D.B.R. ARMY LISTS For use with the De Bellis Renationis Wargames Rules
BOOK3 ARMIS OF T! ASTWARD "OLO#IAL $%A#SIO# A#D OF T! &RO%A# #LI'!T#M#T
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D.B.R. ARMY LISTS For use with the De Bellis Renationis Wargames Rules
BOOK3 ARMIES OF THE TH E EASTWARD EASTWARD COLONIAL COLONIAL EXPANSION AND OF THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT
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WAR'AMS RSAR"! 'RO&%
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D''R ARM LISTS OO*+ These ,-s.s are -/.e/0e0 -/.e/0e0 1or se 2-.h or 3De e,,-s Re/a.-o/-s3 Re/a.-o/-s3 2argames r,es 1or Re/a-ssa/ce War1are4 ar1are4 more 1am-,-ar,5 6/o2/ as DR' Wh-,e ma-/,5 -/.e/0e0 1or com!e.-.-o/ games4 .he5 a,so !ro"-0e a ge/era, g-0e .o arm-es7 arm-es7 .roo! c,ass-1-ca.-o c,ass-1-ca.-o/4 /4 !ro!or.-o/ !ro!or.-o/ss a/0 /m#ers /m#ers 1or sce/ar-o sce/ar-o game gamess a/0 2arga 2argames mes cam!a-g cam!a-g/s4 /s4 es!ec-a, es!ec-a,,5 ,5 2he/ se0 -/ co/8/c. co/8/c.-o/ -o/ 2-.h 2-.h more 0e.a-,e0 0e.a-,e0 sorces sorces sch sch as .he W'R' W'R'G G arm5 arm5 ha/0#oo6s' The5 1o,,o2 .he ge/era, 1orm o1 .he DM ,-s.s4 e9ce!. .ha.4 .ha.4 -/s.ea0 o1 .he arm-es #e-/g arra/ge0 arra/ge0 -/ chro/o,og-ca, or0er4 each -s gro!e0 .oge.her 2-.h 2-.h -.s ma-/ h-s.or-ca, o!!o/e/.s' I. -s o1.e/ a cr-.-c-sm o1 com!e.-.-o/ gam-/g .ha. -. /ecessar-,5 e/corages /h-s.or-ca, ma.ches' Or arm5 gro!-/g sho,0 sho,0 e/a#,e com!e.-.-o/ com!e.-.-o/ orga/-sers .o arra/ge .ha. a. ,eas. .he 1-rs. ro/0 o1 a 3S2-ss Chess3 com!e.-.-o/ ma.ches mos. arm-es 2-.h a co/.em!orar5 co/.em!orar5 1rom .he same gro!4 2h-,e s.-,, !erm-..!erm-..-/g /g e/ogh mee.-/gs mee.-/gs 2-.h /sa, /sa, o!!o/e/.s .o !ro"-0e "ar-e.5' The ,-s.s are !r-mar-,5 -/.e/0e0 .o !ro0ce +:: AP .o ;:: AP arm-es 2h-ch c,ose,5 s-m,a.e .he-r rea, ,-1e !ro .o.5!e .o. 5!es4 s4 2h-,e 2h-, e s.-,, s.- ,, a,,o 2-/g 2-/ g s11-c s1 1-c-e/ -e/.. 1,e9-# 1,e 9-#-,-. -,-. 5 .o co" er h-s.or h-s .or-ca -ca,, "ar -a.- o/s 0r -/g .he !er-o0 !er-o 0 a/0 m-/or m-/or 0-11ere/ 0-11ere/ces ces o1 o!-/-o o!-/-o/ / or !erso/a, !erso/a, !re1ere/ce' !re1ere/ce' The5 are ,ess ,ess !erm-ss!erm-ss-"e "e .ha/ .ha/ some some !re"-o !re"-os s re/a-ssa/ce ,-s.s 2h-ch 0-0 /o. res.r-c. cho-ce #5 5ear 2-.h-/ a ,o/ger !er-o0'
A ,-s. sa,,5 -/c,0es a#o. <:: AP o1 com!,sor5 .roo!s' U/,ess o.her2-se s!ec-1-e04 .he .o.a, "a,e o1 .roo!s ,-s.e0 as a#,e .o #e se0 .oge.her -s /orma,,5 aro/0 &:: AP4 e9c,0-/g /a"a, e,eme/.s4 ar.-1-c-a, 0e1e/ces a/0 a,,-e0 a,,-e0 co/.-/ge/.s= co/.-/ge/.s= more 2here h-s.or-ca, h-s.or-ca, arm-es 2ere /sa,,5 /sa,,5 "ar-e0' Th -s 2-,, sa,,5 a,,o2 .he arm57s ,arges. h-s.or-ca, #a..,e #a..,e .o #e re1ogh. -/ co/0e/se0 sca,e' sca,e' I1 5o 2-sh .o re1-gh re1-gh.. sch #a..,es #a.., es -/ /orma, /orma , sca,e s ca,e as a m,.->! m ,.->!,a5er ,a5er game4 1or -/s.a/ce -/s.a /ce as a !#,-c !# ,-c 0emo /s.r a.-o/ a.-o / a . a co/"e/. co/ "e/.-o/4 -o/4 5o ms. m,.-!,5 .he ,-s.e0 m-/-ma a/0 ma9-ma #5 ? 1or ca"a,r5 a/0 1oo. a/0 #5 < 1or a,, o.her .roo!s o.her .ha/ !o/.oo/eers4 .he/ e9!ec. -. .o .a6e mch ,o/ger .o com!,e.e' Where a h-s.or-ca, arm5 2as sma,,4 -.s ,-s. s!ec-1-es .ha. o/,5 /orma, sca,e sho,0 #e se0 -/ h-s.or-ca, re1-gh.s a/0 @o.es .he ma9-mm arm5 s-e !ro"-0e0 1or' +::>?:: AP -s a .5!-ca, arm5 s-e 1or games 2-.h $ !,a5er o/ each s-0e' Larger games rea,,5 re@-r re@-ree a. a. ,eas. < !,a5ers o/ each s-0e4 -0ea,,5 -0ea,,5 $ !,a5er !,a5er !er comma/0' comma/0' Each arm5 ms. -/c,0e -/c,0e a comma/0er> -/>ch-e1 (C> -/>C) a/0 sa,,5 a. ,eas. $ o.her ge/era,4 2ho ma5 #e a ,o5a, s#or0-/a.e or -/0e!e/0e/., -/0e!e/0e/.,5 5 e/ogh m-/0e0 m-/0e0 or so 1rac.-os as .o #e c,asse0 as a/ a ,,5' ,,5' I. ms. a,so -/c,0e < #aggage e,eme/.s !er comma/04 comma/04 a,, 0e!,o5e0 0e!,o5e0 2-.h .he same comma/0' There -s a,so !ro"-s-o !ro"-s-o/ / 1or mch sma,,er games s-/g a s-/g,e s-/g,e comma/0 comma/0 a/0 o/,5 o/e ge/era,' ge/era,' For .hese4 ha,"e .he cos. o1 .he ge/era, a/0 0-"-0e a,, m-/-ma m-/-ma a/0 ma9-ma #5 +4 ro/0-/g ! .o .he /eares. 2ho,e e,eme/.' A $:: AP co/0e/se0 sca,e arm5 -s "er5 s-m-,ar s-m-,ar .o a DA arm5 a/0 ca/ #e #e se0 se0 1or .he .he same 6-/0 o1 @-c6 games o/ a sma,, #oar0' ALLIED CONTINGENTS These are s!ec-1-e0 #5 re1ere/ce .o .he-r o2/ ,-s.' Each sch co/.-/ge/. ms. -/c,0e $ ge/era, a/0 < #ag gag e e,e me/ .s4 ,os s o1 2h-ch 2h- ch a11 ec.s ec. s o/, 5 .he co/ .-/ ge/ . a/0 /o. .he arm5 ar m5 8o- /e0 ' A/ a,,-e a, ,-e 0 co/.-/ge/.7s co/.-/ge/.7s ge/era, ca/ #e h-s ,-s.7s ,-s.7s C>-/>C or a/5 o1 -.s o.her ge/era,s4 #. -s a,2a5s cos.e0 cos.e0 a/0 a/0 #eh a"es a"e s as a/ a,,5>g a,, 5>ge/e e/e ra,' ra, ' U/,e ss s.a.e0 s.a .e0 o.he r2-se r2- se -/ a !ar .-c ,ar ,-s.4 ,-s .4 he comma/ com ma/0s 0s o/,5 h-s o2/ co/.-/ge/. co/.-/ge/. a/0 .h-s ca/ -/c,0e -/c,0e o/,5 com!,sor5 com!,sor5 .roo! .5!es' I. ms. ha"e a. ,eas. ,eas. a $B? o1 .he /orma, m-/-ma 1or each sch .5!e a/0 /o. e9cee0 $B+ o1 .he ma9-ma4 or $ e,eme/.4 2h-che"er 2h-che"er -s grea.er' grea.er' U/,ess a ,-s. s!ec-1-es o.her2-se4 o/,5 $ a,,-e0 co/.-/ge/. o1 each /a.-o/a,-.5 ca/ #e se0' A,,-e0 co/.-/ge/.s ms. #e o1 .he same 5ear as .he arm5 .he5 8o-/' NA NAAL Na"a, Na" a, e,eme/ e,e me/.s .s eac h re!,ac re! ,ac e a ,a/0 ,a/ 0 e,eme/ e,e me/.. o1 .he .5!es .5! es .ha. .ha . 1o, ,o2 -. -/ s@ are #rac6e #ra c6e .s a/0 0-s em# ar6 as .ha. e,eme/.' The AP @o.e0 -s 1or .he /a"a, e,eme/.4 .he ,a/0 e,eme/. #e-/g !a-0 1or se!ara.e,5 se!ara.e,5'' AP s!e/. o/ /a"a, e,eme/.s are 2as.e0 2as.e0 -1 .he5 ha"e /o access .o .he .a#,e' The-r The-r ,a/0-/g .roo!s ca/ .he/ s .-,, #e 0e!,o5 0e! ,o5e04 e04 #e-/ g a ss me0 .o ha"e ha" e 0 -sem#ar -sem #ar 6e0 #e1ore #e1 ore .he #a..,e' #a. .,e' The e,eme /.s a,,o2e0 re!rese/ . a sma,, s@a0ro/ co>o!era.-/g 2-.h .he arm54 /o. .he ma-/ 1,ee.' CLIMATE4 CLIMATE4 AGGRESSION4 TERRAIN AND ARM SIE The coas.a, sa/0 0/es' Roa0s or 1re@e/.,5 se0 .rac6s' -,.>! areas4 sch as "-,,ages or .o2/s' Ice4 -1 2a.er 2a5s a/0 r-"ers ca/ 1reee so,-0 e/ogh .o #ear .roo!s'
WW R" H(S) H(G) W0 E RGo M D R0 UA I
I1 some .5!es ,-s.e0 1or a/ arm5 are /0er,-/e04 .h-s mea/s .ha. .he5 are com!,sor5' E"e/ -1 /o. ,-s.e04 a s-/g,e !a.ch o1 coas .a, 0/es or marsh ca/ a,2a5s #e se0 -1 -/ co/.ac. 2-.h a 2a.er2a54 or a s-/g,e !a.ch !a.ch o1 marsh -1 -/ co/.ac. 2-.h a r-"er' A/5 /o.a.-o/ o1 /sa, arm5 s-e s.ar.s 2-.h 3Ma93' Th-s ca/ #e 1o,,o2e0 #5 N4 mea /-/ g .ha . .he ,-s .e0 ma9 -ma 2-,, re! ro0c ro 0c e .he ,arges ,ar ges . h-s .or -ca , arm5 ar m5 -/ /or ma, sca ,e4 1o,,o2e0 #5 .he AP o1 .he ,arges. 2 argames ar m5 1or 2h-ch -. -s co/s-0 ere0 s-.a# ,e'
m,.-!,-e0 #5 a /m#er4 2h-ch mea/s .ha. a. co/0e/se0 sca,e ,-s.e0 ma9-ma ms. #e m,.-!,-e0 m,.-!,-e0 #5 .ha. /m#er .o re!ro0ce .he ,arges. re!or.e0 h-s.or-ca, arm5 a/0 .ha. .hose ma9-ma #e1ore m,.-!, m,.-!,-ca. -ca.-o/ -o/ 2-,, !ro"-0e a ;:: AP 2argames arm5 2-.h some marg-/ 1or c ho-ce' No /o.a.-o /o. a.-o / mea/ m ea/ s .ha. . ha. a. co/0e/ co/ 0e/ se0 sca ,e .he ma9-ma ma9 -ma 2-,, 2-, , re!r r e!ro0 o0 ce .he ,arg es. h-s.or h-s .or-ca -ca,, arm5 a rm5 a/0 .h a. .he ma9-ma 2-,, !ro"-0e a ;:: AP 2argames arm5 2-.h some marg-/ 1or cho-ce' FORTIFICATIONS A/ arm5 a,,o2e0 a UA ca/ !ro"-0e -. 2-.h ar.-1-c-a, 0e1e/ces' O.her2-se4 .hese ca/ o/,5 #e se0 -1 s!ec-1s!ec-1-e0 e0 #5 .he arm57s arm57s ,-s.' No.e .ha. .ha. .he cos.s cos.s o1 0e1e/ces 0e1e/ces 1or a UA a/0 a/0 .he e9.ra e9.ra cos.s cos.s o1 a/5 ga.e2a5s4 a,.hogh a,.hogh /o. me/.-o/e0 me/.-o/e0 -/ ,-s.s4 ms. s.-,, #e !a-0' De1e/ces s!ec-1-e0 as 1or cam!s ms. res. #o.h #o .h e /0s o/ a .a#, e e0ge e 0ge a/0 co/ .a-/ a,, .he arm 57s #aggag #ag gag e' A/ 5 AP s !e/ . o/ o / UA 0e 1e/ ces are 2as .e0 -1 .he .erra-/ -/c,0es /o UA or -1 5o are .he -/"a0er' Troo!s 2h-ch are s!ec-1-e0 #5 ,-s.s as .o 0e1e/0 cam!s or UA ms. rema-/ 2-.h-/ .hese' TROOP TPE ARE IATIONS IATIONS The 1o,,o2-/g a##re"-a.-o/s a##re"-a.-o/s are se0 1or .roo! .5!es -/ .hese ,-s.s L/ PSLH Cm
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ARMIES INCLUDED ARMIS OF T! ASTR# "OLO#IAL $%A#SIO#
$' Por.gese Co,o/-a,' <' Se#as.-a/-c Por.gese' +' Maghre#-' ?' Tareg' ;' Wes. S0a/ese' &' T!- or Ta!5a' ' Wes. A1r-ca/ Fores. Peo!,es' J' Eas. A1r-ca/ Paga/' %' Ara#' $:' a/8' $$' Soma,-' $<' A#5ss-/-a/' $+' Wa08' $?' A-2a' $;' F/8 Em!-re' $&' Sha-@-5a' $' I/0o/es-a/ or Ma,a5' $J' -e./amese' $%' S-amese4 rmese4 Lao.-a/ or Cam#o0-a/B*hmer' <:' D.ch Co,o/-a,' <$' S-/ha,ese' <<' Po,5/es-a/ or Me,a/es-a/'
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ARMIS OF T! &RO%A# #LI'!T#M#T
<+' Res.ora.-o/ r-.-sh'
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<%' Ir-sh Kaco#-.e' +:' W-,,-am-.e A/g,o>D.ch' +$' Lo-s XI Fre/ch' +<' La.er S!a/-sh' ++' raga/a Por.gese' +?' Sa"o5ar0' +;' La.er e/e.-a/ Co,o/-a,' +&' La.er O..oma/ Tr6' +' La.er Im!er-a,-s.' +J' H/gar-a/ Re#e,' +%' La.er a"ar-a/' ?:' La.er Sa9o/' ?$' ra/0e/#rg>Prss-a' ?<' La.er M-/or Germa/ S.a.es' ?+' La.er Da/-sh' ??' Caro,-/e S2e0-sh' ?;' Rss-a/ Co/scr-!.' La.er Po,-sh'
$&JJ AD .o $&%$ AD $&JJ AD .o $:: AD $&&$ AD .o $:: AD $&&: AD .o $:: AD $&?: AD .o $:: AD $&?J AD .o $:: AD $&?; AD .o $:: AD $&?; AD .o $:: AD $&?% AD .o $:: AD $&: AD .o $&J; AD $&?% AD .o $:: AD $&?% AD .o $:: AD $&?& AD .o $:: AD $&?% AD .o $:: AD $&?% AD .o $:: AD $&?% AD .o $:: AD $&?J AD .o $:: AD $&+< AD .o $:: AD
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ARMIS OF T! ASTWARD "OLO#IAL $%A#SIO#
$' PORTUGUESE COLONIAL $?%? AD > $:: AD Tro!-ca,' Ag + /.-, $&::4 .he/ $' WW4 R"4 R"4 W04 RGo4 R04 UA'
Ma9 N;::
C>-/>C > L/ (F) +$ AP or 0 ( O) < AP' S#>ge/era,s > 0 (O) < AP or 0 (F) <; AP' Por.gese c-"-,-sa0os 1o o. > ! .o $B< 2 (O) ; AP4 res. 0 (F) ; AP' A1r-ca/ s,a"e or Ara# -/1a/.r5 > 0 ( F) ; AP' S6-r m-sher s > ! .o $B< S6 (O) + AP4 r es. ( I) < AP' Ca//o/ > ! .o $B< Ar. (S) <; AP4 r es. Ar . ( O) <: AP or Ar. ( I) ; AP' Nao > S h! (S) & AP 0 4 24 Sh4 S6)' Cara "e,s > Sh! ( F) ? AP 04 24 Sh4 S6)4 or h ,6s > Sh! ( I) + AP A/5' Frega.as4 ga,,eo.a4 .erra0as or 1s.a > .s (S) + AP 04 24 Sh4 S6'
$ $>< $:>?J &>$< :>; :>? :>< :>+ :><
O/,5 -/ ra-, T!- a,,-es > L-s. T!- or Ta!5a' O/,5 -/ Morocco /.-, $&&: AD Garr-so/ g-/e.es > LH () ; AP'
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O/,5 -/ Eas. A1r-ca Eas. A1r-ca/ a,,-es > L-s.s E-.her a/8 or Eas. A1r-ca/ Paga/ (-m#a4 Sege84 Mo/omo.a!a)' O/,5 -/ I/0-a a/0 Ce5,o/ a1.er $;$: AD I/0-a/ ,ascar-/s 2-.h ar@e#ses > Sh ($) ? AP' I/0-a/ a,,-es > L-s. H-/0 I/0-a/ (oo6 <)' O/,5 -/ Maca or I/0o/es-a a1.er $;<: AD Loca, Ch Ch-/ese > ! .o .o $B $B? cr cross#o2 or 11-rearm S6 S6 (O (O) + AP AP4 re res. 0 (I (I) ? AP AP'
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O/,5 -/ I/0o/es-a 1rom $;<: AD .o $&:; AD Mo,cca/ a,,-es > L-s. I/0o/es-a/ or Ma,a5' Ma,a5' O/,5 a1.er $;<: AD Re!,ace c-"-,-sa0os 2 (O) cross#o2me/ 2-.h ar@e#s-ers > Sh (F) & AP'
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O/,5 a1.er $;;: AD Re!, Re!,ac acee a,, a,, c-"c-"-,,-sa sa0o 0oss 1oo 1oo.. 2-. 2-.h h ar@ ar@e e# #ss-er erss > Sh Sh (F) (F) <& <& AP AP -1 ge/e ge/era ra,4 ,4 & AP AP -1 /o.' /o.' Re!,ace s6-r m-shers 2-.h ms6e.eers > S6 (S) ? AP' A1r-ca/ s,a"e !o20er>!o. .hro2er s > S6 (X) J AP'
A,, A/5 :>$
O/,5 a1.er $&<: AD Re!,ace c-"-,-sa0os 2-.h 0egre0a0os > Sh (I) ? AP' Re!,a ce ce /ao 22-.h sma,,er # #. hea"-er> g g//e0 2arsh-!s > Sh! (O) ; AP Sh4 0'
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Th-s arm5 !ro"-0es !ro"-0es a ,-/6 #e.2ee/ .he o.hers o1 .h-s sec.-o/' sec.-o/' Wh-,e Co,m#s Co,m#s 2as ac@-r-/g a 1e2 /!ro1-.a#,e -s,a/0s 1or S!a-/4 .he Por.gese 2ere see6-/g a/o.her ro.e .o .he 1a#,os eas. 0o2/ .he 2es. coas. o1 A1r-ca4 A1r-ca4 es.a#,-sh-/ es.a#,-sh-/g g 1or.-11or.-1-e0 e0 .ra0-/g .ra0-/g s.a.-o/s s.a.-o/s a/0 co,o/-e co,o/-ess as .he5 2e/.' I/ $;::4 .he5 0-sco"ere0 .he o!.-mm o!.-mm ro.e .o I/0-a s-/g .he .he !re"a-,-/g 2-/0s "-a "-a Morocco4 ra-,4 .h e Ca! e o1 Goo0 Ho!e a/0 Eas. A1r-ca4 a/0 .he/ !she0 o/ .o reach .he Mo,ccas -/ $;$<4 Ch-/a -/ $;$+ a/0 Ka!a/ -/ $;?+' $;?+' A1.er A1.er #ea.-/g #ea.-/g a com#-/e com#-/e0 0 G8era.G8era.-BMam BMam,6 ,6 1,ee. 1,ee. a. Ma,a#ar Ma,a#ar44 .he5 es.a#,-she0 es.a#,-she0 se..,eme/. se..,eme/.ss a. Orm -/ Pers-a4 Goa -/ I/0 -a a/0 Ma,acca -/ .he Eas. I/0-es4 g-"-/g g-"-/g .hem .hem a /ear mo/o! mo/o!o,5 o,5 o1 .he .he r-ch r-ch eas.er/ .ra0e' .ra0e' The a,.er/a.-"e a,.er/a.-"e ro.e ro.e across .he Pac-1-c Pac-1-c "-a Ca!e Hor/ 1o/ 0 1or S!a-/ #5 Mage,,a/ -/ $;<: soo/ !ro"e0 eco/om-ca,,5 -/1er-or' A,.hogh Ph-,-! Ph-,-! II o1 S!a-/ #ecame #ecame r,er o1 Por.ga, Por.ga, -/ $;J:4 .he .2o co,o/-a, co,o/-a, em!-res em!-res rema-/e0 rema-/e0 se!ara.e' se!ara.e' Por.gese Por.gese co,o/-a, so,0-ers 2ere #a0,5 !a-04 />/-1orme0 />/-1orme044 s,o.h1,4 s,o.h1,4 -,,>0-sc-!, -,,>0-sc-!,-/e04 -/e04 ra!ac-o ra!ac-os4 s4 #. "er5 .ogh' The-r s a, .ac.-c 2as a s-/g,e "o,,e5 1o,,o2e0 #5 a 2-,0 charge a/0 (sa,,5) .he o!!o/e/.s ro.-/g' Ho2e"er4 a co/.em!orar5 remar6e0 .ha. 38s. as .he5 e9cee0 a,, o.her /a.-o/s
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me/.-o/' me/.-o/' S6-rm-shers S6-rm-shers -/c,0e #a/0e-ra/.es #a/0e-ra/.es 3a0"e/.rers34 3a0"e/.rers34 mame,cos 3ha,1>#ree0s3 a/0 /a.-"es' I/-.-a,,5 arme0 2-.h cross#o2s or /a.-"e #o2s4 .he5 gra0a,,5 re!,ace0 a,, .he 1ormer a/0 some o1 .he ,a..er 2-.h ar@e#ses' U/.-, $&<:4 e"e/ .he #-gges. /ao ha0 o/,5 re,a.-"e,5 ,-gh. g/s4 .hogh ma/5 so,0-ers' 5 $&<:4 so,0-ers 2ere ma-/,5 co/"-c. 0egre0a0os a/0 .he-r .he-r re!.a.re!.a.-o/ o/ so !oor !oor .ha. I/0-a/s4 I/0-a/s4 S!a/-s S!a/-sh h a/0 D.ch ca,,e0 .he Por.gese 3ch-c6e/s3' <' SEASTIANIC PORTUGUESE $;J AD Warm' Ag ?' WW4 R"4 H(G)4 W04 O4 RGo4 R04 UA'
