Data Booklet -IAL chemistry

GCE Chemistry

Data booklet

Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Chemistry (8CH01) Edexcel Advanced GCE in Chemistry (9CH01) Issue 3 November 2008

Edexcel, a Pearson company, is the UK’s largest awarding body, offering academic and vocational qualifications and testing to more than 25,000 schools, colleges, employers and other places of learning in the UK and in over 100 countries worldwide. Qualifications include GCSE, AS and A Level, NVQ and our BTEC suite of vocational qualifications from entry level to BTEC Higher National Diplomas, recognised by employers and higher education institutions worldwide. We deliver 9.4 million exam scripts each year, with more than 90% of exam papers marked onscreen annually. As part of Pearson, Edexcel continues to invest in cuttingedge technology that has revolutionised the examinations and assessment system. This includes the ability to provide detailed performance data to teachers and students which helps to raise attainment.

Acknowledgements This specification has been produced by Edexcel on the basis of consultation with teachers, examiners, consultants and other interested parties. Edexcel acknowledges its indebtedness to all those who contributed their time and expertise to the development of Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced GCE specifications.

Data from Nuffield Advanced Science Book of Data, Longman 1984 Reproduced by permission of the Nuffield Foundation

References to third-party material made in this specification are made in good faith. Edexcel does not endorse, approve or accept responsibility for the content of materials, which may be subject to change, or any opinions expressed therein. (Material may include textbooks, journals, magazines and other publications and websites.)

Authorised by Roger Beard Prepared by Sarah Harrison All the material in this publication is copyright © in this format Edexcel Limited 2008

Contents Introduction

1

Selected Elements: Physical and Thermochemical Data

2

Infrared Spectroscopy

5

Correlation of infrared absorption wavenumbers with molecular structure Infrared correlation table

5 6

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

7

Ionization Energies

8

Atomic Radii and Pauling Electronegativities

10

Electron Affinities

11

Lattice Energies

12

Bond Lengths and Bond Energies

13

Standard Electrode Potentials

14

Standard Reduction Potentials

17

Equilibrium Constants for Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution

18

Indicators

19

Organic Compounds: Physical and Thermochemical Data

20

Selected Inorganic Compounds: Physical and Thermochemical Data

24

The Periodic Table of the Elements

30

Introduction This data booklet is for use with the Edexcel GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) assessments for units 4, 5 and 6. Students will be provided with a clean copy of this data booklet for these assessments, which should be kept under the same conditions as the assessment papers (examination papers and internal assessment tasks). Student may have a copy of this data booklet for their personal use in lessons and for homework, to allow them to become familiar with how to use it.

Data booklet — Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) — Issue 3 — November 2008 — © in this format Edexcel Limited 2008

1

Hydrogen Helium

Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon (graphite) Carbon (diamond) Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon

Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus (red) Phosphorus (white)

