D.B.R. ARMY LISTS For use with the De Bellis Renationis Wargames Rules
BOOK 2 ARMIES OF THE EUROPEAN EARLY NORTHERN WARS, THIRTY YEARS WAR AND GREAT REBELLIONS AND OF THE MOGHUL CONQUEST OF INDIA
Compiled by PHIL BARKER
WARGAMES RESEARCH GROUP SEPTEMBER 1996
D.B.R. ARMY LISTS For use with the De Bellis Renationis Wargames Rules
BOOK 2 ARMIES OF THE EUROPEAN EARLY NORTHERN WARS, THIRTY YEARS WAR AND GREAT REBELLIONS AND OF THE MOGHUL CONQUEST OF INDIA
Compiled by
PHIL BARKER
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the copyright holder. (c) Wargames Research Group September 1996. The Keep, Le Marchant Barracks, London Road, Devizes, Wiltshire SN10 2ER Printed in England
WARGAMES RESEARCH GROUP
SEPTEMBER 1996
D.B.R ARMY LISTS BOOK 2 These lists are intended for use with our "De Bellis Renationis" wargames rules for Renaissance Warfare, more familiarly known as DBR. While mainly intended for competition games, they also provide a general guide to armies' troop classification, proportions and numbers for scenario games and wargames campaigns, especially when used in conjunction with more detailed sources such as the W.R.G army handbooks. They follow the general form of the DBM lists, except that, instead of the armies being arranged in chronological order, each is grouped together with its main historical opponents. It is often a criticism of competition gaming that it necessarily encourages unhistorical matches. Our army grouping should enable competition organisers to arrange that at least the first round of a "Swiss Chess" competition matches most armies with a contemporary from the same group, while still permitting enough meetings with unusual opponents to provide variety. The lists are primarily intended to produce 300 AP to 500 AP armies which closely simulate their real life prototypes, while still allowing sufficient flexibility to cover historical variations during the period and minor differences of opinion or personal preference. They are less permissive than some previous Renaissance lists which did not restrict choice by year within a longer period. A list usually includes about 200 AP of compulsory troops. Unless otherwise specified, the total value of troops listed as able to be used together is normally around 600 AP, excluding naval elements, artificial defences and allied contingents; more where historical armies were unusually varied. This will usually allow the army's largest historical battle to be refought in condensed scale. If you wish to renght such battles in normal scale as a multi-player game, for instance as a public demonstration at a convention, you must multiply the listed minima and maxima by 4 for cavalry and foot and by 2 for all other troops other than pontooneers, then expect it to take much longer to complete. Where a historical army was small, its list specifies that only normal scale should be used in historical refights and quotes the maximum army size provided for. 300-400 AP is a typical army size for games with 1 player on each side. Larger games really require at least 2 players on each side, ideally 1 player per command. Each army must include a commander-in-chief (C-in-C) and usually at least 1 other general, who may be a loyal subordinate or independently enough minded or so fractious as to be classed as an ally. It must also include 2 baggage elements per command, all deployed with the same command. There is also provision for much smaller games using a single command and only one general. For these, halve the extra cost of the general and divide all minima and maxima by 3, rounding up to the nearest whole element. A 100 AP condensed scale army is very similar to a DBA army and can be used for the same kind of quick games on a small board. ALLIED CONTINGENTS These are specified by reference to their own list. Each such contingent must include 1 general and 2 baggage elements, loss of which affects only the contingent and not the army joined. An allied contingent's general can be his list's C-in-C or any of its other generals, but is always costed and behaves as an ally-general. Unless stated otherwise in a particular list, he commands only his own contingent and this can include only compulsory troop types. It must have at least a 1/4 of the normal minima for each such type and not exceed 1/g of the maxima, or 1 element, whichever is greater. Only 1 allied contingent of each nationality can be used. Allied contingents must be of the same year as the army they join. NAVAL Naval elements each replace a land element of the types that follow it in square brackets and disembark as that element. The AP quoted is for the naval element, the land element being paid for separately. AP spent on naval elements are wasted if they have no access to the table. Their landing troops can then still be deployed, being assumed to have disembarked before the battle. The elements allowed represent a small squadron co-operating with the army, not the main fleet. CLIMATE, AGGRESSION, TERRAIN AND ARMY SIZE The 2nd line of each list specifies the army's home climate, its aggression factor, codes for the types of terrain feature it can choose from if the defender, and a note of any unusual army size. The terrain permitted to a defending army is based either on that of its nation's heartland
or its capital or on that of a foreign base of operations. Terrain codes are: Waterway suitable for ships, such as the sea, lakes or great rivers. Ordinary rivers. Hill with some or all slopes steep. Hill or lesser rise with only gentie slopes. Woods. Orchards or olive or palm groves. Vineyards. Small fields enclosed by hedges, walls or irrigation ditches. Rough going, such as moderately boggy or rocky ground or brash. Inland marsh not on a river. Non-coastal sand dunes. Roads or frequently used tracks. Built-up areas, such as villages or towns. Ice, if waterways and rivers can freeze solid enough to bear troops. WW Rv H(S) H(G) Wd О V E RGo M D Rd BUA I
If some types listed for an army are underlined, this means that they are compulsory. Even if not listed, a single patch of coastal dunes or marsh can always be used if in contact with a waterway, or a single patch of marsh if in contact with a river. Any notation of unusual army size starts with "Max". This can be followed by: N, meaning that the listed maxima will reproduce the largest historical army in normal scale, followed by the AP of the largest wargames army for which it is considered suitable. С multiplied by a number, which means that at condensed scale listed maxima must be multiplied by that number to reproduce the largest reported historical army and that those maxima before multiplication will provide a 500 AP wargames army with some margin for choice. No notation means that at condensed scale the maxima will reproduce the largest historical army and that the maxima will provide a 500 AP wargames army with some margin for choice. FORTIFICATIONS An army allowed a BUA can provide it with artificial defences. Otherwise, these can only be used if specified by the army's list. Note that the costs of defences for a BUA and the extra costs of any gateways, although not mentioned in lists, must still be paid. Defences specified as for camps must rest both ends on a table edge and -contain all the army's baggage. Any AP spent on BUA defences are wasted if the terrain includes no BUA or if you are the invader. Troops which are specified by lists as to defend camps or BUA must remain within these. TROOP TYPE ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations are used for troop types in these lists: Ln Pi Si LH
Cm Lancers. Pistols. Sipahis. Light Horse. Camelry. Dr Pk Sh Bd Bw Sk Wb Hd Dragoons. Pikes. Shot. Blades. Bows. Skirmishers. Warband. Hordes. Art = Artillery. Shp Pon = Pontooneers. Gal WWg = War Wagons. Bts El = Elephants
PO = Portable obstacle. FO F = Fortification. Ships. Galleys. Boats.
= Fixed obstacle.
ARMIES INCLUDED ARMIES OF THE EARLY NORTHERN WARS
1. Scandinavian Union. 2. Early Danish. 3. Early Vasa Swedish. 4. Russian Traditional. 5. Jagiellonian Polish and Lithuanian. 6. Tartar. 7. Polish-Lithuanian Rzeczpospolita. 8. Early Gustavian Swedish. 9. Free Cossack. 10. Georgian or Circassian. 11. Siberian Tribes.
1494 AD to 1523 AD 1524 AD to 1587 AD 1524 AD to 1617 AD 1494 AD to 1647 AD 1494 AD to 1575 AD 1494 AD to 1700 AD 1576 AD to 1631 AD 1618 AD to 1629 AD 1550 AD to 1700 AD 1494 AD to 1700 AD 1494 AD to 1700 AD
Page 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
ARMIES OF THE THIRTY YEARS WAR
12. German Catholic. 13. German Protestant. 14. Christian IV Danish. 15. Swedish Thirty Years War. 16. French Thirty Years War.
1609 AD to 1648 AD 1609 AD to 1648 AD 1588 AD to 1648 AD 1630 AD to 1648 AD 1599 AD to 1648 AD
17 18 19 20 21
ARMIES OF THE GREAT REBELLIONS
17. Bishops' War English. 18. Bishops' War Scots Royalist. 19. Scots Covenanter. 20. Scots Montrose Royalist. 21. English Civil War Royalist. 22. English Civil War Parliamentarian. 23. English New Model Army. 24. Irish Confederate. 25. Regency and Fronde French.
1639 AD to 1640 AD 1639 AD 1639 AD to 1651 AD 1644 AD to 1647 AD 1641 AD to 1647 AD 1642 AD to 1648 AD 1645 AD to 1660 AD 1641 AD to 1652 AD 1649 AD to 1660 AD
22 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
ARMIES OF THE MOGHUL CONQUEST OF INDIA
26. Moghul. 27. Muslim Indian. 28. Hindu Indian. 29. Maratha.
1494 AD to 1700 AD 1494 AD to 1687 AD 1494 AD to 1700 AD 1646 AD to 1700 AD 26.
30 31 32 33
ARMIES OF THE EARLY NORTHERN
WARS 1. SCANDINAVIAN UNION 1494 AD - 1523 AD If Union: Cold. Ag 3. WW, Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, E, Rd, BUA, I. If Swedish: Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), Wd, RGo, M, Rd, BUA, I. C-in-C - Ln (O) @ 32 AP. Sub-general - Ln (О) @ 32 AP. Feudal cavalry - Ln (О) @ 12 AP. Smaasvende - Ln (I) @ 10 AP. Skytter - LH (S) @ 7 AP. Replace skytter with kjobstadskytter - LH (I) @ 4 AP. Cogs or hulks - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Bw]. Only Swedish armies: Leidang - 1/2 Bd (O) @ 7 AP, 1/2 Bw (О) @ 5 AP. Lapp or other scouts - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. Upgrade Lapps mounted on elk or reindeer to LH (F) @ 4 AP. Timber abatis or barricades - FO @ 2 AP. Only Union armies: Obudshaer - up to 1/3 Bw (O) @ 5 AP, rest Bd (F) @ 5 AP. Landevaernet - Hd (O) @ 1 AP. Landsknecht pikemen - Pk (О) @ 4 AP. Landsknecht supporting arquebusiers - Sk (O) @ 3 AP. French mercenaries - Sk (O) @ 3 AP or Pk (I) @ 3 AP. Scots mercenaries - Wb (O) @ 4 AP or Pk (О) @ 4 AP. Bombards - Art (S) @ 25 AP. Light guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP. Exchange cogs or hulks for skyttebaade - Bts (S) @ 3 AP [Bw]. Lubeck or other North German allies - List: German Minor States (Book 1). Swedish allies - List: Scandinavian Union.
1 1-2 4-12 1-3 2-6 Any 0-4 18-56 0-3 0-1 0-16 8-24 0-24 12-24 1 per 4 Pk 0-5 0-2 0-1 0-3 0-2 0-17
This list covers the armies of Norway, Denmark and Sweden from 1494 until the end of the Union and the accession of Gustavus Vasa to the Swedish throne. Although the three kingdoms had been unified in 1390 AD, dissident Swedish rulers with predominantly leidang armies fought against the union's armies, which in turn could include a Swedish contingent. Feudal cavalry included Hofmaend (nobles' contingents), Frelsemaend (church contingents) and Laenstropperne (gentry). Smaasvende were mainly unarmoured mounted attendants drawn up separately behind these as a reserve. Skytter were armoured cavalry armed with crossbows, now being replaced by kjobstadskytter with arquebus. Leidang were the Swedish home defence militia. Contemporary depictions of Swedish foot in battle show them in kettle hat or sallet, crossbowmen in front with a second rank loading for them, and men with mixed pole arms behind these. Of the pole arms, half resemble Swiss halberds, the rest being a sword blade with cross guard on a 5 foot pole called a "svaerdstav". Some, including crossbowmen, wear plate corslets. Such Swedish peasant infantry, especially those of Dalaraa, had a fearsome reputation. Obudshaer were a Danish select levy of single men for foreign service, mostly armed with a halberd supplemented by a short flail pushed through the belt, but some with crossbow, and charging rapidly. Landevaernet were a levy of all men capable of bearing arms. They were no longer allowed to keep traditional weapons at home and were mostly armed with a short spear called a "spiud". It is uncertain whether Swedish rule yet extended to Lappland. Lapps were not warlike and are included only for scouting and local colour. Swedish leidang made great use of felled trees as barricades and abatis, especially to block roads through woods or gaps between woods. Much of the Swedish campaigning was in winter, when frozen rivers provided an equivalent of rough roads. Skyttebaade were oared vessels with light guns which specialised in the support of troops ashore. German allies need not include cavalry and can field their C-in-C as Bd (O) representing the Burgermeister and his halberdier guard. Whether the French mercenaries of 1520 were crossbowmen or pikemen or the Scots were Highlanders or lowlanders is unclear.
2. EARLY DANISH 1524 AD - 1587 AD Cold. Ag 3. WW, Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, E, Rd, BUA, I. C-in-C - Ln (F) @ 31 AP. Sub-general - Ln (F) @ 31 AP. Feudal cavalry - Ln (F) @ 11 AP. Kjobstadskytter - LH (I) @ 4 AP. Obudshaer - up to 1/3 Sk (O) @ 3 AP, rest Bd (F) @ 5 AP. Landevaernet - Hd (O) @ 1 AP. Artillery of the train - Art (S) @ 25 AP. Other artillery - Art (I) @ 5 AP. Ledingskibs - Shp (S) @ 6 AP [Bd,Sk]. Hulks or fluiten - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Any]. Skyttebaade - Bts (S) @ 3 AP [Bd,Sk]. Prussian, Lubeck or other North German allies - List: German Minor States (Book 1). Only before 1550 AD: Smaasvende - Ln (I) @ 10 AP. Landsknecht pikemen - Pk (О) @ 4 AP. Landsknecht supporting arquebusiers - Sk (O) @ 3 AP or Sh (I) @ 4 AP. French mercenaries - Sk (O) @ 3 AP, Sh (I) @ 4 AP or Pk (I) @ 3 AP. Scots mercenaries - Wb (O) @ 4 AP or Pk (О) @ 4 AP.
1 1-2 4-12 2-6 0-18 * 12-24 1-2 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-2
1-3 12-24 1 per 4 Pk 0-5 0-2
Only from 1550 AD: Re-arm feudal cavalry as reiter - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. Danish foot - 1/3 to 1/2 Sh (I) @ 4 AP, rest Pk (О) @ 4 AP. Downgrade obudshaer to Hd (O) @ 1 AP.