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C>-/>C (Dom Se#as.-a/) > L/ (S) +; AP or L/ (F) +$ AP' $ S#> #>ge/e e/era, (D6e 07A 07A"-ero) > L/ (S) +; AP AP4 L/ (F (F) +$ AP or LH (O) <; <; AP' $ Moor-sh a,,5>ge/era, (M,a- Mohamme0) > S- (O) $J AP' $ No#,e No#,e ca"a,r5 ca"a,r5 > L/ L/ (F) $$ $$ AP' <>? Ta/g-ers garr-so/ g-/e.es > LH () ; AP' <>? Moor-sh a,,-e0 ca"a,r5 > S- (O) J AP or LH () ; AP' $>& Por.gese a"e/.ros > P6 (F) ? AP' AP' ?>J f Ta/g-er garr-so/ ar@e#s-ers > Sh (F) ? Q' ( ь ?=4= <>? Por.gese co/scr-!.s > P6 (I) + AP' $&>+< U!gra0e co/scr-!.s s.-11e/e0 #5 ge/.r5 "o,/.eers .o > P6 (F) ? Q' or $B? Por.gese ar@e#s-ers > Sh (I) ? AP' <>? S!a S!a/-sh /-sh .er .erc-o c-o 1oo 1oo. . $B< $B< !!-6eme 6eme/ / > P6 P6 (O (O) ? AP AP4 $B< $B< ar@e r@e# #ss-eers > Sh Sh (I (I) ? AP AP' &>$< Germa/ merce/ar5 !-6eme/ > P6 () ? AP' J>$& Germa/ ar@e#s-ers > S6 (O) + AP or Sh (I) ? AP' :>$ !er ? Germa/ P6 Pa!a, I.a,-a/ merce/ar-es > P6 (I) or S6 (O) + AP4 or Sh (I) ? AP' +>& Ar.-,,er5 > $B+>$B< Ar. (S) <; AP4 res. Ar. () <: AP' <>? War 2ago/s > WWg () $: AP' <>? Na o> Sh !( S) & AP P 6( I) ' :>< Cara"e,s > Sh! (F) ? AP P6 (I)1' :>+ Th-s -s .he arm5 o1 .he 5o/g Dom Se#as.-a/ o1 Por.ga, Por.ga, .ha. !er-she0 a. E,>*sar e,>*e#-r e,>*e#-r -/ .he 3a..,e 3a.., e o1 .he Three *-/gs3' Se#as.-a/7s 0ea.h ,e1. h-s /c,e Ph-,-! II o1 S!a-/ as he-r .o .he *-/g0om4 2h-ch he se-e0 $J mo/.hs ,a.er aga-/s. m-/-ma, res-s.a/ce' Se#as.-a/7s 1-rs. !,a/ 2as .o .a6e h-s arm5 .o Goa .o car"e o. a/ I/0-a/ em!-re4 #. he ha0 se..,e0 1or a/ e9!e0-.-o/ .o Morocco Morocco .o 0e.hro/e 0e.hro/e A#0 e,>Ma,e e,>Ma,e64 64 a sr!er sr!er 1os.er-/g 1os.er-/g Tr6-sh Tr6-sh corsa-rs4 corsa-rs4 a/0 8s. !oss-#,5 !oss-#,5 res.ore res.ore M,a- Mohamme0' The arm5 2as #ase0 o/ Ta/g-ers' Ta/g-ers' Se#as.-a/7s ch-"a,r-c #e/. ma6es -. ,-6e,5 .ha. h-s e/.orage -/c,0e0 me/>a.>arms' A"e/.ros A"e/.ros 2ere ho.>#,oo0e0 ge/.r5 arme0 2-.h !-6es 2ho 1orme0 .he ce/.re o1 .he 1ro/. ,-/e 2-.h .he Germa/s o/ .he-r r-gh. a/0 .he S!a/-ar0s a/0 I.a,-a/s o/ .he-r ,e1.' Each 2ere 2-/ge0 #5 sho.4 .he a"e/.ros #5 "e.era/ "e.era/ ar@e#s-e ar@e#s-ers rs o1 .he Ta/g-er Ta/g-erss garr-so/' garr-so/' I/ .he #a..,e4 .he a"e/.ros a"e/.ros charge0 1as.er .ha/ .he Germa/s a/0 S!a/-sh .o #rea6 .he o!!os-/g 1ro/. ,-/e4 #. 2ere 0r-"e/ #ac6 #5 .he seco/0' The o.her Por.gese 1oo. 2ere mos.,5 co/scr-!.s arme0 e9c,s-"e,5 2-.h !-6es' < reg-me/.s 1orme0 .he 1,a/6s o1 a ho,,o2 s@are 2-.h .he #aggage -/s-0e a/0 2ere !ro.ec.e0 #5 co,m/s o1 2ago/s 1-,,e0 2-.h ar@e#s-ers o/ each 1,a/6' 1,a/6' The rear 1ace 2as 1orme0 #5 < more reg-me/.s reg-me/.s s.-11e/e0 s.-11e/e0 2-.h "o,/.eers4 2-.h a #a..a,-o/ o1 ar@e#s-ers ar@e#s-ers #e.2ee/' #e.2ee/' The /o#,e /o#,e ca"a,r5 ca"a,r5 2as 0e!,o5e0 0e!,o5e0 .o .he ,e1. o1 .he s@are a/0 .he Ta/gTa/g-er er garr-so/ horse 2as .o -.s r-gh.4 s!!or.e0 #5 .he 1e2 1o,,o2ers o1 M,a- Mohamme0 Mohamme0 2ho 2ore re0 ca!s .o 0-s.-/g-sh .hem' The ar.-,,er5 ha0 $ g/ a. .he rear o1 .he s@are a/0 .he res. -/ 1ro/. o1 -.' Se#as.-a/ Se#as.-a/ e9!ec.e0 h-s a,,5 .o a..rac. co/s-0era#,5 co/s-0era#,5 more s!!or. .ha/ he 0-04 so 2e ha"e a,,o2e0 a ,arge "ar-a.-o/ -/ .he ma9-mm /m#er o1 Moor-sh e,eme/.s .o s-m,a.e .h-s' A Moor-sh ge/era, ms. comma/0 a,, a/0 o/,5 Moors' The -.em mar6e0 o/,5 a!!,-es -1 more .ha/ $ e,eme/. o1 Moors are se0' M,a- 0ro2/e0 1,ee-/g !rema.re,5 !rema.re,5 across a r-"er4 Se#as.-a/ 1o/0 0ea.h charg-/g charg-/g -/.o .he e/em5 a/0 .he "-c.or 0-e0 #e1ore .he e/0 o1 .he #a..,e4 !o-so/e0 #5 .he comma/0er comma/ 0er o1 h -s Tr6-sh Tr6- sh .roo!s' .roo! s' A/ arm5 ,-s. #ase0 o/ a s-/g,e #a..,e -s /ecessar-,5 /ecessar-,5 r-g-0 a/0 .he h-s.or h-s.or-ca -ca,, arm5 arm5 2as a/ a262ar a262ar0 0 s-e' s-e' S.a5-/g S.a5-/g c,ose .o .he m-/-ma 2-,, a,,o2 a h-s.or-ca, re1-gh. -/ co/0e/se0 sca,e4 #. ma9-ma ms. #e 0o#,e0 1or /orma, sca,e' +' MAGHREI $?%? AD > $:: AD Tr-!o,- Dr5' Ag :' WW4 H(G)4 O4 M4 RGo4 UA' O.hers Warm' Ag $' WW4 R"4 H(S)4 H(G)4 W04 O4 RGo4 R04 UA' C>-/>C > S- (O) ge/era,s > S- (O) S- () J AP' Tr-#a, ca"a,r5 > LH () ; AP' S!earme/ > W# (S) ; AP' S6-rm-shers 2-.h cross#o2s a/0 ar@e#ses > S6 () + AP' Na11a. Na11a./ / > S6 S6 (X) (X) J AP' Corsa-r ga,,e5s a/0 ga,,-o.s > Ga, (F) + AP 0 (F)' Corsa-rs > 0 (F) ; AP' AP'
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Th-s co"ers .he arm-es o1 .he 3ar#ar 5 S.a.es3 o1 Morocco4 A,ger-a4 T/-s-a T/-s-a a/0 Tr-!o,-' A. .h-s .-me .he .he Morocca/ !or.s 2ere occ!-e0 occ!-e0 #5 Por.gese4 Por.gese4 S!a/-sh a/04 1rom $&&$ .o $&J?4 E/g,-sh e/c, a"es' The mos. .5!-ca, .ac.-c 2as a 1-erce -/-.-a, ca"a,r5 charge e9!,o-.e0 #5 ag-,e -/1a/.r5 2ho eas-,5 ,ea!. o#s.ac,es' The Morocca/s 2ere es!ec-a,,5 a0e!. a. co/cea,-/g am#shes -/ .he mos. /,-6e,5 /,-6e,5 !,aces !,aces'' Ka/-ssar5 Ka/-ssar5 garr-so/s 2ere se/. o. #5 .he O..oma/s as .he5 .oo6 co/.ro, o"er A,ger-a4 Tr-!o,- a/0 T/-s-a' Morocca/ arm-es arm-es se0 masse0 ar@e#s-ers ar@e#s-ers44 some A/0a,s-a A/0a,s-a/ / e9-,es e9-,es #. a,so Chr-s.-a/ re/ega0es a/0 Tr6s4 Tr6s4 .o 0e1ea. 0e1ea. Dom Se#as.-a/ Se#as.-a/7s 7s Por.g Por.gese ese arm5 -/ $;J a/0 2rec6 .he So/gha- Em!-re -/ $;%$' The ma/5 .r-#a, .r-#a, ca"a,r5 !rese/. !rese/. -/ $;J ha0 ,-..,e e11ec.4 e11ec.4 !oss-#,5 0e .o ,ac6 o1 s!ace' La.er arm-es ma0e ,ess se o1 1-rearms' 1-rearms' The /egro 3A#-03 1oo. re,-e0 re,-e0 o/ #5 Morocc Morocco o a1.er a1.er $&+ 2ere 2ere s-m-,a s-m-,arr .o !re"-os !re"-os s!earme/ a/0 s6-rm-sh-/g g/me/' I/ce/0-ar5 ha/0 gre/a0es gre/a0es 2ere e11ec.-"e aga-/s. aga-/s. .he E/g,-sh garr-so/ garr-so/ o1 Ta/g-ers -/ $&J' Corsa-rs 2ere arme0 2-.h s2or0s4 #c6,ers4 #o2s a/0 a 1e2 cross#o2s a/0 ,a.er some 1-rearms4 -/c,0-/g !-s.o,s4 !-s.o,s4 a/0 ha,1>!-6es' Coas.a, Coas.a, #om#ar0s ms. #e -/ .he 1or.-1-ca. 1or.-1-ca.-o/s -o/s o1 a UA o/ a 2a.er2a5' ?' TUAREG TUAREG $?%? $?%? AD > $:: AD Dr5' Dr5' Ag ?' RGo4 D4 O' C>-/>C > Cm (S) <% AP' S#>ge/era,s > Cm (S) <% AP' Ihaggare/ a/0 Imra0 came, 2arr-ors > Cm (S) % AP' Came, sco.s > Cm (F) & AP' Imra0 or m-9e0 1oo. > W# (S) ; AP' Re!,ace 1oo. 2-.h I6,a/ s6-rm-shers > S6 (I) < AP or W# (I) + AP'
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;' WEST SUDANESE SUDANESE $?%? $?%? AD > $:: AD Dr5' Dr5' Ag :' R"4 H(G)4 e-.her W0 or D4 RGo4 UA' C>-/>C > S- (S) +: AP or 0 (F) <; AP' S#>ge/era,s > S- (O) S- (S) $: AP' a/ 62ar#a- > U! .o $B< S- (I) ; AP4 res. LH () ; AP' ag- > S6 (I) < AP' am #a6a > 2 (I) + AP' am ,-1-0a #a6a > 2 () ; AP' am ass-g-r- > P6 (I) + AP' am 1a.e>1a.e > 0 (F) ; AP' P,ashe0 2oo0 or scr# e0ge > FO < AP' Pa,-sa0e or .hor/ #omaBar-#a .o !ro.ec. #aggage > FO < AP' :>< Tareg a,,-e0 co/.-/ge/.s > L-s. Tareg' A/5 e9ce!. So/gha- am #-/0-ga > Sh (I) ? AP' O/,5 -1 *a/em or or/ Re!,ace 5am #a6a 2-.h 5am mash- > W# (I) + AP'
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The T!- .r-#es 2hom .he Por.gese 1o/0 -/ !ossess-o/ o1 coas.a, ra-, 2ere .hemse,"es re,a.-"e,5 re,a.-"e,5 rece/. arr-"a,s4 ha"-/g em-gra.e0 1rom -/,a/0' Ero!ea/s 0escr-#e .hem as 1-gh.-/g -/ arm-es o1 se"era, .hosa .hosa/04 /04 a/0 as 1eroc-o 1eroc-os s ca//-# ca//-#a,s a,s'' The5 The5 1ogh. 1ogh. 2-.h ,o/g !o2er1 !o2er1, , #o2s #o2s a/0 har02oo0 c,#s4 2-.h 2h-ch4 a1.er a/ -/-.-a, #arrage o1 arro2s4 .he5 charge0 3,-6e #,,s3' I. 2as sa-0 .ha. .he5 6/e2 /o o.her .ac.-cs /.-, a ,a.e $&.h ce/.r5 E/g,-sh "-s-.or .agh. .hem .o ,a5 am#shes' The-r ca/oes each carr-e0 ! .o ;: me/' The T!- res-s.e0 res-s.e0 .he Por.gese /.-, .he 0ec-s-"e 0e1ea. o1 .he-r ,arges. .r-#e4 .he Po.-gar4 -/ $&:$' The5 1ogh. 1or .he Por.gese -/ $&+?>;?4 $&+?>;?4 2h-,e .he s-m-,ar Ta!5a Ta!5a 1ogh. aga-/s. aga-/s. .hem 2-.h .he D.ch' The T!- ha0 ac@-re0 1-rearms 1-rearms 1rom .he Fre/ch #5 $;;' These are co,or1, arm-es 2-.h #r-gh. #r-gh. 1ea.hers a/0 1ace !a-/.' ' WEST AFRICAN AFRICAN FOREST FOREST PEOPLES PEOPLES $?%? AD > $:: AD Tro!-ca,' Ag :' WW4 R"4 W04 M4 RGo4 R04 UA' C>-/>C > W# (I) <+ AP' S#>ge/era,s > W# (I) <+ AP' Warr-ors > W# (I) + AP' Sco.-/g or s6-rm-sh-/g archers > S6 (I) < A P' Ca/oes > .s (I) $ AP W#4 S6' S.oc6a0es > FO < AP' Por.gese a,,-es > L-s. Por.gese Co,o/-a,' O/,5 a1.er $&;J AD Re>arm 2arr-ors 2-.h 0a/e g/s > S6 () + AP' Ero!ea/ re/ega0es a/0 .he-r ser"a/.s > Sh (S) AP or Ar. (I) ; AP'
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Tro!-ca,' Ag +' R"4 H(G)4 W04 RGo4 M4 UA' Tro!-ca,' Ag ?' R"4 H(G)4 RGo4 UA' Dr5' Ag $' R"4 H(G)4 RGo4 M4 D4 UA'
C>-/>C > W# (O) ge/era,s > W# () W# () ? AP' o.hs 2-.h #o2s or 8a"e,-/s gar0-/g her0s or sco.-/g > S6 ($) < AP'
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Rec,ass-15 2arr-ors as e,0ers 0e1e/0-/g "-,,ages > 2 (I) + AP' Dr5>s.o/e 2a,, or #oma e9.e/s-o/ .o !ro.ec. ca..,e > FO < AP' O/,5 Mo/omo.a!a U!gra0e ge/era,s .o /o#,es > W# (S) <; AP' Re!,ace 2arr-ors 2-.h "assa, .roo!s > W# (I) + AP' 4 Re>c,ass-15 s#>ge/era, as Por.gese a0"e/.rer 2-.h s,a"es > Sh (F) $& AP' (2-b O/,5 -m#a #e1ore $;%: AD Rec,ass-15 2arr-ors as archers > 2 (I) + AP or S6 (I) < AP' Por.gese a,,-es > L-s. Por.gese Co,o/-a,'
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Th-s -/c,0es .he Sho/a c-.5>#-,0-/g Mo/omo.a!a 6-/g0om o1 -m#a#2e4 .he -m#a a/0 Sege8 2hose m-gra.-o/ m-gra.-o/ .hrea.e/e0 .he a/8 c-.-es4 a/0 .he !aga/ /-,o.-c !eo!,es o1 .he Eas. S0a/ sch as .he Sh-, Sh-,,6 ,6 a/0 D-/6a 2ho res-s.e0 .he F/8 Em!-re7s e9!a/s-o/' e9!a/s-o/' Mo/omo.a!a Mo/omo.a!a -s a Por.gese Por.gese corr!.-o/ o1 M2e/e M.a!a 3Grea. P-,,ager34 2h-ch -m!,-es a/ -/-.-a,,5 aggress-"e s.a/ce' The5 ha0 /o2 a#a/0o/e0 .he-r ear,-er ear,-er ca!-.a, (/o2 .he r-/s o1 Grea. -m#a#2e)4 -m#a#2e)4 #. .he-r /e2 c-.-es 2ere e@a,,5 e@a,,5 -m!ress-"e -m!ress-"e s.o/e com!,e9es' The-r /o#,es are 0escr-#e0 as 2ear-/g s6-/s 2-.h .a-,s .ra-,-/g o/ .he gro/0 as a s-g/ o1 ra/6 a/0 2ear-/g s2or0s -/ go,0>0ecora.e0 2oo0e/ sca##ar0s o/ .he-r ,e1.' O.her me/ ha0 s!ears or #o2s 2-.h goo0 -ro/ arro2hea0s' The5 2ere sa-0 .o #e 32ar,-6e me/4 as 2e,, as grea. .ra0ers3' Mo/omo.a!a co/.ro,,e0 a /m#er o1 "assa, s.a.es4 some o1 2h-ch 1e,, -/.o .he ha/0s o1 Por.gese a0"e/.rers 2ho recr-.e0 arm-es 1rom .hem o1 $:><;4::: me/' A/ A/ a0"e/.rer s#>ge/era, s#>ge/era, ca/ o/,5 comma/0 "assa,s or 5o.hs' A Mo/omo.a!a/ a,,-e0 co/.-/ge/. ms. #e comma/0e0 #5 a/ a0"e/.rer a/0 re!,ace a,, 2arr-ors 2-.h "assa,s' The -m#a 2ere e9!a/0-/g 1rom .he ro,,-/g grass,a/0s o1 .he -/.er-or -/.o .he coas.a, !,a-/ a/0 .error-s-/g .error-s- /g -.s -/ha#-.a/. - /ha#-.a/.ss #5 .h e-r 1eroc-.5 1eroc -.5 a/0 ca//-#a,-sm' ca//-#a, -sm' The5 are 0escr-#e0 0esc r-#e0 as arme0 2-.h #o2s4 !o-so/e0 arro2s a/0 1-re>har0e/e0 2oo0e/ s!ears a/0 carr5-/g sma,, 2oo0e/ sh-e,0s' I/ $;J%4 .he5 2ere a,,-e0 2-.h #5 .he Por.gese Por.gese 2ho se0 .hem .o ca!.re Mom#asa4 a1.er 2h-ch .he5 are sa-0 .o ha"e ea.e/ .he 2ho,e !o!,a.-o/ e9ce!. 1or a 1e2 0oe/ 2ho 8m!e0 -/.o .he sea .o #e sho. #5 Por.gese ar@e#s-ers or 6-,,e0 #5 shar6s' The5 2ere shor.,5 a1.er .a6e/ -/ rear 2h-,e a..ac6-/g Ma,-/0- #5 .he Sege84 a/o.her 2ar,-6e .r-#e (!oss-#,5 a/.) .ha. 2as mo"-/g 0o2/ .he coas.4 coas.4 a/0 0es.ro5e0' The /-,o.-c D-/6a a/0 Sh-,,6 each ha0 s.a##-/g s!ear4 ,arge ,arge h-0e sh-e,0 a/0 c,#4 #. .he-r ma-/ 2ea!o/s 2ere 8a"e,-/s 2h-ch .he5 0re2 ! -/ 1orma.-o/ .o .hro24 .he rear ra/6s hr,-/g .hro2-/g s.-c6s o"erhea0 o"erhea0 as a h-gh>.ra8e h-gh>.ra8ec.or5 c.or5 0-s.rac.-o/' 0-s.rac.-o/' We We assme assme .ha. Mo/omo.a!a/ Mo/omo.a!a/ "assa,s 2ere s-m-,ar' s-m-,ar' The o/,5 mo0er/ mo0er/ Eas. A1r-ca A1r-ca/ / !eo!,e !eo!,e .o se .he #o2 as .he-r s.a/0ar0 2ea!o/ are .he *am#a4 2ho .hemse,"es .hemse,"es ascr-#e .h-s .o #e-/g rece/. -mm-gra/.s 1rom a 1ores. h/.-/g e/"-ro/me/.' The -m#a ma5 ha"e #ee/ h/.erBgar0e/ers h/.erBgar0e/ers ra.her .ha/ !as.ora,-s.s !as.ora,-s.s a/0 /ee0e0 hma/ 1,esh 1or ,ac6 o1 o.her o.her !or.a#,e !or.a#,e 1oo0' We We sgges. -/c,0-/g mos. Mo/omo.a!a/ a/0 -m#a archer 1-gres as rear ra/6s o1 .he 2ar#a/0' Mo0er/ !as.ora, !eo!,es regar0 h/.-/g 2-.h a,mos. .he same 0-s0a-/ as .he5 0o agr-c,.re' agr-c,.re' For e9am!,e4 .he Masa- ,-m-.e0 archer5 .o /c-rcmc-se0 5o.hs a/0 .o .he e,0er,5 -1 0e1e/0-/g .he-r "-,,age' The o!.-o/ .o rec,ass-15 "-,,age 0e1e/0ers as #o2me/ -s ,-m-.e0 .o e,eme/.s -/-.-a,,5 0e!,o5e0 -/ a "-,,age' U/2a,,e0 "-,,ages sho ,0 #e 1or.-1-e0 2-.h a 1e/ce or .hor/ #oma' -,,age -,,age 0e1e/ces ca/ ha"e a/ e9.e/s-o/ .o !ro.ec. .he ca..,e her0 (#aggage)' $: %' ARA $?%? AD > $:: AD Coas.a, Dr5' Ag + -1 Oma/-4 : -1 /o.' WW4 H(S)4 H(G)4 4 4 RGo4 UA' W0 -1 Oma/' Deser. Dr5' Ag <' H(S)4 H(G)4 4 E4 RGo4 D' e0o-/ ca"a,r5 > LH () ; AP' e0o-/ o/ 1 as. came,s > Cm (F) & AP' e0o-/ o/ or0-/ar5 came,s > Cm () & AP' e0o e0o-/ / 1oo 1oo.. 2-. 2-.h h s2o s2or0 r0 a/0 a/0 s!e s!ear ar or #o2 #o24 or or 1ro 1rom m $;$ $;$ ma. ma.ch ch,o ,oc6 c6 > W# W# () () ? AP' AP' e0o-/ s6-r m-shers 2-.h #o2 > S6 (I) < AP4 or cross#o2 > S6 ( ) + AP' e0o-/ s6-rm-shers 2-.h s,-/g or 8a"e,-/ > S6 (I) < AP'
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O/,5 -1 arm5 -s e/.-re,5 0eser. e0o-/ e0o-/ C>-/ >C > S- (S) +: AP4 LH ( O) <; AP4 or Cm (F) or (O) <& AP' e0o-/ s#>ge/era, > As C>-/>C' Came, e, e,eme/. -/ -/c,0-/g ma ma-0e/ -/ -/ #r #r-0a, 0r 0ress -/ -/ ca came, mm-r6a# > Cm Cm (S (S) % AP AP' Her0 o1 r-0er,ess #,ac6 came,s 0r -"e/ #e1ore ar m5 > Cm (S) % AP'
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Pr!,e #a #a//er o1 o1 Ha Ha7-, a/0 he here0-.ar5 # earer > Cm (S) % AP AP or SS- (S) $: AP AP' Rec,ass-1 5 ca"a,r 5 as > S- (S) $: AP'
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O/,5 -1 coas.a, s.a.e C> -/>C > S- (S) +: AP4 S- ( I) <; AP4 2 (O) < ; AP4 or 0 ( O) < AP' Se6ha/ ar cher #o05gar0 > 2 () <; AP' S# >ge/er a, > S- (S) +: AP or S- (I) <; AP' e0o e0o-/ -/ a, a,,5>g ,5>ge/ e/er era, a, > S- (S) (S) <: AP4 AP4 LH (O) (O) $; AP4 or Cm (F) (F) or or () () $& AP' AP' Hoseho,04 .o2/ or as6ar- ca"a,r5 > S- (I) ; AP' As6ar- /egro s,a"e 1oo. 2-.h s2or0 a/0 some.-mes s!ear > 0 ( F) ; AP' To2/ m-,-. ,-.-a4 -a4 r-o. r-o.er erss or 2om 2ome/4 e/4 ma-/, a-/,5 5 2-.h -m!ro" !ro"--se0 se0 2ea 2ea!o/s !o/s > H0 (S) (S) < AP AP' Mo/.a -/ .r-#esme/ 2-.h 8a"e ,-/s or s!ear > W# (I) + AP or S6 (I) < AP' Dho2s > Sh! ( I) + AP 0 4 24 S64 ge'
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O/,5 -1 Oma/ U!gra !gra0e 0e ma-, a-,e0 ho hosseho, eho,0 0 ca" ca"a, a,r5 r5 2-.h 1r 1ro/. o/.a, ,ame, ame,,,ar #a #ar0r0-/g .o .o > SS- (S (S) $: AP AP' a,ch- gar0sme/ > 0 () AP' Oma/- cross#o2 me/ > S6 () + AP' Oma/- .r-#a, -/1a/.r5 2-.h s2or0 a/0 some.-mes sh-e,0 > 0 (F) ; AP'
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O/,5 -1 eme/ e0o e0o-/ -/ 1oo. 1oo. ,e0 #5 #5 /a /arme rme0 sha shah-0h !oe. oe. e9hor. or.-/g a/0 sa sa.-r-sr-s-/g /g > W# (S) (S) ; AP'
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O/,5 -1 eme/ #e1ore $;$ AD Mam,6 a,,-es > L-s. Mam,6 (oo6 $)' O/,5 -1 coas.a, 1rom $;$ AD Re!, Re!,ac acee Oma/ Oma/-- cros cross# s#o2 o2m me/ 2-.h 2-.h Oma/ Oma/-- gar gar0s 0sm me/ 2-. 2-.h ma ma.ch, .ch,oc oc6 6 > Sh (F) (F) & AP' AP' :>? :>? <>ma/ ma .ch,oc6s -/ 1or.-1-e0 UA > Ar. ( I) ; AP' :>< om#ar0s -/ 1or.-1-e0 UA > Ar. (S) <; AP' :>+ Re>arm e0o-/ s6-rm-shers 2-.h ma.ch,oc6 > S6 (S) ? AP' :>? e0o-/ shar!shoo.ers r-0-/g came, a/0 0-smo/.-/g .o 1-re > Dr () AP' AP' :>$ !er + LH O/,5 -1 eme/ eme/ 1rom $;+J AD .o $;+% AD a/0 -/ $;? AD Por .gese merce/ar-es a/0Bor a ,,-es > Sh (F) & AP'
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se0 -1 a/5 o.her S- (S) are !rese/.' Oma/- 1oo. 1a"ore0 .he ,o/g s.ra-gh. 36a..ara3 s2or0 a/0 -. 2as /o. .he-r hea0,o/g rsh .ha. #ro6e .he e/em5 > -. 8s. go. .hem -/.o !os-.-o/ .o he2 .he e/em5 a!ar. 3Dho23 -s se0 as a ge/er-c .erm 1or ,a.ee/>r-gge0 sa-,-/g "esse,s sch as .he #or/4 #agh,a4 sam#64 ar6 or #a0a/' Oma/ ca!.re0 a Por.gese Por.ges e J: g/ sh-! -/ $&;: a/0 shor.,5 a1.er #ogh. < o.her Ero!ea/> Ero!ea/ > s.5,e ;: g/ sh-!s 32h-ch sa-,e0 ,-6e s,gges3 a/0 $J 1as.er $<>+< g/ sh-!s' oar0-/g .ac.-cs 2ere mos. 1a"ore0' Oma/ /o2 ma.che0 .he Por.gese a. sea4 so co,0 sa1e,5 -/.er"e/e .o s!!or. .he a/8 c-.-es' A/ Oma/- or Tr6-sh a,,-e0 co/.-/ge/. ca/ -/c,0e /a"a, e,eme/.s' Arm-es -/c,0-/g /a"a, e,eme/.s /ee0 /o. -/c,0e o.her2-se com!,sor5 e0o-/' $:' ANK $?%? AD > $:: AD Tro!-ca,' Ag $' WW4 R"4 WW4 H(G)4 W04 M4 RGo4 UA' C>-/>C > 0 (O) < AP' S#>ge/era, > 0 (O) < AP or 0 (F) <; AP' S2or0sme/ > 0 (F) ; AP' Ka"e,-/me/ > S6 (I) < AP' Archers > 2 (O) ; AP' AP' Coas.a, /a.-"es > W# (I) + AP' Dho2s > Sh! (I) + AP 04 24 S64 W#4 geK' :>< /e-gh#or-/g a/8 c-.5 a,,-e0 co/.-/ge/.s > L-s. a/8' Por.gese a,,-es > L-s. Por.gese Co,o/-a,' O/,5 $;J; AD .o $;J% AD Corsa-r ga,,e5s a/0 ga,,-o.s > Ga, (F) + AP 0 (F)4 Ar.' Corsa-rs > 0 (F) ; AP' D-smo/.e0 sh-! ar.-,,er5 > Ar. (S) <; AP' U!gra0e corsa-r e,eme/. as a,,5>ge/era, > 0 (F) $; AP' O/,5 a1.er $;J; AD Ma.ch,oc6>me/ > S6 (S) ? AP' L-gh. ar.-,,er5 > Ar. (I) ; AP'
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$+ $<' ASSINIAN $?%? AD > $:: AD Dr 5' Ag :' R"4 H( S )4 H(G )4 RGo4 R0 4 U A' C>-/> C > LH (O) <; AP' S#>ge/era,s > LH () <; AP' Ca"a,r 5 > LH () ; AP' S2or0sme/ > 0 (F) ; AP' S!earme/ > W# (I) + AP' Archers > 2 (I) + AP or S6 ( I) < AP' S6-rm-sh-/g 8a"e,-/me/ > S6 (I) < AP' Pa,-sa0e4 0r5s.o/e 2a,, or .hor/ #oma > FO < AP' O/,5 /.-, $;<% AD Mo/. C>-/>C o/ e,e!ha/. > E, ( -) +& AP' Came, sco.s > Cm (F) & AP' Wa08 s#8ec. a,,-es > L-s. Wa08'
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Th-s co"ers .he arm-es o1 .he A#5ss-/-a/ Em!-re (mo0er/ E.h-o!-a)' Th-s 2as a Chr-s.-a/ e/c,a"e co/s.a/.,5 a. 2ar 2-.h 2-.h -.s !aga/ a/0 Is,am-c Is,am-c s.a.es s.a.es /e-gh#or /e-gh#orss a/0 2as har0 !resse0 !resse0 1rom $;<% /.-, /.-, .he $;?$