1 2

3 4 5 6

11 12 13 14 15

2

15

7 8 9 10

6

Element

1

2 2 2 1

1 1 1 1 4

C

N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P

4

1 1 1 1

Li Be B C

P

2 1

H He

N

s

s s s s s

g g g g

s

s s s s

g g

St

31.0

23.0 24.3 27.0 28.1 31.0

14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2

12.0

6.9 9.0 10.8 12.0

A /g mol—1 1.0 4.0

1.82

0.97 1.74 2.70 2.33 2.34

0.81 1.15 1.51 1.20

3.51

0.53 1.85 2.34 2.25

27 K

85 K

90 K

77 K

ρ /g cm—3 0.07 20 K 0.15 3 K

Tm /K 14 1 26 atm

317

371 922 933 1683 863

63 55 53 25

>3823

43 atm

553

1156 1380 2740 2628 473

77 90 85 27

5100

1615 3243 2823 5100

Tb /K 20 4

sub

0.63

2.60 8.95 10.67 46.44 4.71

0.36 0.22 2.55 0.34

—

3.02 12.50 22.18 —

143 atm

ΔHmʅ /kJ mol—1 0.06 0.02

12.40

89.04 128.66 293.72 376.80 30.10

2.79 3.41 3.27 1.77

—

134.68 294.60 538.90 716.70

sub

ΔHbʅ /kJ mol—1 0.45 0.08

41.1

51.2 32.7 28.3 18.8 22.8

95.8 102.5 158.6 146.2

2.4

29.1 9.5 5.9 5.7

Sʅ /J mol—1 K—1 65.3 126.0

314.6

107.3 147.7 326.4 455.6 332.2

472.7 249.2 79.0 —

714.8

159.4 324.3 562.7 716.7

ΔHatʅ /kJ mol—1 218.0 —

Number of atoms per molecule (atomicity) at Tb Density (at 298 K) or density of liquid at Tb for gases Boiling temperature (at 1 atm) Standard molar enthalpy change of fusion at Tm Standard molar enthalpy change of atomization at 298 K For this table, the mole applies to single atoms.

© in this format Edexcel Limited 2008

Data booklet — Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) — Issue 3 — November 2008 —

N ρ Tb ΔHmʅ ΔHatʅ

454 1551 2573 3925 -70

Atomic number State under standard conditions Molar mass of element (to one decimal place) Melting temperature (at 1 atm) Standard molar enthalpy change of vaporization at Tb Standard molar entropy at 298 K

Z

ΔHbʅ Sʅ

Z St A Tm

Selected Elements: Physical and Thermochemical Data

Sulfur (rhombic) Sulfur (monoclinic) Chlorine Argon

16

Rubidium Strontium Molybdenum Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium

37 38 42 45 46 47 48 49

8

2 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Mo Rh Pd Ag Cd In

8

S

S

N

s s s s s s s s

s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s l g

g g

s

s

St

85.5 87.6 95.9 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8

39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8

35.5 39.9

32.1

A /g mol—1 32.1

1.53 2.60 10.20 12.40 12.02 10.50 8.64 7.30

0.86 1.54 2.99 4.50 5.96 7.20 7.20 7.86 8.90 8.90 8.92 7.14 5.90 5.35 5.73 4.81 3.12 2.15

1.56 1.40

1.96

121 K

293 K

87 K

238 K

ρ /g cm—3 2.07

312 1042 2883 2239 1827 1235 594 429

336 1112 1814 1933 2163 2130 1517 1808 1768 1728 1356 693 303 1210 1090 490 266 116

172 84

392

Tm /K 386



Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

17 18

16

Element

Z

28 atm

959 1657 5833 4000 3243 2485 1038 2353

1033 1757 3104 3560 3653 2943 2235 3023 3143 3003 2840 1180 2676 3103 886 958 332 121

238 87

718

Tb /K —

sub

2.34 9.20 27.61 21.76 16.74 11.30 6.07 3.26

2.32 8.66 16.11 15.48 17.57 13.81 14.64 15.36 15.23 17.61 13.05 7.38 5.59 31.80 27.61 5.44 5.27 1.64

3.20 1.18

1.41

36 atm

ΔHmʅ /kJ mol—1 —

69.20 138.91 594.13 495.39 393.30 255.06 99.87 226.35

77.53 149.95 304.80 428.86 458.57 348.78 219.74 351.04 382.42 371.83 304.60 115.31 256.06 334.30 129.70 26.32 15.00 9.03

10.20 6.52

9.62

ΔHbʅ /kJ mol—1 —

76.8 52.3 28.7 31.5 37.6 42.6 51.8 57.8

64.2 41.4 34.6 30.6 28.9 23.8 32.0 27.3 30.0 29.9 33.2 41.6 40.9 31.1 35.1 42.4 174.9 164.0

82.5 154.7

32.6

Sʅ /J mol—1 K—1 31.8

3

80.9 164.4 658.1 556.9 378.2 284.6 112.0 243.3

89.2 178.2 377.8 469.9 514.2 396.6 280.7 416.3 424.7 429.7 338.3 130.7 277.0 376.6 302.5 227.1 111.9 —

