANKING IN INDIA Without a sound and effective banking system in India it cannot have a healthy economy. The banking system of India should not only be hassle free but it should be able to meet new challenges posed by the technology and any other external and internal factors. For the past three decades India's banking system has several outstanding achievements to its credit. The most striking is its extensive reach. It is no longer confined to only metropolitans or cosmopolitans in India. In fact, Indian banking system has reached even to the remote corners of the country. This is one of the main reasons of India's growth process. The government's regular policy for Indian bank since 1969 has paid rich dividends with the nationalization of 14 major private banks of India. Not long ago, an account holder had to wait for hours at the bank counters for getting a draft or for withdrawing his own money. Today, he has a choice. Gone are days when the most efficient bank transferred money from one branch to other in two days. Now it is simple as instant messaging or dials a pizza. Money has become the order of the day. The first bank in India, though conservative, was established in 1786. From 1786 till today, the journey of Indian Banking System can be segregated into three distinct phases. They are as mentioned below: ©. Early phase from 1786 to 1969 of Indian Banks ©.Nationalization of Indian Banks and up to 1991 prior to Indian banking sector Reforms


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8 ©. New phase of Indian Banking System with the advent of Indian Financial & Banking Sector Reforms after 1991To make this write-up more explanatory, we divide scenario in Phase I, Phase II and Phase III

PHASE I The General Bank of India was set up in the year 1786. Next were Bank of Hindustan and Bengal Bank. The East India Company established Bank of Bengal (1809), Bank of Bombay (1840) and Bank of Madras (1843) as independent units and called it Presidency Banks. These three banks were amalgamated in 1920 and Imperial Bank of India was established which started as private shareholders banks, mostly Europeans shareholders. In 1865 Allahabad Bank was established and first time exclusively by Indians, Punjab National Bank Ltd. was set up in 1894 with headquarters at Lahore. Between 1906 and 1913, Bank of India, Central Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank, Indian Bank, and Bank of Mysore were set up. Reserve Bank of India came in 1935. During the first phase the growth was very slow and banks also experienced periodic failures between 1913 and 1948. There were approximately 1100 banks, mostly small. To streamline the functioning and activities of commercial banks, the Government of India came up with The Banking Companies Act, 1949 which was later changed to Banking Regulation Act 1949 as per amending Act of 1965 (Act No. 23 of 1965). Reserve Bank of India was vested with extensive powers for the supervision of banking in India as the Central Banking Authority.

PHASE II Government took major steps in this Indian Banking Sector Reform after independence. In 1955, it nationalized Imperial Bank of India with extensive banking facilities on a large scale especially in rural and semi-urban


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9 areas. It formed State Bank of India to act as the principal agent of RBI and to handle banking transactions of the Union and State Governments all over the country. Seven banks forming subsidiary of State Bank of India was nationalized in 1960 on 19th July, 1969, major process of nationalization was carried out. It was the effort of the then City Minister of India, Mrs. Indira Gandhi. 14 major commercial banks in the country were nationalized. Second phase of nationalization Indian Banking Sector Reform was carried out in 1980 with seven more banks. This step brought 80% of the banking segment in India under Government ownership. The following are the steps taken by the Government of India to Regulate Banking Institutions in the Country: ©. 1949: Enactment of Banking Regulation Act. ©. 1955: Nationalization of State Bank of India. ©. 1959: Nationalization of SBI subsidiaries. ©. 1961: Insurance cover extended to deposits. ©. 1969: Nationalization of 14 major banks. ©. 1971: Creation of credit guarantee corporation. ©. 1975: Creation of regional rural banks. ©. 1980: Nationalization of seven banks with deposits over 200 crore. Banking in the sunshine of Government ownership gave the public implicit faith and immense confidence about the sustainability of these institutions.


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PHASE III This phase has introduced many more products and facilities in the banking sector in its reforms measure. In 1991, under the chairmanship of M Narasimham, a committee was set up by his name which worked for the liberalization of banking practices. The country is flooded with foreign banks and their ATM stations. Efforts are being put to give a satisfactory service to customers. Phone banking and net banking is introduced. The entire system became more convenient and swift. Time is given more importance than money. The financial system of India has shown a great deal of resilience. It is sheltered from any crisis triggered by any external macroeconomics shock as other East Asian Countries suffered. This is all due to a flexible exchange rate regime, the foreign reserves are high, the capital account is not yet fully convertible, and banks and their customers have limited foreign exchange exposure.


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RESERVE BANK OF INDIA (RBI) The central bank of the country is the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). It was established in April 1935 with a share capital of Rs. 5 crores on the basis of the recommendations of the Hilton Young Commission. The share capital was divided into shares of Rs. 100 each fully paid which was entirely owned by private shareholders in the beginning. The Government held shares of nominal value of Rs. 2, 20,000 Reserve Bank of India was nationalized in the year 1949. The general superintendence and direction of the Bank is entrusted to Central Board of Directors of 20 members, the Governor and four Deputy Governors, one Government official from the Ministry of Finance, ten nominated Directors by the Government to give representation to important elements in the economic life of the country, and four nominated Directors by the Central Government to represent the four local Boards with the headquarters at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and New Delhi. Local Boards consist of five members each Central Government appointed for a term of four years to represent territorial and economic interests and the interests of co-operative and indigenous banks. The Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 was commenced on April 1, 1935. The Act, 1934 (II of 1934) provides the statutory basis of the functioning of the Bank. The Bank was constituted for the need of following: ©. To

regulate the issue of banknotes to maintain reserves with a view to securing monetary stability and ©. To operate the credit and currency system of the country to its advantage


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ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF RBI THE BANKING SYSTEM Almost 80% of the business is still controlled by Public Sector Banks (PSBs). PSBs are still dominating the commercial banking system. Shares of the leading PSBs are already listed on the stock exchanges. The RBI has given licenses to new private sector banks as part of the liberalization process. The RBI has also been granting licenses to industrial houses. Many banks are successfully running in the retail and consumer segments but are yet to deliver services to industrial finance, retail trade, small business and agricultural finance. The PSBs will play an important role in the industry due to its number of branches and foreign banks facing the constraint of limited number of branches. Hence, in order to achieve an efficient banking system, the onus is on the Government to encourage the PSBs to be run on professional lines.

BANKING SECTORS IN INDIA BANKS

Public

Private

Sector bank

sector bank

Co-operative bank


Regional Rural bank

Foreign bank

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CO-OPERATIVE BANKS The Co-operative banks have a history of almost 100 years. The Cooperative banks are an important constituent of the Indian Financial System, judging by the role assigned to them, the expectations they are supposed to fulfill, their number, and the number of offices they operate. The co-operative movement originated in the West, but the importance that such banks have assumed in India is rarely paralleled anywhere else in the world. Their role in rural financing continues to be important even today, and their business in the urban areas also has increased phenomenally in recent years mainly due to the sharp increase in the number of primary co-operative banks. Some of the co-operative banks are quite forward looking and have developed

sufficient core competencies

to

challenge state and private sector banks. According

to

NAFCUB

the

total

deposits & landings of Co-operative Banks is much more than Old Private Sector Banks & also the New Private Sector Banks. This exponential growth of Co-operative Banks is attributed mainly to their much better local reach, personal interaction with customers, and their ability to catch the nerve of the local clientele. Though

registered

under

the

Co-

operative Societies Act of the Respective States (where formed originally) the banking related activities of the co-operative banks are also regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. They are governed by


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14 the Banking Regulations Act 1949 and Banking Laws (Co-operative Societies) Act, 1965.