Por.gese e9!e0-.-o/ -/.ro0ce0 1-rearms a/0 ar.-,,er5' A#5ss-/-a/ ca"a,r5 2ere mos.,5 !ro"-0e0 #5 .he Sha2a a/0 Ga,,a o1 .he so.h4 .5!-ca,,5 arme0 2-.h a shor. s!ear a/0 < or more 8a"e,-/s #. o1.e/ /o sh-e,04 r-0-/g scr##5 !o/-es 2-.h s-m!,e sa00,es s#s.-..-/g .oe ,oo!s 1or !ro!er s.-rr!s' Sh-e,0s 2ere !r-e0 !r -e0 #5 .ho se 2ho 0-0 ha"e ha" e .he m a/0 .hose .ho se o1 me/ 2ho ha0 0-s.-/g 0-s. -/g -she 0 .hems e,"es e,"e s -/ #a..,e #a.. ,e 2ere em#e,,-she0 2-.h s-,"er or 2-.h a ,-o/7s ma/e' Some /o#,es /o#,es s#s.-..e0 s#s.-..e0 ma-, 1or a sh-e,04 #. .h-s .h-s 0oes /o. a,.er c,ass-1-ca.c,ass-1-ca.-o/' o/' A#5ss-/A#5ss-/-a/ a/ 1oo. a,so ha0 s.a##-/g s!ear a/0 8a"e,-/s4 #. a00e0 a ,arge ro/0 h -0e sh-e,0' S2or0sme/ sa,,5 ha0 a ,o/g s.ra-gh. s2or04 some.-mes some.-mes 2-e,0e0 2-e,0e0 2-.h #o.h ha/0s a1.er 0-scar0-/g .he-r sh-e,0s4 #. some -/s.ea0 se0 .he e/ormos s-c6,e>sha!e0 3sho.e,34 -/.e/0e0 .o hoo6 o"er o!!o/e/.s7 sh-e,0s' sh-e,0s' A#5ss-/-a/ A#5ss-/-a/ s2or0sme/ 2ere !r-e0 a#roa0 as gar0sme/ /.-, access 2as c.>o11 #5 Por.gese 0om-/ 0om-/a.a.-o/ o/ o1 .he sea' sea' The The Por. Por.ge gese se co/.co/.-/g /ge/. e/. o1 $;?$>? $;?$>?+ + co/sco/s-s.e s.e0 0 o1 ?:: Por. Por.g gese ese44 mos., mos.,5 5 aggress-" aggress-"ee ar@e#s-ers #. 2-.h some ha,1>!-6es4 a/0 $+: 1-gh.-/g s,a"es' I. 2as accom!a/-e0 #5 a 0rm a/0 1-1e #a/0 a/0 se"era, #a//ers -/c,0-/g -/c,0-/g .ha. o1 .he-r 6-/g4 eas-,5 eas-,5 e/ogh 1or $ !er ar@e#s-er e,eme/.' I. ac@-re0 e/ogh horses .o g-"e .he ge/era, a m-9e0 e,eme/. o1 Por.gese ,a/cers a/0 A#5ss-/-a/s' A,, .roo!s .roo!s !re1-9e !re1-9e0 0 #5 3Por. 3Por.ge gese3 se3 a/0 a/5 Por.g Por.gese ese>ma >ma//e //e0 0 ar.-,, ar.-,,er5 er5 ms. ms. #e comma/0 comma/0e0 e0 #5 a Por.gese a,,5>ge/era, a,,5>ge/era, 2ho ca//o. co/.ro, o.her o.her .roo!s' The sr"-"ors rema-/e0 a/0 .oo6 ,oca, 2-"es4 2ho #5 $;: ha0 g-"e/ r-se .o a here0-.ar5 here0-.ar5 reg-me/. o1 +4::: /r,5 ha,1>#ree ha,1>#ree0 0 ma.ch,o ma.ch,oc6> c6>me/ me/ 1-r-/ 1-r-/g g ms6e.s 1rom res.s' The 3#,ac6 horse3 2ere 2ere /egro s,a"e .roo!s o1 .he .he em!eror7s ho seho,0 2hose ,arge horses a/0 arms 2ere -m!or.e0 1rom S-//ar' S-//ar' The5 2ore #,ac6>!,me0 co!!er he,me.s 2-.h a shor. ma-, "-or a/0 h-!>,e/g.h ma-, sh-r.s4 a/0 !she0 .he-r ,egs .hrogh hor-o/.a, s,o.s -/ .he-r horses7 @-,.e0 #ar0-/g' The5 ha0 h-gh h-gh sa00,es sa00,es 2-.h 2-.h Ara# s.-rr!s s.-rr!s a/0 2ere arme0 2-.h a $? 1oo. ,a/ce a/0 a/ a9e' The5 2e re sa-0 .o #e ca !a#, !a #, e o1 ch argar g- /g .hrogh a, , .he ca"a,r 5 o1 A#5ss-/-a4 /o . ho2e"er a/ es!ec-a,,5 o/eros .as 6'
$? $+' WADK $?%? AD > $:: AD Dr5' Ag :' R"4 H(S)4 H(G)4 RGo4 UA' C>-/>C > S- (O) ge/era,s > S- (O) S- () J AP' U!gr !gra0e S- (O) ge/er /era,s a/0 ca"a,r5 .o > S- (S) +: AP -1 ge/era era,4 $: AP -1 /o.' L-gh. horse > LH () ; AP' Foo. > W# (I) + AP' Rec,ass-15 1oo. as s6-rm-shers 2-.h 8a"e,-/s > S6 (I) < AP'
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The Wa08 or Ha05a 2ere or-g-/a,,5 .r-#.ar-es o1 .he A#5ss-/-a/ Em!-re4 #. a!!are/.,5 #ecame -/0e!e/0e/. a1.er a1.er -.s .em!or .em!orar5 ar5 #rea6> #rea6>! ! 1rom 1rom $;<%' $;<%' A/ A#5ss-/A#5ss-/-a/ a/ a..em! a..em!.. .o re>es. re>es.a#, a#,-sh -sh co/.ro co/.ro,, -/ $;&% $;&% 2as !ro#a#,5 0e1ea.e0' Mos. 2argam-/g a..e/.-o/ has !re"-os,5 1ocsse0 o/ .he hea"5 ca"a,r 5 as a s a s.-11e/er s.-11e/ er 1or A#5ss-/-a/ arm-es ,ac6-/g .ha. arm4 #. .hese 2ere a .-/5 !ar. o1 .he arm5' The5 2ere arme0 2-.h ,a/ces4 ma-,e0 a/0 ro0e horses 2h-ch 2ere ca!ar-so/e0 -/ a/.e,o!e h-0e' Whe.her .h-s ha0 a !ro.ec.-"e "a,e or 2as o/,5 0ecora.-"e -s /c,ear4 /c,ear4 so #o.h are a,,o2e0' Mos. Mos. o1 .he ca"a,r5 ca"a,r5 2ere #are>#a #are>#ac6 c6 !o/5 r-0ers r-0ers arme0 arme0 2-.h s.a##-/g s.a##-/g s!ear4 s!ear4 8a"e,-/s 8a"e,-/s a/0 !oss-#,5 !oss-#,5 .hro2-/g -ro/s4 a m,.->#,a0e0 cross #e.2ee/ a/ a9e a/0 a #oomera/g' The 1oo.7s ma-/ 2ea!o/ 2as .he 8a"e,-/4 !ro#a#,5 !ro#a#,5 accom!a/-e0 accom!a/-e0 #5 .he sa, sma,, ro/0 sh-e,0 o1 .he area a/0 s.a##-/g s!ear s!ear'' A/5 s6-rm-sh s6-rm-shers ers 2o,0 2o,0 mos. mos. ,-6e,5 ,-6e,5 #e sh-e,0 sh-e,0,es ,esss 5o.h1 5o.h1, , 8a"e,-/me/' 8a"e,-/me/'
$?' ALWA $?%? AD > $;:? AD Dr5' Ag :' R"4 H(G)4 RGo4 M4 D4 UA' C>-/>C > S- (S) +: AP4 S- (O) ge/era,s > S- (S) +: AP4 S- (O) S- (S) $: AP or S- () J AP' Mo/.e0 2arr-ors > $B+ .o Cm (F) & AP' Archers > 2 () ; AP' S2or0 or s!earme/ > W# (S) ; AP' Ka"e,-/me/ > S6 (I) < AP' Thor/ #oma .o !ro.ec. #aggage > FO < AP'
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A-2a 2as .he ,as. .o sr"-"e o1 .he + Chr-s.-a/ N#-a/ 6-/g0oms o1 .he Eas. S0a/4 1a,,-/g -/ $;:? .o .he F/87s A#0a,,a#- Ara# Ara# !recrsors' The cor. a/0 /o#-,-.5 2ere h-gh,5 c-"-,-se0 a/0 r-ch 1rom 1rom .ra0e -/ go,04 s,a"es a/0 ,-/e/ c,o.h4 #. .he #,6 o1 .he !o!,a.-o/ 2ere !oor !easa/.s4 ma/5 ,-"-/g -/ s.ra2 h.s4
a,.hogh some "-,,ages ha0 hoses o1 #r-c6' Mo/.e0 .roo!s se0 #o.h horses a/0 came,s' Ca"a,r5 2ere !ro#a#,5 !ro"-0e0 #5 .he cor. /o#-,-.5 a/0 are 0e!-c.e0 #o.h /armore0 a/0 armore0 a/0 2ear-/g go,0>em#ro-0ere0 ro#es' The 1-erce,5 charg-/g came,r5 2ere 0escr-#e0 as s!earme/ s2a.he0 -/ #,ac6 1e,. c,oa6s' The 1oo. archers 2ere re/o2/e04 #. .he commo/es. commo/es. -/1a/.r5 -/1a/.r5 arms o1 .he area -/ ,a.er ,a.er .-mes .-mes 2ere a shor.-sh s.ra-gh. s2or04 a s.a##-/g s!ear a/0 8a"e,-/s4 a/ armame/. co/s-s.e/. 2-.h ear,-er Fa.-m-0 acco/.s a/0 0e!-c.-o/s'
$; $;' $;' FUNK EMPIR EMPIRE E $;:? AD > $:: AD Dr5' Ag +' R"4 H(G)4 RGo4 M4 D4 UA' C>-/>C > S- (S) +: AP' S#>ge/era,s > S- (S) +: AP' Cor. a/0 "assa, ca"a,r5 > S- (S) $: AP' Noma0-c Noma0-c horse > LH () ; AP' AP' S,a"e 1oo. > S6 (I) < AP' Sh-,,6 or D-/6a merce/ar-es > Wh (I) + AP' A#0a,,a#- e0o-/ a,,-es > L-s. Ara#' Ara#' O/,5 a1.er $&;: AD Ca//o/ > Ar. (I) ; AP' Merce/ar5 ma.ch,oc6>me/ > S6 (S) ? AP'
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The or-g-/ o1 .he F/8 Em!-re -s o#scre4 #. a!!are/.,5 .he e0o-/ Ara# -mm-gra/.s 1rom .he /or.h .ha. ha0 co/@ere0 A-2a com#-/e0 2-.h Sh-,,6 ca..,e>/oma0s 1rom .he so.h .o 1orm a #,ac6 Is,am-c s.a.e' A1.er .h-s ac@-re0 a 1-9e0 ca!-.a, a. S-//ar some.-me aro/0 $&;:4 -. #ecame #e..er 6/o2/ as .he Em!-re o1 S-//ar' The A#0a,,a#- Ara# /or.her/ com!o/e/. re.a-/e0 sem->-/0e!e/0e/ce /0er a here0-.ar5 "-cero54 "-cero54 #. -. -s /c,ear ho2 mch mch -1 a/5 o1 -.s 1ormer e0o-/ e0o-/ charac.e r -. re.a-/e0' F/8 arm-es 2ere /o. comma/0e0 #5 .he S,.a/4 #. #5 h-s 3am-/3 ("--er)4 .he S,.a/7s S,.a/7s #o05gar0 a/0 e9ec.-o/er4 e9ec.-o/er4 a s,a"e ge/era, ge/era, or a !ro"-/c-a, r,er' r,er' Mch se 2as ma0e o1 ,arge co!!er 6e..,e 0rms 1or s.-11e/-/g s.-11e/-/g mora,e a/0 s-g/a,,-/g' The arm57s ma-/ s.re/g.h ,a5 -/ .he armore0 ca"a,r5 ma-/.a-/e0 #5 .he S,.a/ a/0 h-s "assa, mag/a.es' mag/a.es' Near,5 Near,5 a,, 2ore ma-, a/0 s!-6e0 -ro/ or co!!er he,me.s4 mos. ro0e horses -/ com!,e.e @-,.e0 co..o/ #ar0s !,s a me.a, cha/1ro/ cha/1ro/ a/0 1ro/.,e. 1ro/.,e. a/0 a,, carr-e0 carr-e0 a ,o/g #roa0>hea0e0 #roa0>hea0e0 ,a/ce4 8a"e,-/s4 8a"e,-/s4 ,o/g s2or0 a/0 a ro/0 sh-e,0 o1 e,e!ha/. or g-ra11e g-ra11e h-0e' The5 ha0 sa00,es 2-.h h-gh 1ro/.s a/0 ca/.,es4 #. ro0e #are1oo.4 s#s.-..-/g .oe ,oo!s 1or s.-rr!s' Ro5a, /-.s co,0 #e comma/0e0 #5 .he S,.a/7s so/s or #5 s,a"e o11-cers' assa,s assa,s co,0 comma/0 .he-r co/.-/ge/.s -/ !erso/4 /om-/a.e a re,a.-"e .o 0o so or #orro2 #orro 2 a s,a"e s,a "e o11- cer 1ro m .he S,.a/' S ,.a/' L-gh.er L-gh.e r ca"a,r5 ca"a ,r5 2ere 2e re !ro"-0e0 !ro "-0e0 #5 /oma0s /o ma0s /0er /0er .he-r o2/ .r-#a, .r-#a, 3@a7-034 .he 2ho,e #e-/g s!er"-se0 #5 a ro5a, o11-cer ca,,e0 .he 3m@00am a,>@a2a2-03' The mos. 0a/geros e/em-es o1 .he F/8 2ere A#5ss-/-a a/0 .he Tr6-sh garr-so/ o1 Eg5!.4 #. .he5 a,so ma0e ,arge co/@es.s amo/g .he /-,o.-c !eo!,es o1 .he eas.er/ S0a/4 2ho .he/ !ro"-0e0 !ro"-0e0 ,arge ,arge /m#ers /m#ers o1 s,a"e -/1a/.r5 arme0 2-.h 8a"e,-/s a/0 ,-gh. sh-e,0s' These 2ere segrega.e0 #5 .r-#a, or-g-/ -/ se!ara.e com!o/0s a/0 2ere a!!are/.,5 @-.e co/.e/. 2-.h .he-r /e2 career' career' The .ogher Sh-,,6 Sh-,,6 a/0 D-/6a D-/6a !eo!,es .ha. a"o-0e0 co/@es. !ro"-0e0 merce/ar-es -/s.ea0' -/s.ea 0' Nor.her/ Nor.he r/ mag/a.es mag/a. es ,-"e0 -/ rec.a/ g,ar ear.h or s.o/e 1or.s 2-.h se" era, + or ? s.or5 .o2ers .o2ers44 .hose .hose o1 .he so.h so.h -/ "-,,ag "-,,ages es srro srro/0e /0e0 0 #5 .hor/ .hor/ he0ges' $&' $&' SHAIIA SHAIIA $&&: AD AD > $:: AD Dr5' Ag ?' R"4 H(G)4 RGo4 M4 D4 UA' C>-/>C > S- (O) ge/era,s > S- ()
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Pre"-os,5 !eace1, agr-c,.ra, s#8ec.s o1 .he A#0a,,a#- !ar. o1 .he F/8 Em!-re4 .he Sha-@-5a #ro6e a2a5 #e.2ee/ #e.2ee/ $&&: a/0 $&%: .o 1orm .he aggress-"e aggress-"e -/0e!e/0e/. -/0e!e/0e/. s.a.es s.a.es o1 Amr-4 Amr-4 Mero2e4 *a8e#- a/0 Ha//e6' Ha//e6' These s!e/. .he /e9. $+:V 5ears 1-gh.-/g 1-gh.-/g each o.her a/0 .error-s-/g .error-s-/g .he-r /e-gh#ors /e-gh#ors'' The ca"a,r5 ro0e /#ar0e0 Do/go,a s.a,,-o/s -/ A#5ss-/-a/>s.5,e sa00,es 2-.h .oe ,oo!s' The5 2ore ma-,4 carr-e0 carr-e0 sh-e,0s a/0 2ere arme0 arme0 2-.h a s2or0 s2or0 a/0 ? or ; .hro2-/g .hro2-/g s!ears -/ .he ,e1. ha/0' The5 2ere 0escr-#e0 0escr-#e0 as 3s-/g,ar,5 1ear,ess 1ear,ess -/ a..ac634 3r-0-/g ! .o .he "er5 1aces o1 .he e/em5 2-.h ,e"-.5 a/0 ga-e.5 o1 hear.4 as .o a 1es.-"a,3 a/0 as a,2a5s !re1-9-/g a 1a.a, s!ear .hrs. 2-.h .he gree.-/g 3Sa,aam a,e-6om a,e-6om33 (Peace (Peace #e 2-.h 2-.h 5o) 5o) O.her O.her acco/. acco/.ss a00 .ha. .ha. .he5 are har0 har0 0r-/6er 0r-/6ers4 s4 1o/0 o1 0-ce 0-ce a/0 a/0 /.r.h1,' The 1oo. 2ere a,so arme0 2-.h s!ears' $& $' INDONESIAN OR MALA MALA $?%? AD > $:: AD Tro!-ca,' Ag $' WW4 R"4 H(G)4 W04 RGo4 M4 UA' Mo,ccas o/,5 H(S)4 W0' C>-/>C > W# (O) ge/era,s > W# () W# () ? AP' Archers > 2 (I) + AP' S6-rm-shers > S6 (I) < AP' U!gra0e s6-rm-shers .o #,o2!-!e me/ > S6 (X) J AP' L-gh. g/s > Ar. (I) ; AP' A/5 e9ce!. Mo,cca/ No#,e No#,e ca"a,r5 ca"a,r5 > LH LH () ; AP AP' O/,5 Mo,cca/ 1rom $;$< AD Ar@e#s-ers > S6 () + AP' Por.gese a,,-es a,,-es > L-s. Co,o/-a, Por.gese' Por.gese' Ka"a/ese Ka"a/es e a,,-es > L-s. I/0o/es-a/ or Ma,a5'
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A/5 e9ce!. Ma,a5s or Sma.ra/s Sma.ra/s Prah > .s (S) +AP W#4 S6' Sco.-/g o.r-ggers > .s (F) < A P'
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Th-s ,-s. co"ers .he Ma,a5 s,.a/a.e o1 Ma,acca /.-, -.s e/0 -/ $;$$4 .he 0ec,-/-/g Ka"a/ese em!-re o1 Ma8a!ah-. /.-, $;$+4 -.s !o2er1, sccessor Ma.aram4 .he Sma.ra/ em!-re o1 Acheh4 .he Mo,ccas (.he 3S!-ce Is,a/0s3) a/0 .he o.her s.a.es o1 I/0o/es-a4 Ma,a5s-a a/0 .he Ph-,-!!-/es 1rom $?%? /.-, $::' A $&.h or $.h ce/.r5 acco/. o1 a #a..,e -/ $+; #e.2ee/ Ma8a!ah-. a/0 .he 2es. Ka"a/ese s.a.e o1 S/0a 0escr-#es 0escr-#es !r-/ces !r-/ces -/ ho20ahs ho20ahs o/ e,e!ha/.s4 each 2-.h a s.a/0ar0 s.a/0ar0 o1 a 0-s.-/c.-"e co,or a/0 ma.ch-/g !araso,4 a/0 arme0 arme 0 2-.h #o2s4 s!ears s !ears a/0 a/ 0 o#,o/g o#,o /g sh-e,0s= sh-e ,0s= /o#,e ca"a,r54 -/c,0-/g 3.he h-ghes. 0-g/-.ar5 o1 S/0a34 2-.h s!ears4 s2or0s a/0 sh-e,0s= a/0 -/1a/.r5 2-.h sh-e,0s4 s2or0s4 .hro2-/g>s!ears .hro2-/g>s!ears a/0
#,o2!-!es (!,s ca//o/ a/0 ar@e#ses4 a/achro/-s. a/ach ro/-s.-c -c 1or $+;)' $+;) ' O/e co/.-/ ge/.7s /o#,e ca"a,r 5 are /-1orme04 /-1orme04 -/ go,0>em#ro-0 go,0>em#ro-0ere0 ere0 5e,,o2 5e,,o2 8ac6e.s 8ac6e.s a/0 5e,,o2 ,o-/ c,o.hs' Da/geros Da/geros ca"a,r5 moc6> com#a.s com#a.s 2-.h .he .hro2-/g o1 #,/. 8a"e,-/s 8a"e,-/s are s.-,, s.-,, !rac.-se0 !rac.-se0 e"e/ .o0a5 -/ Ka"a a/0 a h-gh ,e"e, ,e"e, o1 s6-,, -s 0-s!,a5e0' The -/1a/.r5 a..ac6e0 "er5 1-erce,54 1-erce,54 3as .hogh .he5 2ere co/sc-os o1 /o !er-,34 3,-6e me/ 2ho 0-0 /o. e9!ec. .o esca!e 2-.h .he-r ,-"es3= com#-/e0 2-.h .he Ma,a5 a/0 Ka"a/ese re!.a.-o/ 1or r//-/g amo64 .h-s ms. 8s.-15 c,ass-1-ca.-o/ as W# (S)' Foo. archers are /o. me/.-o/e0 as .a6-/g !ar. -/ .he $+; #a..,e4 !erha!s #ecase .he5 ha0 #ee/ re!,ace0 #5 ar@e#s-ers 2he/ .he acco/. 2as 2r-..e/' A $&.h ce/.r5 Por.gese acco/. 0escr-#es Ka"a/ese s-/g 3hge3 #o2s as 2e,, as 17
s!ears4 .he 2a"5>#,a0e0 6r-s4 sc-m-.ars4 sc-m-.ars4 #,o2!-!es #,o2!-!es a/0 2oo0e/ sh-e,0s ,arge ,arge e/ogh .o !ro.ec. .he 2ho,e #o05' Ka"a/ese acco/.s o1 .he same #a..,es s.ress o/,5 .he ge/era,s o/ .he-r e,e!ha/.s a/0 .he amo6 charges o1 -/1a/.r5 2-.h s!ears a/0 6r-sses' The #,o2!-!e a/0 -.s !o-so/e0 0ar.s 2as -/ ,-m-.e0 se #5 /ear,5 a,, .he /a.-o/s o1 .he area4 o1.e/ o1.e/ -/ .he ha/0s o1 2oo0s>02e,,-/g a#or-g-/es' a#or-g-/es' I. 2as grea.,5 1eare0 a/0 2as es!ec-a,,5 0a/geros .o a/-ma,s' A 1e2 1e2 1-rearms 2ere se0 1rom .he s.ar. o1 .he !er-o04 #. #5 $&J; .he Ka"a/ese ha0 $:4::: me/ 2-.h ma.ch,oc6s' F-/a,,54 .he /o-se o1 "er5 ,arge go/gs a/0 0rms 2as re,-e0 o/ .o e/corage .he .roo!s a/0 o"e ra2e .he e/em5' e/em5' The Ma,a5s Ma,a5s o1 o1 Ma,acca Ma,acca are 0escr-# 0escr-#e0 e0 as 2ear-/g co..o/ saro/gs4 some o1 .he r-ch a00-/g shor. s-,6 coa.s4 a/0 ,o/g #,ac6 .r#a/s a/0 as 1-gh.-/g 3-/ #a/0s3 2-.h #o2s a/0 !o-so/e0 arro2s4 s!ears a/0 6r-sses' O/,5 .he 6-/g a/0 .hose .o 2hom he ga"e s!ec-a, !erm-ss-o/ co,0 2ear 5e,,o2' The -/ha#-.a/.s o1 .he Mo,ccas (/o. .o #e co/1se0) 2ere 0escr-#e0 as 3s2-1.4 ag-,e4 e11-c-e/. e11-c-e/. a/0 cre, -/ 2ar34 as hea0h/.ers hea0h/.ers a/0 as s-/g !rah 2-.h ! .o $J: !a00,ers o/ each s-0e' Some Chr-s.-a/>co/"er. -s,a/0s 2ere g-"e/ ar@e#ses a/0 ar.-,,er5 #5 .he Por.gese a/0 .he Mos,em s,.a/ o1 G-,o,o ca!.re0 some o1 .hese 1rom .he 1ormer #e.2ee/ $;++ a/0 $;;: a/0 se0 .hem aga-/s. .he Por.gese Por.gese a/0 .he-r a,,-es' The Mo,ccas 2ere so mo/.a-/os a/0 2oo0e0 as .o ma6e horses se,ess4 so .here 2ere /o/e o/ .he -s,a/0s' Ka"a/ese a/0 Por.gese a,,-es ca//o. #e se0 .oge.her' $J' IETNAMESE $?%? AD > $:: AD Tro!-ca,' Ag $' WW4 R"4 H(S)4 4 W04 E4 M4 R04 UA' C>-/>C > E, (O) ?: AP' S#>ge/era,s > E, () ?: AP or S- () E, () <: AP' Ca"a,r5 > S- (I) ; AP' Reg Reg,a ,arr cro cross ss#o #o2m 2me/ e/ a/0 a/0 ha, ha,#e #er0 r0-e -ers rs > $B+ $B+>< > ! .o $B< 2 (I) + AP4 res. W# (I) + AP' M-,-.-a s6-rm-shers > $B+>$B< S6 (O) + AP4 res. S6 (I) < AP' Ch-/ese>s.5,e ha/0g//ers or ar@e#s-ers > Sh (I) ? AP' Ch-/ese>s.5,e roc6e. ,a/chers or ,-gh. g/s > Ar. (I) ; AP' Ch-/ese>s.5,e #om#ar0s > Ar. (S) <; AP' Dg>o. #oa.s > .s (O) < AP 04 24 W#4 S6' *hmer a,,-es > L-s. S-amese4 rmese4 Lao.-a/ or Cam#o0-a/B*hmer' Cam#o0-a/B*hmer'
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Some2ha. Some2ha. remar6a#,5 remar6a#,544 .he -e./ame -e./amese se 2ere /o. a..ac6e0 e"e/ o/ce #5 Ch-/a 0r-/g .h-s !er-o04 #. -/s.ea0 1ogh. each o.her a/0 some.-mes .he *hmer' The La.er Le 6-/gs 2ere 0e!ose0 -/ $;< #5 .he Mac c,a/4 2ho 2ere o!!ose0 #5 .he Ng5e/ a/0 Tr-/h c,a/s -/ .he /ame o1 Le !!!e.s' I/ $;%<4 .he Mac 2ere e8ec.e0 1rom .he ca!-.a,' The Tr-/h .he/ r,e0 .he /or.h o1 .he co/.r5 a/0 .he Ng5e/ r,e0 .he so.h4 -/.er"e/-/g -/ a *hmer c-"-, 2ar as a/ e9cse .o occ!5 .he Me6o/g 0e,.a' From $&< .o $&< .he Tr-/h 1ogh. .he Ng5e/ 2-.ho. e-.her s-0e com-/g o. o/ .o! a/0 e"e/.a,,5 0-"-0e0 .he co/.r5 -/ ha,1 2-.h 2a,,s r//-/g 1rom .he coas. .o .he Lao.-a/ 1ro/.-er' E,e!ha/.s -/ Coch-/ Ch-/a (.he Ng5e/ .err-.or-es) 2ere 0escr-#e0 as ha"-/g a <>.-er 1-gh.-/g !,a.1orm carr5-/g a 1-gh.-/g cre2 o1 $?' -e./am ha0 ,o/g #ee/ /0er hea"5 Ch-/ese -/1,e/ce a/0 2e assme .ha. .he reg,ar 1oo. 2ere s.-,, arme0 -/ Ch-/ese s.5,e 2-.h cross#o2s cross#o2s a/0 ha,#er0s' ha,#er0s' A/ $J.h ce/.r5 ce/.r5 Ch-/ese !-c.re o1 -e./amese -e./amese coas.a, !easa/.s #e-/g ro/0e0 ! sho2s .hem mos.,5 /arme04 #. a 1e2 2-.h s2or0s' We assme .ha. some m-,-.-a 2o,0 -/s.ea0 ha"e s!ears or ha,#er0s a/0 .ha. .he #o2 a/0 cross#o2 2ere s.-,, 1a"or-.e 2ea!o/s' S6-rm-sh-/g !easa/. cross#o2me/ s/-!-/g 1rom co"er 2ere s.-,, #e-/g e/co/.ere0 -/ $%.h a/0 <:.h ce/.r5 2ars' Ch-/ese>s.5,e 1-rearms 2ere se0 1rom #e1ore .he s.ar. o1 .he !er-o0' Large 0g>o. ca/oes co/.-/e0 -/ se 1or r-" er ra-0- /g' A Por.gese co,o/5 a. Fa-1o /ear Da/a/ Da/a/g g ma0e ma0e ,-. ,-..,e .,e -m!ac -m!ac.' .'