1/2-3/4 18-48 Any
Only 1559 AD to 1575 AD: Polish allies - List: Jagiellonian Polish and Lithuanian. Only after 1570 AD: Re-arm generals and remaining lancers as - Pi (О) @ 30 AP if general, 10 AP if not.
All
This list covers the armies of Denmark from the end of the Union until the accession of Christian IV. Feudal cavalry included Hofmaend (nobles' contingents), Frelsemaend (church contingents) and Laenstropperne (gentry). Smaasvende were unarmoured mounted attendants usually drawn up separately behind these as a reserve. By 1550, most of these had been replaced by pistoleers, who at Axtorna in 1565 proved to be much more aggressive than opposing German reiters in Swedish service. Kjobstadskytter with arquebus had replaced the skytter. Obudshaer were a Danish select levy of single men for foreign service, mostly armed with a halberd supplemented by a short flail pushed through the belt, and charging rapidly. The minority formerly armed with crossbows now substituted arquebuses. Obudshaer declined in utility as the century progressed, but were still called out on campaign to provide ship crews, guards for the train, cannon fodder and pioneers. Landevaernet were a last resort levy of all men capable of bearing arms. They were no longer allowed to keep traditional weapons at home and were mostly armed with a short spear called a "spiud". The minimum marked * applies only if any landevaernet are used. Greater reliance was placed on foreign mercenaries paid from the King's personal fortune, at first mostly German landsknechts hired from contractors. French mercenaries were probably arquebusiers. Whether the Scots were Highlanders or lowlanders is unclear, but the first seems slightly more likely. The term "Danish foot" includes troops recruited directly by the King's agents, for instance Rantzau's own regiment of landsknechts at Axtorna. Skyttebaade were oared vessels with light guns specialising in the support of troops ashore. Ledingskibs were big ships with large numbers of relatively small guns. A Lubeck allied contingent need not include cavalry and can field its C-in-C as Bd (O) representing the Burgermeister and his halberdier guard. 3. EARLY VASA SWEDISH 1524 AD - 1617 AD Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), Wd, RGo, M, Rd, BUA, I. C-in-C - Ln (F) @ 31 AP. Sub-general - Ln (F) @ 31 AP. Noble cavalry - Ln (F) @ 11 AP. Skytter - LH (I) @ 4 AP. Finnish skirmishers with bows, arquebuses and crossbows - Sk(O) @ 3 AP. Lapp or other scouts - Sk (ф) @ 2 AP.
Max N500
1-2 per Ln
1 1-2 2-8 0-6 0-3
Upgrade Lapps mounted on elk or reindeer to LH (F) @ 4 AP. Artillery - up to 1/3 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest (О) @ 20 AP. Timber abatis or barricades - FO @ 2 AP. Fluiten - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Bw,Sh]. Skytterbaade - Bts (S) @ 3 AP [Bw,Sh]. Only until 1560 AD: Arquebusiers and crossbowmen - 1/4 to 1/2 Sh (I) @ 4 AP, rest Bw (О) @ 5 AP. Landsknechts - 4/5 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 1/5 Sk (О) @ 3 AP. Only after 1560 AD: Convert generals and lancers to landsryttare - Pi (I) @ 28 AP if general, 8 AP if not. Galleons - Shp (S) @ 6 AP [Shi.
0-1 0-6 0-16 0-4 0-2 18-48 0-10 All 0-3
Only 1560 AD to 1592 AD: Pike regiments - 3/5 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 2/5 Sk (О) @ 3 AP. Crossbowmen and arquebusiers - up to 1/4 Bw (O) @ 5 AP, rest Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
10-15 8-48
Only after 1592 AD: Musketeers and calivermen - 1/4 to 1/2 Sh (O) @ 6 AP, rest Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
18-56
Only after 1600 AD: Convert C-in-C and landsryttare to cuirassiers - Pi (О) @ 30 AP if general, 10 AP if not. Upgrade skytter to landsryttare - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Swinesfeathers - PO @ 1 AP. Carts mounted with organ gun or row of half pikes - 1/2 Art (I) @ 5 AP, 1/2 PO @ 1 AP.
0-2 All 0-4 0-6
Only from 1606 AD: Pikemen to support musketeers and calivermen - Pk (О) @ 4 AP.
0-6
This covers Swedish armies from the accession of Gustav Vasa and the break-up of the Danish-dominated Scandinavian Union until the military reforms of Gustav II Adolf, better known as Gustavus Adolphus. Gustav Vasa formalised the military obligations of the nobility who provided the cavalry. Half of these were now to be 3/4 armoured lancers and the remainder unarmoured and armed with an arquebus. He also increased the production of crossbows and these rapidly replaced the pole arms that had previously armed half the foot levies and were now retained only by a few individuals. His efforts to similarly popularise the pike were unsuccessful, so that a typical infantry "fanika" of 400-700 men could have between 1/8 and 1/2 calivermen, the rest being crossbowmen with a minor sprinkling of pole arms. His successors Eric XIV (1560-1568) and Johan III (1568-1592) did raise some regiments, 3/5 of each of which deployed as a pike column fringed with shooters, while the remaining 2/5 went ahead as 2 forlorn hopes. Erik also re-armed the lancer cavalry as caracolling pistoleers. Johan's successor Sigismund (1592-1599) was also King of Poland (1587-1632) as Zygmunt III. After being deposed, he sought to regain his throne with Polish troops. The Swedes were commanded by Karl of Sodermanland, later Karl IX (1607-1611). Karl replaced the skytter with pistoleers, including the Adelsfana noble guard. The pike had disappeared and various expedients were tried to compensate. In 1605, a Swedish army reported to have "not one pike" was ridden down by Polish cavalry. The musket was not introduced until 1592 and the lighter caliver remained popular. Swedish warships had a large number of guns, but most of these were light man-killers firing 2 pound or smaller shot. The fluit was the new cargo ship that had replaced the hulk. Skytterbaade were rowed gunboats. 4. RUSSIAN TRADITIONAL 1494 AD - 1647 AD Cold. Ag 1. Rv, Wd, M, BUA, I. C-in-C - Si (O) @ 28 AP. Sub-general - Si (O) @ 28 AP or Si (I) @ 25 AP. Dvor - Si (9) @ 8 AP. Boyars, their retainers and deti boyarskiye - Si (I) @ 5 AP. Cossack light horse - LH (F) @ 4 AP. Pischali - Art (I) @ 5 AP. Gulay gorod - PO @ 1 AP. Lurking peasants - Hd (F) @ 1 AP. Cossack foot - Sh (F) @ 6 AP or Sk (О) @ 3 AP. Cossack chaika - Bts (О) @ 2 AP [Sh(F),Sk]. Only before 1553 AD:
Max Cx4 1 0-2 4-12 2-4 per Si (O) 0-6 0-2 0-12 0-2 0-4 0-4
Tartars - LH (S) @ 7 AP. Town militia spearmen - Pk (I) @ 3 AP. Town militia bowmen - Bw (I) @ 3 AP. Town militia arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP or Sk (О) @ 3 AP. Mount town militia arquebusiers on nags as - Dr (I) @ 6 AP. Puchka - Art (S) @ 25 AP.
0-6 0-6 0-6 0-12 0-1/2 0-1
Only from 1553 AD: Reclassify C-in-C as - Bd (I) @ 24 AP or LH (О) @ 25 AP. Re-arm Cossack light horse as - LH (I) @ 4 AP. Стрельцы - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. Puchka - Art (S) @ 25 AP. Upgrade Cossack Sk (O) to - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
0-1 Any 4-24 1-3 All
Только после 1630 AD: Немецкие или русские солдатские полки - 3/7 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 4/7 Sh (О) @ 6 AP. Рейтары - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Гусары - Ln (F) @ 11 AP. Драгуны - Dr (О) @ 7 AP.
7-14 0-4 0-2 1-2
This covers Russian armies from 1494 until Alexei Mikhailovitch's institution of conscription. They were still were predominantly cavalry. The usual formation consisted of an advance guard, a strong centre (the "bolshoi polk"), left arm, right arm and rearguard, the right arm being senior. Russians were sensitive to outflanking and liked to fight with a river to their rear and woods or marsh on each flank. Dvor were the paid troops of the prince. They and the boyars "nobles" wore Turkish-style lamellar and mail armour, but most figures of a boyar element might better be retainers in quilted armour. Horse armour made a belated appearance after 1600 as a rare status symbol for rich individuals. Deti boyarskiye "sons of the boyars" were lesser men also on the service rolls, including some mounted streltsi. The bow was still the main weapon, but lances had largely been replaced by short "jid" javelins in a case. All rode small active horses bought from the Nogai Tartars. Infantry were at first almost entirely provided by town militia in separate bodies of spearmen, bowmen or arquebusiers, and by Cossacks. Although we think of the latter as light horse, they also provided infantry. They specialised in riverine boat work in 30-oared chaika "seagulls". Ivan IV Grozny "the Terrible" replaced the old town militia with a standing force of uniformed streltsi armed with a long matchlock and a berdische axe doubling as a musket rest. The provision for the C-in-C to be Bd (I) or LH (O) reflects the various small halberdier bodyguards and Ivan's hussar-winged "jintsi" lancer bodyguard. Ivan was also a great believer in puchka, big guns up to 36 inch calibre! The first westernstyle troops were added in the 1630s by Mikhail Romanov in the form of 4 new regiments of German and 6 of native soldatski "soldier" foot, plus some dragoons and possibly reiters and Polish-style lance-armed hussars. The gulay gorod "walking fort" cannot be classed as WWg since it needed to be set up, its loopholed wall sections having to be removed from the wagons and fastened between them. It is first mentioned in 1522. Peasants now rarely appeared in the battle line, but when lurking in woods could be a danger to isolated enemy parties.
5. JAGIELLONIAN POLISH AND LITHUANIAN 1494 AD - 1575 AD Cold. Ag 1. Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, Rd, BUA, I. C-in-C - Ln (S) @ 35 AP. Sub-general - Ln (S) @ 35 AP. Kopijnicy (pronounced "kop-ee-nee-tsy" - Ln (О) @ 12 AP. Upgrade kopijnicy to Royal Household curienses - Ln (S) @ 15 AP. Strzelcy - Si (O) @ 8 AP. Lithuanian Tartars - LH (S) @ 7 AP. Polish noble levy - Si (I) @ 5 AP. Draby - 1/3 Bd (O) @ 7 AP, 2/3 Sh (I) @ 4 AP. Replace draby with war wagons - WWg (О) @ 10 AP. Falconets - Art (I) @ 5 AP. Fortress or siege guns - Art (S) @ 25 AP. Artillery barges-Bts(O)@ 2 AP[Art(S)l. Tabor - FO @ 2 AP.
Max Cx3
2-3 per Ln
Only from 1506 AD to 1526 AD: Serbian-style light hussars - LH (О) @ 5 AP.
1 1-2 4-8 0-2
2-3 *9-24 9-24 0-6 0-2 0-1 0-1 0-12 2-6
Only from 1527 AD: Convert generals and kopijnicy to hussars - Ln (F) @ 31 AP if general, 11 AP if not. Drabant and harcerze halberdier bodyguards - Bd (О) @ 7 AP.
3/4-all 0-2
Only until 1569 AD: Lithuanian sluzhba zhemska - 1/3 Si (S) @ 10 AP, 2/3 Si (I) @ 5 AP.
**9-18
Only from 1557 AD: Convert remaining kopijnicy to hussars - Ln (F) @ 31 AP."I J- ?•• Convert strzelcy to Polish cossacks - 1/2-3/4 Si (S) @ 10 AP, rest LH (F) @ 4 AP. German reiters - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Hungarian or Polish haiduks - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. German mercenary pikemen - Pk (О) @ 4 AP. German supporting arquebusiers - Sk (О) @ 3 AP.
^ All All 0-4 0-4 0-8 0-1 per 4 Pk
Poland and Lithuania were ruled by a single king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, but not formally united until 1569, before which the two armies differed sharply in character. The Polish army was largely professional and based on the kopijnik "lancer". He was supported by the strzelec "shooter", at first armed with a crossbow, but after 1524 with a composite bow more useful against Tartars. Draby foot fought as 1 rank of part-armoured pavisiers, 1 of heavily armoured half-pikes and halberds, and 6 of shooters. The latter mostly used Polish-made handguns, with at first a few crossbows and later imported arquebuses. The pospplite ruszenie "noble levy" was still called-up in time of need. This undisciplined and argumentative mass of noblemen was hard to raise, almost unmanageable, prone to panic and would serve only under the king. The Lithuanian army was now very Russian in appearance. It had few professionals, most troops being provided by boyars under the sluzhba zhemska "land service" scheme. A few were kopijnicy, but most were worse mounted than the Poles and much worse equipped, more wearing quilts than mail. Instead of skirmishing like their predecessors they tended to huddle in masses. In 1538, King Zygmunt I complained that Lithuania was incapable of defending itself without Polish aid. An exception were the Tartars settled in Lithuania, who provided excellent light cavalry for both Poland and Lithuania. From 1569, Polish practices were adopted and the sluzhba zhemska was absorbed into the noble levy. Items marked * or ** apply only if 1 but not both are used. Noble levy or drabants must be in the C-in-C's command. The first hussars were Serbian mercenary light horse with lance and shield. Poles soon filled the ranks and by 1527 they were armoured lancers and the dominant cavalry type. After 1552, the strzelcy were progressively transformed into Polish "cossacks", some with short lance, bow and armour, others unarmoured. The standard artillery piece was a lightly-crewed long 2pdr falconet drawn by 2-4 horses. 6. TARTAR 1494 AD - 1700 AD Cold. Ag: Golden Horde, Kazan, Astrakhan and Sibir 1, Crimean Khanate 3. All: Rv, H(G), RGo, BUA. Golden Horde, Kazan and Sibir only: Wd. Crimean only: WW. C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP. Sub-general - Si (S) @ 30 AP or LH (S) @ 27 AP. Tartar heavy cavalry - up to 1/2 Si (S) @ 10 AP, rest (О) @ 8 AP.
Max Cx4 1 1-2 6-16
Tartar light cavalry - LH (S) @ 7 AP.
12-54
Only Golden Horde or Khanate of Kazan: Bessermeni - Bw (I) @ 3 AP.