CO-OPERATIVE BANKS FINANCE RURAL AREA AS UNDER ©. Farming ©. Cattle ©. Milk ©. Hatchery ©. Personal finance

CO-OPERATIVE BANKS FINANCE URBEN AREA AS UNDER ©. Self-employment ©. Industries ©. Small scale units ©. Home finance ©. Consumer finance ©. Personal finance

FACTS ABOUT CO-OPERATIVE BANK ©. Some cooperative banks in India are more forward than many of the state and private sector banks. ©. According to NAFCUB the total deposits & landings of Cooperative Banks in India is much more than Old Private Sector Banks & also the New Private Sector Banks.


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15 ©. This exponential growth of Co operative Banks in India is attributed mainly to their much better local reach, personal interaction with customers, and their ability to catch the ne rve of the local client.


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16

INTRODUCTION OF CITY CO-OP. BANK LTD


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CITY BANK

INTRODUCTION OF BANK


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18 City is a name of the bank where the bank is ready to serve its banking services to all customers. The bank is governed by the Gujarat co-operative societies act, a legislation enacted by the state of Gujarat in India. The bank have follows continues “A” Grade Audit systems and it is the Grade “A” bank till now. The city co-operative bank was started in 1996.City co-operative bank ltd was promoted by an experienced and visionary entrepreneur named Mr. MANOJ PATEL; he is the Founder Chair person of the bank and continues to supervise its growth and development. The Bank started off with exemplary combination of talented Board & potential staff team, stuffed with extreme professionalism and well designed contours of working method. The bank started as a paperless unit employing Tele-banking, Remote banking, Off-time banking, Sunday banking, Holiday banking and many more allied methodologies from the very beginning right from the D-day. The bank emerged as an exemplary unit offering a wide range of specialized services in various sectors. Unlike majority of the banks where working timings are linked with employee-convenience, CITY BANK decided to hold timings as per convenience of the cluster of clients whom it caters. In the line with the same philosophy some of their branches in the residential area work all the seven days of the week, without a break. They work on Sundays w/o any alternative drop during the week. Likewise to focus special attention on the senior citizens the bank offers to credit monthly interest in their account with any bank before 5th day of every month.


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19 SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS

City bank does not lag behind in offering contribution for the social activities, particularly in the field of education and medicines. Out of activities particularly in the field of education and medicines, Out of the substantial profits earned by the City bank every year after the year, several goodwill gestures are made such as, ©. City Bank conference Hall at KP college of Commerce Surat ©. City Bank computer Center at the Engineering College runs by the Sarvajanik Education Society of Surat ©. Contribution for relief services under the auspices of the service organization “Chhaydo” offered at the civil medical campus for patients and their caretakers coming from the surrounding villages. ©. Charity Contribution towards Mahavir Cardiac Hospital of Rs. 11,25,000/in the year 2000-01 BANK’S SERVICES LIFE INSURANCE

Bank has tied with Aviva Life Insurance Co ltd. It is joint venture between Dabur – Indian FMCG Co & AVIVA – UK’s No 1 & world’s No 5 insurance co. All the branches are offering all the insurance products of AVIVA viz for child education, daughter’s marriage, retirement solution, term plan etc.


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20 GENERAL INSURANCE

Bank has tied with IFFCO-TOKIYO General Insurance. It is joint venture between IFFCO a big fertilizer company in co-operative sector & TOKIYO General Insurance – Japan’s No 1 & world’s No 5 General Insurance Co. All the branches are offering all the products viz Mediclaim, Accident insurance, Vehicle Insurance, House Insurance, factory & Shop keeping Insurance. MUTUAL FUND

Bank has tied with Principal PNB Mutual Fund, UTI, Benchmark, ICICI Prudential, SBI Mutual Fund, Lotus India, Reliance Mutual Fund, Kotak Mahindra, Birla Sunlight, Sundram BNP Pari Bar Mutual. LOCKERS

Rent free locker facilities are available in Baroda at Kareli Baug, at Bharuch, Navsari & at following branches of Surat 1. Ring Road Branch 2. Abhishek Branch 3. City Light Branch 4. Puna Kumbharia Road Branch 5. Udhna Magdalla Branch 6. Ved Road(Katargam)Branch 7. Patel Park Branch(Adajan)


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BOARD OF DIRECTORS

NO.

1

NAME

Shri. Piyushbahi Patel

DESIGNATION

Chairman

2

Shri. Balvanbhai Patel

Vice Chairman

3

Shri. Manojbhai Patel

Director

4

Shri. Dharmeshbhai Patel

Director

5

Shri. Anandbhai Kalgude

Director

6

Shri. Amaratbhai Brachmabhatt

Director

7

Shri. Dineshbhai Tamakuwala

Director

8 9 10

Shri. Gaurang Rushi

Director

Shri. Jayshreeben Talati

Director

Shri. Umeshabhai Patel

Director

ORGANISATION STRUCTURE ACCURATE BUSINESS SCHOOL

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(CHAIRMAN) (DIRECTORS)

(CEO) (CHIEF MANAGER) (DIVISIONAL MANAGER) (AREA MANAGER) (BRANCH MANAGER) (OFFICER/CLERK)

BALANCE SHEET (Rs. in lacs)


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Liabilities

2006

2007

Assets

2006

2007

Share Capital

293.23

340.79

Cash & Bank

1919.33

1822.38

Reserve

1987.08

2282.11

Investment

9326.22

11106.55

Profit & Loss a/c

305.76

236.37

Advances

7093.63

10340.26

Deposits

15449.44

19946.37

Fixed Assets

154.86

284.70

Borrowing

0.11

69.38

Other Assets

181.01

648.88

Other Liab. & Prov.

639.43

1327.75

18675.05

24202.77

18675.05

24202.77

PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT (Rs. in lacs)

Income

2006

2007

Expenses

2006

2007

Interest & Comm.

1443.1 0

1769.5 6

Interest paid

816.59

956.84

Other Income

129.04

109.45

Operating Exp.

390.48

526.34

Depreciation

46.45

46.52

Provisions

12.86

112.94

Profit for the year

305.76

236.37


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1572.1 4

1879.0 1

1572.1 4

1879.01

BRANCHES

1 Main Branch 20, Belgium Chamber, Delhi Gate Ring Road Suart-3.

2. Rander Branch 11, Patel Park, Tadwadi,Rander Road, Surat-9.

3. Adajan Branch 2, River Park Row House, Adajan Surat-9.

4 Ved Katargam Branch 24 Ground Floor Parth Building,Singapoor (ved) Katargam, Surat.

5. Abhishak Branch 1,Balaji Market , Ring Road, Surat – 2.

6. Udhana Magdalla Branch 11,Udhana Magdalla Road, Surat – 7.

7. City Light Branch UG-14 Hira Panna Shopping Mall, City Light Road Surat- 7.

8. Puna Kumbharia Branch 6,Trapti Plaza, Nr.Sahara Darwaja,Puna KumbhariaRoad Surat .


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INTRODUCTION OF NON-PERFORMING ASSETS


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NON-PERFORMING ASSETS ©. MEANING

An asset becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the bank. Earlier an asset was considered as non performing asset based on the concept of “past due”.

©. DEFINITION

A NPA was defined as credit in respect of which interest and/or installment of principal has remained “past due” for a specific period of time. The specific period of time was reduced in a phased manner as under:

Year ended March,31

Specific Period

1993

4 Quarters

1994

3 Quarters

1995

2 Quarters

2004

1 Quarters


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27 An amount is considered as past due, when it remains outstanding for 30 days beyond the due date. However, with effect from March31, 2001 the “past due” concept has been dispensed with and the period is reckoned from the due date of payment.

©. NORMS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF NPA

With an intense to use the international best practice and to ensure greater transparency, “90 days” overdue norms are accepted for the identification of NPA from the year ended March 31, 2004.