18
$%' SIAMESE4 URMESE4 LAOTIAN OR CAMODIANB*HMER CAMODIANB*HMER $?%? AD > $:: AD Tro!ro!-ca ca,' ,' Ag $' $' WW WW (e9 (e9ce ce!. !. Laos Laos)4 )4 R"4 R"4 H(S H(S)4 )4 H(G H(G)4 W04 W04 E4 E4 M4 M4 RG RGo4 R04 R04 UA UA'' C>-/>C > E, (I) +& AP' S#>ge/era,s > E, (I) +& AP4 o r S- (I) <; AP' E,e!ha/.s > E, (I) $& AP' Ca"a,r 5 > S- (I) ; AP' S2or S2or0s 0sBBs!ea s!earm rme/ e/ > :>$ :>$B+ B+ 0 (F) (F) ; AP4 AP4 res res.. W# W# ($) ($) + AP= or a,, a,, W# W# () () ? AP AP' Archers > S6 (I) < AP or 2 ( I) + AP' U!gra0e archers .o cross#o2me/ > 2 (O) ; AP or S6 () + AP' Ar@e#s-ers > Sh ( I) ? AP or S6 () + AP' Ar.-,,er 5 > Ar. (I) ; AP' Gre/a0e .hro2ers > S6 (X) J AP' Por.er s or ,e"-es 1rom ca!.re0 .o2/s > H0 (O) $ AP' S.oc6a0e 1 or cam! > FO < AP' R-"er #oa.s > .s (O) < AP W#4 24 Sh 4 S6 ' K/ 6s > Sh! ( I) + AP W#4 24 S6 ' O/,5 -1 rmese U!gr a0e e,e!ha/.s 2-.h ,arge cr e2s or esco r.s .o > E, () <: AP' O/,5 1rom $;$; AD U!gra0e e,e!ha/.s 2-.h cre2 s-/g 1-rear ms as > E, (S) # g/>#-,,. or or ma/ ma//e /e0 0 ar. ar.--,,er5 er5 .o .o > Ar. Ar. (S) <; <; AP AP or Ar. () () <: AP AP' Por.gese a,,-es > L-s. Por.gese Co,o/-a,'
Ma9 C9; $ $>< :>& <>? & &: : J>J :>J :>< :>$ :>& :>$< :>J :>? A,, A/5 A/5
O/,5 S-amese 1rom $&:; AD .o $&+< AD U!gr U!gra0 a0ee s2o s2or0 r0sm sme/ e/ .o Ka!a Ka!a/e /ese se gar gar0s 0s > ! .o $B< $B< Sh Sh (O) (O) & AP4 AP4 res. res. 0 () () AP AP'
:>J :>J
O/,5 S-amese a1.er $&+< AD Mogh,4 Tar.ar a/0 Ra8!. 1ore-g/ horse gar0 > S- (S) $: AP' E,e!ha/.s mo/.-/g $ !0r g/s > E, (S)
:>$ :><
The arm-es o1 .hese /a.-o/s ha0 gro2/ a,-6e .hrogh .he-r co/.ac.s co/.ac.s -/ 2ar' rmese4 S-amese a/0 Lao.-a/ r,ers s.-,, 0e,,e0 0e,,e0 o/ e,e!ha/.s e,e!ha/.s a/0 o/e co,or1, co,or1, e!-so0e o1 .he 2ars 2as 2he/ .he S-amese S-amese ee/ ee/ Sr-5o.7a- a/0 her 0agh.er 1e,, 2h-,e arme0 a/0 mo/.e0 o/ e,e!ha/.s -/ a/ a..em!. .o e9.r-ca.e .he *-/g 1rom 0a/ger' Tra0-.-o/a,, Tra0-.-o/a,,5 54 .he 0r-"er sa. o/ .he e,e!ha/.7s /ec64 .he 2arr-or 1ogh. 1rom a !,a.1orm ho20ah 2-.h a cr"e0>#,a0e s!ear a/0Bor 8a"e,-/s a/0 h-s !araso,>#earer c,/g .o .he rm!4 #. -/ S-am4 Cam#o0-a Cam#o0-a a/0 !oss-#,5 !oss-#,5 Laos4 .he mass -m!or. o1 Ka!a/ese s2or0s ,e0 .o .he 2a rr-or -/ s.ea0 s -..-/g o/ .he /ec6 2here he co,0 reach .he e/em54 .he !araso,>#earer mo"-/g .o .he ho20ah a/0 .he 0r-"er s-..-/g o/ .he rm!4 rm!4 0-rec.-/g 0-rec.-/g .he e,e!ha/. e,e!ha/. 2-.h a "er5 ,o/g goa0' rmese e,e!ha/.s e,e!ha/.s ha0 !re"-os,5 !re"-os,5 #ee/ re!or.e0 .o ha"e cre2s o1 J4 $:4 $< or $&4 #. .h-s ma5 ha"e re1,ec.e0 ? -/ .he ho20ah a/0 $>? o/ 1oo. gar0-/g each ,eg' The5 2ere re!or.e0 -/ $;&J .o ha"e a ho20ah cre2 o1 ? me/ 2-.h 1-rearms' A ge/era, ge/era, -s re!or.e0 s.-,, 1-gh.-/g -/ .he o,0 s.5,e -/ $;%<' Paraso,s 2ere .he -/s-g/-a o1 ra/64 .he *-/g7s #e-/g 2h-.e a/0 o11-cers7 re0' Ca"a,r5 2ere 1e2 a/0 -/e11-c-e/.' Foo. s2or0sme/ 2-.h shor. s2or0 a/0 sh-e,0 0-0 /o. a,2a5s a,2a5s 1orm .oge.her .oge.her 2-.h 2-.h .he s!earme/ 2-.h ,ea.her sh-e,0s' sh-e,0s' A ,esser /m#er /m#er o1 me/ ha0 <>ha/0e <>ha/0e0 0 Ka!a/ese s2or0s or .he !h76a6' *-/g E6a.7o.saro. o1 S-am ($&:;>$&<:) e/,-s.e0 Ka!a/ese gar0sme/ 2ho re"o,.e0 -/ $&$$ a/0 2ere a !o.e/. 1ac.or -/ c-"-, 2ars /.-, .he-r massacre -/ $&+<' $&+<' Na.-"e Na.-"e 1oo. 1oo. gar0s gar0s seem .o ha"e #ee/ s!earme/' s!earme/' A S-amese S-amese ma/a, o1 $;$J me/.-o/s me/.-o/s #o.h ca//o/ a/0 -/1a/.r5 1-rearms4 !res !r es ma# ,5 -/. ro0 ce0 c e0 -/ .he $;. h c e/. r54 r 54 !r o#a #,5 1ro m M -/g Ch-/ a4 a/0 e!-c !oe .r5 0es cr-#es cr- #es -.s se #5 .he-r .he -r e/em-e e/e m-ess as 2e,, ' The ma/ a, a,so a,s o -,, s.ra.e s.r a.ess a "ar -e. 5 o1 e,a #or a.e 0e! ,o5 me/ .s -/ 0e! .h' Ca"a,r5 a/0 e,e!ha/.s are sa,,5 0e!,o5e0 o/ .he 1,a/6s4 1,a/6s4 #. /o. sa,,5 -/ .he 1ro/. ,-/e a/0 /e"er -/ .he same ,-/e' Fe-/.s4 1e-g/e0 1,-gh.s a/0 am#shes am#shes 1rom 2oo0s 2oo0s are a,so a,so me/.-o/e0' me/.-o/e0' I/ o/e case .he #aggage> #agg age>!or.e !or.e rs are se0 .o g-"e .he -m!res -m! res s-o / o1 mor e me/ ' I/ a00 -.-o/ -.- o/ .o !or .er s4 -,, s.r a.-o/ a.- o/ss o1 #ag gag e ear ,-er ,-e r 0e! -c. o9> car .s4 !ac6 !a c6 e,e!h e,e !ha/. a/.ss ,oa 0e0 2-.h 2-. h sac 6s4 6s 4 game gam e car r-e 0 o/ !o,es !o ,es44 !-g s ,e0 o/ a s.r-/g a/0 2ome/ 2-.h har!s or carr5-/g -/1a/.s' The #oa.s each r-"er "-,,age ha0 .o !ro"-0e are 0escr-#e0 as 0g>o.s 1rom a s-/g,e ,arge .ea6 .ree 2-.h ;:>&: !a00,ers a/0 +: sho.' $% <:' DUTCH COLONIAL $&:< AD > $:: AD Tr o! -c a ,' A g ? ' W W4 R "4 H( S )4 H( G) 4 W0 4 E 4 M4 RG o 4 R 0 4 U A'
Ma9 N?::
C> -/ >C > P- (O) +: AP4 P6 (O) ge/era,s > As a#o"e' :>< Sho. > ! .o $B< ar@e#s-ers Sh (I) ? AP4 res. ms6e.eer s Sh () & AP' +> P6 (O) ? AP' :> < !er ? Sh (O) F-e,0 g/s > Ar. ( O) <: AP or Ar. (I) ; AP' :>$ S-ege S-ege ar.-,, ar.-,,er5 er5 0-smo/ 0-smo/.e0 .e0 1rom 2arsh-!s 2arsh-!s44 or 1or.ress 1or.ress ar.-,,er ar.-,,er5 5 > Ar. (S) <; AP' AP' :>$ Fr -ga.e s > Sh ! ( F) ? AP :> $B< Sh4 P6 or Ar . (S)4 res. W# ' <>? Me rcha/ . sh-! s > Sh! ( I) + AP Sh4 W#4 Ar. (I)4 ge' <>& ach.s or s,oo!s > .s (S) + AP W#' :>$ Lo/g#oa.s > .s () < AP Sh4 W# ' :>+ Sa-,ors > W# () ? AP' :> $ !er Sh! or .s F-resh-!s > Sh! (X) ? AP' :>$ O/,5 1rom $&<< AD Gre/a0e>.hro2ers > S6 (X) J AP' U!gra0e ar@e#s-ers .o ms6e.eers > Sh () & AP'
:>$ !er $< Sh (O) A,,
O/,5 WIC -/ ra-, 1rom $&+? AD .o $&;? AD Ta!5a a,,-es > L-s. T!- or Ta!5a' O/,5 OC -/ Ka"a or Sma.ra *m!a/- Is,am /a.-"e a9-,-ar-es > Sh (I) ? AP'
:>$&
O/,5 OC -/ Am#o-/a4 .he Ce,e#es4 or .he Mo,ccas H-re0 hea0> h/.ers > S6 (X) J AP'
:><
O/,5 OC -/ .he Ce,e#es or Mo,ccas Na.-"e a,,-es > L-s. I/0o /es-a/ or Ma,a5' O/,5 OC -/ Ce5,o/ 1rom $&+J AD S-/ha,ese a,,-es > L-s. S-/ha,ese' O/,5 OC -/ Wes. A1r-ca -/ $&?J AD *o/go a,,-es > L-s. Wes. A1r-ca/ Fores. Peo!,es' O/,5 OC -/ Ka"a 1rom $&J AD .o $&J$ AD Ka"a/ese a,,-es > L-s. I/0o/es-a/ or Ma,a5' Th-s co"ers .he ,oca, ar m-es o1 .he eree/-g0e eree/-g0e Oos.-/0-sche Com!ag/-e (OC) 1rom -.s 1o/0-/g -/ $&:< $&:< a/0 -.s 2es.er/ hem-s!here hem-s!here e@-"a,e/.4 e@-"a,e/.4 .he Wes.>I/0-sc es.>I/0-sche he Com!ag/-e Com!ag/-e (WIC) 1rom $&<$' $&<$' Es.a#,-s Es.a#,-she0 he0 as a !r-"a.e com!a/5 .o .ra0e 2-.h .he S!-ce Is,a/0s4 .he OC -/.er!re.e0 ,eg-.-ma.e com!e. com !e. -.-o/ -.- o/ .o -/c ,0 e 0es.ro5-/g o.her /a.-o/s7 .ra0-/g !os.s -/ A1r-ca4 So.h Amer-ca a/0 .he eas.4 #,,5-/g ,oca, r,ers 2-.h arme0 1orce -/.o gra/.-/g e9c,s-"e .ra0-/g r-gh.s a/0 .he/ 1-/a,,5 es.a#,-sh-/g co,o/-es' I/ .he !rocess4 .he5 se-e0 ma/5 Por.gese !ossess-o/s' So,0-ers a/0 arms 2ere !ro"-0e0 !ro"-0e0 #5 .he D.ch s.a.e4 s.a.e4 #. !a-0 1or #5 .he OC a/0 WIC' The /0er>!a-0 a/0 ragge0 Por.gese 2ere -m!resse0 #5 .he 0ress a/0 2e,,>1e0 #o0-es o1 D.ch co,o/-a co,o/-a,, so,0-ers so,0-ers 1o/0 a1.er a1.er #a..,es' The Ka"a/ ese 2ere mos.,5 -m!resse0 # 5 .he-r arroga/ce a/0 a Ca!.a-/ Tac6 Tac6 2as so ha.e0 #5 h-s a,,-es .ha. .he5 1a6e0 a c-"-, 2ar .o 6-,, h-m a/0 s.-,, commemora.e h-m 2-.h a P/c h Y K05 s.5,e sha0o2>!!!e. sha0o2>!!!e. "-,,a-/' "-,,a-/' The e9.e/. .o 2h-ch 2h-ch !-6es 2ere se0 -s /c,ear4 /c,ear4 #. .he5 2ere cer.a-/,5 se0 -/ Ka"a -/ $&J;4 as 2ere gre/a0es' There There are ma/5 re1ere/ces .o ms6e.eers a/0 .o ,a/0-/g !ar.-es o1 ms6e.eers a/0 sa-,ors' Mos. sa-,ors 2ere D.ch4 #. Sca/0-/a"-a/s4 Germa/s4 Germa/s4 E/g,-sh a/0 Sco.s are a,so me/.-o/e0' me/.-o/e0' E"e/ more so,0-ers 2ere 1ore-g/ers4 ma-/,5 Germa/4 #. a,so a,so S2-ss4 S2-ss4 E/g,-sh4 Sco.s4 Ir-sh4 Ir-sh4 Da/es4 Fre/ch4 F,em-/gs a/0 e"e/ Ka!a/ese' Was.age Was.age 2as h-gh' D.ch 2arsh-!s 2ere re,a.-"e,5 re,a.-"e,5 sma,, a/0 1as. 2-.h $ $B< g/ 0ec6s ,-6e co/.em!orar5 co/.em!orar5 E/g,-sh 1r-ga.es' 1r-ga.es' The ,arge ,arge 2arsh-!s 2arsh-!s se0 a. home 1rom $&&? 0-0 /o. ser"e o/ 0-s.a/. s.a.-o/s' Warsh-!s 2ere s!!,eme/.e0 #5 ,-gh.,5>arme0 mercha/.me/ a/0 #5 a 1e2 5ach.s a/0 s,oo!s o1 ?>& g/s' <:
<$' <$' SINHALES SINHALESE E $?%? AD > $:: $:: AD Tro!-ca,' Ag :' WW4 R"4 H(S)4 H(G)4 W04 E4 RGo4 M4 R04 UA' C>-/>C o/ e,e!ha/. > E, (O) ?: AP' S#>ge/era,s > E, () ?: AP' E,e!ha/.s > E, () <: AP'
$ :>< ?>&
S2or0sme/ > 0 (F) ; AP' Archers > 2 (I) + AP' U!gra0e archers 2-.h !a"-ses as > 2 () ; AP' Arme0 cam! 1o,,o2ers > H0 (O) $ AP' I
O/,5 $;$; AD .o $;&: AD B 4 Ar@e#s-ers > S6 (O) ? AP' Z > B[
I I
O/,5 a1.er $;&: AD Re!,ace archers 2-.h ms6e.eers > Sh (O) & AP4 or S6 (S) ? AP'
$<>?J ?>$J A/5 <>J :>& ?>$J
O/,5 $&+J AD .o $&;J AD D.ch a,,-es > L-s. D.ch Co,o/-a,' Th-s co"ers .he arm-es o1 .he 00h-s. a/0 Tam-, 6-/g0oms o1 Ce5,o/ (mo0er/ Sr- La/6a)' The Por.gese es.a#,-she0 a .ra0-/g !rese/ce o/ .he coas. -/ $;$J a/0 !ers-s.e0 -/ /sccess1, a..em!.s .o co/@er .he 2ho,e -s,a/0 -s,a/0 1rom $;: o/' e.2ee/ $&+J a/0 $&&+ .he D.ch .oo6 a,, .he-r coas.a, se..,eme/.s4 a. 1-rs. 2-.h S-/ha,ese S-/ha,ese co>o!era.-o/4 #. #5 $:: ha0 /o. ma/age0 .o -m!ose .he-r a.hor-.5 o/ .he -/,a/0 6-/g0om o1 *a/05' S-/ha,ese arm-es 2ere ge/era,,5 s-m-,ar .o .hose .hose o1 .he H-/0 s.a.es s.a.es o1 .he I/0-a/ ma-/,a/0 ma-/,a/044 e9ce!. .ha. .here 2ere /o horses horses -/ Ce5,o/' Ho2e"er Ho2e"er44 S-/ha,ese S-/ha,ese e,e!ha/.s4 e,e!ha/.s4 a,.hogh sma,,er .ha/ rmese4 2ere sa-0 .o #e so 1-erce .ha. o.her e,e!ha/.s 2ere a1ra-0 o1 .hem' -s-.ors re!or.e0 .ha. .he S-/ha,ese se0 ,-..,e armor4 .h-/ .h-/66-/g /g -. co2ar co2ar0,5 0,5'' Mos. Mos. sh-e,0 sh-e,0ss 2ere 2ere sma,, sma,,'' The5 The5 co,0 co,0 #e ro/04 ro/04 hear.> hear.>sha sha!e0 !e0 or rec.a/g,ar' A $;.h ce/.r5 sc,!.re sho2s sho,0er>h-gh s.a/0-/g sh-e,0s4 !oss-#,5 !a"-ses 1or archers' The mos. commo/ 2ea!o/ 2as a shor.4 hea"54 hea"54 s,-gh.,5 cr"e0 36as.a/e3 s2or0' A "-s-.or 0r-/g $;J+>%$ co/.ras.e0 .he S-/ha,ese7 S-/ha,ese7 s6-,,e0 se o1 1-rearms 1-rearms 32h-ch #e ms6e.s3 ms6e.s3 2-.h .he ,ess .ha/ com!e.e/. ca,-"er>me/ o1 I/0-a/ arm-es' Arm-es o1 ! .o $::4::: are re!or.e0' <<' POLNESIA POLNESIAN N OR MELANESIAN MELANESIAN $?%? AD > $:: AD Tro!-ca,' Ag $' WW4 R"4 H(S)4 H(G)4 W04 RGo4 M4 UA' N;:: N;::
Ma9
C>-/>C > 0 (F) <; AP' S#>ge/era, > 0 (F) <; AP' Warr-ors > W# (I) + AP' Maor-- sco sco. .s4 s4 s6-r s6-rmm-sh sh-/ -/g g Po, Po,5 5/es/es-a/ a/ s,-/ s,-/ge gers rs or Me,a Me,a/e /ess-a/ a/ arch archer erss > S6 (I) (I) < AP AP' ?&' Maor War ca/oes > .s (S) + AP -1 Maor-4 .s () < AP -1 /o. A/5' ?' Pa,-sa0e or s.o/e #arr-ca0e > FO < AP'
:>$ $>< ?J>$;: :>$ :>$< :>& :>$<
Maor- o/,5 U!gra0e 2arr-ors .o > 0 (F) ; AP'
A,,
Th-s co"ers .hose !eo!,es o1 .he Pac-1-c .ha. 1-e,0e0 s#s.a/.-a, arm-es' Po,5/es-a/s -/c,0e .he !eo!,es o1 Samoa4 To/ga4 Tah-.-4 Eas.er Is,a/0 a/0 Ha2a--4 a/0 .he Maor- o1 Ne2 ea,a/0' Me,a/es-a/s Me,a/es-a/s -/c,0e .he !eo!,es o1 F-8-4 .he So,omo/s a/0 .he Ne2 He#r-0es' He#r-0es' Ge/era,-sa.-o/ Ge/era,-sa.-o/ -s .r-c65 #. ch-e1.a-/s a/0 .he-r !-c6e0 1o,,o2ers .5!-ca,,5 1ogh. 2-.h hea"5 2oo0e/ s2or0s or c,#s' O.her2-se4 Me,a/es-a/s o1.e/ 1a"ore0 ,o/g s!ears a/0 some.-mes a sma,, sh-e,0' Mos. Po,5/es-a/s !re1ere0 8a"e,-/ s a/0 c,#s' Coco/. 1-#re armor 2as se0' A 1a"or-.e 2ea!o/ o1 .he Maor- 2as a ,o/g 2oo0e/ s2or04 .he .-aha4 2-.h a so!h-s.-ca.e0 1e/c-/g .ech/-@e' O.hers se0 shor. gree/s.o/e mere or 2oo0e/ !a.' The5 ma0e hge ca/oes ca,,e0 2a6a .aa 1rom .he g-a/. 6ar- !-/e' I/ Ha2a--4 ch-e1s 2ore 1ea.her>co"ere0 cres.e0 he,me.s a/0 re0 a/0 5e,,o2 1ea.her c,oa6s4 a/0 se/. .he-r !r-es.s o. -/ 1ro/. .o o!e/ each #a..,e #5 sho.-/g -/s,.s' <$ ARMIS OF T! &RO%A# #LI'!T#M#T
<+' RESTORATION RITISH $&&$ AD > $&JJ AD Co,0' Ag $' WW4 R"4 H(S)4 H(G)4 W04 E4 RGo4 M4 R04 UA' C>-/>C > P- (O) +: AP or P6 (O) ge/era,s > P- (O) +: AP or P6 () Sh (S) < AP'
Ma9 N;:: $ $>< :>$
L-1e Gar0s a/0 ,es > P- () $: AP' ?>J Horse > P- () $: AP' $>$< Gar0s !-6eme/ > P6 () ? AP' &>J O.her !-6eme/ > P6 () ? AP' &> Sh (O) & AP' < !er P6 (O) Ar.-,,er5 o1 .he .ra-/ > Ar. () <: AP' $>? +>0ec6er ,-/e>o1>#a..,e sh-! > Sh! (S) & AP ge/era, -1 Sh' :>$ !er ? Sh! (O) <>0ec6er ,-/e>o1>#a..,e sh-!s > Sh! () ; AP Sh or W#' :>? Fr-ga.es > Sh! (F) ? AP Sh4 W#4 or s.oresh-!s > Sh! (I) + AP ge' :>? La/0 La/0-/ -/g g !ar !ar..-es es > ! .o $B? $B? mar mar-/ -/es es Sh (S) (S) AP AP4 res res.. sasa-,o ,ors rs W# () () ? AP AP' :>$ :>$ !er !er Sh! Sh! F-resh-!s > Sh! (X) ? AP' :>$ O/,5 1rom $&< AD Dragoo/s > Dr () AP' O/,5 1rom $&J AD Horse gre/a0-ers > Dr (S) J AP' Gre/a0-ers > S6 (X) J AP' O/,5 1rom $&J? AD Re>arm 0ragoo/s 2-.h 1-re,oc6s as > Dr (S) J AP' Re>arm gar0s ms6e.eers 2-.h 1-re,oc6s as > Sh (S) AP' Fs-,eers > Sh (S) AP' O/,5 a1.er $&J; AD + !0r #a..a,-o/ g/s > Ar. (I) ; AP' Ra2 Ir-sh !-6eme/ > P6 (I) + AP' Ra2 Ir-sh ms6e.eers > Sh (I) ? AP'
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$&%: AD Co,0' Ag $' WW4 R"4 H(S)4 H(G)4 W04 E4 RGo4 M4 R04 UA' C>-/>C > P- (I) ge/era, > Sh (S) < AP' M-,-.-a horse > P- (I) J AP' Ms6e.eers > Sh () & AP' P-6eme/ > P6 (O) ? AP' Fs-,eersBgre/a0-ers > Sh (S) AP or S6 (X) J AP' Ra2 ms6e.eers > Sh (I) ? AP' Ra2 !-6eme/ > P6 (I) + AP' H-gh,a/0 -/0e!e/0e/. com!a/5 > S6 () + AP' Lea.her g/s > Ar. (I) ; AP'