0-8
Only Khanate of Sibir: Replace LH (S) by Khanty and Mansi - Up to 1/3 Wb (I) @ 3 AP, rest Bw (I) @ 3 AP.
1/3
Only Golden Horde or Crimean Khanate before 1S56 AD: Armen and "Fryazei" - Bw (О) @ 5 AP.
0-4
Only Crimean Khanate: Ottoman allies - List: Ottoman Turk (Book 1). Only Crimean Khanate after 1556 AD: Downgrade heavy cavalry other than generals to oghlan - LH (S) @ 7 AP. Downgrade light cavalry to - up to 1/2 LH (O) @ 5 AP, rest LH (F) @ 4 AP. Petyhortsy vassals - Si (S) @ 10 AP. Segban - Dr (I) @ 6 AP. Volga Germans - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. Linear earthworks - F @ 4 AP. Peasant foot - Hd (S) @ 2 AP.
All All 0-3 6-10 0-8 *24-30 0-1 per 2 F
This covers the Golden Horde until its overthrow by the Crimean Khanate in 1502, the Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan until they fell to the Russians under Ivan the Terrible in 1552 and 1556 respectively, the Khanate of Sibir until its final defeat in 1598 and the Crimean Khanate until beyond the end of our period. Sigmund Horberstein, an Imperial ambassador of the early 16th century, noted that the Russians called the Tartar battle tactic "khorovod" (dance). It consisted of two "arrow strikes" by light cavalry followed by a charge by armoured cavalry, the best of whom rode barded horses, and many of whom carried a lance. Golden Horde armies could include large numbers of infantry, mostly the inhabitants of Muslim towns of the Horde, called "Bessermeni" and rated brave if unenthusiastic, a lesser number of "Armen" or Crimean Armenians considered skilful and firm and "Fryazei" crossbowmen provided by the Italian colonies of the Crimea. The Crimean Khanate was now an invaluable vassal ally to the Turks and the main enemy of the Poles. It controlled not only the settled tribes of the Crimea, which provided both foot and 20 organised companies of "segban" mounted arquebusiers as well as cavalry, but also the nomads of the Nogai steppe to its north. After 1556, the supply of armour was much reduced and the old discipline was confined to the Khan's regular "oghlan" cavalry and the segban. These were supplemented by irregular horsemen commanded by tribal aristocrats. Oghlan "sons of the nobles" carried a light lance and inspired the later "uhlan" lancers of later Polish armies. Lances were increasingly attested in the 17th century, apparently replacing the bow. One foreign account of doubtful date mentions a Crimean army of whom only half had bows, the rest being armed only with "sheep bones" tied to sticks, which we charitably interpret as bone-headed spears. The Volga Germans had an obligation to provide musketeers. Petyhortsy were a Circassian people from me Caucasus armed with lance and bow and wearing mail, red and grey caftans and shaggy cloaks. They were much prized for their scouting ability. Crimean Tartars wore sheepskins turned fleece-in in winter, but fleece-out in summer, so that they were described as looking like white bears on horseback. Other Tartars differed in wearing mostly black sheep skins turned fleece-out in winter and white cloth caftans in summer. Rich nobles wore coloured and embroidered silk garments of Turkish or Persian style like their armour. Tartar baggage was carried on light 2 wheeled carts unsuitable for forming a laager. The minimum marked * applies only if any fortifications are used other than for a BUA. Allied contingents from this list need not include segban.
7. POLISH-LITHUANIAN RZECZPOSPOLITA 1576 AD - 1631 AD Cold. Ag 1. Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, Rd, BUA, I. C-in-C - Ln (F) @ 31 AP. Sub-general - Ln (F) @ 31 AP. Hussars - Ln (F) @ 11 AP. Polish armoured cossacks - Si (О) @ 8 AP. Replace Polish armoured cossacks by Lithuanian petyhortsy - Si (S) @ 10 AP. Polish unarmoured cossacks - 1/3-1/2 LH (F) @ 4 AP, rest LH (I) @ 4 AP. German reiters - Pi (I) @ 8 AP.
Max Cx2 1 1-2 6-9 1-2 per 2 Ln 0-1/3 2-3 per 2 Ln 0-4
Lithuanian Tartars - LH (S) @ 7 AP. Haiduks - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. Mercenary shot - up to 1/2 Sh (I) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (О) @ 6 AP. Mercenary supporting pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. Registered Cossacks - up to 1/3 Dr (O) @ 7 AP, rest Sh (F) @ 6 AP. Wybraniecka peasant infantry - Hd (O) @ 1 AP. Field guns - Art (О) @ 20 AP. Noble levy - Si (I) @ 5 AP. Fake hussars - Hd (O) @ 1 AP. Tabor - FO @ 2 AP. Upgrade tabor to war wagons - WWg (О) @ 10 AP.
0-3 4-8 0-12 0-1 per 4 Sh (O) or (1) 0-12 0-4 1-2 *9-24 0-4 0-12 0-4
Only after 1618 AD: German or Livonian cuirassiers - Pi (S) @ 12 AP. Dragoons - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. Unregistered Ukrainian Cossack allies - List: Free Cossack.
0-2 1-2
Only in 1629 AD: Imperialist allies - List: German Catholic. This covers armies of the Polish-Lithuanian Rzeczpospolita "Commonwealth" from the election of Stefan Batory until the end of the 2nd Polish-Swedish War. The standing Quarter Army (from the proportion of the king's revenue supporting it) was supplemented in emergency by large numbers of mercenaries, if the rusty state machinery felt sufficiently threatened to approve extra taxation. Only when really desperate would the noble levy be called-up. As one Polish officer remarked "I would rather herd swine than command the Levy in attack". The minimum marked * applies only if any noble levy are used. If so, they must be in the C-in-C's command. The main striking force were now the famous winged hussars. Batory abolished their asymmetric shields and standardised their armour and they began to wear wings attached to their saddles. They were supported by Polish cossacks, some units armoured, some such as the Lisowski regiment not. Armoured and most unarmoured units had replaced lances with arquebuses. Other unarmoured units had bow and usually lance. Lithuanian petyhortsy, named from the Circassian people, retained lances. The foot were now haiduks, Hungarianstyle arquebusiers useful to support artillery or attack fortifications. Wybraniecka conscripts were similarly armed and dressed, but so unenthusiastic and ineffective as to be mainly used as pioneers. Native infantry were supplemented by mostly German mercenary regiments, now almost all shot. The Old Polish Order (of battle) still used until at least 1610 had 9 cavalry blocks called "hufy" in 3 lines. The centre of the 1st line was the huf czelny "leading huf", the flanking hufy the wings or horns. The centre of the 2nd line included the best and heaviest troops and was called the huf walny "attack huf. Other hufy were of worse or lighter troops and treated as reserves. Haiduks and artillery were placed in the intervals. As the number of infantry increased, there was a shift towards western-style multi-line deployments. War wagons were used to protect both flanks or to break the enemy front. The rest of the "tabor" wagon fortress were unmodified vehicles. The Poles often used distant camp servants with spare lances on baggage animals to imitate extra hussars. Players doing this must swap hussar for servant elements if enemy come within 200p or when shot at. The Cossacks of the Ukraine were now nominally Polish subjects and Batory instituted a register of those entitled to pay and obliged to serve. These rose from an initial 500 to 8,000 in 1630. Much larger numbers occasionally aided the Poles under their own leaders. Registered Cossacks cannot be used with Cossack allies. Men of Cossack race are given an initial capital "C" to distinguish them from Poles called cossacks.
8. EARLY GUSTAVIAN SWEDISH 1618 AD - 1629 AD Cold. Ag 4. WW, Rv, H(S), Wd, RGo, M, Rd, BUA, I. C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or (S) @ 32 AP. Sub-general - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or (I) @ 28 AP. Swedish Adelsfana cuirassiers - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. Swedish landsryttare - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Finnish "hackapells" - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. Dragoons - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. Mounted jager - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. Swedish and Finnish musketeers and calivers - 1/2 Sh (O) @ 6 AP, 1/2 Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
1 1-2 0-1 4-8 1-4 0-3 0-1 14-28
Swedish and Finish supporting pikemen - Pk (О) @ 4 AP. Finnish skirmishers with bows, calivers and crossbows - Sk (О) @ 3 AP. German and Scots mercenary foot - 2/5 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 3/5 Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 24pdr siege and 12pdr field guns - up to 1/3 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest (О) @ 20 Only after 1621 AD: Replace Swedish landsryttare with latta ryttare - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. Livonian cuirassiers - Pi (S) @ 12 AP. Only 1624 AD to 1628 AD: Swinesfeathers for musketeers - PO @ 1 AP. Only after 1626 AD: German mercenary reiters - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. German mercenary harquebusiers - LH (I) @ 4 AP. Upgrade Swedish and Finnish pikemen to - Pk (S) @ 5 AP. Upgrade mercenary pikemen as German "coloured" regiments - Pk (S) @ 5 AP. Leather guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
AP.
4 per 7 Sh 0-6 10-40 0-3 All 0-2 1 per 2 Sh 2-8 0-3 All Up to 1/2 1-3
This covers Swedish armies from Gustavus Adolphus' first army reforms until his advance into Germany began the Swedish phase of the 30 Years War. The single regiment of Swedish noble cuirassiers rarely if ever served abroad and because of its tiny 14 hand horses cannot be graded any higher than (O). The native Swedish landsryttare rode even worse horses which were not only smaller still, but too slow for skirmishing tactics. In 1621 Gustavus took away their carbines and increased the provision of pistols to turn them into shock cavalry now called latta ryttare (light horsemen). These charged 5 or 6 deep at the trot in a tight formation whose front rank fired its pistols just prior to contact. Not all could be equipped with corslets. The ferocious Finnish hackapells (more properly hakkapelitta, from the Finnish for "Hack them down!", a cry still used today by ice hockey fans) were galloping cavalry riding equally light but faster horses of eastern type, owned little armour and were short of pistols. There were 4 companies at the start of the list, rising to 12 at the end, of which only 6 served abroad. From 1621, native cavalry were supplemented by German mercenaries. Livonia provided good cuirassiers and there were some light skirmishing harquebusiers, but most were at first poor quality pistoleers who prefered firing by caracole to charging. The Swedish conscript infantry had suffered badly for want of pikemen in the 1st Polish War of 1600-1611. This was remedied by Gustavus before the 2nd Polish War of 1621-1629 and the shot temporarily provided with "swinesfeathers" for extra protection against cavalry. Pikemen still wore helmet, corslet and tassets. At this time the muskets were a heavy type with rests and the lighter caliver was retained in service until 1630. The German "coloured" Yellow, Blue, Red and Green regiments were the elite of the mercenaries. Scots were reclothed and armed as soon as possible after arrival, but the inclusion of 1 or 2 kilted bow-carrying recent recruits would be a nice touch. Gustavus was experimenting with various wedge-shaped 3 to 7 battalion infantry formations, but had not yet hit upon the future triangular "Swedish Brigade". Surplus shot were deployed in rear of the brigade or commanded off as supports interleaved with the cavalry. Foot were now formed 6 deep instead of the former 10 deep. The cavalry were now initially arranged in chequer-board formation behind the foot, where the Poles could not easily get at them.
9. FREE COSSACK 1550 AD - 1700 AD Siberian: Cold. Ag 4. Rv, Wd, H(G) M, RGo, BUA, I. Other: Cold. Ag 2. WW, Rv, Wd, M, RGo, BUA, I. C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP, Si (O) @ 28 AP, LH (F) @ 24 AP or Sh (F) @ 26 AP. Sub-general - as C-in-C. Upgrade light horsemen to armoured cavalry - Si (О) @ 8 AP. Moloitsy - up to 1/4 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (F) @ 6 AP. Snipers - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. Chaika - Bts (О) @ 2 AP [Sh(F),Sk(S),Bd(F),Pk(F)J. Peasants with improvised weapons - Hd (S) @ 2 AP. Tabor - FO @ 2 AP. Small brass guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP. Tartars - LH (S) @ 7 AP.
Max N250 Max Cx2 1 1-2 0-2 12-60 2-8 0-8 * 12-24 **12-24 0-2 0-3
Any except Don or Siberian Cossacks: Light horsemen - LH (F) or (I) @ 4 AP.
3-12
Only Don Cossacks: Light horsemen - LH (F) or (I) @ 4 AP.
18-75
Only Siberian Cossacks after 1581 AD: Streltsi - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. Deti Boyarskiye - Si (I) @ 5 AP. Komi, Mansi, Khanty, Tungus or similar native auxiliaries - Bw (I) @ 3 AP. Only Zaporozhian or Ukrainian Cossacks: Mount foot generals or moloitsy on horses as - Dr (О) @ 27 AP if general, 7 AP if not. Plashed wood edges - FO @ 2 AP. Transylvanian allies - List: Transylvanian (Book 1). Only Khmelnitsky's Ukrainian rebellion from 1648 AD to 1657 AD: Convert peasants into drilled Cossack supporting pikemen - Pk (О) @ 4 AP. Russian-supplied sled guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP. Captured Polish guns - Art (О) @ 20 AP. Crimean Tartar allies - List: Tartar. Don Cossack allies - List: Free Cossack. Only after 1651 AD: Re-arm remaining LH (F) as - LH (I) @ 24 AP if general, 4 AP if not. Further re-arm Don light horse with lances as - LH (О) @ 24"AP if general, 5 AP if not. Replace Ukrainian Dr (O) with LH (I) @ 4 AP. Replace moloitsy half-pikes Pk (F) with berdische as - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.