121.7 —

278.5

ΔHatʅ /kJ mol—1 278.8

Tin (white) Tin (grey) Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon

Caesium Barium Lanthanum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Plutonium (α)

50 50 51 52 53 54

55 56 57 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

87 88 89 90 91 92 94

4

Element

Z

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1

1 1

Cs Ba La W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Pu

1 1 1 1

1 1 4 2 2 1

Sn Sn Sb Te I Xe

N

s s s s s s s

s s s s s s s s s l s s s s s g

s s s s s g

St

(223) (226) (227) 232 (231) 238 (242)

132.9 137.3 138.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 (209) (210) (210) (222)

A /g mol—1 118.7 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3

— 5.00 10.07 11.70 15.37 19.05 19.84

1.88 3.51 6.14 19.35 20.53 22.48 22.42 21.45 18.88 13.59 11.85 11.34 9.80 9.40 — 4.40 211 K

ρ /g cm—3 7.28 5.75 6.68 6.00 4.93 3.52 164 K

300 973 1323 2023 <1870 1405 914

302 998 1194 3683 3453 2973 2683 2045 1337 234 577 601 544 527 575 202

Tm /K 505 505 904 723 387 161

2.09 8.37 14.23 15.65 14.64 15.48 2.09

2.13 7.66 11.30 35.22 33.05 29.29 26.36 19.66 12.36 2.30 4.27 4.77 10.88 12.55 11.92 2.90

ΔHmʅ /kJ mol—1 7.20 — 19.83 17.49 7.89 2.30

63.60 136.82 397.5 543.92 460.2 422.60 317.10

65.90 150.92 399.57 799.14 707.10 627.60 563.58 510.45 324.43 59.15 162.09 179.41 151.50 60.20 45.20 16.40

ΔHbʅ /kJ mol—1 290.37 — 67.91 50.63 20.85 12.64

95.4 71.1 56.5 53.4 51.9 50.2 —

85.2 62.8 56.9 32.6 36.9 32.6 35.5 41.6 47.4 76.0 64.2 64.8 56.7 62.8 60.7 176.1

Sʅ /J mol—1 K—1 51.5 44.1 45.7 49.7 180.7 169.6

72.8 161.9 405.9 598.3 606.7 535.6 —

76.1 180.0 431.0 849.4 769.9 790.8 655.2 565.3 366.1 61.3 182.2 195.0 207.1 144.1 90.4 —

ΔHatʅ /kJ mol—1 302.1 304.2 262.3 196.7 106.8 —



950 <1410 3473 5060 4300 4091 3505

942 1913 3730 5933 5900 >5570 4403 4100 3353 630 1730 2013 1833 1235 610 211

Tb /K 2533 2543 2023 1263 457 166

Infrared Spectroscopy Correlation of infrared absorption wavenumbers with molecular structure Intensity: w — weak absorption; m — medium absorption; s — strong absorption; v — variable intensity of absorption; sh — sharp absorption; b — broad absorption. Group C―H stretching vibrations Alkane Alkene Alkyne Arene Aldehyde

Intensity

Wavenumber range/cm-1

m-s m s v w and w

2962-2853 3095-3010 3300 3030 2900-2820 and 2775-2700

C―H bending variations Alkane Arene 5 adjacent hydrogen 4 adjacent hydrogen 3 adjacent hydrogen 2 adjacent hydrogen 1 adjacent hydrogen