With effect from March 31, 2004, a NPA shall be counted on loan and advances where:

A. Interest and / or installment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of a term loan. B. The account remains out of order for a period of 90 days, in respect of an Overdraft/ Cash Credit (OD/CC). C. The bill remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in the case of bills purchased and discounted. D. Any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of any other accounts.


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Tier 2 bank like all the Urban Co-Operative Banks (UCBs) other than the Tier 1 bank i.e. Unit bank shall classify their loan accounts as NPA as per 90 day norm as hitherto.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR NPA ©. Improper selection of borrower’s activities ©. Weak credit appraisal system ©. Industrial problem ©. Inefficiency in management of borrower ©. Slackness in credit management & monitoring ©. Lack of proper follow up by bank ©. Recession in the market ©. Due to natural calamities and other uncertainties

INDIAN ECONOMY AND NPA Gross NPAs (non-performing assets) in Indian banking sector have declined sharply to close to 3.0 per cent in 2006 (15.7 per cent at end-March 1997). Net NPAs of the banking sector are now at close to one per cent and the gap between the gross and net NPAs has narrowed over the years. Recovery of dues is also more than the fresh slippages.


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29 The decline in NPAs is particularly significant as income recognition, asset classification and provisioning norms were tightened over the years. For instance, banks now follow 90-day delinquency norm as against 180-day earlier. Banks are also required to make general provisioning (0.40 per cent) for standard advances. According to Reserve Bank of India, improved profitability, underpinned by robust macroeconomic environment and upturn in interest rate cycle, has enabled banks to reduce the backlog of NPAs.

NARSIMHAN COMMITTEE

©. FIRST COMMITTEE

The committee on financial system, also known as Narsimhan Committee, under the chairmanship of Shri M. Narsimhan, appointed by the RBI recommended the introduction of these prudential accounting norms by Indian Banks in its report submitted in December 1991. The committee was of view of that…

A. If banks want to know the true and fair financial health of bank then they should observed the prudential accounting norms while making balance sheet and profit & loss account. B. Classification of assets has to be done on the basis of objective criteria. C. Provisioning should be made on the basis of classification into four different categories.

The income recognition, Assets Classification and provisioning norms also known as Prudential Accounting Norms, provided that a bank should not show profit which is merely a book profit by resorting to practice like debiting


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30 interest to a loan account irrespective of its chance of recovery and booking the same as income or by not making provisions towards loan losses.

©. NARSIMHAN COMMITTEE’S RECOMMENATIONS

@. Committee has suggested that banks should operate on the basis of financial autonomy and operational flexibility.

@. It has recommended “Capital Adequacy Norm” of 8%

@. These norms are applicable to all UCB’s from 1 st April, 1992. ©. SECOND COMMITTEE

The first committee had made recommendations in 1991, which had resulted in basic changes in the matter of treatment of income, assets classification and provisioning norms, etc…it was considered necessary for government to continue the improvement with striker rules in future also and for that second committee was made to continue changes with certain modifications.

The second committee includes the following points:

1. If bank is working in foreign countries at presently then for them the

“Capital Adequacy Norm” is 9% which was 8% earlier.

2. Banks can’t classify the account as NPA which are guaranteed by

the Central / State government, effective from the year 2000-2001.

3. As per the existing norms, no provisions for standard assets but

from March 31st 2000, there is a norm of 0.25 percent on standard assets.


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4. Banks have to make a provision of 2.5% on their investment in

Government securities with effect from the year ending 31 st March, 2000. In future, this provision is likely to be raised to 5%.

5. The present norm is of 180 days for the account to be treated as

NPA but after 31st March, 2000, this period is reduced to 90 days only.

1. Banks have been asked to reduce the level of NPA to 5% of their total advances till 31st March, 2000. The percentage has to be brought down to less than 3% with effect from 31st March, 2002.

ASSETS CLASSIFICATION

©. CHART OF ASSETS CLASSIFICATION

ASSETS

PERFORMING ASSETS

NON-PERFORMING

OR

ASSETS

STANDERED ASSETS

SUB-STANDERED

DOUBTFUL

ASSETS

ASSETS


LOSS ASSETS

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LESS THAN

1 TO 3

1 YEAR

YEARS

ABOVE 3 YEARS

©. DEFINITION AS PER THE CLASSIFICATION OF ASSETS

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued guidelines on provisioning requirement with respect to bank advances. In terms of these guidelines, bank advances are mainly classified in to following categories:

1. STANDARD ASSETS :

Standard assets are one which does not carry any problems and which does not carry more than normal risk attached to the business.Such assets should not be an NPA.

2. SUB-STANDARD ASSETS :

These assets involved the two types of view as follows… 

In respect to the norms of March 31, 2005 an asset would be classified as

Sub standard if it remained NPA for a period less than or equal to 12 months. An

assets where the terms of the loan agreement regarding interest &

principal have been regenerated or rescheduled after commencement of production, should be classified as sub-standard and should remain in such category for at least 12 months of satisfactory performance under the renegotiated terms.


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3. DOUBTFU DOUB TFUL L ASSETS ASSE TS :

In respect to the norms of March 31, 2005 an asset is required to be classified as doubtful, if it has remained NPA for more than 12 months. A loan which is classified classified as doubtful doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent inherent as that classified as Sub-standard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of the currently known facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. Some types of these assets are…

A. Less Less than than 1 yea year r B. 1 to to 3 year C. 3 yea yearr and and abov abovee

4. LOSS ASSETS

A loss asset is one where loss has been identified by the bank or internal or exte extern rnal al audi audito tors rs or by the the Co-o Co-oper perat atio ion n depa depart rtme ment nt or by the the RBI RBI inspection but the amount has not been written of, wholly or partly.


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READY RECKONER FOR ASSET CLASSIFICATION

NO.

1. 2. 3.

WHEN DATE OF NPA FALLS?

Betwee Between n 1-10-2 1-10-2006 006 & 31-0331-032007 Betwee Between n 1-10-2 1-10-2005 005 & 30-0930-092006 Betwee Between n 1-10-2 1-10-2003 003 & 30-0930-092002

4.

On or before 30 30-09-2003

5.

No NPA date

6.

ASSE ASSET T

CLAS CLASSIF SIFIC ICAT ATION ION

AS ON 31-03-2007

Sub-Standard assets Doubtful up to 1 year Doubtful asset of 1 year to 3 year Doubtful asset of more than 3 year Loss asset

No security or salvage value of security is less than 5%


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35

Chance Chance of realiz realizati ation on of dues 7.

from from all all avai availa labl blee sour source cess is practically negligible or zero. Account has been identified by the the bank bank or inte intern rnal al/e /ext xter erna nall

8.

audito auditors rs or RBI inspec inspector torss as loss assets, which has not been written off.

GUIDELINES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF ASSETS The guidelines are as follows…

1. BASIC CONSIDERATION:

In simple terms the classification of assets should be done by considering the well well define defined d credit credit weaknesse weaknessess & extent extent of depende dependence nce on collat collatera erall security for realization of dues.

In accounts where there is a potential threat to recovery on account and existence of other factor such as fraud committed by borrowers it will not be prudent for bank to classify that account first as sub-standard and then as doubtful. Such account should be straight away classified as doubtful asset or loss asset, as appropriate, irrespective of the period for which it has remained as NPA.


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36 2.

ADVANCES

GRANTED

UNDER

REHABILITATION

PACKAGES:



Banks are not permitted to do classification of any advances in respect of

which the term have been re-negotiated unless the package of re-negotiated terms has worked satisfactory for a period of one year. 