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I/ $&J%4 $&J%4 .he Sco..Sco..-sh sh Par,Par,-ame ame/. /. !asse0 !asse0 a C,a-m C,a-m o1 R-gh. R-gh. asser. asser.-/g -/g .ha.4 .ha.4 #5 .ra/s1 .ra/s1orm orm-/g -/g a ,-m-.e ,-m-.e0 0 co/s.-..-o/a, mo/arch5 -/.o a/ ar#-.rar5 Ca.ho,-c 0es!o.-sm4 Kames II ha0 "-o,a.e0 .he Sco.s co/s.-..-o/ a/0 31or1a,.-. .he Cro/3' The sma,, Sco.s reg,ar arm5 2as -/s11-c-e/. .o !. 0o2/ .he re"o,. o1 Kames7 H-gh,a/0 s!!or.ers a/0 mch o1 -. -/c,0-/g .he ca"a,r5 /re,-a#,e4 so .he Sco.s #r-ga0e 2as reca,,e0 1rom D.ch ser"-ce a/0 /e2 /e2 reg-me/.s ra-se0' ra-se0' The m-,-.-a horse horse 2ere arme0 arm e0 2-.h s2or0 a/ 0 !-s.o,s' !-s.o ,s' The5 0-0 /o. ge. re0 coa.s /.-, a1.er *-,,-ecra/6-e4 *-,,-ecra/6-e4 so !ro#a#,5 2ore c-"-,-a/ 0ress' 0ress' A,, o.her o.her .roo!s 2ore re0 coa.s a/04 e9ce!. 1or .he gre/a0-ers4 #,ac6 ha.s' Has.-/gs7 E/g,-sh reg-me/. ha0 5e,,o2 1ac-/gs a/0 a,, .he Sco.s Sco.s 2h-.e 2h-.e e9ce!. e9ce!. 1or Mc*a57s Mc*a57s a/0 .he ar.-,,er54 ar.-,,er54 2ho 2ere #o.h 1ace0 re0' Mc*a57s4 Ramsa57s a/0 a,1or7s a,1or7s reg-me/.s 2ere 2ere "e.era/s o1 .he D.ch ser"-ce' Le"e/7s 2ere /e2,5 ra-se0 #. 2e,, .ra-/e04 #. *e/more7s 2ere e9.reme,5 ra2 a/0 ha0 .o #e 1orme0 & 0ee! -/s.ea0 o1 + ,-6e .he o.her reg-me/.s' reg-me/.s' The ? "e.era/ reg-me/.s each ha0 a gre/a0-er com!a/54 a/0 -. -s ,-6e,5 .ha. .hese !ro"-0e0 .he 0e.achme/. o1 <:: me/ 2-.h 1-re,oc6s 0ra2/ 1rom .hese reg-me/.s .o ac. as a0"a/ce a/0 1,a/6 gar0' The ar.-,,er5 a. *-,,-ecra/6-e co/s-s.e0 o1 + -/e11ec.-"e /0er>charge0 ,ea.her g/s carr-e0 o/ !ac6 !o/-es' The ,o5a,.5 o1 .he H-gh,a/0 com!a/ 5 (2h-ch /orma,,5 1/c.-o/ e0 as a !a.ro,,-/g !o,-ce 1orce) 2as e9.reme,5 e9.reme,5 ss!ec.4 ss!ec.4 so .ha. -. 2as se/. .o h-0e -/ a 2oo0 o. o1 .he 2a5' <; <%' IRISH KACOITE $&J% AD > $&%$ AD Co,0' Ag $' WW4 R"4 R"4 H(S)4 H(G)4 W04 E4 RGo4 M4 R04 UA' C>-/> C > P- ( O) +: AP' S#>ge/era,s > P- () +: AP' Horse gar0s > P- () $: AP' Horse > P- ( F) $$ AP' Dragoo/s > Dr (S) J AP' Foo. gar0 a/0 "e.era/ ms6e.eers > Sh () & AP' Foo. gar0 a/0 "e.era/ !-6eme/ > P6 (O) ? AP' AP' Ra2 ms6e.eers > Sh (I) ? AP' Ra2 !-6eme/ > P6 (I) + AP' AP' Fs-,eer s > Sh (S) AP' Gr e/a0-ers > S6 (X) J AP' Shar!shoo.ers 32-.h ,o/g g/s3 > S6 (S) ? AP' & !0r 1-e,0 g/s > Ar . () <: AP' M-,-.-a 2-.h ha,1>!-6es4 sc5.hes a/0 a 1e2 1-rear ms > H0 (O) $ AP' O/,5 -/ $&%: AD $J !0r a/0 Ar . (S) <; AP' Fre/ch a,,5> ge/er a, > P- (O) <: AP' Fre/ch ms6e.eer s > Sh (F) & AP' Fre/c h ! -6eme/ > P6 ( F) ? AP' Fre/ch gr e/a0-ers > S6 (X) J AP' O/,5 -/ $&%$ AD Regra0e s#>ge/era, (Sar s1-e,0) as > P- (F) +$ AP' D-.ches > FO < AP' So,0-ers 0-s#a/0e0 -/.o ra!!aree ger-,,as > H0 (F) $ AP'
$ $>< :>$ <>J $> ?>J $ !er < Sh (O) <:>&: $>< !er < Sh (I) :>? :>+ :>+ $>< :><: :>$ $ J>$& $ !er ? Sh (F) : > $ ! e r J S h ( F) $ :>$< :>&
A1.er Kames II ha0 ,os. .he r-.-sh .hro/e -/ .he #,oo0,ess 3G,or-os 3G,or-os Re"o,.-o/3 Re"o,.-o/3 o1 $&JJ4 he 1,e0 .o Fra/ce4 .he/ mo"e0 .o Ire,a/0 -/.e/0-/g .o se -. as a #ase 1or reco"er-/g r-.a-/' He 2as e/.hs-as.-ca,,5 e/.hs-as.-ca,,5 s!!or.e0 #5 .he Ca.ho,-c ma8or-.54 2hose 0-11ere/. a-ms 2ere Ir-sh -/0e!e/0e/ce a/0 Ca.ho,-c s!remac5'
Kames ha0 a,rea05 se/. .he Ear, o1 T5rco//e, T5rco//e, -/ $&J; .o reorga/-se .he arm5 -/ Ire,a/0 #5 !rg-/g -. o1 Pro.es.a/.s' Pro.es.a/.s' I. re1se0 0-s#a/0me/. 0-s#a/0me/. #5 .he /e2 go"er/me/. a/0 2as /o2 "as.,5 e9!a/0e04 .he e9-s.-/g .roo!s o1 horse gar0s a/0 horse gre/a0-ers4 + reg-me/.s o1 horse4 $ o1 0ragoo/s4 $ <>#a..a,-o/ reg-me/. o1 1oo. gar0s gar0s a/0 ? $>#a..a,-o/ $>#a..a,-o/ reg-me/.s reg-me/.s o1 re0>coa.e0 1oo. #e-/ g 8o-/e0 # 5 ; /e2 reg-me/.s o1 horse4 o1 0ragoo/s a/0 +% o1 1oo.' Lo-s XI ha0 se/. <:4::: /-1orms (!ro#a#,5 Fre/ch gre5B2h-.e) a/0 J4::: 1-rearms 1-rearms #5 .he s.ar. o1 $&J%' $J4::: $J4::: more ma.ch,oc6s ma.ch,oc6s a/0 J4::: 1,-/.,oc6s 1,-/.,oc6s 2ere re@es.e04 re@es.e04 #. -. -s /cer. /cer.a-/ a-/ 2he.he 2he.herr e/ogh e/ogh 2ere rece-"e0 rece-"e0 1or .he /orma, ra.-o o1 < ms6e.s ms6e.s .o $ !-6e' !-6e' Ma/5 1oo. are re!or.e0 as c,o.he0 -/ ,oca, homes!/ a/0 arme0 2-.h ha,1>!-6es or !o,e>sc5.hes' A/5 1,-/.,oc6s ma-/,5 e@-!!e0 e@-!!e0 .he 0ragoo/s4 0ragoo/s4 2-.h o/,5 a 1e2 go-/g .o 1s-,eers 1s-,eers s!!or.-/g .he s!arse ar.-,,er5 ar.-,,er5 or ac.-/g as s!ec-a, s!ec-a, ser"-ce .roo!s' Fe2 -1 a/5 #a5o/e.s 2ere -sse0' & #a..a,-o/s o1 Fre/ch 1oo. /0er .he comma/0 o1 .he Com.e 0e La/ 1o,,o2e0 -/ $&%: -/ e9cha/ge 1or ; Ir-sh reg-me/.s se/. .o Fra/ce4 #. re.r/e0 home -/ Se!.em#er o1 .ha. 5ear a1.er .he ,os. #a..,e o1 .he o5/e' The ma8or-.5 ma8or-.5 o1 Ir-sh 1oo. rema-/e0 rema-/e0 /s6-,,e0 /.-, .he e/0 o1 .he 2ar' O/,5 .he 1oo. gar0s sh-/e -/ #a..,e acco/.s' Whe.her .he o.her o,0 reg-me/.s reg-me/.s 6e!. .he-r 0-sc-!,-/e 0-sc-!,-/e or ha0 #ee/ e9cess-"e,5 e9cess-"e,5 0-,.e0 0-,.e0 #5 .he /ee0 .o 1-/0 -/s.rc.ors -/s.rc.ors 1or /e2 reg-me/.s reg-me/.s -s /c,ear' The The or0-/ar5 1oo. 2ere #es. 1-gh.-/g 1-gh.-/g 1rom .he co"er o1 e/c,osres or 0-.ches 2-.h .he-r !-6es 0ra2/ ! #eh-/0 -/ s!!or.' I/ co/.ras .4 .he horse7s horse7s 2-,0 2-,0 charges charges 2-.h 2-.h s2or0 a/0 !-s.o, !-s.o, 2ere 2ere grea.,5 1eare0 a/0 .he 0ragoo/s 2ere a,so goo0' The horse gar0s 2ere so,-0 .roo!s 2hose cors,e.s ma0e .hem .ogh o!!o/e/.s' o!!o/e/.s' Kames 2as #ra"e a/0 har0>2or har0>2or6-/g 6-/g44 #. s.!-0 a/0 s.##or s.##or/' /' He comma/0e comma/0e0 0 !erso/a,, !ers o/a,,5 5 a. .he o5/e 4 # . ,os. ,os . he ar. a1.er .h e #a..,e a/0 re .-re0 .o Fra/ce #,am-/g .h e Ir-sh ' Comma/0 .he/ 0e"o,"e0 .o T5rco//e, a/0 er2-c64 .he/ .o < /e2comers' The mos. res!ec.e0 #5 o!!o/e/.s 2as Pa.r-c6 Sars1-e,04 0escr-#e0 #5 Kames as 3a #ra"e 1e,,o24 #. "er5 sca/.-,5 s!!,-e0 2-.h #ra-/s34 a/0 2ho 0-0 /o. co>o!era.e 2e,, 2-.h h-s se/-ors' The #e..er 2as .he Mar@-s 0e S.'R.h4 se/. o"er #5 Lo-s 2-.h a s.a11 #. /o .ro o!s .o ac. as C>- />C o/ Kames Ka mes 7 #eh a,1 ' He 2as c,o se .o 2-//-/ 2-/ /-/ g .he 1-/ a, #a. .,e a. A gh r-m r- m -/ $&%$ 2he/ h-s 0ea.h #5 a ,o/g ra/ge ca//o/ #a,, 1a.a,,5 0-sr!.e0 .he arm57s comma/0' <&
+:' WILLIAMITE ANGLO>DUTCH $&JJ AD > $:: AD Co,0' Ag ?' WW4 R"4 H(S)4 H(G)4 W04 E4 RGo4 M4 R04 UA' C>-/>C > P- (O) +: AP' 4 ' $ S#>ge/era,s > P- (O) +: AP or Sh (S) AP' > $>< r-.-sh horse > P- () $: AP' +>& r-.-sh 0ragoo/s > Dr (S) J AP' $>< r-.-sh 1oo. gar0s > $B+ P6 (O) ? AP4 AP4 res. Sh (S) 1 AP' :>J r-.-sh 1oo. > $B+ P6 (O) ? AP4 res. Sh () & AP' J> Sh (S) AP' :>< Hge/o. horse > P- (F) $$ AP' :>+ Hge/o. or S2e0-sh 1oo. > $B+ P6 (F) ? AP4 res. Sh (F) & AP' :>% D.ch horse > P- (I) J AP' $>? D.ch 0ragoo/s > Dr (S) J AP' :>< D.ch 1oo. gar0s > $B+ P6 (O) ? AP4 res. Sh (S) AP' +>& D.ch 1oo. > $B+ P6 (O) ? AP4 res. Sh () & AP' &>$< Da/-sh horse > P- (F) $$ AP' :>+ Da/-sh4 ra/0e/#rg or o.her Germa/ 1oo. > Sh (S) AP' :>$& Gre/a0-ers > S6 (X) J AP' AP' :>$ !er J Sh + !0r accom!a/5-/g g/s > Ar. (I) ; AP' :>< &>$ Ar. () <: AP' :>? $J> Ar. (S) <; AP' :>$ +>0ec6ers +>0ec6e rs > Sh! (S) & AP Sh (S)4 W#' :>$ !er + Sh! (O) <>0ec6ers > Sh! (O) ; AP Sh (S)4 W#' :>? Fr-ga.es > Sh! (F) ? AP Sh (S)4 W#4 or s.oresh-!s > Sh! (I) + AP ge' :>? La/0-/g !ar.-es > ! .o $B+ mar-/es mar-/es Sh (S) AP AP4 res. seame/ W# () ? AP AP' :>$ !er !er Sh! F-resh-!s > Sh! (X) ? AP' :>$ O/,5 -/ Ire,a/0 1rom $&J% AD .o $&%$ AD E//es6-,,e/ horse > P- (F) $$ AP' E//es6-,,e/ 0ragoo/s > Dr (S) J AP' Lo/0o/0err5 1oo. > $B+ P6 (F) ? AP4 res. Sh (F) & AP'
:>< :>$ :>+
O/,5 1rom $&%< AD Re0ce a,, !-6eme/ o.her .ha/ S2e0-sh 1rom $B+ .o $B?'
A,,
O/,5 1rom $&%& AD U!gra0e sho. o.her .ha/ Hge/o. a/0 S2e0-sh .o > Sh (S) AP'
A,,
I/ $&JJ4 .he E/g,-sh 1-/a,,5 ,os. !a.-e/ce 2-.h .he a..em!.s o1 .he-r Ca.ho,-c *-/g Kames $$ .o s#"er.
Par,-ame/.ar5 r,e a/0 .he A/g,-ca/ re,-g-o/4 a/0 -/"-.e0 h-s Pro.es.a/. D.ch so/>-/>,a2 W-,,-am o1 Ora/ge .o .a6e .he .hro/e 8o-/.,5 2-.h h-s 2-1e Mar5' Mar5' W-,,-am W-,,-am 2as 6ee/ .o se r-.-sh r-.-sh resorces4 mch grea.er .ha/ .hose o1 h-s /a.-"e Ho,,a/04 .o .h2ar. .he Ero!ea/ e9!a/s-o/-sm o1 Lo-s XI o1 Fra/ce' He 1orme0 .he 3Gra/0 A,,-a/ce3 o1 E/g,a/04 .he D.ch4 S!a-/4 Sa"o54 ra/0e/#rg>Prss-a4 Sa9o/54 Ha/o"er4 a"ar-a a/0 S2e0e/' e1ore E/g,a/07s 1,, s.re/g.h co,0 #e em!,o5e0 aga-/s. aga-/s. Lo-s4 -. 2as 1-rs. /ecessar5 .o c,ear Kames Kames IPs IPs 1orces 1orces 1rom Ire,a/0' Ire,a/0' W-,,-a W-,,-am m comma/0e comma/0e0 0 !erso/a, !erso/a,,5 ,5 a. .he o5/e -/ $&J% a/0 ,a.er ,a.er o/ .he co/.co/.-/e/ /e/.. a. S.ee S.ee/6/6-r6 r6 -/ $&%< $&%< a/0 Neer2Neer2-/0e/ /0e/ -/ $&%+' $&%+' The "ar-o "ar-oss /a.-o/a /a.-o/a,, co/.-/ co/.-/ge/ ge/.s .s /0er /0er h-s comma/0 2ere -/.egra.e0 ra.her .ha/ 1-gh.-/g se!ara.e,5' D.ch 1oo. ha0 a h-gh re!.a.-o/4 es!ec-a,,5 .he gar0s4 #. .he-r ca"a,r5 2ere co/s-0ere0 a ,-..,e 0#-os a/0 .oo 1o/0 o1 0-s.a/. !-s.o, 1-re' Da/-sh ca"a,r5 2ere e9ce,,e/. .roo!s /o.e0 1or .he-r aggress-o/4 #. .he-r !-6e>,ess 1oo. !ro"e0 ",/era#,e .o Kaco#-.e ca"a,r5' The Hge/o. reg-me/.s 2ere o1 Fre/ch Pro.es.a/.s 1orce0 o. #5 re,-g-os !ersec.-o/ $&J&>J' Ma/5 ha0 #ee/ 2e,,>.ra-/e0 -/ Fre/ch ser"-ce a/0 .he5 ha.e0 Lo-s XI' The5 #rogh. Fre/ch me.ho0s 2-.h .hem a/0 2ere regar0e0 as a/ e,-.e' The5 2ere 6e!. o/ a se!ara.e es.a#,-shme/. /.-, $&%%4 .he/ a#sor#e0 #5 .he r-.-sh arm5' Ir-sh Pro.es.a/. .roo!s 2ere .ogh a/0 aggress-"e4 #. res-s.a/. .o 0-sc-!,-/e a/0 -/-.-a,,5 ,ac6e0 /-1orms' The 1oo. o1 mos. co/.r-#.-/g /a.-o/s s.ar.e0 2-.h $B+ !-6eme/ a/0 $:: AD Co,0' Ag ?' WW4 R"4 H(S)4 H(G)4 W04 O4 4 RGo4 R04 UA' C>-/>C > P- () +: APorP-(F)+$ AP' S#>ge/era,s > P- (O) +: AP or P- (F) +$ AP' Ma-so/ 0 Ro- > P- () $: AP' Ge/0armer-e 0e Fra/ce a/0 che"a9 ,egers > P- (F) $$ AP' Dragoo/s > Dr (S) J AP' Gar0es 1oo. ms6e.eers > Sh () & AP' Commo/ 1oo. ms6e.eers > Sh (F) & AP' S-ege a/0 1-e,0 g/s > ! .o $B? Ar. (S) <; AP4 res. () <: AP' Po/.oo/eers > Po/ () ; AP' O/,5 #e1ore $&%< AD Gar0es !-6eme/ > P6 (O) ? AP' Commo/ 1oo. !-6eme/ > P6 (F) ? AP or P6 (O) ? AP'
Ma9 C9< $ $>< :>? ;>$< <>& :>J J>? :>$ $ !er < Sh (O) $ !er < Sh (F)
O/,5 #e1ore $&: AD Re!,ace commo/ 1oo. !-6eme/ 2-.h 1s-,-ers > Sh (F) & AP' Do2/gra0e caraco,-/g che"a9 ,egers .o P- (I) J AP'
:>$ !er < P6 :>&
O/,5 a1.er $&: AD Gre/a0-ers > S6 (X) J AP' Fs-,-ers 0 Ro- > Sh (S) AP' Chassers > S6 () + AP'
:>$ !er J Sh :>$ !er < Ar. :>$
O/,5 $&< AD .o $&? AD E/g,-sh a,,-es > L-s. Res.ora.-o/ r-.-sh' O/,5 1rom $&%: AD Regra0e ge/0armer-e a/0 che"a9 ,egers as > P- () $: AP' Cara#-/-ers > P- (I) J AP'
A,, $ !er & P- (O)
O/,5 1rom $&%< AD Hssars > LH (S) AP' Gar0es !-6eme/ > P6 (O) ? AP' Commo/ 1oo. !-6eme/ > a,, P6 (F) ? AP or a,, P6 (O) ? AP'
:>< $ !er ? Sh (O) $ !er ? Sh (F)
Th-s co"ers Fre/ch arm-es 1rom Lo-s XI7s assm!.-o/ o1 a.ocra.-c r,e /.-, $::' The Ma-so/ 0 Ro- com!r-se0 ? s.ro/g com!a/-es o1 Gar0es 0 Cor!s4 $ o1 Ge/0armes (-/ cors,e.s)4 $ o1 Che"a9 Legers4 < o1 Les Mos@e.a-res a/04 1rom $&&4 $ o1 Gre/a0-ers a Che"a,4 a/0 seem .o ha"e 1a"ore0 1-rearms' 1-rearms' The $< com!a/-es o1 Ge/0armer-e 0e Fra/ce a/0 .he che"a9 ,egers 2ere /armore0 a/0 mos.,5 charge0 -/ a sha,,o2 1orma.-o/ a. .he ga,,o! 2-.h s2or0 -/ ha/0 -/ .he s.5,e o1 Tre//e a/0 Co/0e4 Co/0e4 #. Marecha, Marecha, 0e P5segr P5segr 2r-.-/g 2r-.-/g -/ $?J .hogh. .ha. .he carac caraco,e o,e ha0 ,-/gere ,-/gere0 0 -/ some reg-me/.s /.-, aro/0 $&:' A1.er $&%:4 a,, re"er.e0 #5 ro5a, comma/0 .o 1-r-/g #e1ore charg-/g home'
The s6-rm-sh-/g s6-rm-sh-/g 3cara#-/3 3cara#-/3 ,-gh. ,-gh. horse seem .o ha"e 0-sa!eare0 -/ .he ca"a,r5 re0c.-o/s o1 $&;% a/0 a00-/g < 3cara#-/-e 3cara#-/-ers3 rs3 2-.h r-1,e0 car#-/es car#-/es .o each each ca"a, ca"a,r5 r5 com!a/5 com!a/5 -/ $&% $&% !ro"e0 !ro"e0 a/ -/a0e@ -/a0e@a. a.ee s#s.-..e' From $&%:4 each ca"a,r5 reg-me/. 2as or0ere0 .o ha"e a 1,, com!a/5 o1 cara#-/-ers a/0 -/ $&%< .hese 2ere ama,gama.e0 ama,gama.e0 -/.o a s-/g,e ,arge $:: com!a/5 reg-me/. reg-me/. o1 Ro5a, Cara#-/-ers Cara#-/-ers 2h-ch 1-re0 1rom .he ha,.' Dragoo/s 2ere 2ere -/creas-/creas-/g,5 /g,5 1a"or 1a"ore0' e0' The 1-e,0 1-e,0 /-.s /-.s o1 .he Gar0es Gar0es a P-e0 P-e0 /o2 com!r-se0 o/,5 .he Gar0es>Fra/ca-ses a/0 .he Gar0es>S-sses' Gar0es !-6eme/ 6e!. .he-r cors,e.s .o .he e/0 o1 or !er-o0 !er-o0'' O.hers O.hers ha0 0-scar0e0 0-scar0e0 .hem #5 .he e/0 o1 .he +: ears War4 War4 #. some reg-me/.s reg-me/.s a!!ear .o ha"e ha0 .hem re>-sse0' F-re,oc6s 2ere 0-sa!!ro"e0 o1 a/0 se0 o/,5 o/ a sma,, sca,e /.-, $&%<4 2he/ ha,1 each reg-me/.7s sho. 2ere a.hor-se0 .hem' A/ /o11-c-a, !rac.-se o1 re!,ac-/g !-6es 2-.h 1-re,oc6s 2as re!ea.e0,5 1or#-00e/ -/ .he 5ears #e1ore $&:' The Fs-,-ers 0 Ro- 1orme0 -/ $&$ .o gar0 a/0 ma/ .he ar.-,,er5 2ere e/.-re,5 e@-!!e0 2-.h 1-re,oc6s' The .5!-ca, Fre/ch -/1a/.r5 .ac.-c 2as a/ -m!e.os -m!e.os a..ac6 a..ac6 com#-/-/g com#-/-/g !-6eme/ !-6eme/ 2-.h ms6e.eers ms6e.eers a0"a/c-/g a0"a/c-/g s2or0 -/ ha/0' ha/0' A,,-e A,,-ess ca/ -/c,0 -/c,0ee /a"a, e,eme/.s a/0 /ee0 /o. .he/ -/c,0e o.her2-se com!,sor5 .5!es' $:: AD Warm' Ag $' WW4 R"4 H(S)4 H(G)4 O4 4 E4 RGo4 M4 R04 UA' C>-/>C > P- (S) +< AP' S#>ge/era, > P- (S) +< AP' C-rass-ers > P- () $: AP' Dragoo/s > Dr (I) & AP' S!a/-s S!a/-sh h 1oo. 1oo. > $B? P6 () ? AP4 AP4 +B? Sh () & AP' AP' Ar.-,,er5 > Ar. () <: AP' L-/ear e/.re/chme/.s .o !ro.ec. ar.-,,er5 > F ? AP'
$ :>$ ?>% $>; $&>&? $&>&? :>+ :>$ !er Ar.