v v, s and v, s v, s v, m v, m v, m

1485-1365 750 and 700 750 780 830 880

N―H stretching vibrations Amine Amide

m m

3500-3300 3500-3140

O―H stretching vibrations Alcohols and phenols Carboxylic acids

v, b w

3750-3200 3300-2500

C―O stretching vibrations Esters methanoates ethanoates propanoates benzoates

s s s s and s

1200-1180 1250-1230 1200-1150 1310-1250 and 1150-1100

Carbon-halogen stretching vibrations C―F C―Cl C―Br C―I

s s s s

1400-1000 800-600 600-500 about 500

C=C stretching vibrations Isolated alkene Arene

v v, m, v, m

1669-1645 1600, 1580, 1500, 1450

C=O stretching vibrations Aldehydes, saturated alkyl Ketones, aryl, alkyl

s s

1740-1720 1700-1680

atoms atoms atoms atoms atoms


5

Group Carboxylic acids

alkyl aryl Carboxylic acid anhydrides Acyl halides chlorides bromides Esters, saturated Amides

Intensity s s s and s s s s s

Wavenumber range/cm-1 1725-1700 1700-1680 1850-1800 and 1790-1740 1795 1810 1750-1735 1700-1630

Triple bond stretching vibrations CÐN CÐC

m v

2260-2215 2260-2100

Infrared correlation table Wavenumber range/cm-1 3750-3200 3500-3300 3500-3140 3300 3095-3010 3030 2962-2853 2900-2820 2775-2700 3300-2500 2260-2215 2260-2100 1850-1800 1810 1790-1740 1795 1750-1735 1740-1720 1730-1717 1725-1700 1700-1680 1700-1630 1669-1645 1600, 1580, 1500 and 1450 1485-1365 1400-1000 1310-1250 1250-1230 1200-1180 1200-1150 1150-1100 880-700 800-600 600-500 About 500 6

Group Alcohols and phenols Amine Amide Alkyne Alkene Arene Alkane Aldehyde Aldehyde Carboxylic acid CÐN CÐC Carboxylic acid anhydride Acyl bromide Carboxylic acid anhydride Acyl chloride Ester Aldehyde Aryl ester Carboxylic acid Aryl and alkyl ketones, aryl carboxylic acid Amides Alkene Arene Alkane Fluoroalkane Benzoate Ethanoate Methanoate Propanoate Benzoate Arene Chloroalkane Bromoalkane Iodoalkane


11.0

10.0

9.0

C H aldehyde

O

8.0

7.0

Ar―H arene ring

6.0

H―C=C alkene

Ar―O―H phenol

ethene ⏐ 5.28



12.0

COO―H carboxylic acid

CON―H amide

benzene ⏐ 7.27

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

5.0

4.0

3.0

H―C― halogen halogenoalkane R2CHF>R2CHCl> R2CHBr>R2CHI

2.0

1.0

H―C―C alkane R3CH>R2CH2> RCH3

C―N―H amine

propanone ⏐ 2.10

H―C―C=C alkenes arenes

H―C―C=O aldehyde ketone ester amide acid

H―C―N amine amide

―O―H alcohol

H―C―O− alcohol ether ester

Ar―N―H phenylamines

CH3OH ⏐ 3.39

0.0

TMS

δ/ppm for TMS

7

Chemical shifts for hydrogen relative to TMS (tetramethylsilane)