A simi simila larr rela relaxa xati tion on is also also made made in resp respec ectt of SSI unit unitss whic which h are are

identified as sick by banks themselves and where rehabilitation packages programs have been drawn by the banks themselves or under consortium arrangements.

3. INTE INTERN RNAL AL SYST SYSTEM EM FOR FOR CLAS CLASSI SIFIC FICAT ATIO ION N OF ASSET ASSETS S AS NPA:

Banks Banks should should establ establish ish appropr appropriat iatee intern internal al system systemss to elimin eliminate ate the tendency to delay or postpone the identification of NPAs, especially in respect of high value accounts. The banks may fix a minimum cut-off point to decide what would constitute a high value account depending upon their respective business levels. The cut-off point should be valid for the entire accounting year.

Responsibility and validation level for proper assets classification may be fixed by bank.

The system should ensure that doubts in asset classification due to any reason are settled through specified internal channels with in one month from the date on which the account would have been classified as NPA as per extant guidelines.


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INCOME RECOGNITION POLICY According to the act of 1st April, 1992 the income recognition policy is as follows… The policy of income recognition has to be objective and based on the record of recovery. recovery. Income from non-performin non-performing g assets assets is not recognized recognized on accrual basis but is booked as income only when it is actually received. Ther Theref efor ore, e, bank bankss shoul should d not not take take to incom incomee accou account nt inte intere rest st on nonnon performing assets on accrual basis. However, interest on advances against term deposits, NSCs, IVPs, KVPs, and Life policies may be taken to income account on the due date, provided adequate margin is available in the accounts.

Fees and commissions earned by the banks as a result of re-negotiations or rescheduling of outstanding debt should be recognized on an accrual basis over the period of time covered by the re-negotiated or rescheduled extension of credit.

If Government guaranteed advances becomes ‘overdue’ and there by NPA, the interest on such advances should not be taken to income account unless the interest has been realized.

PROVISIONING NORMS

Acco Accorrding ding to the the nor norms the the prov proviision sionss shou should ld be made ade on the nonperf nonperform orming ing assets assets on the basis basis of classi classific ficati ation on of assets assets as we have have already discussed.


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38 Taking in to account this provisioning norms the banks have to make provision on different assets like Loss Assets, Doubtful Assets and Standard Assets as below :->

( | ). LOSS ASSETS

The entire assets should be written off after obtaining necessary approval from the competent authority and as per the provisions act of C0-operative society Act. If the assets are permitted to remain in the books for any reason, 100% of the outstanding should be provided for.

If expected salvage value of the loss asset is negligible then 100% provision should be made on it.

( || ). SUB-STANDARD ASSETS

A general provision of 10% on the total outstanding should be made on the advances given.

( ||| ). DOUBTFUL ASSETS

On doubtful assets provision is made from 20% to 100% as per the period of asset. The table below shows the provision on doubtful assets.

Period for which the advance has remained in ‘doubtful’ category

Up to one year


Provision Requirement

20%

Page 38

39

One to Three year

30% - 50% as on March 31, 2007

More than Three year

- 60% as on March 31, 2008

( | ) Outstanding NPA as on March 31,2007

- 75% as on March 31, 2009 - 100% as on March 31, 2010

( || ) Advances classified as ‘doubtful for more than three years’ on or after April1,

-100%

2007 ( |V ). STANDARD ASSETS

From the year ended March 31, 2000, the banks should make a general provision of a minimum of 0.25% on the standard assets.

However, Tier 2 banks are required to do higher provisioning on standard assets as under:A.

General provisioning requirement is 0.40% from

the present level of 0.25%. But incase of agriculture or in SME investors the provisioning rate is required to be 0.25%.

( V| ). HIGHER PROVISIONS

There is no objection if the banks create bad and doubtful debts reserve beyond the specified limits on their own or if provided in the respective State Co-operative Societies Acts.

MANAGEMENT OF NPA t is very necessary for bank to keep the level of NPA as low as possible. Because NPA is one kind of obstacle in the success of bank so, for that the management of NPA in bank is necessary. And this management can be done by following way:


Page 39

40

©. Framing reasonably well documented loan policy and rules. ©. Sound credit appraisal on well-settled banking norms. ©. Emphasizing reduction in Gross NPAs rather then Net NPAs ©. Pasting of sale notice/ wall posters on the house p ledged as security. ©. Recovery effort starts from the month of default itself. Prompt legal action should be taken. ©. Position of overdue accounts is reviewed on a weekly basis to arrest slippage of fresh account to NPA. ©. Half yearly balance confirmation certificates are obtained from the borrowers regularly. ©. A committee is constituted at Head Office, to review irregular accounts. ©. Due to lower credit risk and consequent higher profitability, greater encouragement is given to small borrowers. ©. Recovery competition system is extended among the staff members. The recovering highest amount is felicitated. ©. Adopting the system of market intelligence for deciding the credibility of the borrowers ©. Creation of a separate ‘Recovery Department’ with Special Recovery Officer appointed by the RCS

RECOVERY OF NPA

©. IMPORTANCE OF RECOVERY:

1. Increase in the income of bank.

2. Increase in the trust of share holder in bank.

3. Level of NPA reduces as the recovery done.


Page 40

41

4. Decrease in provisioning requirements.

©. STEPS TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT TO RECOVERING NPA:

1. SECURITIZATION ACT

@. Now this act is also applicable to all Urban Co-Operative Banks. @. According to this act Bank can take direct possession of the movable and immovable property mortgages against loans and sell out the same for such recovery, without depending on legal process in the court.

2. Gujarat state has also by amending under co-op soc, act empower co-op

bank to appoint their staff as recovery officer on getting order from the board of nominees.

Above both act are benefited to bank for the recovery of NPA.


Page 41

42

CHAPTER: 2 CITY BANK & NON-PERFORMING ACCURATE BUSINESS SCHOOL

Page 42

43

ASSETS

CREDIT APPRAISAL POLICY AT CITY BANK ©. INTRODUCTION

At the time of registration of bank, Loan rules were framed and approved by the DRCS, Surat. Thereafter with the approval of Board, loan rules were changed considering guidelines issued by RBI from time to time. Now in view to increasing branch network in numbers of geographically also, one common document viz. Appraisal policy is framed.

©. POLICY ON PRE-SANCTION

1.

Application for loan should be in standardized form as devised by the

bank.

2.

Branch to collect all the papers/information/documents as suggested in

the respective application form.


Page 43

44 3.

Branch to visit the borrower’s office/factory/residence and to satisfy

themselves before recommending any loan to higher authority and to keep record of such visit.

4.

If applicant maintains loan/current/saving account with any other

bank/financial institutions, branch to verify such account statement and to satisfy them.

5.

Branch to ascertain the promptness of applicant in making payment of

Power bill/Property Tax/LIC Premium/Existing loan interest or installment, before recommending the proposal to higher authority.

©. APPRAISAL

A. WORKING CAPITAL FACILITY

1. Working capital requirement to be assessed properly considering past performance, holding period for debtors as also for inventory at various level, sales, etc…

2. Working capital facilities beyond Rs. 5 lacs should not be considered in the form of overdraft.

3. Margin for CC against stock be 30% and for receivables 50%.

B. TERM FINANCE

1. term loan limit to be arrived @ 25% margin in respect of Machinery/Equipment and Vehicles while 50% against land & building, electrification, furniture fixtures.

2. Sources for margin money to be ascertained.


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45

3. Repayment capacity, considering existing earning to be ascertained.

4. Moratorium period to be fixed considering time required going in for commercial production.

C. GENERAL

1. Credit facilities should not exceed segment wise, individual as also group exposures.

2. in case of switch over from other bank, branch to obtain credit information report from the concerned bank. 3. In case of existing borrower/group borrower, branch to satisfy themselves about their dealing with the bank.