0-4 0-3 0-10 0-12 0-8
0-4 0-6 0-2
All Any 1/2-all 1/2-all
By 1550, the Cossacks had coalesced into free "hosts" settled on borders in areas of uncertain control. The 2 main hosts were at first the Zaporozhian "below the rapids" Cossacks of the lower Dnieper (described as "picturesque and reprehensible") and the Don Cossacks of the River Don, whom the Russians mainly relied on. The permanent inhabitants of the Zaporozhian siech were at first supplemented by summer visitors from the northern Ukraine, but from 1625 these remained at home as a 3rd Ukrainian or "Little Russian" host (unflatteringly described as "lacking both the vices and the virtues of true cossacks" and as "a spiritless mass of horse"). However, the Poles confusingly continued to call both groups Zaporozhians. Several smaller groups included the Terek Cossacks who fended-off raiders from the Caucasus. The Zaporozhians were nominally and the Ukrainians slightly less nominally subject to the Poles, who tolerated their turbulence because of their value as a buffer against the Tartars. In 1648, the Ukrainians rebelled under Khmelnitsky and remained independent until forced to appeal in 1654 for Russian protection. Early in this revolt they captured much Polish artillery and were sent more by the Czar. They were organised in units with standards, even including a few conventional pike-and-shot regiments. The colloquial name for Cossack foot was moloitsy or "lads". They were mostly armed with a sword and an arquebus, or later a musket, but poor men such as new arrivals might substitute a half-pike. A few men sniped with accurate firearms, often rifled. The first evidence of the berdische axe is a single example from a battlefield of 1651, but by 1660 it was widely used in place of the half-pike. Cossack foot were adept at boat work in 40-oar chaika "seagulls" and even attacked Turkish galleys. Allied contingents from this list can include chaika. Only the Don and Terek Cossacks initially used much cavalry. These began as horse archers, but soon added firearms. The firelock "sampoly" was in use by 1625 alongside matchlocks. The change to firearm tactics was probably between 1585 and 1635. In the 1650s the Russians ordered Cossacks to have a sabre, a pistol, a carbine and if possible a light lance. Ukrainians then skirmished at long range unless greatly superior in numbers. Don Cossacks were less timid, enveloping the flanks of inactive enemy to spear and shoot at close range without contact, but fleeing if attacked vigorously. Zaporozhians used horses mainly for transport, countering enemy cavalry by fighting from the protection of the tabor. The largely Cossack conquest of Siberia from 1581 involved bitter fighting, but the armies rarely exceeded 1,000 men. The larger hosts could field 15,000 to 40,000 warriors, but huge numbers of desperate peasants of various nations joined in rebellions such as those of Khmelnitsky and Stenka Razin. The minimum marked * applies only if any troops of that type are used, that marked ** only if no more than 2 chaika are used. 10. GEORGIAN OR CIRCASSIAN 1494 AD - 1700 AD Georgian: Warm. Ag 0. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, O, V, RGo, Rd, BUA. Circassian : Cold. Ag 1. Rv, ЩЗ), Wd, O, V, E, RGo, BUA.
N500 N500
C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP. Ally-general - Si (S) @ 20 AP. Armoured cavalry - Si (S) @ 10 AP. Cuman-descended and other light cavalry - LH (F) @ 4 AP. Archers - up to 1/2 Sk (I) @ 2 AP, rest Bw (О) @ 5 AP. Spearmen - Wb (I) @ 3 AP. Javelinmen - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
1 1-2 6-18 12-24 6-16 12-36 0-6
Only Georgia in 1592 AD: Russian allies - List: Russian Traditional. Only after 1625 AD: Regrade all cavalry as - Si (F) @ 28 AP, if C-in-C, 18 AP if ally-general, 8 AP if not. Replace archers with sharpshooters - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. Swordsmen with shashka - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. Replace spearmen with warriors with kindjal, some with javelins - Wb (О) @ 4 AP. A6ul dry-stone rectangular redoubt on hill - F @ 7 AP.
Any All 3-8 All 0-3
This covers both the several Christian relict principalities of fruitful Georgia and the similarly dressed and armed Muslim peoples of the heavily forested hills of Tchetchnia and the jagged bare mountains of Daghestan who were loosely called Circassians. Georgia was divided into Turkish and Persian zones of influence, which chiefly defined who they were rebelling against. Part was taken under Russian protection in 1589, with only fleeting benefit before 1801. The Circassians held their own against the Persians and raided into Russian territory. A Persian proverb went "When the Shah is a fool, he attacks Daghestan". Bows disappeared with the arrival of firearms, but javelins were still in use in the 19th century. The national weapon was now the kindjal, a 2 foot long double-edged slashing dagger which was worn in the waistband of every man and, in a smaller version, of every woman. Horsemen and some foot also used the shashka, a huge slightly-curved sabre. A favourite tactic against the Russians was to snipe at them from cover, then when they deployed their own skirmishing parties, to ambush these with shashka charges. Cavalry charged furiously at very high speed, firing without checking at 20 paces. Their Kabarda horses were small, but handsome and fiery. Petyhortsy Circassians retained lance, bow and mail and wore red and grey caftans. Other men are described as wearing black lambskin caps and black goat hair bourka or if poor "wretched felt" cloaks and as "swaggering warriors prowling cat-like in soft leather boots" and the women as "doeeyed beauties". The garrisons of Aduls sometimes lashed themselves together with their sword belts for a last stand.
11. SIBERIAN TRIBES 1494 AD - 1700 AD Cold. Ag 1. All: Rv, Wd, RGo, BUA, I. Max N250 Mansi: H(S), Wd. Khanty: M. Samoyeds: WW, M, Rgo. Yakuts & Tungus: H(G). Buryats: WW, H(G), M. Yukagirs: H(S). Chukchis: WW, M, RGo. Koraks: WW, H(S), RGo. C-in-C - Wb (I) @ 23 AP or Bw (I) @ 23 AP. Sub-generals - Wb (I) @ 23 AP or Bw (I) @ 23 AP. Warriors with spears - Wb (I) @ 3 AP. Archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP. Dug-out (or if Yakuts or Tungus birch bark) canoes @ 1 AP [Bw,Wb,Bd].
1 0-2 0-20 18-60 0-6
Only if Khanty or Mansi: Upgrade armoured generals to - Bw (О) @ 5 AP.
Any
Only if Yakuts or Tungus: Reindeer riders - LH (F) @ 4 AP. Re-arm warriors with palma - Bd (F) @ 25 AP if general, 5 AP if not. Buryat allies - List: Siberian Tribes. Only if Buryats: Upgrade generals to - Si (S) @ 30 AP or LH (F) @ 24 AP. Replace warriors with armoured cavalry - Si (О) @ 8 AP. Replace archers with horse archers - LH (F) @ 4 AP. Only if Samoyeds, Yukagirs or Yakuts:
0-2 All
1-3 All 18-40
Replace archers with skirmishing bowmen - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
Any
Only if Yakuts: Replace archers with cavalry - Si (S) @ 30 AP if general, Si (О) @ 10 AP if not.
6-12
Only if Chukchis or Koraks: Upgrade archers to - Bw (S) @ 27 AP if general, 7 AP if not. Replace warriors with skirmishing bowmen - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. Upgrade canoes to large sea-going dug-outs - Bts (О) @ 2 AP [Bw,Sk].
All All All
This covers the tribal peoples of Siberia whom the Russian Cossacks had to subdue on their way to the Pacific Ocean after the destruction of the Khanate of Sibir. These were so decentralised that the many fierce battles involved only small forces on each side. The first groups met were the Komi (or Zyrians) west of the Urals, then the Mansi (or Voguls) and Khanty (or Ostyaks) in and just east of the Urals. These all fought on foot with bows or spears and some had mail and iron helmets. They had been subdued by 1600 and provided auxiliaries. Next encountered were the Samoyeds of the Arctic coast, archers mainly fighting from ambush like the Eastern Forest Americans. They had been subdued by 1630. Next came the Tungus, reindeer pastoralists of the open steppe, again mostly foot and fond of ambushes, but whose scouts rode reindeer. They were armed with a bow or the glaivelike "palma" and wore bone, horn and wooden armour. They had been subdued by 1641. They were allied to the Buryats, a partly-sedentary Mongol people that had emigrated off the steppe to the Lake Baikal region. The Yukagirs who were met next were semi-nomadic reindeer hunters and proved the easiest conquest yet, but revolted occasionally until 1670. Next came the Yakut, a Turkic horse-riding people who at some time had migrated north from the steppe and settled in the Lena valley. Excellent iron workers, their main strength lay in armoured cavalry with palma and bow, nobles adding horse armour, but they had assimilated many Tungus and Samoyeds who should be depicted in their native styles. They were finally subdued in 1684. The last groups, who remained unconquered until after our period were the Chukchis and Koraks, some of whom were coastal sea-hunters, the others reindeer pastoralists migrating between mountain tundra and lower pine forest. Their primary weapon was a composite bow and they wore armour of bone-plated sealskin or sometimes iron lamellae, supplemented by cumbersome wooden armour discarded for close combat. They raided extensively by sea in large wooden canoes as far as Alaska and the most northern Japanese islands. They were fanatics who routinely died rather than surrender. Summer tundra can be represented as boggy rough ground.
АРМИИ ТРИДЦАТИЛЕТНЕЙ ВОЙНЫ 12. ГЕРМАНСКИЕ КАТОЛИЧЕСКИЕ АРМИИ 1609 AD - 1648 AD Cold. Ag 2. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, V, E, M, RGo, Rd, BUA. Главком - Pi (S) @ 32 AP. Генерал - Pi (S) @ 32 AP. Кирасиры - Pi (S) @ 12 AP. Караколирующие рейтары - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Карабены - LH (I) @ 4 AP. Драгуны - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. Мушкетеры - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. Осадная и полевая артиллерия - до 1/2 Art (S) @ 25 AP, прочее (О) @ 20 AP. Окопы или трехсторонние редуты - F @ 4 AP или 6 AP. Союзники: Испания – Армлист: Испанская Фландрская армия [Книга 1].
Max Cxi .5 1 1-2 2-6 3-6 2-6 0-2 4-24 0-4 0-3
Только для армии или контингента Католической Лиги, возглавляемых баварцами: Баварские кирасиры - Pi (S) @ 12 AP.
4-7
Только для имперской армии или контингента: Кроаты - LH (S) @ 7 AP. Польские козаки - LH (I) @ 4 AP. Targeteers - Bd (О) @ 7 AP.
2-5 0-3 0-2
Только для имперской восточной границы: Венгерские гусары - LH (F) @ 4 AP. Граничары - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. Levy with morgenstern or halberd - Bd (I) @ 4 AP.
2-6 3-6 0-4
Только до 1632 AD: Заменить генералов/кирасир на копейщиков - Ln (F) @ 31 AP, если генерал, 11 AP, если нет0-2 Пикинеры, поддерживающие мушкетеров - Pk (О) @ 4 AP. 2-3 на 4 Sh Только после 1616 AD: Заменить карабенов караколирующими аркебузирами - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Только после 1632 AD: Ухудшить кирасир - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. Улучшить аркебузиров и рейтар - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. Пикинеры, поддерживающие мушкетеров - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. “Свиная щетина” или рогатки - PO @ 1 AP. Полковые пушки - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
1/2-все Up to 1/2 Up to 2/3 1-2 на 4 Sh 0-4 0-4
Этот лист охватывает армии Священной Римской империи и/или Баварии и Католической Лиги, а также те армии, которые защищали восточные границы Империи от турок во время Тридцатилетней войны. До смерти недооцененного Тилли в Райне в 1632, Католическая Лига, возглавляемая Баварией, выставляла эффективную отдельную армию, но когда она бывала соединена на поле боя с имперскими войсками, обе сражались как единая сила . Баварцы и саксонцы с 1635 г. и бранденбуржцы с 1637 г. стали частью собственно имперской армии под началом собственных генералов. Самым известным имперским генералом в 1624-1630 и в 16321634 гг. был Альбрехт фон Валленштейн, герцог Фридландский. Кирасиры были хорошими войскми, способными опрокинуть шведскую конницу, более легкую и поначалу на худших лошадях. Застрельщиков-карабенов было приказано в 1617 г. заменить на аркебузир, вооруженных таким же образом, но в кирасах, однако произошло ли сие точно неизвестно. После Люцена в 1632 г. Валенштейн отменил в кавалерии карабины и ввел для всех пистолеты и кирасы, заметив, что “в сражении бездоспешная кавалерия бежала, в то время как защищенная кавалерия стояла и дралась”. Имперский генерал Монтекукколи вскоре после этого описывал доспешную кавалерию как “настоящих” кирасир в ¾ латах и “полу-кирасир”, носящих лишь каску и кирасу по шведскому образцу, но отмечал, что если за ними не следить, некоторые будут караколировать. Впрочем, он хотел бы вооружить его “полу-кирасир” мушкетоном, чтобы они стреляли перед атакой. После 1635 г. ¾ латы делались уже редко. Единственное достоверное упоминание копейщиков это гвардия Валленштейна в 1624-1630 гг. и возможно гвардия Изолано, генерала кроатов в 1631 г., хотя Монтекукколи предлагал
небольшие отряды копейщиков для расстройства противника, коиторе могли бы использовать кирасиры. Пехота поначалу строиолась обычно в 10 шеренг, очень глубокие построения, использованные при Брейтенфельде в 1631 г, были вызваны нехваткой места. После 1632 г. стал обычным строй в 6-7 шеренг и число мушкетеров увеличилось до того, что каждый блок пикинеров мог иметь мушкетеров на обеих флангах, и с фронта или тыла, и с достаочным числом излишних мушкетеров, перемешанных с кавалерией. Монтекукколи предлагал ставить перед фнотом пикинер рундаширов с пуленепробиваемыми металлическими щитами для защиты от ружейного огня, но их было слишком мало и по всей видимости эти рундаширы заменялись мушкетерами. Артиллерия первоначально состояла из больших орудих сведенных в батареи перед фронтом армии. Позже стали использоваться легкие полковые пушки в подражание шведам. Кроаты или “крабаты” это легкая конница с саблей, пистолетами и карабином, обычно ставившаяся на флангах для обхода, но при хорошей местности и достаточной поддержке могла сдержать шведскую конницу, как при Брейтенфельде и Нердлингене. Гусары имели своим источником остатки Венгрии, присоединившиеся к Империи после того, как Трансильвания досталась туркам, и иногда добавляли к своим лукам и карабины.Границары были пограничники вооруженные хорошими мушкетами многих из которых были нарезными. Арсенал в Граце имел 185 кистеней, заготовленных для ополчения еще в 1685 и 150 полупик либо для отдельного использования либо для соединения в 6 рогаток для прикрытия флангов пехоты. После 1635 г. число кавалерийских элементов должно превышать число пехотных. 13. ГЕРМАНСКИЕ ПРОТЕСТАНТСКИЕ АРМИИ 1609 AD - 1648 AD Cold. Ag 2. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, V, E, M, RGo, Rd, BUA. Главком - Pi (S) @ 32 AP. Генерал - Pi (S) @ 32 AP. Кирасиры - Pi (S) @ 12 AP. Караколирующие рейтары или аркебузиры - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Драгуны - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. Мушкетеры - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. Пикинеры, поддерживающие мушкетеров - Pk (О) @ 4 AP. Артиллерия - до 1/2 Art (S) @ 25 AP, прочая Art (О) @ 20 AP. Понтонеры - Pon (О) @ 5 AP. Озлобленные крестьяне - Hd (F) @ 1 AP.