8

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Z 1 H 2 He

419 590 631 658 650 653 717 759 758 737 746

496 738 578 789 1012 1000 1251 1521

520 900 801 1086 1402 1314 1681 2081

j=1 1312 2372

11815 14849 3660 4621 4578 5301 6051 6122

6913 7733 2745 3232 2912 3361 3822 3931

4412 4912 2389 2653 2828 2987 3249 2958 3232 3394 3554

4563 1451 1817 1577 1903 2251 2297 2666

3051 1145 1235 1310 1414 1592 1509 1561 1646 1753 1958

3

7298 1757 2427 2353 2856 3388 3374 3952

5251

2

Ionization Energies

5877 6474 7089 4175 4507 4740 4940 5290 4950 5300 5330

9544 10541 11578 4356 4957 4564 5158 5771

21007 25026 6223 7475 7469 8408 9370

4

7975 8144 8844 9573 6294 6686 6985 7236 7671 7285 7709

13352 13629 14831 16091 6274 7012 6542 7238

32828 37832 9445 10989 11022 12177

5

9649 10496 10720 11517 12362 8738 9200 9600 9840 10400 9940

16611 17995 18378 19785 21269 8496 9362 8781

47278 53268 13327 15164 15239

14942 14207 15313 16259 16760 17822 18956 14576 15100 15600 16000

25491 25657 27460 29253 29855 31671 33606 13842

84080 92040 23069

8

16964 18192 17370 18640 19860 20200 21400 22679 17960 18600 19200

28934 31644 31862 33878 35868 36579 38601 40761

106437 115382

9

48577 20385 21741 20833 22240 23580 23960 25290 26600 21660 22400

141367 35463 38458 38734 40960 43140 43963 46188

131435

10

54433 57050 24106 25592 24609 26130 27600 28020 29400 30990 25700

159079 169996 42655 45935 46274 48706 51068 52003

11

60701

189371 201276 50512 54074 54483 57119 59654

12

68896

222313 235211 59037 62876 63364 66201

13

75950

257928 271807 68232 72342 72920

14



11343 12320 13320 13586 14490 15540 11508 12100 12400 12800 13400

20115 21704 23296 23787 25398 27107 11018 11996

64362 71337 17868 19999

-

Emj/kJ mol 1 6 7

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba Pt Au Hg Rn

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

55 56 78 79 80 86

376 503 870 890 1007 1037

403 550 616 660 664 685 702 711 720 805 731 868 558 709 834 869 1008 1170

j=1 906 579 762 947 941 1140 1315

3900 4210 1980 2218 2416 2621 2850 2747 2997 3177 3361 3616 2705 2943 2440 2698 3200 3100

3300

2632 1064 1181 1267 1382 1558 1472 1617 1745 1875 2074 1631 1821 1412 1595 1790 1846 2047

2420 965 1791 1980 1810

3300

3 3833 2963 3302 2736 2974 3500 3565

2 1733 1979 1537 1798 2045 2100 2368 6850 6908 7429 7863 4877 5905

6974 5403 5668

5200 3930 4260 3610 10400 6820

8144 8761 8973 9500 9900 6600


14800

12100 12230

13200

13100 11800 12400

9572 10200 11200

18600 12158

9021 6043 6590 5760 6243 14990 9938 10710

12312 7883 8549 7574

5 7970

5080 5500 5960 3313 3700 4480

4 5730 6200 4411 4837 4144 4560 5070


Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Z 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

-

Emj/kJ mol 1 6 7 8 10400 12900 16800

14500 15600 14137

22230

9 19600

26740 17100 18400

10 23000

31270 19900

11 26400

12

13

9

14

Atomic Radii and Pauling Electronegativities This table is arranged according to the periodic table.

rv rcov ri NP

Van der Waals radius rm Metallic radius for coordination number 12 Covalent radius Ionic radius for coordination number 6, except where superscript number 4 3 indicates different coordination number (figures in parentheses give charge state) Pauling electronegativity index

Group 1

Li Na K Rb Cs NH4+

2

Be Mg Ca Sr Ba

3

B Al Ga

d block

4

10

rv /nm 0.180 0.230 0.280

0.170

0.190

rm /nm 0.157 0.191 0.235 0.250 0.272

rcov /nm 0.134 0.154 0.196

ri /nm 0.074(+1) 0.102(+1) 0.138(+1) 0.149(+1) 0.170(+1) 0.150(+1)

0.112 0.160 0.197 0.215 0.224

0.125 0.145

0.027(+2)4 0.072(+2) 0.100(+2) 0.113(+2) 0.136(+2)

1.5 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9

0.098 0.143 0.153

0.090 0.130 0.120

0.012(+3)4 0.053(+3) 0.062(+3)