©. EXPOSURE

As per the RBI guidelines per party exposure is restricted to 15% of share capital and Free Reserves and group exposures it is 40%. RBI has given liberty to recalculate the exposure on the basis of profitability of September half. However irrespective of these it is restricted at lower level i.e. Rs.1.55 crore for individual and Rs.3.50 crores for group.

©. SANCTIONING AUTHORITY

1. AGM

Rs.1.00 lac for all types of fresh loan except staff loan and

Rs.2.00

lacs for renewal

2. CEO


Page 45

46 Rs.2.00 lacs for all types of fresh loan except staff housing loan and Rs.4.00 lacs for renewal

3. COE

Committee of executives comprising of all the executives shall have authority to grant all type of fresh loan up to Rs.15.00 lacs except loan against FDR/LIC/GOVT. security and staff housing loan as also renewal of all working capital facilities irrespective of limit.

4. Chairman/Vice Chairman/Founder Chairman

Loan against FDR/LIC/GOVT. security and any adhoc request.

5. LOAN COMMITTEE

All types of loans to single borrower up to Rs.77.50 lacs and Rs.1.75 crores for group borrower.

6. BOARD

All types of loan within exposure ceiling for individual and group borrower.

©. DISBURSAL FORMALITIES

A. WORKING CAPITAL FACILITY

1. Fresh/additional limit against stock to be released only after party obtains adequate insurance for stock and submit stock/book debts statement.

2. In case of new unit, working capital facility to be released, only after the unit starts commercial production.

B. TERM FINANCE


Page 46

47 1. So far as possible, disbursement to be made by direct payment to seller.

2. At every time of disbursement, matching contribution to be made by the borrower.

3. Immediately after disbursement, branch to follow up insurance policy, receipt for payment made, invoice etc…

C. GENERAL

1. Disbursement to be made only after complying with all the terms and conditions of sanction, complete documentation and obtaining disbursal authority. 2. In case of Private Ltd. Company, charge with ROC to be registered immediately on disbursal of credit facility. 3. Before disbursal branch to ensure that borrowers/guarantors become member of the bank.

©. POST SANCTION

A. TERM FINANCE

1. On installation of machineries branch to inspect the unit and to ensure that machineries as per sanction is received & place the inspection report on record.

2. At least twice a year, branch to inspect the unit to ensure that machineries financed by the bank are in running condition.

B. WORKING CAPITAL

1. No finance to be considered against inter-firm receivable and for the receivables of more than 90 days.


Page 47

48 2. Drawing power to be arrived at regularly every month on the basis of stock statement/book debt statement submitted by the party.

3. Branch to ensure that receipt and payment through CC/OD accounts represent genuine business transactions.

4. Branch to carry out inspection of the unit at least on quarterly basis.

@. Renewal of working capital facility

1. Personal balance sheet of proprietor/partner/directors is also to be obtained.

2. Branch to submit the renewal papers along with memorandum for renewal to higher authority for renewal, with its comments on performance with the bank, financial performance viz. sales, profit etc…

3. If financial performance does not justify the limit at current level, branch to persuade the party to reduce the limit.

4. Where the accounts are statutorily required to be audited, branch to obtain audited accounts at the time of renewal.

NPA NORMS OF CITY BANK

©. CLASSIFICATION:

1. SUB STANDARD ASSETS


Page 48

49 Overdue of 90 days and for loan up to Rs.1.00 lacs overdue for 6 months NPA up to 12 months remain in sub standard assets.

2. DOUBTFUL ASSETS NPA for more than 12 months is doubtful assets.

©. PROVISION:

1. STANDARD ASSETS 0.25% of standard assets in SME and direct agriculture advances. 0.40% in case of all other standard loans 1.00% for personal loan, Commercial Real Estate Loan, Loan against shares And for housing loan up to Rs.20.00 lacs the provision is 2.00%.

2. SUB STANDARD ASSETS 10% of sub standard assets

3. DOUBTFUL ASSETS 20% for NPA from 13 months to 24 months 30% for NPA from 25 months to 48 months 50% for NPA from 49 months and above 100% for loss assets

RECOVERY POLICY AT CITY BANK

©. BANK’S POLICY:

At present they are making recovery but procedure for the same is not documented in the form of policy. Although the bank is committed to


Page 49

50 collection/recovery of its dues but the dignity of and respect for the customer is central to their recovery policy. The policy is framed on the principal of courtesy, fair treatment and persuasion.

©. GUIDELINES FOR BRANCH/RECOVERY STAFF:

All the branches of City bank have to follow the following guidelines…

1. Branch to continuously inform the borrower about the due date of repayment schedule. Recovery efforts to starts from the first month of default itself.

2. Position of overdue account to be reviewed on the monthly basis to arrest slippage of fresh accounts to NPA category.

3. If the branch does not get response from the borrower for paying the amount, they have to visit the unit and meet with the borrower. During visit to customer’s place for collection of dues, decency and decorum would be maintained and customer’s privacy would be respected as far as practicable.

4. If the branch does not get any favorable response, during personal visit, they should write a notice letter to borrower.

5. If borrower still behaves irresponsible, they should meet the guarantor and ask guarantor to peruse the borrower. Guarantor must be informed about legal complication to arise if borrower fails to repay the dues.


Page 50

51 6. On failure of all the recovery steps, branch to contact Area office/Control centre.

7. Area office/Control centre to call the borrower along with guarantor and try to find out the reason for overdue. If borrower is in genuine difficulty, problem to be resolved in a mutually acceptable and in an orderly manner.

8. If party behaves indifferent, legal actions must be initiated. In such case prompt legal action and seizure action to be taken. Preference to be given for steps under Securitization Act rather than go for filling a case in the court of Board of Nominees.

9. Reasonable notice would be given before Repossession of Security and its realization, unless the borrower is about to dispose of/remove the whole or any part of the security from the locality where it ordinarily remained or by whom it is used or caused to be remained or used, as the case may be, at the time of creation of security.

10. The aim of possession under Securitization or State co-op. Act will be to recover the dues and will not be aimed at whimsical deprivation of the property. The bank shall resort to repossession of the security only when the collection/recovery of dues is not forthcoming in spite of request made and the policy for repossession shall be in accordance with the terms and conditions of the loan documents and with in the legal framework. The policy fairness and transparency in repossession, valuation and realization of security.


Page 51

52

CHAPTER: 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ACCURATE BUSINESS SCHOOL

Page 52

53

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research is a one kind of process to get knowledge about some topic. Research is done so that systematic analysis can be done and problem can also be solved.

TITLE OF STUDY

Here it is “NON-PERFORMING ASSETS”

BENEFITS FROM THE STUDY

©. It helps me to know more about NPA and the situation of NPA in bank. ©. It helps me to know the strategies adopted by banks to reduce the NPA level and to understand the NPA provisions norms in bank.

RESEARCH PROBLEM

NPA always affect the profit of bank and also the prestige of bank. So here the research problem is to identify the causes for the NPA and to identify the action plan to reduce the NPA.


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54

RESEARCH DESIGN

Here the research design is exploratory which helps me to explore the NPA problem of bank.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

As a research instrument I have taken guidance from the CEO of City bank and also my faculty of college. DATA COLLECTION 

Primary Data



Secondary Data

Hence it is an exploratory research their is not any dependence on primary data. Sources of secondary data 1. Annual report 2. Journals 3. Websites 4. Books

ANALYSIS AND REPORT WRITING

Here I have done ratio analysis and used various charts for analysis purpose. And also I have written report on it.