O/,5 a1.er $&&; AD Do2/gra0e ge/era,s .o > P- () +: AP' Do2/gra0e S!a/-sh 1oo. .o > $B? P6 (I) + AP4 +B? Sh (I) ? AP' O/,5 1rom $&J% AD Gre/a0-ers > S6 (X) J AP' Ca.a,a/ m-@e,e..es > S6 (S) ? AP'
A/5 +B?>a,, :>$ !er & Sh (O) or $< Sh (I ) :><:
O/,5 1rom $&%? AD E/g,-sh a/0 D.ch a,,-es > L-s. W-,,-am-.e A/g,o>D.ch' S!a-/7s o/,5 aggress-"e 2ar -/ .h-s !er-o0 2as a 1a-,e0 a..em!. .o reco/@er Por.ga, $&&$>$&&;' The res. o1 .he ce/.r5 sa2 1re@e/. 0e1e/s-"e 2ars aga-/s. Fra/ce4 mos.,5 mos.,5 -/ .he Lo2 Co/.r-es' Ma/5 S!a/-sh ge/era,s 2ere .o.a,,5 -g/ora/. o1 .ac.-cs a/0 o2e0 .he-r !romo.-o/ .o 1a"or-.-sm' Pr-0e a/0 8ea,os5 h-/0ere0 h-/0ere0 co>o!era.-o/4 co>o!era.-o/4 he/ce .he s-/g,e s#>ge/era, s#>ge/era,'' C-rass-ers C-rass-ers re.a-/e0 .he cors,e.4 2h-ch .he5 2ore o"er a #11 coa. or 5e,,o2 coa. 2-.h re0 c11s' Ge/era,s a/0 .he-r escor.s a. 1-rs. 2ore +B? armor' Dragoo/s a,so 2ore 5e,,o2 #e1ore cha/g-/g .o gree/ -/ $::' Foo. 2ore 2h-.e coa.s e9ce!. 1or Ir-sh a/0 S2-ss reg-me/.s4 2ho 2ore re0' P-6eme/ s.-,, 2ore cors,e.s' The arm5 2as grea.,5 /eg,ec.e0 a1.er .he access-o/ o1 .he me/.a,,5>/s.a#,e Car,os II 3.he e2-.che03 -/ $&&;4 .he ,ess 1ash-o/a#,e 1oo. s11er-/g es!ec-a,,5' There are se"era, $.h ce/.r5 ce/.r5 re1ere/ces re1ere/ces .o !oor @a,-.5 @a,-.5 S!a/-sh S!a/-sh .roo!s .roo!s a/0 -/ $$J .he5 2ere 0escr-#e0 as 3a/ /!a-04 /c,o.he04 /o11-cere0 a/0 /0-sc-!,-/e0 !arce, o1 2re.ches3' M-@e,e..es 2ere -rreg -rreg,a ,ars rs 2-.h 2-.h ,o/g accra.e accra.e 1-re,oc 1-re,oc6s4 6s4 more se1, se1, -/ home home 0e1e/ce 0e1e/ce .ha/ .ha/ reg,ar reg,ar 1oo.' 1oo.' A,,-e0 A,,-e0 co/.-/ge/.s -/c,0-/g -/c,0-/g /a"a, e,eme/.s e,eme/.s /ee0 /o. -/c,0e -/c,0e o.her2-se o.her2-se com!,sor5 com!,sor5 />em#ar6e0 />em#ar6e0 ,a/0 .roo!s' .roo!s' The S!a/-sh /a"5 0-0 /o. reco"er 1rom -.s crsh-/g 0e1ea. 0e1ea. -/ $&+% #5 .he D.ch /.-, a1.er $::' ++' ++' RAGANA PORTUGUESE PORTUGUESE $&?: AD > $:: AD War m' Ag : ' W W4 R"4 H ]S) 4 H(G) 4 W0 4 O 4 4 RG o4 R04 UA'
Ma9 N;::
C>-/> C > P- ( S) +< AP' S#>ge/era,s > P- (S) +< AP or P- (F) +$ AP' Horse > P- ( F) $$ AP' Dragoo/s > Dr ( I) & AP' M-,-.-a 1oo. > $B? .o $B< P6 ( I) + AP4 r es . Sh ( I) ? AP' Ar.-,,er 5 > ! .o $B< Ar . (S) <; AP4 r es. Ar. () < : AP'
$ $>< +>$J $ !er J 1oo. ?J $>?
O/,5 1rom $&&< AD .o $&&J AD U!gra !gra0e 0e 1oo. 1oo. .o reg reg--me/.e0 /.e0 or merce/ rce/ar ar5 5 > $B? $B? P6 P6 (O (O) ? AP AP4 +B +B? Sh Sh () () & AP'
:>$B< $B<
Gre/a0-ers > S6 (X) J AP' E/g,-sh a,,-es > L-s. Res.ora.-o/ r-.-sh'
: >$ !er & Sh (O) :>
Th-s Th-s co"ers co"ers .he Por.gese Por.gese arm5 1rom .he D6e o1 raga/a raga/a7s 7s $&?: re"o,. aga-/s. aga-/s. S!a/-sh S!a/-sh r,e' I. !resma#, !res ma#,5 5 s.a r.e0 2-.h a s-m-,ar s -m-,ar orga/-sa.-o orga/ -sa.-o / a/0 a/ 0 e@ -!me/ . .o .he S!a/-sh S!a/- sh a rm5 -/ 2h -ch - .s o11-c ers ha0 #ee/ .ra-/e0' .ra- /e0' I. 2as re1orme re1 orme 0 $&&: >$&& J #5 .he D6e o1 Scho m#erg4 m#erg 4 /o2 co/s -0er e0 .he 1o/0er o1 .he mo0er/ arm54 arm54 o/,5 .o #e .he/ /eg,ec.e0' The ca"a,r5 2ere 3-,,>0-sc-!,-/e0 3-,,>0-sc-!,-/e0 a/0 -m!e.os3' Each 1oo. reg-me/. -/c,0e0 a 0ragoo/ com!a/5' The ar.-,,er5 2ere .he #es. arm' <% +?' SAO SAOARD ARD $&?J AD > $:: AD Warm' Ag $' WW4 R"4 H(S)4 W04 4 E4 M4 RGo4 R04 UA' C > - / > C > P - ( F ) + $ A P' S#>ge/era,s > P - ( F) +$ AP' Sa"o 5ar0 or Hge/o. horse > P- (F) $$ AP' Dr agoo/s > Dr ( S) J AP' Sa "o "o 5a 5ar 04 04 me rc rce/ ar ar 5 or H g ge/o. 1o o. o. > $B+ P6 (F) ? AP4 < B+ B+ Sh (F) & AP' S!a/-sh 1oo. or Sa"o 5ar0 m-,-.-a > $B?>$B+ P6 (I) + AP4 r es. Sh ($) ? AP' Ar.-,,er 5 > U! .o $B+ Ar . (S) <; AP4 r es. Ar. (O) <: AP or Ar. ($) ; AP' O/,5 1rom $&J% AD Gre/a0-er s > S6 (X) J AP' S2-/es1ea.hers or che"a9 0e Fr -se > PO $ AP' U/reg-me/.e0 a0o-s shar!shoo.ers > S6 (S) ? AP' As.r-a/ a,,-es > L-s. La.er Im!er-a,' a"ar-a/ a,,-es > L-s. La.er a"ar-a/' S!a/-sh a,,-es > L-s. La.er S!a/-sh'
$ :>< ?>J $>+ $J>&: :>$J :>+ :> $ !er J Sh (F) :>$ !er Sh +><: :>+&
As.r-0e .he A,!s A,!s #e.2ee/ Fra/ce a/0 I.a,54 I.a,54 .he Dch5 o1 Sa"o5 sr"-"e0 #5 0-!,omac5 a/0 goo0 so,0-er s' I. ha0 #ee/ a ,o5a, e9!e/0a#,e e9!e/0a#,e a,,5 o1 .he Fre/ch /.-, /.-, rege/c5 a/0 c-"-, 2ar ,e1. -. 2ea6e/ 2ea6e/e0 e0 a/0 c5/-ca,' c5/-ca,' I. co,0 co,0 /o2 s.-,, s.-,, he,! Fra/ce4 0-se/gage 0-se/gage grace1,,5 or s2-.ch s2-.ch s-0es' s-0es' Th-s !o,!o,-c5 c5 r-s6e r-s6e0 0 ra!ra!-0 0 1ro/.-er a08s.me/. e-.her 2a54 #. e/0e0 -/ Sa"o5 #ecom-/g .he *-/g0om o1 P-e0mo/.>Sar0-/-a' I/ .he $&%:s4 Horse a/0 ar.-,,er5 2ore #,e coa.s4 0ragoo/s 5e,,o24 #,e a/0 gree/ a/0 1oo. 2h-.e' The 3ms6e. res.s3 re!or.e0 .he/ 2ere !ro#a#,5 s2-/es1ea.hers 2-.h hoo6s' +;' LATER LATER ENETIAN COLONIAL COLONIAL $&?; AD > $:: AD Wa r m' A g $ #e 1 or e $& J? AD4 .h e/ + ' WW4 R"4 HS $4 W0 4 O4 4 U A' C>-/>C > P - (S) +< AP4 or o/ 1oo. -/ + B? a rmor as > 0 ( S) <% AP' S#>ge/era,s > P- (S) +< AP4 0 (S) <% AP or LH (S) < AP' Hor se > U! .o $B< P - ( I) J AP4 r es. LH ( S) AP' Dr agoo/ s > Dr (S) J AP o r Dr ( I) & AP' e/e.-a/ mar-/es > $B+ P6 (F) ? AP4 AP4 $B+ P6 ( O) O) 4 < B+ B+ Sh (O)' 7 Sc,a"o/-a/s > Sh ( F) & AP' Mor,acch- or M a/-o.e mo /.a-/eers > H0 (F) $ AP' Ar .-,,er 5 > ! .o $B< Ar . ( I) ; AP4 res. Ar. (S ) <; AP' e/e.-a/ ga,easses > Ga, (S) ; AP 04 P64 Sh e/e.-a/ a/0 o.her I.a,-a/ ga,,e5s > Ga, ( F) + AP P 64 Sh 4 Ar . ' Large mercha/. sh-!s > Sh! (I) + AP A/ 5' Sma,, !e.aches4 !-/6s4 .ar .a/es a/0 1e,ccas > Sh! (I) + AP A/5 1oo. ' Ma ,.es e ga,,e5s > Ga, ( ) ? AP 04 Sh' Ma,.ese mar-/es > ! .o $B? 6/-gh.s 0 (S) % AP4 AP4 res. Sh (F) & AP' AP'
Ma9 N;:: $ :>< :> & :>& :>$ !er Ga, $J>?J :>$; :>$; :>< $>+ ?>$< :>J :>? :>& $ !er Ga, (O)
O/,5 a1.er $&& AD Gr e/a0-ers > S6 (X) J AP' :>$ !er $< Sh U!gr U!gra0 a0ee ,ar ,arge ge merch ercha/ a/.. shsh-!s !s .o 2ar 2arsh sh-! -!ss o1 o1 ??> ??>&: &: g/s g/s > Sh! Sh! () () ; AP AP A/5 A/5 1oo. 1oo.4 4 :>$ F-resh-!s > Sh! (X) ? AP' :>$ O/,5 -/ $&&J AD a/0 $&J% AD Fre/ch a,,-es > L-s. Lo-s XI Fre/ch'
O/,5 $&J? AD .o $&JJ AD Sa9o/ 1oo. > Sh () & AP' :>& Sa9o/ s2-/es1ea.hers > PO $ AP' :>$ !er Sa9o/ Sh (O) r/s r/s22-c6 c6BW BWr r.e .em# m#r rgB gBHa Ha/o /o"e "erB rBHe Hess ssee 1oo 1oo.. > $B+ $B+ P6 P6 (O) (O) ? AP AP4 $J :>$J +:
Th-s co"ers e/e.-a/ e/e.-a/ co,o/-a, arm-es a/0 o11e/s-"e /a"a, e9!e0-.-o/s 1rom .he re/e2e0 O..oma/ a. .ac6 o1 $&?; .ha. e/0e0 -/ $&&% 2-.h .he ,oss o1 Cre.e a1.er a/ e!-c << 5ear s-ege o1 -.s ,as. 1or.ress' The Tr6-sh 0-sas.er a. -e//a -/ $&J+ e/corage0 e/-ce .o co/.er>a..ac64 c,ear-/g .he Tr6s 1rom .he Pe,o!o//ese #5 $&%:' $&%:' The The ma/5 ma/5 1-e,0 1-e,0 #a.., #a..,es es a,, res, res,.e .e0 0 1rom 1rom a..em a..em!.s !.s .o re,-e re,-e"e "e 1or.re 1or.resse ssess #es-eg #es-ege0 e0 #5 e/e.-a e/e.-a/ / am!h-#-o am!h-#-os s 1orces4 1orces4 he/ce .he -/crease0 -/crease0 /a"a, !rese/ce !rese/ce -/ .he ,-s.' The S.ra0-o. ,-gh. horse 2ere s.-,, 8s. as aggress-"e4 #. /o2 mos.,5 arme0 2-.h !-s.o,s4 sa#re a/0 car#-/e car#-/e -/s.ea0 -/s.ea0 o1 .he 1ormer 1ormer ,-gh. ,a/ce' ,a/ce' A e/e.-a/ e/e.-a/ mar-/e mar-/e gar0 o1 ho/or -s 0escr-#e0 as arme0 arme0 2-.h ha,1>!-6e ha,1>!-6e or ms6e. ms6e. a/0 2-.h he,me. he,me. a/0 s2or04 .hogh /o me/.-o/ -s ma0e o1 #o05 armor' Mor,acch- 2ere Da,ma.-a/ mo/.a-/eers 3/e0ca.e0 me/ 2ho 0o /o. /0ers.a/0 /0ers.a /0 .he ,og-c ,og-c o1 6ee!-/g 6ee!-/g !rom-ses !rom-ses .o a 0e1ea.e0 0e1ea.e0 e/em534 e/em534 #. se1, se1, 1or !rs-. !rs-.'' The Ma/Ma/-o. o.es es 2ere 2ere Gree6 Gree6 mo/.a-/eers mo/.a-/eers 1rom .he Pe,o!o//es Pe,o!o//esee 3a sor. o1 !eo!,e !eo!,e 2ho ca,, .hemse,"es .hemse,"es Chr-s.-a/s4 #. ,-"e ch-e1,5 o/ s!o-, a/0 ro##er534 ,e0 $&JJ>J% #5 o/e L-#erach-' A 1e2 1e2 ,-gh. 1-e,0 !-eces are re1erre0 .o o/ o/e occas-o/4 #. .he mos. commo/,5 me/.-o/e0 ar.-,,er5 are ;: !0r4 !resma#,5 ma-/ #o2 g/s ,a/0e0 1rom ga,,e5s' Ma,.ese mar-/es ,e0 #5 .he */-gh.s -/ re0 .a#ar0s 2ere co/s-0ere0 es!ec-a,,5 goo0 assa,. .roo!s' Fre/ch a,,-es /ee0 /o. -/c,0e o.her2-se com!,sor5 ca"a,r5 or 0ragoo/s' The arm57s #ase -s assme0 .o #e e-.her .he co,o/-a, !ossess-o/s !ossess-o/s o/ .he eas.er/ s-0e o1 .he A0r-a.A0r-a.-c4 c4 or /.-, $&&%4 Cre.e' +&' LATER OTTOMAN TUR* $&?; AD > $:: AD Warm' arm' Ag ? /. /.-, -, $&J+ $&J+44 .he .he/ / $' $' WW WW4 R" R"4 H(S H(S)4 )4 H(G) H(G)44 W04 W04 O4 E4 RGo4 RGo4 R04 R04 UA UA''
Ma9 Ma9 C9? C9?
C>-/>C > S- (S) +: AP or S- (F) ge/era,s > S- (S) +: AP or S- (F) < a!6, s-!ah-s > S- (F) J AP' $>; Fe0a, s-!ah-s > S- (I) ; AP' $%>+& U!gra0e 1e0a, s-!ah-s .o Rome,-o. > S- (F) J AP' :>$J De,-s4 *r0s or e0o-/ Ara#s > LH () ; AP' :>? Ka/-ssar-es > Sh (F) & AP' <>$< S,a" or A/a.o,-a/ shar!shoo.ers > S6 (S) ? AP' +>$< Mo/. shar!sho shar!shoo.ers o.ers o/ horses horses as segme/ segme/ > Dr (S) J AP4 AP4 (O) AP or (I) & AP' AP' :>+ Aa#s4 Aa#s4 go/,,as go/,,as or ,e"e/0a. ,e"e/0a. > ! .o $B< 2 (I) + AP4 AP4 res. H0 (S) < AP' AP' :>$: Ar.-,,er5 > Ar. (S) <; AP' :>+ am#ra6 came, g/s > Ar. (F) $: AP' :>< Po/.oo/eers > Po/ () ; AP' :>$ Ga,,e5s > Ga, (O) + AP 24 H0(S)' 4 :>? Cors Corsaa-rr ga,, ga,,e5 e5ss a/0 a/0 ga,, ga,,-o -o.s .s > Ga, Ga, (F) (F) < AP 0 0'' 7 :>< Corsa-rs > 0 (F) ; AP' $ !er Ga, (F) Cr-mea/ Tar.ar Tar.ar a,,-es > L-s. Tar.ar Tar.ar (oo6 <)' O/,5 1rom $&%: AD Grea Grea.. shsh-!s !s a/0 a/0 1r1r-ga ga.e .ess > ! .o $B< $B< Sh! Sh! (S) (S) & AP AP4 res res.. Sh! Sh! (F) (F) ? AP AP 2 24 H0 H0 (S) (S)' '
:>? :>?