1 1-2 2-4 3-12 0-3 6-24 2-3 на 4 Sh 0-4 0-1 0-2
Только восстание в Богемии с 1618 AD по 1623 AD: Голландская кавалерия – до 1/3 LH (I) @ 4 AP или Pi (I) @ 8 AP, прочее Pi (S) @ 12 AP. Чешская милиция – до 1/2 Sh (I) @ 4 AP, прочее Hd (O) @ 1 AP. Венгерские гусары - LH (F) @ 4 AP. Трехсторонние редуты для артиллерии - F @ 6 AP. Союзники: Трансильвания – Армлист: Трансильвания [Книга 1]. Только Гессен-Кассель с 1631 AD: Конные егеря - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. Сократить число пикинер до - Pk (О) @ 4 AP. Гренадеры - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.
0-6 0-8 0-27 0-2
1-2 1-2 на 4 Sh 0-2
Только Саксония или Баден: Улучшить рейтар или аркебузир до кирасир - Pi (S) @ 12 AP. Ров или вагенбург - FO @ 2 AP.
2/3-всех 0-8
Только Саксония в 1631 AD: Дворянское ополчение - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Ухудшить мушкетер до Sh (I) @ 4 AP и пикинер до Pk (I) @ 3 AP.
0-4 3/4-всех
Только после 1632 AD: Ухудшить или улучшить кирасир - Pi (О) @ 10 AP.
Любых
Этот лист охватывает армии германских протестантских государств с введения кирасир, атакующих по голландскому образцу, до окончания Тридцатилетней войны. В него включены армия Протестантской Унии, которая пыталась оборонить Пфальц против испанцев в 1619 г., наемные и прочие армии воставших чехов до 1623 г.,армия Саксонии, наемные армии Мансфельда с 1622 и вплоть до его смерти в 1626 г. и армии меньших государств, таких как Гессен-Кассель, Бранденбург, Баден, Брауншвейг и Саксен-Веймар . Немецкие войска на службе
в датской, голландской, шведской и французской армиях включены в соответствующие армейские листы. Ненавидимые маркграфом Баденским и саксонцами аркебузиры не только изначально были в небольшом количестве, но были улучшены в 1640 г и затем отменены в 1642 г. При Брейтенфельде в 1631 г. неопытная саксонская пехота побежала после первого же залпа. Построенная в 6 шеренг гессенская кавалерия прорвала имперскую, построенную в 3 шеренги при Ольдендорфе в 1633 г..
14. ДАТСКАЯ АРМИЯ КРИСТИАНА IV 1588 AD - 1648 AD Cold. Ag 3. WW, Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, E, Rd, BUA, I. Главком - Pi (S) @ 32 AP. 1 Генерал - Pi (S) @ 32 AP. 0-2 Кирасиры и шеволежеры - Pi (S) @ 12 AP. 6-18 Карабены - LH (I) @ 4 AP. 1 на 3 Pi (S) Немецкие наемные рейтары - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. 0-12 Пехота - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 1/3 Sh (I) @ 4 AP, 1/3 Sh (О) @ 6 AP. 18-48 Артиллерийский парк - Art (S) @ 25 AP. 1-2 Остальная артиллерия - Art (I) @ 5 AP. 0-2 Ledingskibs - Shp (S) @ 6 AP [Wb]. 0-2 Хольки или флейты - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Любые]. 0-2 Skyttebaade - Bts (S) @ 3 AP [Wb]. 0-2 Моряки - Wb (O) @ 4 AP. 1 на Shp (S) или Bts (O), 0-1 на Shp (I) Только после 1614 AD: Заменить карабенов аркебузирами - Pi (I) @ 8 AP.
Всех
Только после 1625 AD: Гвардия с кремневыми мушкетами - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. Драгуны - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. Улучшить (I) аркебузир до мушкетеров - Sh (О) @ 6 AP.
2-6 0-1 Всех
Только в 1626 AD: Союзники: Трансильвания – Армлист: Трансильвания [Книга 1]. Союзники: Мансфельд – Армлист: Германские протестантские армии 1609-1648 гг. Только в 1644 AD: Союзники: Имперские войска – Армлист: Германские католические армии 1609-1648 гг. Этот лист охватывает датские армии в правление Кристиана IV , и включает победеоносную войну 1611-1613 гг. против Швеции, неудачное вмешательство в Тридцатилетнюю войну в 16261629 гг в пользу немецких протестантов против Империи и ведомомй баварцами Католической Лиги, а также позднейшее и также неудачное вмешательство в 1643-1645 гг. уже на противоположной стороне против шведов. Danish cavalry maintained a high reputation right through to Marlborough's wars. Chevaux legers differed from cuirassiers only in having lighter limb protection. Firelocks equipped all the guards by 1625. Mansfeld's army of 1626 mostly comprised the remnants of the Palatinate's mercenaries. They subsisted largely on inadequate loot, which should be reflected in their dress. By contrast, the Danish state became responsible for providing clothing after 1614 and was able to maintain the use of uniform well into the 1620s. Initially, cuirassiers wore a blue sash and harquebusiers a light blue coat. The 1st native infantry regiment wore red cassocks and each company had either red, yellow or blue trousers. The 2nd wore blue cassocks. The colours of the yellow and 2 green regiments formed later may have referred only to their flags. In 1625 Christian FV ordered all of his cavalry to wear a blue sash as a field sign and the following year added an orange sash to be worn next to the blue one, tied to it at the sash-knot with white ribbon, and forbade the wearing of plumes of any colour other than white. Several regiments of Scots foot arriving 1626-28 were immediately issued uniforms, but later reinforcements probably never got them. A few figures could be depicted in hodden grey with blue bonnets or in highland dress. An Imperialist army sent to assist the Danes in 1644 was recalled to deal with a Transylvanian diversionary invasion, but was forced by the Swedes to retire through devastated areas and perished from starvation.
15. ШВЕДСКАЯ АРМИЯ ТРИДЦАТИЛЕТНЕЙ ВОЙНЫ 1630 AD - 1648 AD Cold. Ag 4. WW, Rv, H(S), Wd, RGo, M, Rd, BUA, I. Главком - Pi (O) @ 30 AP. Генерал - Pi (О) @ 30 AP. Шведские “легкие рейтары” - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. Финские “hakkapellis” - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. Ливонские и немецкие кирасиры - Pi (S) @ 12 AP. Немецкая ветеранская кавалерия - Pi (О) @ 10 AP.
1 1-2 0-6 1 на 3 “легких рейтара” 0-2 2-6
Новонабраные немецкие аркебузиры и рейтары - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Драгуны - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. Конные егеря - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. Мушкетеры - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 3 ф н п о л к о в ы е п у ш к и - A r t ( I ) @ 5 A P. 24фн и 12фн полевые орудия - до 1/3 Art (S) @ 25 AP, остальные (О) @ 20 AP. Понтонеры - Pon (О) @ 5 AP. Союзники: Гессен-Кассель – Армлист: Германские протестантские армии.
0-6 1-4 0-1 14-28 1 на 7 Sh 0-3 0-1
Только до 1634 AD: Пикинеры, поддерживающие мушкетер - Pk (О) @ 4 AP. 3 на 7 Sh Улучшить пикинер как шведских, немецких или шотландских ветеранов - Pk (S) @ 5 AP. 0-1/2 Свеженабранные полки из шотландцев и ирландцев - Wb (О) @ 4 AP. 0-6 Лапландцы на оленях или с оленьими нартами - LH (F) @ 4 AP. 0-1 Союзники: Саксония или Брандебург – Армлист: Германские протестанские армии. Только после 1635 AD: Переоценить генералов как - Pi (F) @ 31 AP. Переоценить “легких рейтаров” как - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. Переоценить кирасир как - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. Переоценить всю прочую немецкую кавалерию как - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. Пикинеры – Pk (F) @ 4 AP. Союзники: Франция – Армлист: Французская армия Тридцатилетней войны.
Any All/0 All All 2 на 7 Sh
Этот лист охватывает шведские армии с вторжения Густава II Адольфа в Германию и до окончания Тридцатилетней войны. Шведские “легкие рейтары” Густава Адольфа, в отличие от общепринятого мнения, на самом деле атаковали рысью в плостно сомкнутом строю, стреляя из пистолетов перед соприкосновением. Не все поначалу имели доспехи и их лошади были меньше и слабее чем у имперских кирасир. Финские “hackapellis” это более дико атакующая кавалерия на легких быстрых лошадях восточного типа, почти без доспехов и почти без пистолетов. Немецкая кавалерия, набранная в Германии, хоть и включала некоторое количество хороших кирасир и аркебущзиров, но в основной своей массе состояла из караколирующих пистольеров. К 1635 г, после смерти Густава Адольфа, по меньшей мере немцы по большей части избавились от доспехов и стали атаковать галопом, как при Брейтенфельде в 1642 г, иногда проигрывая из-за более разомкнутого строя. При Густаве адольфе пехота была хорошо одета, пикинеры носили шлемы, кирасы и набедренники, а мушкетеры все еще имели сошки. “Свиная щетина” больше не использовалась. Здесь не сделано различий между национальной шведской пехотой и ветеранами немецких Желтого, Старого Синего, Красного или Зеленого полков или ветеранами шотланскиех полков. Знамена ветеранов должны быть потрепанными. Хотя шотландцев переодевали и снаряжали после их прибытия, можно использовать несколько фигурок, в серых кафтанах и синих беретах или же в пледе и с луками, как недавних рекрутов, в то время как новонабранные смешанные шотландско-ирландские полки в Нижней Саксонии в 1632 г. описывались как “нагие”, “без нормального вооружения”, атакующие кавалерию “только с копьями и шпагами” или спасающимися через болота. Обычным построением была треугольная шведская бригада из трех полков: пикинеры впереди, за которыми следовало равное число мушкетер, и с теми пикинерами, что были сзади, такое же число мушкетер стояло на их внешних флангах. Лишние мушкетеры располагались в тылу бригалы или же перемешивались с кавалерией. Кожаные пушки были заменены легкими 3х фунтовыми полковыми пушками, расположенными на флангах бригад или поддерживающими командированных мушкетер. К 1635 г.пикинеры променяли доспехи на бОльшую подвижность и стали составлять 1/3 каждого полка, хотя некоторые полки вообще не имели пикинер, сошки были отменены, а одежда стала больше похожа на лохмотья . Бригады тогда же стали строиться единым строем с пикинерами в центре и мушкетерами на флангах. Командированые мушкетеры кажется более не смешиваются с кавалерией для ее поддержки. С 1635 г число кавалерийских элементов должно превышать число пехотных. О прибытии в Штеттин лапландцев с оленями сообщается в 1631 г. и шведские противники приписывали им магические способности.
16. ФРАНЦУЗСКАЯ АРМИЯ ТРИДЦАТИЛЕТНЕЙ ВОЙНЫ 1599 AD - 1648 AD Cold. Ag 3. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, O, V, RGo, Rd, BUA.
Главком с гвардейскими жандармами - Pi (S) @ 32 AP. Генерал - Pi (S) @ 32 AP or Pi (О) @ 30 AP. Шеволежеры (легкая конница) - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. Ухудшить шеволежеров до караколирующих - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Карабены - LH (I) @ 4 AP. Гвардия - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 1/3 Sh (O) @ 6 AP, 1/3 Sh (I) @ 4 AP. “Старые банды” - 1/3 Pk (I) @ 3 AP, 1/3 Sh (O) @ 6 AP, 1/3 Sh (I) @ 4 AP. Осадные и полевые пушки - до 2/3 Art (S) @ 25 AP, прочее (О) @ 20 AP.
1 1-2 6-11 0-6 2-4 0-24 6-30 0-3
Только после 1622 AD: Заменить аркебузиров Sh (I) гвардии и “старых банд” на мушкетеров - Sh (О) @ 6 AP.
Всех
Только до 1636 AD: Жандармы - Pi (S) @ 12 AP. Драгуны - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. Союзники: Венеция – Армлист: Венецианская итальянская армия (Книга 1)
3-5 0-2
Только с 1636 AD до 1645 AD: Заменить генерала на союзного генерала бернардинцев - Pi (F) @ 21 AP. Кавалерия бернардинцев - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. Пехота бернардинцев - 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
*1 *5-l 1 *12-24
Только после 1637 AD: Заменить главкома на - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Pi (F) @ 31 AP. Заменить генералов на - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Pi (F) @ 31 AP. Заменить шеволежер на - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. Драгуны - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. Заменить “старые банды” на следущее - 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (F) @ 6 AP. Новая пехота – от 1/6 до 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, остальные Sh (F) @ 6 AP. Союзники: Швеция – Армлист: Шведская армия Тридцатилетней войны. Союзники: Голландия – Армлист: Голландское восстание (Книга 1). Союзники: Гессен-Кассель – Армлист: Германские протестантские армии.