Page 54

55

OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT


Page 55

56

Some objectives for the selection of this project are as follows ©. To study and understand the concept of NPA

©. To analyze the banks policy to recover the level of NPA

©. To understand the effect of NPA on banks profit and its prestige

©. To understand how corrective measures taken by bank for NPA

©. To understand RBI’S rules and regulations for the con trol of NPA

©. To understand the credit appraisal policy and NPA recovery policy of bank


Page 56

57

LIMITATION


Page 57

58 LIMITATION OF PROJECT



Some times bank officer was hesitant to give all data on NPA.



I have selected only one bank for NPA which is very small sample size.



I face difficulty in doing proper analysis as I don’t have prior experience

for making project report.


Page 58

59

CHAPTER: 4 ANALYSIS OF DATA


Page 59

60

YEAR WISE NPA AT CITY BANK ©. YEAR 2003 (RS. IN LACS) Details

Amount

STANDARD ASSETS

%of Total

5912.67

91.90084

SUB-STANDARD ASSETS

189.75

2.949291

DOUBTFUL ASSETS

316.69

4.922324

14.64

0.22755

6433.75

100

LOSS ASSETS TOTAL

NPA OF 2003

LOSS ASSE TS

0.22755

DOUBTFUL ASSETS > S T E S S SUB-STANDARD ASSETS A

4.922324 %of Total 2.949291

STANDARD ASSETS

91.90084

0

20

40

60

80

100

VALUES-->

©. YEAR 2004


Page 60

61

(RS. IN LACS) Details

Amount

STANDARD ASSETS

%of Total

6923.74

93.95

SUB-STANDARD ASSETS

143.60

1.95

DOUBTFUL ASSETS

291.00

3.95

10.84

0.15

7369.18

100

LOSS ASSETS TOTAL

NPA OF YEAR 2004

LOSS ASSETS

0.15

DOUBTFUL ASSETS

3.95

> S T E S S SUB-STANDARD ASSETS A

%of Total 1.95

STANDARD ASSETS

93.95

0

20

40

60

80

100

VALUES-->

©. YEAR 2005


Page 61

62 (RS. IN LACS) Details

Amount

STANDARD ASSETS

%of Total

7266.63

94.28

SUB-STANDARD ASSETS

156.65

2.03

DOUBTFUL ASSETS

278.40

3.61

1.04

0.01

LOSS ASSETS TOTAL

7707.72

100

NPA OF YEAR 2005

LOSS ASSE TS

0.01

DOUBTFUL ASSETS > S T E S S SUB-STANDARD ASSETS A

3.61 %of Total 2.03

STANDARD ASSETS

94.28

0

20

40

60

80

100

VALUES-->

©. YEAR 2006 (RS. IN LACS)


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63

Details

Amount

STANDARD ASSETS SUB-STANDARD ASSETS DOUBTFUL ASSETS LOSS ASSETS TOTAL

%of Total

6867.81

96.82

12.24

0.17

213.58

3.01

0.00

0.00

7093.63

100

NPA OF YEAR 2006

LOSS ASSETS

0

DOUBTFUL ASSETS

> S T E S SSUB-STANDARD A

3.01 %of Total

ASSETS

0.17

STANDARD ASSETS

96.82

0

20

40

60

80 100 120

VALUES-->

©. YEAR 2007 (RS. IN LACS)


Page 63

64

Details

Amount

STANDARD ASSETS

%of Total

9801.49

94.78

SUB-STANDARD ASSETS

120.12

1.16

DOUBTFUL ASSETS

258.80

2.50

LOSS ASSETS

159.85

1.54

10340.26

100

TOTAL

NPA OF YEAR 2007

LOSS ASS ETS

1.54

DOUBTFUL ASSETS > S T E S S SUB-STANDARD AS SETS A

2.5 %of Total 1.16

STANDARD ASSETS

94.78

0

20

40

60

80

100

VALUES-->


Page 64

65

SEGMENTWISE CLASSIFICATION OF NPA (RS. IN LACS)

2005

2006

2007

SEGMENT NO OF A/C

AMOUNT TOTAL ADVANCES

NPA

NO OF A/C


NPA

NO OF A/C


NPA

RETAIL TRADE

267

752.63

17.69

248

641.90

20.21

343

802.03

76.81

SMALL BUSINESS

31

46.48

4.38

25

44.17

20.15

122

88.02

50.93

SMALL SCALE IND

582

4021.55

210.74

642

3832.29

44.88

975

6323.86

180.86

CONSTRUCTION & REPAIRS

246

323.43

21.02

231

343.86

2.70

345

459.76

22.43

AGRICULTURE

2

3.72

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

517

115.64

0.12

SMALL ROAD & TRANSPORTATION

10

5.23

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

34

8.18

1.90

PROFESSIONAL

84

89.81

5.00

2

7.33

0.00

80

72.52

3.10

EDUCATION

2

10.71

0.00

8

3.41

0.00

3

7.26

0.00

OTHER PRIORITY SECTOR

0

0.00

0.00

55

41.82

3.47

326

68.05

16.42

OTHE NON PRIORITY SECTOR

375

2454.16

177.26

285

2178.85

134.41

310

2394.94

186.20

TOTAL

1599

7707.72

436.09

1496

7093.63

225.82

3055

10340.26

538.77


Page 65

66 RATIO ANALYSIS

To analyzed the NPA situation in bank and from that to know about the banks credit appraisal system and level of risk in bank I have done the ratio analysis. Ratio analysis is the tool which will help us to do financial analysis of bank. Some names of ratio are as follows:

1. GROSS NPA RATIO. 2. NET NPA RATIO. 3. PROBLEM ASSETS RATIO. 4. SHAREHOLDER’S RISK RATIO. 5. PROVISION RATIO. 6. SUB-STANDARD ASSETS RATIO. 7. DOUBTFUL ASSETS RATIO. 8. LOSS ASSETS RATIO.


Page 66

67 1. GROSS NPA RATIO

Gross NPA is the sum of the total assets which are classified as the NPA by bank at the end of every year. Gross NPA is the ratio of Gross NPA to Gross Advances. It is expressed in percentage form.

Gross NPA Ratio =

Gross NPA

* 100

Gross Advances (RS. IN LACS)

YEAR

GROSS NPA

GROSS

GROSS NPA RATIO

ADVANCES

(%)

2003

521.08

6433.75

8.10%

2004

445.44

7369.18

6.04%

2005

436.09

7707.72

5.68%

2006

225.82

7093.63

3.18%

2007

538.77

10340.26

5.21%

GROSS NPA RATIO

9.00%

8.10%

8.00% 7.00%

6.04%

> S6.00% E G5.00% A T 4.00% N E C3.00% R E2.00% P

5.68%

5.21% RATIO

3.18%

1.00% 0.00% 2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

YEAR-->


Page 67

68 ©. ANALYSIS

Gross NPA ratio shows the bank’s credit appraisal policy. High Gross NPA ratio means bank have liberal appraisal policy and vice-versa.

In city bank this ratio was 8.10% in March-2003 and it has been decreased from year 2003 to 2006 from 8.10% to 3.18%. But again in March-2007 this ratio reach at 5.21%. This variation was come because City bank has merged with Baroda dist. Co-op. bank in the financial year 2006-2007.

However it is revels from the chart that bank’s Gross NPA ratio is continuously decreasing which is positive trend for bank and we can say that bank have good appraisal system.


Page 68

69 2. NET NPA RATIO

The Net NPA Ratio is the ratio of net NPA to Net Advances. This ratio shows the degree of risk in bank’s portfolio. Net NPA ratio can be obtain by Gross NPA minus the NPA provisions divided by Net advances.