Th-s -s a re"-se0 s#>se. o1 Arm5 No' $< -/ oo6 $4 -/c,0e0 here so .ha. 2argamers see6-/g .he /a.ra, o!!o/e/. -/ .h-s era o1 .he e/e.-a/s a/0 Im!er-a,-s.s 2-,, /o. #e 1orce0 .o #5 a/ e9.ra #oo6' a!6, (3cor. (3cor. s,a"es3) 2ere reg,ar hoseho,0 hoseho,0 ca"a,r5 reg-me/.s reg-me/.s /o2 2-.h ,-..,e ,-..,e armor armor a/0 1-gh.-/g 2-.h sc-m-.ar a/0 !-s.o,s' The Rome,-o. 1e0a, s-!ah-s o1 .he Ero!ea/ !ro"-/ces 2ere s-m-,ar,5 s-m-,ar,5 arme04 #. .he As-a/ As-a/ 1e0a, s-!ah-s s-!ah-s .ha. ha0 .o #e -/creas-/g,5 -/creas-/g,5 re,-e0 o/ a1.er .he 0-sas.er 0-sas.er a. -e//a -e//a -/ $&J+ 2ere mos.,5 arme0 o/,5 2-.h a sc-m-.ar4 some.-mes s!!,eme/.e0 #5 o#so,e.e 2ea!o/s sch as #o2s4 ,-gh. ,a/ces or ma.c ma.ch, h,oc oc6s 6s'' Some Some or/a. or/a.ee .e9. .e9.-, -,ee hors horsee armo armor r 2as 2as ca!.re0 ca!.re0 a. -e//a -e//a -/ $&J+4 -m!,5-/g -m!,5-/g .ha. #o05gar0s #o05ga r0s ma5 s.-,, ha"e #ee/ e@-!!e0 e@-!!e 0 -/ .he o,0 s.5,e' De,-s (3ma0me/3) ( 3ma0me/3) 2ere ,-gh. , -gh. ca"a,r5 7ra-se0 1rom amo/g co/"er.e0 Ser#s4 os/-a/s a/0 Croa.s 1or se as sco.s a/0 o1.e/ !a-0 #5 !ro"-/c-a, r,ers o. o1 .he-r re"e/es' re"e/es' Ka/-ssar-es Ka/-ssar-es (e/-> (e/->cercer- > 3/e2 .roo!s3) .roo!s3) 2ere e,-.e reg,ars reg,ars arme0 arme0 2-.h ,o/g 1-rearms4 1-rearms4 #. a,2a5s a,2a5s 2-,,-/g 2-,,-/g .o charge charge 2-.h .he sc-m-.ar sc-m-.ar'' Shar!shoo Shar!shoo.ers .ers 2ere !ro"-0e0 !ro"-0e0 #5 S,a" or A/a.o,-a/ .1e6c-s4 sar-ca4 ar/a.s4 6,e!h.s4 or -1 mo/.e04 segme/s' Aa#s (3#ache,ors3) 2ere /o2 ra-se0 #5 co/scr-!.-o/ a/0 se0 ,-6e go/,,as as garr-so/s' Le"e/0a. Le"e/0a. 2ere mar-/es4 .he ,arges. sh-!s carr5-/g ! .o ;::' A 1e2 hge #om#ar0s 2ere s.-,, se0 -/ 1or.-1-ca.-o/s4 #. mos. ar.-,,er5 2as /o2 reaso/a#,5>s-e04 -1 s.-,, o/,5 m-/-ma,,5 mo#-,e4 hea"5 #rass s-ege !-eces' +$
+' LATER LATER IMPERIALIST $&?% AD .o $:: AD C o, 0 ' A g $' WW4 R"4 H( S ) 4 H( G )4 W0 4 4 E4 M4 RGo 4 R0 4 UA'
Ma9 C9+
C> -/> C > P- ( S) +< AP or P- ( I) ge/era,s > P - ( S) +< AP or P- (I) P- ( I) J AP' Dr agoo/s > Dr ( S) J AP' Cra#a.sBCroa.sBCroa.-a/ hssars > LH (S) AP' H/ gar -a/ hea"5 hssars > L/ (F) $$ AP' H/gar-a/ ,-gh. hssars > LH (F) ? AP' L#om-r s6-7s Po,es -/ Im!er -a, !a 5 > LH (I) ? AP' Ms6e.eers > Sh () & AP' H/gar-a/ ha-06s or Sc,a"o/-a/s > Sh (F) & AP' Gr e/er 1ro/.-er m-,-.-a > S6 (S) ? AP' Le"5 2-.h ha,#er0s or morge/s.er/s > 0 (I) ? AP' Ma.ch,oc6 2a,, !-eces -/ 1or.-1-e0 UA > Ar. (I) ; AP' Ar.-,,er 5 > U! .o L-s. La La.er MM-/or Ge Ger ma/ S. S.a.es'
$ :>< J>$; <>; $>& :>$ +>; ?>& $<>?J :>? :>J :>? :>< $>+ :>$<
O/,5 -/ $&&? AD Fre/ch a,,-es > Lo-s XI Fre/ch' O/,5 1rom $&&? AD Gre/a0-er s > S6 (X) J AP'
$ !er J Sh
O/,5 #e1ore $&J$ AD P-6eme/ > P6 ( O) ? AP'
$ !er < Sh (O)
O/,5 1rom $&J$ AD F s-,eers > Sh (S) AP' P-6e me/ > P6 (O) ? AP'
:>$ !er J Sh (O) $ !er + Sh (O)
O/,5 /.-, $&J+ AD U!gra0e horse .o c-rass-er s > P- (S) $< AP' O/,5 -/ $&J+ AD Shar!shoo.ers -/ 1or.-1 -e0 UA > S6 (S) ? AP' Po,-sh a,,-es > L-s. La.er Po,-sh'
:>< :>$
O/,5 -/ $&J+ AD a/0 1rom $&J; AD Sa9o/ a,,-es > L-s. La.er Sa9o/'
:>$:
O/,5 1rom $&J+ AD .o $&JJ AD a/0 -/ $&%$ AD a"ar-a/ a,,-es > L-s. La.er a"ar-a/'
:>$;
O/,5 $&J? AD .o $&J& AD a/0 $&%: AD .o $&%< AD S2e0-sh horse > P- () $: AP' S2e0-sh 1 oo. > $B+ P6 ( F) ? AP4
:>+ :>$:
O/,5 1rom $&J? AD .o $&%J AD Po/.oo/eers > Po/. () ; A P' Da/#e 1,o.-,,a > ! .o $B< Ga, ( F) + AP4 res. Sh! (F) ? AP A/5 1oo.' Co/. o/.r5 r5 !eo!, eo!,ee 3go 3go.. ! -/.o /.o a #o05 o05 -/ ho!e ho!ess o1 o1 #oo #oo.5 .5 a/0 !,/ !,/0e 0er3 r3 > H0 (F (F) $ AP' AP' ra/0e/#rg a,,-es > L-s. ra/0e/#rg>Prss-a'
:>$ :>? :>? :>? :>$;
O/,5 a1.er $&JJ AD U!gra0e hssars as reg,ars .o > LH (S) AP' S2-/es1ea.hers or che"a9 0e Fr-se > PO $ AP' AP'
A,, :>$ !er Sh (S)
+< Th-s co"ers .he arm-es o1 .he Ho,5 Roma/ Em!-re a1.er .he +: ears War' O..oma/ Tr6s a/0Bor H/gar-a/ re#e,s re#e,s 2ere /o2 .he ma-/ o!!o/e/.s' o!!o/e/.s' The crsh-/g 0e1ea. o1 a Tr6-sh -/"as-o/ -/"as-o/ a. S.'Go..har0 so.h o1 -e//a -/ $&&? ,e0 .o a ! eace .rea.5 0e 1or re/e2a, -/ $&J$' The Tr6s chose -/s.ea0 -/s.ea0 .o ,a/ch ,a/ch a/o.her a/o.her
mass-"e -/"as-o/ -/ $&J+' -e//a 2as s#8ec.e0 .o a/ e!-c s-ege #e1ore #e-/g re,-e"e0 #5 a com#-/e0 (-/ or0er o1 /m#ers) /m#ers) Im!er-a,4 Po,-sh4 Po,-sh4 a"ar-a/ a/0 Sa9o/ 1orce comma/0e0 comma/0e0 #5 .he Po,-sh Po,-sh *-/g Ka/ III So#-es6-' A/ A/ Im!er-a, a,,-e0 co/.-/ge/. 1or .ha. arm5 ms. #e accom!a/-e0 accom!a/-e0 #5 a"ar-a/ a/0 Sa9o/ a,,-es o1 .he co/.-/ge/. s-e ra/ges ,-s.e0 here' A,, Im!er-a,-s. horse 2ere re!or.e0 -/ $&J? .o 2ear cors,e.s4 #. < o1 .he $< reg-me/.s reg-me/.s re!or.e0 re!or.e0 -/ ear,5 $&J+ 2ere 0escr-#e0 0escr-#e0 as c-rass-er c-rass-ers4 s4 -m!,5-/g .ha. .he5 ha0 +B? armor armor'' I/ $&J%4 a,, $$ reg-me/.s reg-me/.s o1 horse horse are ca,,e0 ca,,e0 c-rass c-rass-ers -ers44 sgges. sgges.-/g -/g .h-s 2as /o ,o/ger so' Lo#s.er>.a-, Lo#s.er>.a-, he,me.s 2ere 2or/ /.-, /.-, a1.er a1.er $::' Some H/gar-a/ H/gar-a/ ,o5a,-s. ,o5a,-s.ss co/.-/e0 co/.-/e0 .o ser"e ser"e 0r-/g 0r-/g re"o,.s' re"o,.s' $4::: $4::: o1 J4::: H/gar-a/ hssars are 0escr-#e0 2-.h ,o/g ,a/ces4 2h-ch4 2-.h sr"-"-/g armor4 sgges.s sgges.s .ha. some 2ere as hea"5 as .hose .hose o1 Po,a/0' O.her O.her ,e"5 hssars hssars 2ere 2ere horse horse archers archers'' I.ems I.ems mar6e0 a!!,5 o/,5 -1 a/5 H/gar-a/s are se0' Cra#a.s or 3Croa.s3 2ere ,-gh. horse 2-.h s2or04 !-s.o,s a/0 car#-/e' Reg,ar hssars -m-.a.e0 .hem a/0 .he .5!es merge0' F,-/.,oc6 ms6e.s4 o1.e/ 2-.h a re"ers-o/ar5 ma.ch,oc6 mecha/-sm4 #ega/ .o #e se0 -/ /m#ers aro/0 $&J:4 #. -/ $&JJ 2ere s.-,, o/,5 $:\' P-6es 2ere re0ce0 a. .he same .-me4 #. /o. a#a/0o/e0 /.-, !,g #a5o/e.s 2ere -sse0 -/ $:?' The 3#oar> s!ears3 s!ears3 sa-0 .o ha"e re!,ace0 re!,ace0 !-6es 2ere s2-/es1 s2-/es1ea.h ea.hers ers 0o#,-/g 0o#,-/g as ms6e. ms6e. res.s or com#-/e0 com#-/e0 -/.o che"a9 0e Fr-se4 re!or.e0 -/ $&J% as 3"er5 "a,a#,e3' Mem#ers o1 a D.ch mercha/ mercha/.s7 .s7 shoo.-/g shoo.-/g c,# !ro"-0e0 shar!shoo.-/g shar!shoo.-/g a. .he s-ege o1 -e//a' Gre/er 2ere 2ere m-,-.-a m-,-.- a o1 .he M-,-.argre/ e 1ro/.-er 1ro/.- er 0e1e/ces 0e1e/c es crea.e0 -/ $;;' +B? !,a.e armor 1or c-rass-ers4 ma-, ma-, a/0 !,a.e armor armor 1or hea"5 hssars4 hssars4 1,-/.,oc6 1,-/.,oc6 a/0 com#-/a.-o/ ,oc6 ms6e.s4 ma.ch,oc6 2a,, !-eces (#. /o. ms6e.s)4 !,g #a5o/e.s4 s2-/es1ea.hers 2-.h ms6e. hoo6s4 !easa/. ,e"5 ha,#er0s a/0 morge/s.er/s4 a/0 assem#,e0 che"a9 0e Fr-se ca/ a,, #e see/ -/ .he Armor5 a. Gra' +J' HUNGARIAN REEL $&: AD > $&J; AD Co,0' Ag :' WW4 R"4 H(G)4 RGo4 R04 UA'
Ma9 C9- ';
C>-/>C > L/ (F) +$ AP4 or LH (F) ge/era, > L/ (F) +$ AP4 or LH (F) L/ (F) $$ AP' L-gh. hssars > LH (F) ? AP' Dragoo/s > Dr (S) J AP' Ha-06s > Sh (F) & AP' Ar.-,,er5 > Ar. (I) ; AP or Ar. (S) <; AP'
$ $>< :>+ +<>?J $>? :>+& :>+
O/,5 -/ $& AD Po,-sh a,,-es > L-s. La.er Po,-sh' O/,5 1rom $&J< AD Tr6-sh a,,-es > L-s. La.er O..oma/ Tr6 Whe/ -. #ecame a!!are/. a1.er .he Im!er-a,-s. "-c.or5 o"er .he O..oma/ Tr6s a. S.'Go..har0 -/ $&&? .ha. .he Em!-re 2o,0 /o. 0-s!.e 0-s!.e Tr6-sh Tr6-sh !ossess!ossess-o/ o/ o1 Tra/s5,"a Tra/s5,"a/-a4 /-a4 .he H/gar-a/ H/gar-a/ /o#,es ,os. a !r-me mo.-"e 1or ,o5a,.5' A re"o,. -/ $&: 2as eas-,5 !. 0o2/4 #. res,.a/. re!ress-o/4 .he .a9es .o !a5 a/ occ!5-/g arm5 a/0 re,-g-os -/.er1ere/ce -/.er1ere/ce 1e0 0-ssa.-s1ac.-o/ 0-ssa.-s1ac.-o/ .ha. crea.e0 .he 36rco63 !ar.-sa/ arm5' Im!er-a, co/cess-o/s -/ $&J$ 2ere /o. #e,-e"e0 a/0 -/ $&J< .he re#e,s ca,,e0 1or Tr6-sh a-0' A1.er $&J;4 .he 1e2 rema-/-/g 0-ehar0s .oo6 ser"-ce 2-.h .he Tr6s' The /a.-o/a, .roo! .5!es 2ere .he hssar a/0 .he ha-06 ha-0644 a/ -/1a/.r5 -/1a/.r5ma/ ma/ e@a,,5 e@a,,5 a#,e 2-.h 2-.h ms6e. ms6e. a/0 sa#re' sa#re' A re#e, 1orce 2as 0escr-#e0 0escr-#e0 -/ $& as 0-sma5-/g <: s@a0ro/s o1 Im!er-a, horse 2-.h 3c,o0s o1 arro2s arro2s a/0 a co/.-/e0 1-re 1rom .he 1oo. a/0 0ragoo/s3' Th-s ma6es -. a!!are/. .ha. mos. H/gar-a/ hssars 2ere s.-,, !r-mar-,5 horse archers' Thogh ma/5 /o2 carr-e0 a car#-/e as 2e,, as a #o24 .h-s seems .o ha"e #ee/ se0 .o 1-re a s-/g,e sho. #e1ore re"er.-/g .o .he o,0er 2ea!o/' Ho2e"er4 Ho2e"er4 a 1orce o1 H/gar-a/ hssars ass-s.-/g .he Im!er-a,-s.s -/ $&J+ 2as sa-0 .o -/c,0e <4::: arme0 2-.h ,o/g ,a/ces' Toge.her 2-.h !rese/ce o1 <& com!,e.e a/0 &J !ar.-a,> se.s o1 hssar hssar ma-,>a ma-,>a/0>! /0>!,a. ,a.ee armor armorss -/ .he Armor5 Armor5 a. Gra4 Gra4 .h-s .h-s sgges. sgges.ss .ha. .ha. a sma,, sma,, !ro!or !ro!or.-o .-o/ / o1 H/gar-a/ H/gar-a/ ca"a,r5 2ere "er5 s-m-,ar s-m-,ar .o Po,-sh hssars' Po,-sh a,,-es /ee0 /o. -/c,0e o.her2-se com!,sor5 com!,sor5 1oo.4 ca//o. -/c,0e ar.-,,er54 ar.-,,er54 #. ms. -/c,0e L-.ha/-a/ Tar.ars' ++ +%' LATER LATER A AARIAN $&?% AD > $:: AD Co,0' Ag $' R"4 H(S)4 H(G)4 W04 4 RGo4 R04 UA4 I' C>-/>C > P- (I) ge/era,s > P- (I) P- (I) J AP' Dragoo/s > Dr () AP' Ms6e.eers > Sh (F) & AP' Gre/a0-ers > S6 (X) J AP' AP'
Ma9 N;:: /.-, $&J< $ $>< +> :>+ $&>?J :>$ !er & Sh (F)
Ar.-,,er5 > Ar. (O) <: AP or Ar. (I) @ 5 AP'
$>?
O/,5 #e1ore $&J AD P-6eme/ > P6 (F) ? AP'
$ !er < Sh (F)
O/,5 1rom $&JJ AD Hssars > LH (S) AP' Re>arm 0ragoo/s 2-.h 1,-/.,oc6s as > Dr (S) J AP' Gar Gar0s 0s > $B< $B< 1s1s-,e ,eer erss Sh Sh (S) (S) AP AP4 $B< $B< gre/ gre/a0 a0-e -ers rs Sh (F) (F) & AP AP or S6 (X) (X) J AP AP'
:>< A/5 :>? :>?
The a"ar-a/ arm5 2as ,arge,5 0emo#-,-se0 0emo#-,-se0 a1.er .he +: ears ears War .o s!ee0 eco/om-c reco"er5 a/0 rema-/e0 re,a.-"e,5 sma,, /.-, a1.er .he $&:s' U/-1orms 2ere 2or/ 1rom $&$' Horse 2ore cors,e.s o"er ,-gh.>gre5 coa.s4 #. re"er.e0 .o caraco,-/g' Some 0ragoo/s 2ore re0 coa.s4 o.hers #,e' The hssar reg-me/. o1 $&JJ 2ore #,e' Ar.-,,er5 2ore a #,-sh>gre5 coa.' The 1oo. mos.,5 2ore ,-gh. or 0ar6 gre5 coa.s coa.s #e1ore #e1ore $&+4 a1.er 2h-ch #,e #ecame #ecame sa, sa, a/0 2as s.a/0ar0-s s.a/0ar0-se0 e0 -/ $&J?' $&J?' U/,-6e U/,-6e .hose .hose o1 o.her Germa/ s.a.es4 a"ar-a/ 1oo. 6e!. ! .he ra!-0 a..ac6 .ac.-c' ?:' LATER LATER SAXON $&?% AD .o $:: AD Co,0' Ag $' R"4 H(G)4 W04 RGo4 R04 UA' C>-/ C>-/>C >C > PP- (I) (I) LH (S) (S) AP AP' S#>ge/era,s > P- (I) P- (I) J AP' Dragoo/s > Dr () AP' Ms6e.eers > Sh () & AP' Ar.-,,er5 > Ar. (O) <: AP or Ar. (I) ; AP' O/,5 #e1ore $&J+ AD P-6eme/ > P6 (O) ? AP'
$ $>< ?> $>& $&>?J $>& $ !er < Sh
O/,5 1rom $&J+ AD Re>arm 0ragoo/s 2-.h 1,-/.,oc6s as > Dr (S) J AP' S2-/es1ea.hers > PO $ AP'
A,, :>$ !er Sh (O)
O/,5 1rom $&J AD Re>arm ms6e.eers 2-.h 1,-/.,oc6 a/0 #a5o/e. as > Sh (S) AP'
A,,
O/,5 1rom $&% AD Po,-sh a,,-es > L-s. La.er Po,-sh' Th-s co"ers .he arm-es o1 E,ec.ora, E,ec.ora, Sa9o/5 1rom .he e/0 o1 .he +: ears ears War' War' U/,-6e a"ar-a4 Sa9o/5 re.a-/e0 a ,arge s.a/0-/g arm5 .o !ro.ec. -.s eas.er/ -/.eres.s' I/.r-ges #5 E,ec.ors .o o#.a-/ .he Po,-sh .hro/e 1-/a,,5 #ore 1r-. 2he/ Ags.s 3.he S.ro/g3 o#.a-/e0 .he Po,-sh cro2/ -/ $&%' Horse Horse re.a-/e0 re.a-/e0 .he cors,e.4 cors,e.4 #. ha0 re"er.e0 re"er.e0 .o caraco,-/g caraco,-/g 2-.h !-s.o,s !-s.o,s -/s.ea0 o1 charg-/g charg-/g home' I/ $&%;4 0ragoo/s a0o!.e0 a0o!.e0 .he re0 coa.s a,rea05 2or/ #5 .he horse' Foo. 2ere 2ear-/g 2ear-/g /-1orm /-1orm #5 $&J+4 $&J+4 1oo.gar0s 1oo.gar0s 2ear-/g re0 coa.s4 o.her 1oo. a/0 ar.-,,er5 gre5' The E,ec.or Koh/ George III or0ere0 !-6es .o #e ,e1. -/ s.ore4 .he-r a/.->ca"a,r5 1/c.-o/ -/s.ea0 #e-/g !er1orme0 #5 s2-/es1ea.hers .ha. co,0 0o#,e as ms6e. res.s' P-6es 2ere 1-/a,,5 0-scar0e0 -/ $&J' +? ?$' ?$' RANDENUR RANDENURG>PRU G>PRUSSIA SSIA $&?& $&?& AD > $:: AD Co,0' Ag + or $' WW4 R"4 H(S)4 H(G)4 W04 Rgo4 M4 R04 UA4 I' C>-/>C > P- (I) ge/era,s > P- (I) P- (I) J AP' Le-#gar0e (2-.h 1-re,oc6s) > Sh (S) AP' a..a,-o/ g/s > Ar. (I) ; AP' F-e,0 g/s > Ar. () <: AP'
$ $>< ?>$? :>+ $>? :><
O/,5 -/ $&;J AD D.ch .ch sh-! sh-!ss > ! .o $B< $B< Sh! Sh! (F) ? AP AP A/5 A/5 1oo. 1oo.4 4 res. res. Sh! Sh! (I) (I) + AP AP A/5' /5'
:>&
O/,5 #e1ore $&J% AD Dragoo/s > Dr () AP' Foo. (2-.h !!-6es a/ a/0 ma ma.ch,oc6s) > $B+ P6 P6 (O (O) ? AP AP4 $B+ P6 ($) + AP4 S6 (S) ? AP'
<>& $J>?< $<>$J :>+
O/,5 1rom $&J% AD Dragoo/s (2-.h 1-re,oc6s) > Dr (S) J AP' Foo. (2-.h 1-re,oc6s) > Sh (S) AP' Gre/a0-ers > S6 (X) J AP'
<>J $<>+& <>?
Th-s arm5 a,mos. a,mos. "a/-she0 "a/-she0 a. .he e/0 o1 .he +: ears ears War War 2he/ .he Es.a.es Es.a.es re1s re1se0 e0 .o .o co/.co/.-/e /e !a5-/g 1or -.' A com!rom-se -/ $&;+ a,,o2e0 a, ,o2e0 a !erma/e/. ! erma/e/. / c,es o1 ;4:::4 s!!,eme/.e0 s!!,eme/.e0 #5 a r.h r.h,e ,ess ss co/s co/scr cr-! -!..-o/ o/ -/.r -/.ro0 o0c ce0 e0 0r0r-/g /g .he Po,-s Po,-sh h 2ar 2ar o1 $&;;' $&;;' The The ca"a, ca"a,r5 r5 re,re,-ee0 o/ 1-re 1-re a/0 a/0 s.oo0 s.oo0 .o rece-"e rece-"e a..ac6' a..ac6' Cors,e. Cors,e.ss 2ere 0-scar0e 0-scar0e0 0 -/ $&J% a/0 0-0 /o. re.r/ re.r/ /.-, $+&' $+&' E9ce!. E9ce!. 1or .he ,e-#gar0e4 .he 1oo. re.a-/e0 !-6es a/0 ma.ch,oc6s /.-, .he 0ea.h o1 .he Grea. E,ec.or -/ $&JJ' Kager Kager 2ere 2ere r-1,e>a r-1,e>arme rme0 0 s/-!ers s/-!ers recrrecr-.e0 .e0 1rom 1rom game6ee game6ee!er !ers' s' A #a..er5 #a..er5 o1 $< ,-gh ,-gh.. g/s /s mass masse0 e0 .oge.h .oge.her er 2as -m!or -m!or.a/ .a/.. -/ .he 0ec-s0ec-s-"e "e 0e1ea. 0e1ea. o1 .he S2e0es S2e0es a. Fehr# Fehr#e,, e,,-/ -/ -/ $&;' $&;' The W-#ra/ W-#ra/e/ e/ 2ere a .ra0-. .ra0-.-o/a -o/a,, Eas. Prss-a/ Prss-a/ m-,-.m-,-.-aa reorga/ reorga/-se0 -se0 .o h-/0er h-/0er Po,-sh Po,-sh a/0 Cossac6 Cossac6 -/crs-/crs-o/s' o/s' The m-/-mm mar6e0 a!!,-es o/,5 -1 a/5 W-#ra/e/ are se0' ?<' LATER LATER MINOR GERMAN STA STATES $&?% AD > $:: AD Co,0' Ag :' WW4 R"4 H(S)4 H(G)4 W04 RGo4 M4 R04 UA'
Ma9 N;::
C>-/>C > P- (I) ge/era,s > P- (I) P- (I) J AP' Dragoo/s (a/0 Hesse>*asse, mo/.e0 8ager) > Dr (S) J AP' Ms6e.eers > Sh () & AP' 7 Gre/a0-ers > S6 (X) J AP' Kager > S6 (S) ? AP' Ar.-,,er5 > Ar. (O) <: AP or Ar. (I) ; AP'
$ $>< &>$< :>+ $<>+& :>,!er&Sh :>+ :>+
O/,5 #e1ore $&%% AD -1 Hesse>*asse,4 $&J% AD -1 /o. P-6eme/ > P6 (O) ? AP'
$ !er <>+ Sh
O/,5 1rom $&J; AD Re>arm ms6e.eers 2-.h 1,-/.,oc6s as > Sh (S) AP'
A/5
Th-s Th-s co"ers co"ers ,esser ,esser Germa Germa/ / s.a.es s.a.es sch sch as Hesse> Hesse>*a *asse sse,4 ,4 Wr. Wr.em# em#er erg4 g4 Ha/o"e Ha/o"err4 r/ r/s2 s2-c -c6 6 a/0 a/0 .he .he Pa,a.-/a Pa,a.-/a.e' .e' Ca"a,r5 Ca"a,r5 ha0 re"er.e re"er.e0 0 .o .he caraco,e caraco,e44 !-6eme/ !-6eme/ re.r/e re.r/e0 0 a/0 0-s.a/. 0-s.a/. ms6e.r ms6e.r5 5 re!,ace0 re!,ace0 .he 1as. a..ac6' A,,-e0 co/.-/ge/.s 1rom .h-s ,-s. ca/ -/c,0e -.s /o/>com!,sor5 .roo! .5!es' . 5!es' +; ?+' LATER DANISH $&?% AD > $:: AD Co,0' Ag +' WW4 R"4 H(G)4 W04 RGo4 M4 E4 R04 UA4 I' O-/>C > P- (F) +$ AP' S#>ge/era,s > P- (F) +$ AP' Horse > P- (F) $$ AP' Gar0 1-re,oc6s > Sh (S) AP' Ms6e.eers > Sh () & AP' Gre/a0-ers > S6 (X) J AP' Ga,,o!er g/s > Ar. (F) $: AP' a..a,-o/ g/s > Ar. (I) ; AP' F-e,0 g/s > Ar. () <: AP' Peasa/.s > H0 (O) $ AP' Warsh-!s > Sh! () ; AP Sh4 W#' Lo/g#oa.s > .s (O) < AP A/5' Prams4 g/#oa.s or mor.ar #oa.s > .s (S) + AP W#' Seame/ > W# () ? AP' AP'
Ma9 N;:: $ $>< ?>J &><: $>< :>$ :>< :>< :>< :>< :>? :>< :>$ !er Sh! or .s
O/,5 #e1ore $&;; AD P-6eme/ > P6 (O) ? AP'
< !er ? Sh (O)
O/,5 1rom $&;; AD .o $&$ AD U!gra0e ms6e.eers .o 1-re,oc6s > Sh (S) AP'
$B<>a,,
O/,5 $&; AD .o $&;% AD D.ch 2arsh-!s > Sh! (O) ; AP Sh4 W#' D.ch 1-resh-!s > Sh! (X) ? AP' D.ch 1oo. > $B+ P6 (O) ? AP4 $B+ P6 (O) ? AP4 $B+ P6 (O) ? AP4 L-s. La.er Po,-sh'
:>+ :>$ $<>$< &>$< :>$<
O/,5 1rom $&< AD .o $&J% AD P-6eme/ > P6 (F) ? AP'
:>< !er ; Sh
O/,5 1rom $&< AD Dragoo/s > Dr (S) J AP' U!gra0e ms6e.eers .o 1-re,oc6s > Sh (S) AP' Fr-ga.es > Sh! (F) ? AP Sh (S)4 W#' Mar-/es > Sh (S) AP'
:>? A,, :>$ :>$ !er < Sh! or .s
O/,5 -/ $:: AD Sa9o/ a,,-es > L-s. La.er Sa9o/' Th-s co"ers Da/-sh arm-es a1.er .he /,c65 -/.er"e/.-o/s -/ .he +: ears War' I/ a00-.-o/ .o 1r.her /sccess1, 2ars aga-/s. S2e0e/ -/ $&;+4 $&;>$&&:4 $&;>% a/0 $::4 .he Da/es a,so !ro"-0e0 h-gh @a,-.5 a,,-e0 a,,-e0 co/.-/ge/.s 1or .he D.ch a/0 E/g,-sh' The-r ca"a,r5 -/ !ar.-c,ar !ar.-c,ar 2ere /o.e0 1or .he-r aggress-o/ a/0 ma-/.a-/e0 a goo0 re!.a.-o/ r-gh. .hrogh .he Mar,#r-a/ 2ars' The c-rass ha0 #ee/ .em!orar .em!orar-,5 -,5 a#a/0o/e a#a/0o/e04 04 .hogh .hogh -. 2as .o #e re-/.ro0 re-/.ro0ce0 ce0 -/ $:$' $:$' F-re,oc6s ha0 #ee/ -sse0 .o .he gar0s #5 $ &<;4 mos. o1 .he arm5 #5 $&;; a/0 a,, o1 -. #5 $&<4 #5 2he/ !,g #a5o/e.s 2ere 2ere -/ se' The s-.a.-o/ as regar0s !-6es -s more o#scre' I/ $&; 1ore-g/ co,o/e,s ra-s-/g reg-me/.s 1or Da/-sh ser"-ce 2ere 1or#-00e/ .o -/c,0e !-6eme/' Ho2e"er4 2e are a,so -/1orme0 .ha. -/ $&<>J a ra.-o o1 < shor.e/e0 !-6es .o ; 1-re,oc6s 2as o11-c-a,,5 sa/c.-o/e0' The Da/-sh .roo!s .ha. came .o E/g,a/0 -/ $&JJ ha0 /o !-6es a/0 .he5 2ere 1orma,,5 a#o,-she0 .he /e9. 5ear' La/0-/g !ar.-es o1 Da/-sh seame/ are 0escr-#e0 0escr-#e0 as arme0 2-.h #-,,s a/0 morge/s.er/s a/0 31a,,-/g o/ 2-.h mch has.e a/0 "-o,e/ce3' M-/-ma mar6e0 mar6e0 a!!,5 a!!,5 o/,5 o/,5 -1 a/5 Po,-sh4 Po,-sh4 ra/0e/ ra/0e/#r #rg g or Im!er-a, Im!er-a, .roo!s are se0' se0' A Sa9o/ cor!s o1 < reg-me reg-me/.s /.s each o1 c-rass-er c-rass-erss a/0 1oo. .r-e0 .o 8o-/ .he Da/es -/ $::' Po,-sh Po,-sh a,,-es ms. /o. -/c,0e -/c,0e re-.ers or 1oo.4 /or Sa9o/ a,,-es -/c,0e 0ragoo/s or Ar. (O)4 e"e/ -1 .hese are /orma,,5 com!,sor5' +& ??' CAROLINE SWEDISH $&?% AD > $:: AD Co,0' Ag ?' WW4 H(S)4 W04 RGo4 M4 R04 UA4 I' C>-/>C > P - ( O) +: AP or P6 ( F) ge/era,s > P- (O) +: AP or P6 (F) P- () $: AP' Dragoo/s > Dr () AP' P-6eme/ > P6 (F) ? AP' Ms6e.eers > Sh (F) & AP' AP' + !0r reg-me/.a, g/s > Ar. ($) ; AP' & !0 r 1 -e,0 g/s > Ar. ( ) <: AP' $& !0r hea"5 g/s > Ar. (S) <; AP' Po/.oo/eers > Po/ () ; AP' War sh-! s > Sh! ( O) ; AP W#4 P6 4 Sh' Fr -ga .es > Sh! (F) ? AP W#4 P64 Sh' Sa-,ors > W# (O) ? AP' AP' Tra/s!or.s > Sh! (I) + AP A/5' F-resh-!s > Sh! (X) ? AP'
$ $>< $>$& <>& &>$< < !er P6 $>+ :>< :>$ :>$ :>? :>< :>$ !er Sh! (O) or (F) :>& :>$
O/,5 a1.er $&;? AD Re>ar m 0ragoo/s 2-.h 1 -re,oc6s as > Dr (S) J AP' Gre/a0-ers > S6 (X) J AP'
A/5 :>$ !er & Sh
O/,5 #e1ore $&; AD ra/0e/#rg a,,-es > L-s. ra/0e/#rg>Prss-a' O/,5 a1.er $&\ AD Re gra0e mo mo/.e0 ge ge/ era,s a/ a/0 ho horse as as > P- (F) +$ AP AP4 -1 ge ge/era,4 $$ $$ AP AP -1 /o /o.' Re>ar m 0ragoo/s 2-.h 1 -re,oc6s as Dr (S) J AP' U!gr U!gra0 a0ee 0-s 0-smo mo/ /.e .e0 0 ge/ ge/er era, a,ss a/0 a/0 !-6em !-6eme/ e/ as > P6 (S) (S) <; AP -1 ge/e ge/era ra,4 ,4 ; AP AP -1 /o. /o.