0-1 Всех Любых 0-4 Всех 12-24
Этот лист охватывает французские армии с конца Гугенотских войн и до окончания Тридцатилетней войны. Жандармы в ¾ доспехах практически исчезли, когда обязанность дворянства служить лично была отменена. Шеволежеры (легкая конница) были просто пистольеры в кирасах. Изначально они атаковали тесно сомкнутым строем на рыси, стреляя из пистолетов непосредственно перед соприкосновением, но под началом Тюренна перешли к атакам на галопе в разомкнутом и менее глубоком строю. Карабены были точно так же снаряжены, но, будучи застрельщиками и вооружены карабинами, предназначались для огневой подготовки и огневой поддержки кавалерийских атак. Гвардия охватывает пехоту Французской Гвардии, созданной в 1563, Швейцарской Гвардии с 1616 и Шотландской Гвардии с 1635. “Старые банды” это старые полки: Пикардийский, Шампаньский, Пьемонтский, Наваррский и Нормандский, происходящие от бывших легионов того же имени. Пикинеры Гвардии сохранили свои доспехи вплоть до конца периода. Пикинеры “старых банд” по всей видимости избавились от доспехов где то в 1637 г., хотя им снова могли их выдать после войны. Пикинеры новые полки возможно вообще не имели доспехов и некоторые из них не имели пикинер вообще. Полки обычно сражались по батальонам. Новые полки обычно имели 1 батальон, “старые банды” – два, а Гвардия возможно и больше. Чисто мушкетерские батальоны, созданные из отдельных подразделений “старых банд” или же из новых полков полностью вооруженных мушкетами, часто придавались для поддержки кавалерии. С этого времени обычной тактикой франуцузской пехоты становится яростная атака, сочетающая пикинер с мушкетерами со шпагами в руках. Артиллерия была невелика числом и в ней не было легких полковых пушек. Бернардинцы или “Немецкая бригада” это немецкая наемная армия Бернхарда СаксенВеймарского, которая перешла со шведской службы. Считается, что именно от них французы заимстовали новую тактику через части, служившие с ними, и что Тюренн позаимствовал его кавалерийский "charge en sauvage" также от них. Впрочем маршал Пюисегюр полагал, что караколирование сохранилось в некоторых полках вплоть до 1670 г. Всеми бернардинцами должен командовать их собственный генерал, который также может командовать меньшим числом французских элементов. Минимальные значение, отмеченные *, применяются только если данные войска вообще используются. ARMIES OF THE GREAT REBELLIONS
17. BISHOPS WARS ENGLISH 1639 AD - 1640 AD Cold. Ag 3. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, Rgo, M, Rd, BUA. C-in-C - Pi (S) @ 32 AP or Pi (I) @ 28 AP. Sub-generals - Pi (I) @ 28 AP. Cuirassiers - Pi (S) @ 12 AP. Harquebusiers - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Dragoons - up to 1/2 Dr (O) @ 7 AP, rest Dr (I) @ 6 AP. Northern militia horse - LH (О) @ 5 AP. Militia or raw levy musketeers - all Sh (O) @ 6 AP or all Sh (I) @ 4 AP. Militia or raw levy pikemen with inferior short pikes - Pk (I) @ 3 AP. Northern militia bows and bills - 1/2 Bw (S) @ 7 AP, 1/2 Bd (I) @ 4 AP. Irish musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. Irish pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. Irish merchant ships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Sh(O),Pk(O),Pi(I>]. Antrim longboats - Bts (О) @ 2 AP [Wb,Pk(O),Sh(O),Irish LH(O)]. Antrim redshanks - Wb (О) @ 4 AP. Irish light horse - LH (О) @ 5 AP. Culverins and sakers - Art (О) @ 20 AP. Drakes - Art (I) @ 5 AP. Earthwork 3 sided redoubts - F @ 6 AP.
1 0-2 0-1 3-6 2-4 0-2 8-24 1 per Sh (I) 0-4 0-12 4 per 6 Sh (O) 0-3 0-4 0-1 per Bts 0-1 0-3 0-3 0-2
The Bishops' Wars resulted from Charles I attempting to force religious conformity on Scotland. Despite his total mismanagement and the actual disaster that ensued, he could have won. In 1639, he was out-bluffed, agreeing a treaty just as the Scots were running out of food. In 1640, the Scots invaded, blasting their way across the Tyne with artillery and causing an English debacle. Charles had chosen to leave the trained militia unmustered and use untrained levies. Obsolete longbows, bills and calivers were sent to the border counties as "they knew how to use them". Most cavalry were provided by the nobility. Border horse were to turn out with lance and jack, but in the event provided many dragoons. Arrangements were made to ship over the well-trained Irish army, but Charles' fear of the political fall-out delayed this until too late. Negotiations for Spanish and Danish troops failed, Charles refusing to pay the price demanded. An offer to bring over foot and light horse from Antrim did not mature, but the boats were built, so it is included. Redshanks were bare-legged Scots from Antrim and the Western Isles with sword and targe. 18. BISHOPS WAR SCOTS ROYALIST 1639 AD Cold. Ag 0. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, Rgo, M, Rd, BUA.
Max N250
C-in-C - Pk (O) @ 24 AP. , Ally-generals - Pi (I) @ 28 AP. /6Af Upgrade ally-general to sub-general - Pi (S) @ 32 AP. Downgrade ally-general to - Wb (О) @ 24 AP. ' f ^ M P j Harquebusiers - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Pikemen with pots and corslets - Pk (О) @ 4 AP. Musketeers - Sh (О) @ б AP. Highlanders with bows and firelocks - Wb (О) @ 4 AP. Small brass field pieces without draught animals - Art (О) @ 20 AP.
1 1-2 0-1 0-1 1-2 2-6 2 per Pk 1-9 0-1
This covers the Royalist armies of North-East Scotland. These were unusually well-equipped with arms and armour obtained by the Marquis of Huntly. Huntly having been captured by Montrose, at that time a Covenanter, the 1st battle was preceded by a 12 hour debate on who should be in charge, hence the classification of ally-generals. Huntly's son arrived before the next, solving the problem. The total number of Pistols elements including generals must be between 1 and 3. All highlanders except 1 element representing Grant's company must be commanded by a highland ally-general controlling no other troops, since they all ran away as one when fired on by artillery.
19. SCOTS COVENANTER 1639 AD - 1651 AD
Cold. Ag 3. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, Rgo, M, Rd, BUA C-in-C - Pi (I) @ 28 AP. Sub-general - Pi (I) @ 28 AP. Horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Replace horse other than generals with lancers - Ln (I) @ 10 AP. Moss troopers - LH (О) @ 5 AP. Dragoons - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. Musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. Pikemen - Pk (I) @ 3 AP. Highlanders if undrilled or all-musket - Wb (O) @ 4 AP or Sh (F) @ 6 AP. Only during the 1st Bishops War in 1639 AD: Men on work horses with sword and hagbut - Dr (I) @ 6 AP. Downgrade musketeers to hagbut men - Sh (I) @ 4 AP. Substitute pikemen for musketeers - Pk (I) @ 3 AP. Swinefeathers - PO @ 1 AP.
1 1-2 2-10 0-1/2 0-1 0-2 12-42 4 per 6 Sh 0-4 6-8 1/2-all 0-1/2 0-8
Except Engagers in 1648 AD: Frames - Art (I) @ 5 AP. Demi-culverins and sakers - Art (О) @ 20 AP. Culverins and demi-cannon - Art (S) @ 25 AP.
1-6 0-5 0-1
Only Engagers in 1648 AD: Sir Marmaduke Langdale's English allies - List: English Civil War Royalist.
8-16
Only from 1650 AD: Re-arm generals and horse as lancers - Ln (I) @ 30 AP if general, 10 AP if not.
All
This covers Scottish government armies from the signing of the National Covenant until the English conquest of 1652. Originally formed to defend presbyterianism against interference by Charles I, it was later sent to intervene in the English Civil war in return for the English Parliament's promise to impose presbyterianism on England. This promise being broken, in 1648 a majority faction of the Scottish government, the "Engagers", made an identical agreement with the captive Charles I, despite bitter opposition from the Kirk and its supporters. Retreating into Scotland after defeat in a running battle at Preston, the "Engager" army was embroiled in a civil war with rival "Whiggamore" forces, halted only by the arrival of Cromwell's army and an imposed peace. Angered by the execution of Charles I next year, the Scots recognised his son as Charles II and prepared to invade England. After defeat at Dunbar by Cromwell's pre-emptive invasion, the Scots army retreated into England to be caught and destroyed at Worcester in 1651. The army of 1639 depended heavily on the contents of parish armouries, mostly lances, pikes, jacks and swinefeathers, and on private firearms, mostly hagbuts. In the event, the English army was out-bluffed and imports had improved the situation by 1640. Scottish cavalry were weakened by poor horses. Their preferred weapon was the pistol, with which they burned much powder at long range with little result. Those unable to afford pistols were ordered to carry lances, which proved more effective. By Marston Moor each regiment was half lancers and only lancers were called for in 1650. Moss troopers were borderers intent on reviving the old tradition of banditry, the largest group recorded being only 200. The appropriate wargame use for them is attacking enemy baggage. Except for the many mounted hagbuts of 1629, Scottish dragoons were armed with matchlock muskets. Scots pikemen in Ireland were defeated by Irish pikemen because their own pikes were significantly shorter. They may have been an especially bad overseas purchase, but the reverses inflicted by Royalist cavalry at Marston Moor and by New Model pikemen at Dunbar imply pike shortening was endemic. Few regiments of foot achieved a ratio exceeding 3 muskets to 2 pikes. Frames were light guns reinforced with leather and carried on a pack horse. Half the English fleet briefly went over to Charles II in 1648, but did not influence any fighting, so are not included. Element numbers suit both the largest battles in condensed scale and the small battles against Scots Royalist or Irish armies in normal scale. In Ireland up to 4/10 of the foot and all the horse were locally raised, but to Scottish standard.
20. SCOTS MONTROSE ROYALIST 1644 AD - 1647 AD Cold. Ag 0. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, Rgo, M, Rd, BUA.
Max N300
C-in-C - Wb (O) @ 24 AP or Sh (F) @ 26 AP. Sub-general - Pk (I) @ 23 AP, Pk (F) @ 24 AP or Sh (F) @ 26 AP. Irish musketeers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. Undrilled Highlanders - Wb (О) @ 4 AP. Forlorn hope - Sk (O) @ 4 AP. (5 A / } Drakes or frames - Art (I) @ 5 AP. Only in 1644 AD: Irish pikes - Pk (I) @ 3 AP. Militia musketeers - Sh (I) @ 4 АР. Militia pikes - Pk (I) @ 3 АР. Moss troopers - LH (О) @ 5 AP. Extra frames - Art (I) @ 5 AP. Only 1644 AD to 1645 AD: Highland musketeers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. Highland pikemen - Pk (F) @ 4 AP. Lowland and mixed regiment musketeers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. Lowland and mixed regiment pikemen - Pk (F) @ 4 AP. Only in 1645 AD: Lancers - Ln (I) @ 10 AP.
1 1-2 6-12 0-14 0-1 0-1 0-4 О or 4 О or 2 0-1 0-2 0-4 0-1 per Sh 0-4 0-1 per 2 Sh 1-2
Only 1645 AD to 1647 AD: Upgrade C-in-C or sub-general to Pi (I) @ 28 AP. Pistoleers - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Dragoons - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. Convert Irish musketeers to pikemen - Pk (F) @ 4 AP.
1 1-3 0-3 0-1/3
Only in 1646 AD: Lancers - Ln (I) @ 10 AP.
1-10
This covers the armies of Montrose and his associates until the end of his first expedition. The Irish regulars on whom Montrose mainly depended started with a few short pikes or none at all, so were initially very vulnerable to cavalry. The musketeers were inadequately provided with ammunition, requiring them to fire by salvee, then immediately fall on accompanied by their pikemen. Regular cavalry such as the Gordon horse were pistol-armed and preferred to fire at a distance, but some lancers were present at the end of 1645 and the raw recruits that fled at Philiphaugh in 1646 had probably been given cheap lances for lack of expensive pistols. Those Highlanders not conventionally trained and equipped with pikes and muskets were less regarded by contemporary soldiers than by romantic writers, but effective on some occasions, if providing grey hairs on others. Although Montrose was a* one time replete with captured light artillery, he buried it for safe keeping in a bog from which it was then purloined, getting only a couple of brass pieces back. The militia unengaged at Tippermuir in 1644 were not only raw, but had also been enlisted for the enemy before their colonel changed sides and were later to murder him. This must cast enough doubt on their reliability to justify grading them as (I). Militia musketeers cannot be used with cavalry or artillery, or without militia pikemen. Montrose's main talents as a commander were his boldness and his skill in exploiting the strengths of his Highlanders while minimising their weaknesses, his critical shortcoming an apparent chronic inability to scout.
21. ENGLISH CIVIL WAR ROYALIST 1641 AD - 1647 AD In England or Wales: Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA. In Ireland: Cold. Ag O. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA.
Max N350
C-in-C - Pi (S) @ 32 AP or Pi (F) @ 31 AP or Pi (I) @ 28 AP. Sub-general - Pi (F) @ 31 AP or Pi (I) @ 28 AP. Reclassify C-in-C or sub-general fighting on foot as - Pk (О) @ 24 AP. Cavaliers - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. Dragoons - up to 1/3 Dr (S) @ 8 AP, rest Dr (O) @ 7 AP or Dr (I) @ 6 AP. Musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. Replace pikemen with billmen to defend BUA - Bd (I) @ 4 AP. Drakes, barricades or blinders for muskets and leather guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP. Upgrade drakes to galloper guns - Art (F) @ 10 AP. Demi-culverins and sakers - Art (О) @ 20 AP. Turnpike to block road - FO @ 2 AP. Only until 1643 AD: Pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. Firelocks - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. Countrymen armed only with farm tools or cudgels - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.
1 1-2 0-1 6-27 0-4 6-28 0-4 *l-2 0-1 0-2 0-1 * 1 per Sh (O) 0-1 0-1
Only in Ireland from 1641 AD to 1643 AD: Reduce and downgrade cavaliers to - Pi (I) @ 8 AP.
6-12
Only in England and Wales in 1643 AD: Upgrade Cornish general and pikemen to - Pk (S) @ 25 AP if general, 5 AP if not.
0-16
Only in England and Wales after 1643 AD: Pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. Firelocks - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. Upgrade any artillery to siege guns - Art (S) @ 25 AP. Pontooneers - Pon (О) @ 5 AP. Merchant ships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Sh,Pk].
* 1 per 3-6 Sh (O) 0-4 0-1 0-1 0-2
Only from 1646 AD: Irish allies - List: Irish Confederate. This covers the King's armies in England and Wales from the raising of his standard in late 1642 until his surrender to the Scots and also those in Ireland under Ormonde from the outbreak of the Irish revolt in 1641 until the Cessation of 1643. It can also be used to provide Langdale's allied contingent to the Scots in 1648. Cuirassiers were confined to the King's bodyguard if used at all. From 1642, other cavalry usually charged at the gallop sword in hand in the style Prince Rupert had learned from Turenne and practised successfully since 1638 at Rheine. Pistols were in any case in short supply, as were muskets, the foot at first having only the obsolete 1 to 1 ratio of muskets to pikes and some dragoons having carbines. When the army left Shrewsbury in 1642, some recruits lacked any but improvised weapons. These shortages were fully remedied only when the capture of Bristol improved access to manufactures and imports. The proportion of muskets then increased until in 1645 the various lifeguard regiments had 2 muskets to each pike and many, possibly all, other units had no pikes. The minima marked * apply only if more than 8 elements of musketeers are used. This simulates the use of commanded shot to support an otherwise mounted force. Cornish pikemen had a reputation for savagery and fanatic bravery, but were tamed by heavy casualties and loss of leaders at Lansdown and Bristol in 1643. Barricados were organ guns with multiple small calibre barrels. In 1646, the Irish Confederates agreed to send 10,000 men to assist the King, but by that time no suitable sea port remained in his possession to receive them. The fleet declared for Parliament in 1642, leaving only merchantmen and a few improvised small warships available. Although Rupert is conventionally criticised as rash and prone to wild pursuit, it should be remembered that he gained many victories by his boldness and quick appreciation and by the speed of his marches. If he pressed pursuits too far, at least his defeated opponents were not given time to rally, as some of Cromwell's occasionally were.