Net NPA Ratio =

Net NPA

*100

Net Advances

YEAR

NET NPA

NET ADVANCES

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

299.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

6211.80 6888.84 7236.74 6622.57 9733.62

(RS. IN LACS) NET NPA RATIO (%) 4.82% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Net NPA = Gross NPA – Provision for NPA Net Advances = Gross NPA – Provision for NPA

NET NPA RATIO

6.00% 5.00% E G 4.00% A T N 3.00% C E R 2.00% E P 1.00%

4.82%

NET NPA RATIO

0. 00%

0. 00%

0. 00%

0. 00%

2004

2005

2006

2007

0.00% 2003

YEAR-->

©. ANALYSIS


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70

Net NPA ratio shows the degree of risk in portfolio of bank. High net NPA ratio means banks don’t have enough fund to do provision against the Gross NPA.

In City Bank Net NPA ratio was 4.82% in year March-2003 which shows that in that year bank had not enough fund for provisions. But after that from March-2004 to March-2007 Net NPA ratio is 0.00% which shows that bank has now enough provision capacity. So, here the degree of risk is less.

City bank has done more provision every year which is good at one side but at other side it also reduces the profit of bank. And shareholder will get fewer dividends.

When all bank will do provision then Net NPA will become zero but if we want to know the true and fair situation of bank we must consider the Gross NPA of bank.

3. PROBLEM ASSETS RATIO

This ratio is also known as the Gross NPA to Total Assets ratio. This ratio shows the percentage of risk on the total assets of the bank. High ratio means high risk for bank.

Problem Assets Ratio =

Gross NPA

*100

Total Assets

(RS. IN LACS)


Page 70

71

PROBLEM YEAR

GROSS NPA

TOTAL ASSETS

ASSETS RATIO (%)

2003

521.08

13381.91

3.89%

2004

445.44

15935.97

2.80%

2005

436.09

16337.35

2.69%

2006

225.82

18675.05

1.21%

2007

538.77

24202.77

2.23%

PROBLEM ASSETS RATIO

4.50% 4.00%

3.89%

3.50%

> E 3.00% G A 2.50% T N 2.00% E C 1.50% R E P 1.00%

2.80%

2.69% 2.23%

PROBLEM ASSETS RATIO

1.21%

0.50% 0.00% 2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

YEAR-->

©. ANALYSIS

This ratio shows the percentage of risk on the assets of bank. It shows the level of risk on bank’s assets. High ratio shows the high risk on liquidity.

In City Bank this ratio was 3.89% in March-2003 and after that it has been decreased from 3.89% to 1.21% in March-2006. But again it increase to 2.23% in March2007 because in that year City Bank was merged with Baroda dist. Co-op. bank in the financial year 2006-2007.


Page 71

72

This ratio is continuously decreasing in bank except in March-2007. But overall this ratio is good for bank which indicates the level of risk is low in bank.

SHAREHOLDER’S RISK RATIO

It is the ratio of Net NPA to Total capital and reserve of bank.

Shareholder’s risk Ratio =

Net NPA Total Capital & Reserve

*100

(RS. IN LACS) SHAREHOLDER’S RISK RATIO (%)

YEAR

NET NPA

TOTAL CAPITAL & RESERVE

2003

299.13

1793.76

16.68%

2004

0.00

2075.06

0.00%

2005

0.00

2262.39

0.00%

2006

0.00

2551.64

0.00%

2007

0.00

3014.58

0.00%


Page 72

73


18.00% 16.68% 16.00% 14.00%

> - 12.00% E G A10.00% T N 8.00% E C 6.00% R E P 4.00%


2.00%

0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

0.00% 2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

YEAR-->

©. ANALYSIS

This ratio shows the degree of risk with share holder’s investment. High ratio means high ratio with the investment.

In City Bank this ratio was 16.68% in year March-2003 which shows that in that year risk on share holder’s investment was quite high but after that this ratio is 0.00% up to year March-2007, which shows that Bank have enough capacity for provision and the risk on investment is nil.

As we know that this ratio is 0.00% show the risk is nil but on the other side because of more provision the profit will decrease and the shareholder will get less dividends.


Page 73

74

PROVISION RATIO

Provisions are to be made against the Gross NPA of bank. As bank make provision for NPA it directly affects the profit of bank. This ratio shows the relation of total provision to Gross NPA.

Provision Ratio =

Total Provision

*100

Gross NPA (RS. IN LACS) PROVISION

TOTAL

YEAR

GROSS NPA

PROVISION

RATIO (%)

2003

221.95

521.08

42.59%

2004

480.34

445.44

107.83%

2005

470.98

436.09

108.00%

2006

471.06

225.82

208.59%

2007

606.64

538.77

112.60%

PROVISION RATIO

250.00% 208.59%

- 200.00% E G A 150.00% T N E C 100.00% R E P 50.00%

112.60%

107.83%108.00%

PROVISION RATIO

42.59%

0.00% 2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

YEAR-->

©. ANALYSIS


Page 74

75

Provision ratio shows the degree of provision that is made against the Gross NPA of bank. As bank made the provision it directly affect the profit of bank and also the dividend payout ratio of bank too.

If Provision ratio is less then it means that bank has make under provision and if provision is more then it means that it is over provision.

In City Bank they have made 42.59% provision in March-2003 which shows that it was under provision but after that in March-2004 and March-2005 it is 107.83% and 108% respectively which indicate that provision was nearer to total amount of Gross NPA but in March-2006 the provision ratio reach at 208.59% which indicate that it is the very over provision. And again in March-2007 it is 112.60% which is fair ratio.

City bank should make the provision in the range of 100% to 115%. The provision in March-2006 which is 208.59% is very high and it is not necessary to do that.

4. SUB-STANDARD ASSETS RATIO ACCURATE BUSINESS SCHOOL

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76

Sub-standard Assets Ratio = Total Sub-standard Assets Gross NPA

*100

(RS. IN LACS) SUB-STANDARD ASSETS RATIO (%)

YEAR

SUB-STANDARD ASSETS

GROSS NPA

2003

189.75

521.08

36.41%

2004

143.60

445.44

32.24%

2005

156.65

436.06

35.92%

2006

12.24

225.82

5.42%

2007

120.12

538.77

22.30%

SUB-STANDARD ASS ETS RATIO

40.00%

36.41%

35.92% 32.24%

35.00% 30.00%

> E 25.00% G A T 20.00% N E 15.00% C R E 10.00% P

22.30% SUB-STANDARD ASSETS RATIO

5.42%

5.00% 0.00% 2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

YEAR-->

©. ANALYSIS


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77

This ratio shows the percentage of Sub-Standard assets in the Gross NPA of bank. High Sub-Standard ratio means more proportion of Sub-Standard asset in the Gross NPA.

High ratio shows that there is a chance of recovery of assets is high.

In City bank this ratio was 36.41% in March-2003 which is good for bank and it is 5.42% in year March-2006 which is not good for bank.

As the level of Sub-Standard assets are more the chances of recovery of NPA are high.

5. DOUBTFUL ASSETS RATIO ACCURATE BUSINESS SCHOOL

Page 77

78 It is the ratio of total doubtful assets to Gross NPA of the bank.

Doubtful Asset Ratio =

Total Doubtful Assets *100 Gross NPA (RS. IN LACS) DOUBTFUL GROSS NPA ASSETS RATIO (%)

YEAR

TOTAL DOUBTFUL ASSETS

2003

316.69

521.08

60.78%

2004

291.00

445.44

65.33%

2005

278.40

436.09

63.84%

2006

213.58

225.82

94.58%

2007

258.80

538.77

48.03%

DOUBTFUL A SSETS RATIO 94.58%

100.00% 90.00% 80.00% > E G A T N E C R E P

70.00% 60.78% 60.00%

65.33% 63.84% 48.03%

50.00%

DOUBTFUL ASSETS RATIO

40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% 2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

YEAR-->

©. ANALYSIS


Page 78

79 This ratio shows the percentage of Doubtful assets in the Gross NPA of bank. High Doubtful assets ratio means more proportion of Doubtful asset in the Gross NPA.