A,, A,, A,,B A,,B: :
O/,5 -/ $:: AD A/g,o>D.ch a,,-es > L-s. W-,,-am-.e A/g,o>D.ch' Germa/ a,,-es > L-s. La.er M-/or Germa/ S.a.es' Th-s co"ers S2e0-sh arm-es 1rom .he e/0 o1 .he +: ears War /.-, a1.er .he #a..,e o1 Nar"a' Th-s -/c,0es .he re-g/ o1 Chr-s.-/a a/0 o1 Char,es X4 XI a/0 XII' There 2ere 2ars -/ $&;?>&: aga-/s. Po,a/04 $&?>% aga-/s. ra/0e/#rg a/0 De/mar6 a/0 -/ $:: aga-/s. De/mar64 Rss-a a/0 Sa9o/5>Po,a/0' 5 $&;4 S2e0-sh ca"a,r5 armor re.a-/e0 a hea"5 #reas. !,a.e4 #. /o ,o/ger ha0 a #ac6 !,a.e or he,me.' The5 s.-,, se0 !-s.o,s -mme0-a.e,5 -mme0-a.e,5 #e1ore co/.ac.' Th-s Th-s 2as cha/ge0 a1.er .he access-o/ o1 Char,es XII -/ $&%4 ca"a,r5 /o2 #e-/g 1or#-00e/ .o 2ear armor or .o se !-s.o,s -/ .he charge4 -/s.ea0 charg-/g a. .he ga,,o! ga,,o! s-/g a ,o/g s.ra-gh. s.ra-gh. s,e/0er s,e/0er s2or0 s2or0 o!.-m-se0 1or .hrs.-/g' .hrs.-/g' The5 /o2 ro0e 6/ee #eh-/0 .he-r /e-gh#or7s 6/ee s.ar.-/g a. .he ce/.re o1 each s@a0ro/ .o 1orm a sha,,o2 2e0ge' Foo. reg-me/.s /o2 ha0 < #a.. #a..a,a,-o/s o/s (? -/ .he 1oo. gar0 gar0 regreg-me me/. /.)4 )4 each each 2-.h 2-.h ;: ?>0ee! ?>0ee! 1-,es 1-,es o1 !-6em !-6eme/ e/ a/0 a/0 $:: $:: o1 ms6e.eers4 2-.h sma,, gro!s o1 gre/a0-ers o/ .he 2-/gs' P-6es 2ere es!ec-a,,5 "a,e0 #5 Char,es XII as a/ assa,. 2ea!o/ as 2e,, as 1or 0e1e/ce aga-/s. ca"a,r5 a/0 2ere re.a-/e0 /.-, $<:' The arm5 ha0 /o gre/a0-er gre/a0-erss or 1-re,oc6s 1-re,oc6s #5 $&;?4 #. ha0 some o1 #o.h #5 $&J%' Char,es Char,es XII re!,ace0 re!,ace0 a,, .he ma.ch,oc6 ma.ch,oc6ss 2-.h 2-.h 1,-/., 1,-/.,oc6s oc6s44 #. .h-s 0oes 0oes /o. a11ec. c,ass-1-c c,ass-1-ca.a.-o/ o/ s-/ce s-/ce .he 1oo. se0 se0 3ga>!a3 3ga>!a3 (go o/) .ac.-c .ac.-cs4 s4 co/ce/.ra co/ce/.ra.-/g .-/g o/ 1or2ar0 1or2ar0 mo.-o/ mo.-o/ a/0 0-sregar0 0-sregar0-/g -/g casa,.-es casa,.-es 1rom 1-re' The5 2ere s!!ose0 s!!ose0 .o ha,. #r -e1 ,5 a. ;: !aces !a ces .o a,, o2 .he ,as . < ra/ 6s .o 1-re 1- re44 .he / !res !r ess> s> o/ -/.o -/. o co/.a co /.a c.4 .he 1-r s. < ra/ 6s 1-r -/g !o-/.> !o -/.> #,a/6' #,a /6' Th-s Th- s 0-0 /o. a,2a 5s 2or6 ' I/ o/e #a..,e4 #a. .,e4 a #a..a,#a. .a,-o/ o/ Char,e Cha r,ess XII 2as !erso/a, !ers o/a,,5 ,5 ,ea0-/g ,ea0 -/g ha,.e0 s!o/.a/eos,5 s!o/.a/eos,5 a. +: !aces .o #,o2 a2a5 .he-r .he-r Rss-a/ o!!o/e/.s o!!o/e/.s 2-.h a s -/g,e "o ,,e54 2h-ch grea. -5 a//o5e0 a//o5e0 h-m Mos. o1 .he arm5 co/s-s.e0 co/s-s.e0 o1 .err-.o .err-.or-a, r-a, reg-me/.s reg-me/.s 2hose 2hose /-1orm /-1orm coa.s -/-.-a,, -/-.-a,,5 5 corres!o/0e0 .o .he co,or o1 .he !ro"-/c-a, s.a/0ar0' From $&J .he-r coa.s 2ere cha/ge0 .o 0ar6 #,e' A/g,o>D.ch a,,-es ca/ -/c,0e /a"a, e,eme/.s a/0 /ee0 /o. -/c,0e o.her2-se com!,sor5 D.ch gar0s or /em#ar6e0 r-.-sh ,a/0 .roo!s'
37
?;' RUSSIAN CONSCRIPT $&?J AD > $:: AD Co,0' Ag $' WW4 R"4 W04 M4 UA4 I'
Ma9 C9?
C>-/>C > P- (I) ge/era,s > P- (I) < No#,e No#,e ca"a,r5 ca"a,r5 > S- (I) ; AP AP' ;>$? ;>$? Cossac6 horse > Do/ LH (O) ; AP or U6ra-/-a/ LH (I) ? AP' :>$< *a,m6s > LH (S) AP' :>+ S.re,.- > ! .o $B? P6 (I) + AP4 res. Sh (S) AP' J> U! .o $B< Ar. (O) <: AP4 AP4 res. Ar. (S) <; AP' AP' $>< + !0r or ,-gh.er accom!a/5-/g g/s > Ar. ($) ; AP' :>; Cossac6 1oo. > ! .o $B? S6 (S) ? AP4 res. Sh (F) & AP' :>J Mo/. Cossac6 1oo. o/ horses as > Dr (O) AP' $ !er ? LH (I) or Sh (F) Cossac6 cha-6a > .s (O) < AP Sh (F)4 S6 (S)' :>$ !er Sh (F) or S6 (S) A/gr5 !easa/.s > H0 (F) $ AP' :>< O/,5 /.-, $&& AD Re-.ers > P- ($) J AP' Hssars > L/ (F) $$ AP' Dragoo/s > Dr () AP' G,a5 goro0 > PO $ AP' O/,5 #e1ore $&%; AD Fore-g/ 1oo. > $B? P6 (I) + AP4 +B? Sh (I) ? AP' O/,5 1rom $&%; AD Gar0 or o,0 reg-me/.s o1 1oo. > $B; P6 ($) + AP4 ?B; Sh (S) AP'
:>; :>+ :>< :>$< $<>?J ;>$:
O/,5 $&%; AD .o $&%% AD Co/scr-!. m-,-.-a > H0 (O) $ AP'
:>+:
O/,5 -/ $:: AD Dragoo/s > Dr (S) J AP or P- (I) J AP' Ne2,5 ra-se0 ra-se0 reg-me/.s reg-me/.s o1 1oo. 1oo. > $B; $B; P6 (I) + AP4 AP4 ?B; Sh ($) ? AP AP' L-/ear e/.re/chme/.s > FO < AP4 or s2-/e 1ea.hers > PO $ AP' Warsh-!s > Sh! (O) ; AP ShK' Ga,,e5s > Ga, (I) < AP Sh'
$>< +>; !er !er Sh Sh (S) (S) :>$ !er Sh :>< :>+
Th-s ,-s. co"ers co"ers Rss-a/ Rss-a/ arm-es arm-es 1rom A,e9eA,e9e- M-6ha-,o"M-6ha-,o"-.ch7s .ch7s -/s.-..-o/ -/s.-..-o/ o1 co/scr-!.co/scr-!.-o/ o/ 1rom .he .a9 ro,,s .o !ro"-0e 2es.er/>s.5,e 2es.er/>s.5,e 31ore-g/3 reg-me/.s /.-, .he !os.>Nar"a re1orms o1 Pe.er .he Grea.' er5 er5 ,arge /m#ers o1 .roo!s 2ere ra-se0 a. shor. /o.-ce4 #. a sa.-s1ac.or5 s.a/0ar0 o1 .ra-/-/g .ra-/-/g 2as re/0ere0 re/0ere0 -m!oss-#,e #5 .he !rac.-se o1 0-s#a/0-/g a,, or a,, #. a ca0re 2he/ a 2ar e/0e0' As 2e,, as 31ore-g/3 1oo.4 .here 2ere /e2 mo/.e0 mo/.e0 reg-me/.s reg-me/.s o1 re-.ers re-.ers 2-.h +B? armor armor a/0 !-s.o !-s.o,s ,s a/0 hssar hssarss (ac.a (ac.a,,5 ,,5 ,a/cers ,a/cers)4 )4 #. .hese .hese !ro"e0 !ro"e0 e"e/ har0er har0er .o ma-/.a-/' ma-/.a-/' Accor0Accor0-/g,5 /g,544 re,-a/ce re,-a/ce s.-,, ha0 .o #e !,ace0 o/ .he s.re,.s-4 s.re,.s-4 /o2 !oss-#,5 2-.h a !ro!or.-o/ !ro!or.-o/ o1 !-6eme/4 a/0 .he /o#,e ca"a,r5' ca"a,r5' The /o#,e ca"a,r5 2ere /o2 mos.,5 m-/or ge/.r5 a/0 .he-r re.a-/ers' There 2ere a 1e2 /-.s e/.-re,5 o1 /o#,es comma/0e0 comma/0e0 #5 #o5ars4 #. .hese o1.e/ se/. s#s.-..es 2he/ re@-re0 1or 2ar -/s.ea0 -/s.ea 0 o1 1or !eace.-me !eace .-me !ara0es' !ara0e s' Armor 2as /o2 rare4 #. .he #o2 2as s.-,, -/ se .oge.her .oge.her 2-.h 2-.h 1-rearms' 1-rearms' From $&J;4 .he 31ore-g/3 31ore-g/3 1oo. 2ere !rogress-"e,5 0-s#a/0e0 /.-, o/,5 .he < 3o,03 3 o,03 reg-me/.s o1 Le1or. a/0 Gor0o/ sr"-"e0 .o #e 8o-/e0 #5 .he /e2 Preo#rah Preo#rahe/s6e/s6--- a/0 Seme/o"s6-- gar0 reg-me/.s' reg-me/.s' Th-s re0c.-o/ 2as !rema.re !rema.re a/0 -/ $&%; ma/5 o1 .he 0-s#a/0e0 me/ ha0 .o #e ca,,e0 o/ aga-/ .o 1-,, ! .he co/scr-!. m-,-.-a 1or a cam!a-g/ aga-/s. .he Tr6s' Ne2 reg-me/.s o1 1oo. arme0 2-.h 1-re,oc64 !,g #a5o/e. a/0 a sma,,er !ro!or.-o/ !ro!or.-o/ o1 ha,1>!-6es 2ere s.-,, "er5 ra2 -/ $:: a/0 o/,5 .he 1-rs. < o1 .he /e2 0ragoo/ reg-me/.s 2ere rea05' The /e2 0ragoo/s 0ragoo/s some.-mes some.-mes 1ogh. 1ogh. mo/.e0 mo/.e044 so ca/ #e e-.her Dr (S) or P- (I)' There There 2ere as 5e. /o gre/a0-ers' gre/a0-ers' The Cossac6s Cossac6s o1 .he U6ra-/e sh-1.e0 sh-1.e0 .he-r a,,eg-a/ce a,,eg-a/ce .o Rss-a Rss-a -/ $&;?' Those 1-gh.-/g mo/.e0 2ere 0-s.a/. s6-rm-shers more .-m-0 .ha/ Do/ Cossac6s' The g,a5 goro0 32a,6-/g 1or.3 -s ,as . me/.-o/e0 me/.-o /e0 -/ $&&:' F-e,0 e/.re/chme/.s #ecame a Rss-a/ s!ec-a,-.5 1rom $:: o/ a/0 s2-/e 1ea.h 1ea.hers ers 2ere 2ere -sse -sse0 0 2e,, -/.o .he $J.h ce/.r5 1or !ro.ec.-o/ aga-/s. Tr6-sh ca"a,r5' +J ?&' LATER LATER POLISH $&+< AD > $:: AD Co,0' Ag $' R"4 H( G) 4 W04 RGo 4 M4 R04 UA4 I'
Ma9 C9<
C>-/ >-/>C > Dra Dra#a #a/. /. P- (O) +: +: AP AP4 Pa/ Pa/ce cer/ r/-- S- (O) ge/ era,s > L/ (F) +$ AP or S- () < Do2/ Do2/gr gra0 a0ee s# s#>g >ge/ e/er era, a, .o L-. L-.ha/ ha/-a -a/ / a,, a,,5 5>ge/ >ge/er era, a, > L/ L/ (F) (F) <$ <$ AP AP or S- (S) (S) <: AP' AP' $ Hssars > L/ (F) $$ AP' <>J Pa/cer/- > S- () J AP' AP' <>+ !er L/ U!gra0e !a/cer/- .o L-.ha/-a/ !e.5hor.s5 > S- (S) $: AP' +> Re-.ers > P- ($) J AP' <>& L-.ha/-a/ Tar.ar s > LH (S) AP' :>< Dragoo/s > Dr () AP' <>& Germa/>s.5,e 1oo. > $B+ P6 (O) ? AP4 Sh (F) & AP' :>+ Reg-me/.a, g/s > Ar. (I) ; AP' $>+ F-e,0 g/s > Ar. () <: AP' :>< Ta#or > FO < AP' :>$< No#,e ,e"5 > S- (I) ; AP' %> H0 (O) $ AP' :>? O/,5 #e1ore $&?J AD or 1rom $&;J AD U6ra-/-a/ Cossac6 a,,-es > L-s. Free Cossac6 (oo6 <)' O/,5 a1.er $&;< AD Wa,,ach-a/ or Tar .ar ,-gh. ca"a,r 5 > LH (F) ? AP' Gre/a0e>.hro2ers > S6 (X) J AP' Re!,ace a,, /o#,e ,e"5 2-.h D5mo2e4 La/o2e or o.her ,e"-es > H0 (O) $ AP' Mara0-/g !easa/.s > H0 (F) $ AP' Cr-mea/ Tar.ar a,,-es > L-s. Tar.ar (oo6 <)' O/,5 1rom $&& AD Gar0 0ragoo/ s > Dr (S) J AP' Ka/-ssar5 or Mo,0a"-a/ gar0s > Sh (F) & AP' U!gra0e !a/cer/- .o > S- ( S) +: AP -1 ge/era,4 $: AP -1 /o.'
$>< !er L/ :>+ &>$< :>+
:>< :>< A,,
Regr Regra0 a0ee ,-g ,-gh. h. ca"a ca"a,,r5 as > $B $B< Wa, Wa,,a ,ach ch-a -a/ / LH LH (I) (I) ? AP4 AP4 $B $B< Tar Tar.a .arr LH LH () () ; AP AP' Re>a Re>arm rm Germ Germa/ a/ 1oo. 1oo. -/ Po, Po,-s -sh> h>s. s.5, 5,ee > ! .o $BJ $BJ P6 P6 (F) (F) ? AP AP4 res. res. Sh (S) (S) AP AP' O/,5 1rom $&J+ AD Che"a9 0e Fr-se or 2hee,e0 o#s.ac,es > PO $ AP' Im!er-a,-s.4 Im!er-a,-s.4 a"ar-a/ a/0 Sa9o/ a,,-es > L-s. La.er Im!er-a,-s.' O/,5 1rom $&J% AD .o $&% AD Rec,ass-1 5 hssars as > P- (F) +$ AP -1 s#>ge/er a,4 $$ AP -1 /o.'
A/5 $B<>a,, :>$ !er ? 1 oo.
A,,
Th-s ,-s. -/c,0es .he arm5 o1 *-/g Ka/ III So#-es6-7s $&J+ re,-e1 o1 -e//a' The #o05gar0 2as /o2 .he Dra#a/.>Re-.er4 #. a !a/cer/- /-. gar0e0 So#-es6-7s !erso/a, 3#/c63 horse>.a-, s.a/0ar0 6e!. /ear h-m -/ #a..,e' #a..,e' K/-or ge/era,s ge/era,s a,so ha0 a #/c6' #/c6' The gra0-/g gra0-/g o1 L-.ha/-a L-.ha/-a/ / ge/era,s ge/era,s re1,ec.s re1,ec.s .he-r 1r-os r-"a,r5' The hssars7 ,a/ces 2ere .a6e/ a2a5 -/ $& J%4 #. re-sse0 .o 1-gh. .he Cr-mea/ Tar.ars -/ $&%J' The armore0 armore0 cossac6s cossac6s /o2 ca,,e0 3!a/cer/-3 2ere -sse0 ,-gh. ,-gh. ,a/ces ,a/ces -/ $&&4 $&&4 .he !e.5hor !e.5hor.s5 .s5 re.a-/-/g re.a-/-/g hea"-er hea"-er ,a/ces' L-gh. ca"a,r5 ca"a,r5 2ere /o2 3Tar.a 3Tar.ar3 r3 or 3Wa,,ach-a/3' 3Wa,,ach-a/3' Or-g-/a,,5 horse archers4 .he 1ormer 1ormer 2ere ac@-r-/g ac@-r-/g ,a/ces a/0 .he ,a..er ,a..er car#-/es' The /o#,e ,e"5 2ere s.-,, -/ .heor5 a"a-,a#, a"a-,a#,e4 e4 #. So#-es6- 0es!-se0 .hem a/0 -/s.ea0 .r-e0 /e2 !easa/. ,e"-es ,e"-es 2ho !ro"e0 e@a,,5 e@a,,5 se,ess' No#,e No#,e ,e"5 ms. #e -/ .he C> -/>C7s comma/0 ' M-/-ma M-/- ma mar 6e0 6e 0 or a!!, a! !,5 5 o/,5 o/ ,5 -1 .ro o!s o! s so mar 6e0 are ar e se0 s e0'' 3Ge rma/3 rm a/3 1oo. ha0 #ee/ g-"e/ !-6es a1.er m-sha!s aga-/s. .he S2e0es' From $&&4 a /e2 Po,-sh>s.5,e -/1a/.r5 ha0 o /,5 a 1e2 ha,1 >!-6es4 re,5-/g -/s.ea0 -/s.ea0 o/ #er0-sche a9es a9es #o.h as a 1earsome ha/0>.o>ha/0 ha/0>.o>ha/0 2ea!o/ a/0 as a ms6e. res.' The U6ra-/-a/ Cossac6s 2ere /o2 -/0e!e/0e/. e/ogh .o #e c,asse0 as a,,-es /.-, .he re"o,. re"o,. o1 $&?J' Those o1 .he D/-e!er7s r-gh. #a/6 2ere -/.erm-..e -/.erm-..e/.,5 /.,5 a"a-,a#,e a"a-,a#,e aga-/ 1rom $&;J' S2a! 1a6e hssars 1or ser"a/.s 2-.h ,a/ces o/ #aggage a/-ma,s 2he/ e/em5 2-.h-/ <::! or -1 sho. a.' +%
A#5ss-/-a/' Acheh' A0a,' A,ger-a/' A-2a' Ara#' Asha/.-' a"ar-a/' La.er4 As.r-a/' e/-/' raga/a Por.gese' ra/0e/#rg>Prss-a' r-.-sh' Res.ora.-o/4 r/s2-c6' rmese' Cam#o0-a/' Dahome5' Da/-sh' La.er4 D-/6a' D.ch' W-,,-am-.e A/g,o>4 D.ch Co,o/-a,' D.ch U/-.e0 Pro"-/ces' Eas. A1r-ca/ Paga/' Fre/ch' Lo-s XI4 F/8' Ha/o"er-a/' Ha2a--a/' Hesse>*asse,' H/gar-a/ Re#e,' Im!er-a,-s.' La.er4 I/0o/es-a/' Ir-sh Kaco#-.e' Kaga' Ka"a/ese' *a/05' *hmer' *o/go' Lao.-a/' Maghre#-'
Page $? $ $+ $; $$ % +? +< % <% +; << +; $% $% % +& $: +: <:
Ma8aa!ah-.' Ma,acca' Ma,a5' Maor-' Ma.aram' Me,a/es-a/' M-/or Germa/ S.a.es' La.er4 Mo,cca/' INDEX
$ $ $ <$ $ <$ +; $
Mo/omo.a!a' Morocca/' Ngo,a' Ngo,a' Oma/-' O..oma/ Tr6' La.er4 Ph-,-!!-/e' Po,-sh' La.er4 Po,5/es-a/' Por.gese' raga/a4 Por.gese Co,o/-a,' Por.gese' Se#as.-a/-c4 Prss-a/' Res.ora.-o/ r-.-sh' Rss-a/ Co/scr-!.' Sa"o5ar0' Sa9o/' La.er4 Sco.s Co/s.-..-o/a,' Sco.s Kaco#-.e' Sco.s Wes.er/ Co"e/a/.er' Se#as.-a/-c Por.gese' Sege8' Sha-@-5a' Sh-,,6' Shr- La/6ha/' S-amese' S-/ha,ese' Soma,-' S!a/-sh' La.er4 S0a/ese' Wes.4 Sma.ra/' S/0a' S2e0-sh' Caro,-/e4 Ta!5a' Tr-!o,-.a/-a/' Tareg' T/-s-a/' T!-' Tr6' La.er O..oma/4 e/e.-a/ Co,o/-a,' La.er4 -e./amese' Wa08' Wes. A1r-ca/ Fores. Peo!,es' Wes. S0a/ese' W-,,-am-.e A/g,o>D.ch' Wr.em#erg' eme/-' a/ 8' -m#a' Page $: % $$ +$ $ +% <$
++ ; & +; << +J +: +? <; <;
$& $: <$ $% <$ $$ <% J $ 17
+ % J % +$ +: $J $; < +; $$ $< $: For 0e.a-,s o1 o.her WRG 2argames r,es4 arm5 ,-s.s a/0 re1ere/ce #oo6s4 se/0 5or s.am!e0 a/0 a00resse0 e/"e,o!e e/"e,o!e or I/.er/a I/.er/a.-o .-o/a, /a, Re!,5 Re!,5 Co!o/s Co!o/s .o W'R'G4 'R'G4 The *ee!4 Le Marcha/ Marcha/.. arrac6 arrac6s4 s4 Lo/0o/ Roa04 De"-es4 W-,.s SN$: ?<>&<:' Tha/6s are 0e .o ma/5 1or .he-r he,!4 es!ec-a,,5 R-char0 re-/s6- 1or Po,es a/0 S2e0es4 Ia/ Gra5 1or -/-.-a, -/-.-a, !o-/.ers o/ Da/es a/0 A1r-ca/s4 A1r-ca/s4 Chr-s Peers 1or Por.gese4 Por.gese4 N-ge, Ta,,-s Ta,,-s 1or Ara# e9!er.-se4 #. 1oremos. .o D/ca/ Hea04 2ho 2ore me .o a 1ra,e .r5-/g .o 6ee! !' M5 .ha/6s a,so -/ a0"a/ce .o .he /6/o2/ e9!er.s o/ o#scre arm-es4 2ho I .rs. 2-,, rsh .o correc. me 40