22. ENGLISH CIVIL WAR PARLIAMENTARIAN 1642 AD - 1648 AD Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA. C-in-C - Pi (I) @ 28 AP or Pk (O) @ 24 AP. Sub-general - Pi (I) @ 28 AP.
1 1-2
Horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. Musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. Pikes - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. Drakes, barricades and leather guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP. Upgrade leather guns to gallopers - Art (F) @ 10 AP. Demi-culverins and sakers - Art (О) @ 20 AP. Firelocks - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. Pontooneers - Pon (О) @ 5 AP. Warships - Shp (О) @ 5 AP [Sh(F),Wb(O),Art(S)]. Sailors - Sh (F) @ 6 AP or Wb (О) @ 4 AP. Only until 1644 AD: Upgrade 1 general and/or horse to cuirassiers - Pi (S) @ 32 AP. Only in 1643 AD: Upgrade horse to Ironsides - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. Ill-armed foot - Hd (O) @ 1 AP. Only in 1644 AD: Upgrade general to Pi (O) @ 30 AP. Upgrade horse to Eastern Association - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. Upgrade any artillery to siege guns - Art (S) @ 25 AP. Scots allies - List: Scots Covenanter.
4-18 0-2 6-24 *1 per 2 Sh *l-3 0-1 0-3 0-1 0-1 0-4 0-1 per Shp 0-2 0-4 **0-2 ***\-2 0-2/3 0-1
This covers the armies of Parliament from the outbreak of war until the demobilisation of the Western and Northern Associations. Cuirassiers were used only by the lifeguard and Balfour's troop in Essex's army and by Sir Arthur Heselrig's "lobsters". It was said by the King after Sir Arthur had survived a number of shots and blows due to his complete armour that "Had he been victualled as well as fortified, he might have endured a siege of 7 years". The lobsters' defeat at Roundway Down in 1643 is more often commented on today than their several successes. Other Parliamentarian cavalry relied on distant fire until the Eastern Association took up the tightly controlled trotting charge reserving pistols until contact that was pioneered by Cromwell with his "Ironsides". Cromwell remained a relatively minor figure until he commanded a cavalry wing at Marston Moor in 1644. The senior Parliamentary general was the Earl of Essex "Old Robin", popular with his men, but a very ordinary tactician. The general most respected by opponents was Sir William Waller, who had an almost uncanny eye for a good position. Parliamentary dragoons all had firelocks. The foot had a ratio of 1 pike to 2 muskets except in Lord Ferdinando Fairfax' northern forces or when shot were commanded-off to support cavalry. However, this does not mean that each regiment of foot necessarily fought as a block of pikes flanked by 2 wings of shot. Quite often, the pikes remained in reserve with a smaller proportion of shot, while most of the shot formed a firing line in front. This was especially common in enclosed farm land and Parliamentary musketeers had a high reputation as "hedge fighters". The minima marked * apply only if more than 10 elements of musketeers are used. Some of Fairfax' foot in 1643 lacked even muskets, hence the item marked **, which cannot be used with cuirassiers or more than 2 pike elements. The minimum marked *** applies only if any Pi (O) are used. The raising of the New Model Army in 1645 did not immediately affect the smaller field armies or local forces. Like Royalist foot, Parliamentary foot were issued with coats in a regimental colour, but differential fading and looting could provide temporary variety for a veteran regiment. However, Parliament's pikemen were much more likely to have helmets and body armour, if less likely to have been issued matching, or indeed any, breeches, stockings or hats. A knitted monmouth cap was the usual headwear. Officers and horse did not wear uniforms. Horse usually had sufficient helmets, corslets and pistols and sometimes even carbines. The English fleet had opted for Parliament and occasionally assisted land forces. Scots allied troops can be in English commands and vice versa.
23. ENGLISH NEW MODEL ARMY 1645 AD - 1660 AD If West Indies: Tropical. Ag 4. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, O, Rd, BUA. If not: Cold. Ag 3. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA. C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP. Sub-general - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Pk (О) @ 24 AP. Horse - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.
Max N500 1 1-2 10-22 0-2
Musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. Pikes - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. Drakes - Art (I) @ 5 AP. Demi-culverins and sakers - Art (О) @ 20 AP. Upgrade any artillery to siege guns - Art (S) @ 25 AP. Firelocks - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. Pontooneers - Pon (О) @ 5 AP. Warships - Shp (О) @ 5 AP [Sh(F),Wb(O),Art(S)]. Sailors - Sh (F) @ 6 AP or Wb (О) @ 4 AP.
4-24 *1 per 2 Sh (O) 0-3 0-3 0-1 0-1 0-2 0-4 0-1 per Shp
Only from 1648 AD: Downgrade warships to frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Sh(F),Wb(O),Art(S)].
1/4-3/4
Only 1648 AD to 1652 AD: , Irish Protestant or English county militia - 1/3 Pk (I) @ 3 AP, 2/3 Sh (I) @ 5 AP. ;4/1
0-12
Only from 1652 AD: Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. Fireships - Shp (X) @ 4 AP. Only in West Indies 1654 AD to 1655 AD: Reduce horse to Increase firelocks to Downgrade all pikes to half-pikes - Pk (F) @ 24 AP if general, 4 AP if not. Snipers with fowling pieces - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
0-1 0-1 1 1 per 3 Sh (O) 1-5 per 4 Sh 0-1
This covers the main army of Parliament from the creation of the "New Model Army" until the demobilisation of the Northern Association and then the armies of Parliament and Commonwealth until the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. It therefore covers the last part of the English Civil War, the Worcester campaign, the Cromwellian invasions of Scotland and Ireland, the 1st Dutch War of 16521654 and the Hispaniola campaign of 1654-1655. The New Model was formed by amalgamating the armies of the Earl of Essex, of Waller and of Manchester's Eastern Association under the command of Sir Thomas Fairfax, a young general with no political axe to grind who was not only a good organiser and tactician, but a superbly energetic commander in battle. All other previous generals were supposed to retire, but no adequate substitute could be found for Cromwell as overall commander of the cavalry and he succeeded Fairfax as C-in-C when the latter retired into private life in 1650. The backbone of the New Model cavalry was provided by the Ironsides of the Eastern Association and the remainder were quickly brought up to the same exacting standard. The infantry were far more ordinary and included many ex-Royalists. Inferior troops included the local Protestant forces in Ireland and the county militia. The minimum marked * applies only if more than 8 elements of musketeers are used. New Model foot and dragoons were issued red coats except for the small original number of firelocks, whose coats were tawny. Breeches were to be "grey or some other good colour". Headwear was a knitted monmouth cap. The pikemen were not issued with armour and it is unlikely that it was retained from previous service with Waller or Manchester. Most officers are unlikely to have worn uniform. Cavalry were not issued with uniform, which would have been largely covered by their long-sleeved buff leather coats. They retained helmet and corslet, probably blackened. Carbines were not on general issue. Associations of rural "clubmen" aided neither side in battle, so are disregarded. An attempt in 1654 to seize Hispaniola from the Spanish failed, but Jamaica was captured instead.
24. IRISH CONFEDERATE 1641 AD - 1652 AD Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA. C-in-C - Pi (I) @ 28 AP. Ally-generals - Pi (I) @ 28 AP. ;' -?%Ap) Horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP. Musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. Pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. Skirmishers with muskets or fowling pieces - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
Max N500
1 per Sh (O)
1 1-2 1-6 0-1 8-40 0-4
Antrim redshanks - Wb (О) @ 4 AP. Demi-culverins - Art (О) @ 20 AP.
0-14 0-2
Only Ulster armies before 1646 AD: Replace pikemen by kerns with darts or skean - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
All
Only Ulster armies: Convert general or horse to lancers - Ln (I) @ 30 AP if general, 10 AP if not.
3-6
Only Munster army in 1647 AD: Sub-general - Wb (О) @ 24 AP.
0-1
Only Ormonde's army from 1648 AD: Upgrade C-in-C to English Royalist - Pi (F) @ 31 AP. English Royalist horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. English Royalist musketeers - Sh (О) @ 6 AP. English Royalist pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. English Royalist firelocks - Sh (S) @ 7 AP. Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Pk.Sh].
0-2 per 4 English Sh (O)
*1 0-4 *4-8 0-2 0-2
This covers Irish Catholic armies from the revolt of 1641 until the final surrenders to Cromwell. Ireland was contented under Strafford as Lord Deputy, but after his execution, the large efficient army he had recruited was disbanded, its arms stored in Dublin castle and the penal laws against Catholics rigorously enforced. The rebellion commenced with an attempt to seize the castle which was betrayed and prevented by local forces. This left the Ulster rebels in particular lacking weapons until 2,000 each of muskets and pikes and 400 pairs of pistols were brought by the Papal nuncio in 1646. The Confederation of Kilkenny combined an extreme "Old Irish" (Gaelic) faction, mainly based in Ulster under the command of the prudent and crafty Owen Roe O'Neill, with the Old English (so called because, although Catholic, they had only been in Ireland 500 years) under the command of the brave and popular Thomas Preston. Although both veterans of the Spanish army, these disliked and distrusted each other very nearly as much as they did the enemy. Opposition was initially provided by the Royalist garrison of the Pale and by Scots settlers in Ulster, with whom guerrilla war was waged with cold-blooded cruelty on both sides. It increased when a Scots Covenanter army landed in 1642 to protect their co-religionists. At the end of the English Civil War in 1647, the Royalist commander Ormonde surrendered the Pale to Parliament, saying he "preferred English rebels to Irish ones". This was a blunder, since the King had come to an agreement behind his back with the Confederates, whom he was sent back to lead in 1648 as Lord Lieutenant. He was joined by other exRoyalist English, some of whom broke their paroles in so doing. For instance, the defenders "massacred" at the storming of Drogheda were mostly English. Minima marked * apply only if any English Royalists are used. Like Scots cavalry, Irish cavalry were handicapped by small weak horses. They were originally unarmoured pistoleers and refused to charge Scots lancers unless they could be provided with corslets. Owen Roe O'Neill instead re-armed at least some of his horse as lancers. Since he declined to accept Ormonde's authority, lancers cannot be used with English Royalists. The few Irish dragoons had firelocks. Irish pikes were of full length, which gave them a decisive advantage over Scots pikemen. Redshanks were bare-legged Catholic Scots from Antrim and the Western Isles armed with sword and targe. They were commanded at Knocknanuss in 1647 by Montrose's former subordinate Alasdair MacColla. Guns were drawn by oxen for lack of big horses. Irish frigates are mentioned at Rosslare and at Wexford, where more were being built at its capture.
25. REGENCY AND FRONDE FRENCH 1649 AD - 1660 AD Cold. Ag 3. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, O, V, RGo, Rd, BUA. C-in-C - Pi (F) @ 31 AP. Sub-general - И (F) @ 31 AP, (O) @ 30 AP or (I) @ 28 AP. Chevaux legers - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. Downgrade caracoling chevaux legers to - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. Carabins - LH (I) @ 4 AP. Dragoons - Dr (О) @ 7 AP. New foot - 1/6 to 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (F) @ 6 AP. Siege and field guns - up to 1/4 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest (О) @ 20 AP. Only Fronde until 1652 AD:
1 1-2 6-13 0-4 0-3 0-4 6-24 0-4
Lorrainer horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP. German foot - up to 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (О) @ 6 AP. Light guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP. Spanish allies - List: Low Countries Spanish (Book 1).
4-8 0-12 0-2
Only Royal Army: Maison du Roi - Pi (О) @ 10 AP. Gendarmerie de France - Pi (F) @ 11 AP. Gardes - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (О) @ 6 AP. Vieux corps - 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (F) @ 6 AP. Pontooneers - Pon (О) @ 5 AP.
0-6 1-4 0-24 6-30 0-1
Only Royal Army in 1658 AD: English New Model foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (О) @ 6 AP. English warships - Shp (O) @ 5 AP [Sh(F),Wb(O)]. English frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Sh(F),Wb(O>]. English sailors - Sh (F) @ 6 AP or Wb (О) @ 4 AP.
0-18 0-3 0-1 1 per Shp
This covers French annies from the end of the 30 Years War until Louis XIV became undisputed autocratic ruler after the death of Cardinal Mazarin. It includes both the royal and rebel armies during the rebellion of the Fronde and then the royal armies that afterwards fought the rebellion's Spanish exallies. C-in-Cs are classed as Pistols (F) because both Turenne, the most prominent commander on the Royalist side, and Condd, the leader of the Fronde, believed in charging at the gallop sword in hand. However, Marechal de Puysegur thought that the caracole had lingered in some regiments until around 1670. The Maison du Roi at this time included 3 companies each of gendarmes and chevaux legers and seem to have favoured firearms. The revived Gendarmerie de France originated as volunteer gentry, but became a permanent part of later armies. They were tactically indistinguishable from the chevaux legers. Carabins were still skirmishers. Gardes are the Gardes-Francaises and the Gardes-Suisses. The vieux corps are the old infantry regiments of Picardie, Champagne, Piemont, Navarre and Normandie. "New" regiments are those added during the 30 Years War or raised by the rebels. Many of them had no pikes or had replaced some of their pikes with firelock fusils. Gardes pikemen had retained their corslets, but other pikemen had discarded them. The favourite French infantry tactic was an impetuous attack combining pikemen with musketeers advancing sword in hand. All English must be in the same command.
ARMIES OF THE MOGHUL CONQUEST OF INDIA 26. MOGHUL 1494 AD - 1700 AD Until 1526 AD: Dry. Ag 2. Rv, H(S), H(G), O, RGo, M, D, Rd, BUA. After 1526 AD: Tropical. Ag 3. WW, Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, Rd, BUA.