More Doubtful assets means Bank should take action through recovery policy to reduce the level of Doubtful assets.

As the Doubtful assets ratio is high which shows that bank should take quick action to reduce that level.

This ratio should be less for the bank.

In City Co. Bank this ratio is in between from 60.00% to 65.00% in year from March2003 to March-2005 but in March-2006 this ratio reach at 94.58% which indicate that bank must take some necessary action to recover it. And again in March-2007 this ratio decrease to 48.03% which is good for bank.

6. LOSS ASSETS RATIO It is the ratio of Total loss assets to Gross NPA of bank.

Loss Assets Ratio =

Total loss Assets Gross NPA

*100

(RS. IN LACS) LOSS ASSETS RATIO (%)

YEAR

TOTAL LOSS ASSETS

GROSS NPA

2003

14.64

521.08

2.81%

2004

10.84

445.44

2.43%

2005

1.04

436.09

0.24%

2006

0.00

225.82

0.00%

2007

159.85

538.77

29.67%


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80

LOSS ASSETS RATIO

35.00% 29.67% 30.00% > - 25.00% E G20.00% A T N 15.00% E C R 10.00% E P

5.00%

LOSS ASSETS RATIO

2.81% 2.43% 0.24% 0.00%

0.00% 2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

YEAR-->

©. ANALYSIS

This ratio shows the percentage of loss assets in the Gross NPA of bank. High loss assets ratio means more proportion of loss asset in the Gross NPA.

This should be less in bank. The high ratio indicates that bank has more fraudulent account and it is bad for bank. The bank must take necessary action to reduce the level of loss assets.

In City Co. Bank this ratio is 2.81% in March-2003 and from it reach at 0.00% in the year March-2006. This ratio is decreasing in bank which is good for bank but again in March2007 this ratio reaches at 29.67% which is the very high increase and it is very bad for bank. But the increase in the ratio of March-2007 is because bank was merged with Baroda dist. Co-op. bank in that year.

Hence, bank should take some action to reduce the level of loss assets from the total NPA.


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81

FINDINGS FROM RATIO

As I have already analyze the ratio and from that I can say that bank’s financial condition is good. Hence, there is correction in the ratio of year 2007. And this correction is because of City bank was merged with Baroda Industrial co-op bank in year 2007. So, this effect of merging can be showing from the ratio of year 2007.

From ratio I am able to find the following findings… 1. The Gross NPA ratio of bank is 8.10% in the year 2003 after then it reaches to 5.21% in the year 2007. Hence, the idle gross NPA ratio is 5.00% and bank have 5.21%. So, we can say that bank’s financial condition is good.

2. Bank’s Net NPA ratio is 4.82% in the year 2003 and from 2004 to 2007 it remains 0.00% which is positive for bank.

3. The Problem assets ratio was 3.89% in the year 2003 which was the highest ratio and from that year it is decrease to 1.21% in the year 2006 which is good for bank. And this ratio is 2.23% in the year 2007.

4. Provision ratio for the year 2003 is 42.59% which show that their was under provision in that year but in year 2007 this ratio is 112.60% which shows that bank have enough profit for the provision.

5. It will be considered good if the Sub-standard assets ratio is high. For City bank this ratio is 36.41% in the year 2003 which is good but it reaches to 5.42% in the year 2006 which is very bad for bank’s health.


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82 6. Doubtful assets ratio should be low for the good health of bank and in City bank this ratio is 94.58% in the year 2006 which is very bad but in year 2007 this ratio decrease to 48.03% which is positive for bank.

7. Loss assets ratio should be zero and bank have 0.00% in the year 2006 which is good but in year 2007 this ratio reaches to 29.67% which is very rapid change with in a one year. And it is also bad for bank.


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83

CLASSIFICATION OF TOTAL NPA (RS. IN LACS)

2005

2006

2007

SUBSTANDARD ASSETS

156.65

12.24

120.12

DOUBTFUL ASSETS

278.40

213.58

258.80

LOSS ASSETS

1.04

0.00

159.85

TOTAL NPA

436.09

225.82

538.77

YEAR


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84

CLASSIFICATION OF NPA 600 > -500 E G A 400 T N E 300 C R E 200 P

SUB-STANDARD ASSETS DOUBTFUL ASSETS LOSS ASSETS TOTAL NPA

100 0 2003 2004

2005 2006 2007

YEAR-->

CLASSIFICATION OF TOTAL ADVANCES (RS. IN LACS)

YEAR TOTAL NPA STANDARD ASSETS TOTAL ADVANCES

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

521.08

445.44

436.09

225.82

538.77

5912.67

6923.74

7266.63

6867.81

9801.49

6433.75

7369.18

7707.72

7093.63

10340.26


Page 84

85

CLASSIFICATION OF TOTAL ADVANCES

12000 10000 > S C A L N I S R

8000

TOTAL NPA

6000

STANDARD ASSETS TOTAL ADVANCES

4000 2000 0 2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

YEAR-->


Page 85

86

CHAPTER: 6 CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION


Page 86

87

CONCLUSION Now as we know that NON-PERFORMING ASSETS is like a black spot on diamond. They affect the profit of bank and also the financial health of bank. This NPA have number of effects on banks working.

During my training in bank I gathered as much as possible information about NPA from bank and on the basis my experience I conclude the following points:



City Co. bank’s NPA level is decreasing year by year which good for bank.



In year 2007 City bank’s own NPA is very low but because of merger with Baroda

industrial co-op bank the level of NPA was increase.



The Gross NPA ratio of bank is 8.10% in the year 2003 after then it reaches to 5.21%

in the year 2007. Hence, the idle gross NPA ratio is 5.00% and bank have 5.21%. So, we can say that bank’s financial condition is good.



Bank’s Net NPA ratio is 4.82% in the year 2003 and from 2004 to 2007 it remains

0.00% which is positive for bank.



Loss assets ratio should be zero and bank have 0.00% in the year 2006 which is good

but in year 2007 this ratio reaches to 29.67% which is very rapid change with in a one year. And it is also bad for bank.



City Co. Bank has sound credit appraisal system and also sound recovery policy.



City Co. Bank’s NPA level is decreasing year by year and because of that City Co.

Bank is being considered very good bank by citizens of Surat.


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88



Hence in present time the position of NPA in bank is much better then the past

position. In year 1997 in India the Gross NPA was 15.7% but now it is 3.00% in the year 2007. This is very favorable to Indian economy and also banking sector of India.



Government’s act and also the Narsimhan committee on NPA are very useful to

reduce the level of NPA.



So, I can conclude that level NPA in any bank is important parameter to analyze the

health of bank.

SUGGESTIONS

1. City Co. bank’s NPA level is decreasing year by year which good for bank but bank should follow the recovery policy strictly.

2. In year 2007 City Co. bank’s own NPA is very low but because of merger with Baroda industrial co-op bank the level of NPA increase so City Co. bank should have consider the NPA situation of that bank before merger.

3. In City Co. bank there is no any special recovery department so bank should develop the department for the fastest recovery of NPA.

4. Bank should motivate the staff to do fast recovery NPA.

5. Bank have more NPA in Small Scale Industry so, they should try to reduce that level of NPA.


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89

CHAPTER: 7 BIBILIOGRAPHY


Page 89

DESERTATION

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