Max N500 Max Cx3
C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP. Sub-general - Si (S) @ 30 AP. Timurid cavalry - up to 1/2 Si (S) @ 10 AP, rest Si (О) @ 8 AP. Afghan or Baluchi archers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP or Bw (О) @ 5 AP. Afghan spearmen or other hillmen - Wb (О) @ 4 AP. Bunduqchis - Sh (I) @ 4 AP. Araba or rahkala firearm wagons - WWg (О) @ 10 AP. Pavises for bunduqchis or ropes connecting araba - PO @ 1 AP. 0-1 per Sh (I)
1 1-2 10-32 0-6 0-6 2-12 0-7
Bombards - Art (S) @ 25 AP. Wagon laager, thorn zariba and/or ditch to protect camp - FO @ 2 AP.
1-4 0-12
Only until 1507 AD: Turkoman horse archers - LH (S) @ 7 AP. Persian and/or Tajik militia - Bw (I) @ 3 AP.
0-8 0-12
Only after 1556 AD: Mount C-in-C on elephant or as Rajput prince - El (S) @ 44 AP or Ln (F) @ 31 AP. Mount other generals on elephant as - El (S) @ 44 AP. Elephants - El (S) @ 24 AP or El (I) @ 16 AP. Replace Timurid cavalry with mansabdar cavalry - Si (S) @ 10 AP. Zamindar cavalry - up to 1/2 Ln (I) @ 10 AP, rest LH (О) @ 5 AP. Replace zamindar Ln (I) with Rajputs - Ln (F) @ 11 AP. Artillery of the stirrup - Art (О) @ 20 AP. Jezailachis - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. H i n d u d h a l i s w o r d s m e n - B d ( F ) @ 5 A P. 0 - 1 H i n d u a r c h e r s - B w ( I ) @ 3 A P. 1 - 3 p e r S h Hindu levy spearmen and armed camp-followers - Hd (O) @ 1 AP. Ahgun organ guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP. Rocketeers - Art (X) @ 10 AP. Grenadiers and firework-throwers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. Zamburak camel guns - Art (F) @ 10 AP. Raft builders - Pon (О) @ 5 AP. Ships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Bw,Sh].
1 Any 2-4 All 0-24 0-1/2 0-2 0-2 per Sh 1-10 0-2 1-4 0-2 0-6 0-1 0-3
Only in 1665 AD: Maratha allies - List: Maratha. This list covers the armies of the heirs of Timur-i-lenk from the accession of Babur. Transoxiana was finally lost in 1506, but by then Babur had a new base in Afghanistan for his invasion of India. He took Delhi in 1526, but it was lost by his successor Humayun in 1540 and recovered only in 1555. Akbar succeeded Humayun in 1556 and increased participation by Indians. He set up a breeding programme for elephants and trained them to accept riders with firearms. Some wore extensive metal armour. They became the usual mount of the C-in-C who rode in a seat with high armoured sides and a scarlet canopy, making himself, as a Persian put it, "a target for everybody". Regular mansabdar cavalry were supplemented by irregulars of mixed quality led by chieftains such as Hindu zamindars. Mansabdar cavalry typically carried lance and bow, wore metal armour and rode barded horses. Hindu zamindar cavalry lacked bows, relied on lance or javelin and used textile or no armour for man and horse. Moghul artillery outshot Hindu rockets and was aided by firingis "foreign guns", probably hand firearms. Of these, bunduqchis were armed with matchlocks like European calivers. A longer sniping weapon also in use was later called a jezail. The ruler's personal horse-drawn "Artillery of the stirrup" must be in the C-in-C's command. Other mobile artillery and war carts were hauled by oxen. War carts could advance interspersed with bunduqchis carrying pavises. Baggage was carried on camels and ox-carts.
27. MUSLIM INDIAN 1494 AD - 1687 AD Tropical. Ag 2. WW, Rv, H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, D, Rd, BUA. C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP. Sub-general - Si (S) @ 30 AP. Guard, royal mamluks and jagir cavalry - Si (S) @ 10 AP. Horse archers - LH (F) @ 4 AP. Elephants and escorts - El (О) @ 20 AP. Upgrade elephants carrying arquebusiers to - El (S) @ 24 AP. Hindu dhali swordsmen - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. Hindu paik javelinmen - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. Hindu archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP. Jezailachis - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. Bombards - Art (S) @ 25 AP. Rocketeers - Art (X) @ 10 AP.
Max CxlO 1 1-2 7-24 0-3 2-4 0-1 0-4 0-4 0-20 0-2 0-2 0-4
Grenadiers and firework throwers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. Camp followers - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.
0-3 1-10
Only Sher Shah from 1531 AD to 1545 AD: Picked archers and bunduqchis - up to 1/2 Bw (O) @ 5 AP, rest Sh (I) @ 4 AP. Earthen ramparts to defend camp - FO @ 2 AP. River fleet - Bts (O) @ 2 AP [Bw(I)].
0-8 0-12 0-6
Only after 1646 AD: Bunduqchis - Sh (I) @ 4 AP. Maratha allies - List: Maratha.
0-6
This list covers the Sultanate of Delhi until 1526, the army of Sher Shah 1531-45, the Bahmani Sultanate until 1527 and the latter's successor Deccan sultanates until 1687. Unlike Hindu armies, Muslim armies had cavalry as their main arm. Elephants carrying their fighting crew in howdahs advanced in the centre of the army in front of the Sultan to disrupt enemy cavalry. They were accompanied by escort infantry to prevent enemy foot interfering. A minority of the elephants of the Bahmani Sultanate were armoured and carried 4 matchlockmen. Most infantry were Hindu archers. Although most of the cavalry were of Afghan descent, unassimilated Afghans were no longer recruited. Sher Shah had a particular distrust of them. Sher Shah was the first to organise massed bodies of firearm infantry, inspired by those he had seen in Moghul service. 28. HINDU INDIAN 1494 AD - 1700 AD Rajputs: Tropical. Ag 1. Rv, H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, D, BUA. Others: Tropical. Ag 0. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA. C-in-C on elephant - El (I) @ 36 AP. Sub-general - El (I) @ 36 AP. Ally-general - El (I) @ 26 AP. Elephants - El (I) @ 16 AP. Upgrade elephants to - El (O) @ 30 AP if ally-, 40 AP if other general, 20 AP if not. Guard cavalry - Ln (I) @ 10 AP. Scout cavalry - LH (F) @ 4 AP. Other cavalry - LH (О) @ 5 AP. Upgrade non-guard cavalry to Muslim mercenaries - Si (S) @ 10 AP. Dhali swordsmen - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. Archers - up to 1/3 Bw (O) @ 5 AP, rest Bw (I) @ 3 AP. Paik javelinmen - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. Grenadiers and firework throwers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. Rocketeers - Art (X) @ 10 AP. Bombards - Art (S) @ 25 AP. Levy spearmen or armed camp followers - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.
Max Cx8 1 0-2 0-2 4-7 All/0 1-3 0-1 2-12 0-4 2-9 12-30 0-8 1-4 3-6 0-1 2-12
30 Only if Vijayanagar after 1510 AD or other states after 1540 AD: Arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
0-4
Only if Rajputs: Reclassify C-in-C as - Ln (F) @ 31 AP. Replace sub-general with Rajput ally-general - Ln (F) @ 21 AP or El (I) @ 26 AP. Replace elephants other than generals' with Rajput lancers - Ln (F) @ 11 AP. Replace all cavalry except scouts with Rajput lancers - Ln (F) @ 11 AP.
0-1 All All All
This covers large independent Hindu states not subject to the Sultanate of Delhi or the Moghuls, in the south especially Orissa until 1568 and Vijayanagar, and in the north, the Rajputs. Good horses were difficult to obtain in southern India, but elephants plentiful, so armies relied mostly on these, foot archery and skirmishing. Vijayanagar's elephants are described both as having a howdah crew of 3 and as having 4 men fighting to each side. Only scouting Hindu cavalry used bows and even the best Hindu cavalry had mostly quilted armour for man and horse. Many are depicted completely unarmoured. Indian rockets had explosive heads and were either launched by hand as if throwing a spear, or in the case of the largest, fired along the ground. The Rajputs were conquered by the Moghuls after a titanic battle at Khanua in 1527, but then given privileged status, all their princes being classed as mansabdars and some commanding Moghul armies. They remained generally loyal until
Aurangzeb's centralising policies provoked rebellions from 1679 onward. Their greatest strength lay in lancer cavalry who charged fiercely calling on Kali (the goddess of death) and wearing yellow (the colour of death and of royalty). They wore extensive metal armour. Clan rivalry was endemic, hence the classification of ally-generals. 29. MARATHA 1646 AD - 1700 AD Tropical. Ag 1. Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, RGo, D, BUA. C-in-C - El (I) @ 36 AP or Si (F) @ 28 AP. Sub-general - Si (F) @ 28 AP, Si (I) @ 25 AP or LH (О) @ 25 AP. Paga - Si (F) @ 8 AP. Silhadars - all Si (I) @ 5 AP or all LH (О) @ 5 AP. Ekas and pindaris - LH (О) @ 5 AP. Mavle guards - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. Skirmishing matchlockmen - Sk (S) @ 4 AP. Skirmishing slingers and archers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP. Spearmen - Pk (I) @ 3 AP or Hd (O) @ 1 AP. Pathans - Wb (O) @ 4 AP or Sk (S) @ 4 AP. Rocketeers - Art (X) @ 10 AP. Shutarnal camel guns - Art (F) @ 10 AP. Bombards - Art (S) @ 25 AP.
Max Cx6 1 1-2 3-23 3 more than paga 4-8 0-4 0-4 *2-6 *6-16 0-2 *2-6 1-4 0-1
This covers the Maratha (or Mahratta) confederacy of the Deccan from Shivaji's revolt. He could initially wage only guerilla war, but success brought rewards and by the 1660's he was a sought- after ally. Formal taxes partly replaced dependence on chauth (tribute/blackmail) from 1665 and he had himself crowned in 1674. The Marathas were famous for their swift cavalry. Paga were paid and armed by the state, bold, but faster than Moghul mansabdars. Silhadars were paid and officered, but self-equipped, and ekas were volunteers. Both were armed with swords, plus a wild mix of lances, bows or matchlocks. They were described as being rag-a-muffins on ill-favoured scrawny horses, wearing turban, shorts or loin cloth, mantle and sometimes a shirt. Officers were marginally neater. Their sole protection was a smoothly lacquered conical shield able to turn a pistol ball. Pindaris were brigands under hereditary leaders who pillaged cruelly far beyond the borders and moved fast to avoid infuriated pursuers who impaled, flayed or burned the few they caught. They attended battles for the looting. Camel guns were mobile, but not very dangerous. A few enormous bombards were kept in fortresses and others accompanied the army drawn by elephants. Shivaji did not use war elephants, instead saying of his foot "These are my elephants". The best were Mavle from his home hills, some hasham militia called up for the campaigning season. Maratha matchlocks "carried much further and infinitely truer" than European firelocks. Minima marked * apply only if any foot or train except camel guns are used.
INDEX For details of other WRG wargames rules, army lists and reference books, send your stamped addressed envelope or International Reply Coupons to: W.R.G, The Keep, Le Marchant Barracks, London Road, Devizes, Wilts SN10 2 ER, UK. Phone credit card orders for air or surface mail delivery to 01380 724558. Phone list suggestions or comments to Phil Barker on 0121-472-6207. Special thanks are due to Richard Brzezinski, Ian Gray and Duncan Head for indispensable help. Astrakhan. Khanate of, Page 10 Baden. 17 Bahmani Sultanate. 30 Bavarian. 16 Bishops' War English. 21 Bishops' War Scots Royalist. 21 Bohemian. 17 Brandenburg. 17 Brunswick. 17 Buryat. 15 Catholic League. 16 Chukchi. 15 Circassian. 14
Cossack. Covenanter. Scots, Christian IV Danish. Confederate. Irish, Chukchi. Crimean Tartar. Danish. Early, Danish. Christian IV, Deccan Sultanates. Delhi. Sultanate of, Don Cossack. Early Danish. Early Gustavian Swedish. Early Vasa Swedish. English, Bishops' War. English Civil War Parliamentarian. English Civil War Royalist. English New Model Army. Free Cossack. French Thirty Years War. French. Regency and Fronde. Fronde. Georgian. German Catholic. German Protestant. Golden Horde. Hesse-Kassel. Hindu Indian. Jagiellonian Polish and Lithuanian. Kazan. Khanate of, Khanate of Astrakhan Khanate of the Crimea. Khanate of Kazan. Khanate of Sibir. Khanty. Khmelnitsky's Ukrainian rebellion. Komi. Korak. Imperialist. Indian. Hindu, Indian. Muslim, Irish Confederate. Lithuanian. Jagiellonian Polish and, Mansi. Mahratta. Maratha. Moghul. Montrose Royalist. Scots, Muslim Indian. New Model Army. Nogai Tartar. Orissa. Ostyak. Palatinate. Parliamentarian. English Civil War, Polish and Lithuanian. Jagiellonian, Polish-Lithuanian Rzeczpospolita. Rajput. Royalist. Bishops' War Scots, Royalist. English Civil War, Royalist. Montrose Scots, Russian Traditional. Rzeczpospolita. Polish-Lithuanian, Samoyed. Saxon.
13 22 18 27 15 10 6 18 30 30 13 6 12 7 21 25 24 26 13 20 28 28 14 16 17 10 17 30 9 10 10 10 10 10 15 13 15 15 Page 16 30 30 27 9 15 31 31 29 23 30 26 10 30 15 17 25 9 11 30 21 24 23 8 11 15 17
Saxe-Weimar. Scandinavian Union. Scots Royalist. Bishops'Wars, Scots Covenanter. Scots. Montrose Royalist, Sibir. Khanate of, Siberian Tribes Siberian Cossack. Sultanate of Delhi. Swedish. Early Gustavan, Swedish. Early Vasa, Swedish Thirty Years War. Tartar. Terek Cossack. Tungus Ukrainian Cossack. Union. Protestant, Union. Scandinavian, Vijayanagar. Vogul. Yakut. Yukagir. Zaporozhian Cossack.
17 5 21 22 23 10 15 13 30 12 7 19 10 13 15 13 17 5 30 15 15 15 13 Zyrian.
15