2.0 1.5 1.6

Sc Ti V

0.164 0.147 0.135

0.075(+3) 0.061(+4) 0.054(+5)

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Mo Ag Cd Au Hg

0.129 0.137 0.126 0.125 0.125 0.128 0.137 0.140 0.144 0.152 0.144 0.155

0.030(+6)4 0.026(+7)4 0.055(+3) 0.053(+3) 0.056(+3) 0.073(+2) 0.075(+2) 0.060(+6) 0.065(+3)4 0.095(+2) 0.070(+3)4 0.102(+2)

C Si Ge Sn

0.160 0.140 0.140 0.160 0.170 0.175 0.170 0.170 0.210 0.190

etc

0.092 0.132 0.139 0.158

0.139 0.125 0.126 0.121 0.135 0.120 0.152 0.148 0.148 0.077 0.118 0.122 0.140

0.040(+4) 0.054(+4) 0.069(+4)

NP 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7

0.067(+3) 0.059(+4) 0.062(+3) 0.058(+3) 0.061(+2) 0.065(+2) 0.070(+2) 0.046(+1)2

0.086(+2) 0.064(+3) 0.079(+2) 0.073(+2) 0.067(+2)

1.3 1.5 1.6

0.137(+1) 0.097(+1)3

1.6 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.7 2.4 1.9

0.122(+2)8

2.5 1.8 1.8 1.8

0.065(+4) 0.115(+1)

0.067(+3) 0.089(+2)


Group

rv /nm 0.200

rm /nm 0.175

rcov /nm

ri /nm 0.078(+4)

N P As Sb Bi

0.155 0.185

0.075 0.110 0.122 0.143

0.200

0.088 0.128 0.139 0.161 0.182

0.171(-3) 0.017(+5)4 0.190(-3) 0.050(+5) 0.220(-3) 0.061(+5) 0.080(+3)5 0.102(+3)

3.0 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9

6

O S Se Te

0.150 0.180 0.190 0.210

0.089 0.127 0.140 0.143

0.073 0.102 0.117 0.135

0.140(-2) 0.102(+6)4 0.185(-2) 0.029(+6)4 0.195(-2) 0.052(+4)3 0.220(-2)

3.5 2.5 2.4 2.1

7

H F Cl Br I

0.120 0.155 0.180 0.190 0.195

0.078

0.037 0.071 0.099 0.144 0.133

0.208(-1) 0.133(-1) 0.180(-1) 0.195(-1) 0.215(-1)

2.1 4.0 3.0 2.8 2.5

He Ne Ar Kr Xe

0.180 0.160 0.190 0.200 0.220

Pb 5

0 (8)

NP 0.118(+2)

0.020(+7)4 0.012(+5)3 0.026(+7)4 0.095(+5)

1.8

Electron Affinities ΔU

Element H N O− P S− Br

Electron affinity*, that is, molar internal energy change (at 0 K) for process: Xn−(g) + e− → X(n+1)−(g) (n = zero or positive). ΔU/kJ mol−1 −72.8 0 (±19) +798 −72 +640 −324.6

Element

ΔU/kJ mol−1

C O F S Cl I

−122.3 −141.1 −328.0 −200.4 −348.8 −295.4

* Some chemists define electron affinity for the reverse process. Reference: Hotop.


11

12

1031 918 817 783 747

958 3505 2957 2630 2492

2352 3032 2809 ― 2522

― ― 829

Ag+ Be2+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+

Ba2+ Zn2+ Cd2+ Hg2+ Pb2+

Mn2+ Cu2+ NH4+

F-

Li+ Na+ K+ Rb+ Cs+

Lattice

(2644) (―) (834)

(2341) (2930) (2740) (2757) (2460)

(920) (3150) (2913) (2609) (2476)

(1031) (912) (807) (772) (739)

2537 993 705

2056 2734 2552 2651 2269

905 3020 2526 2258 2156

848 780 711 685 661

Cl-

(2368) (904) (688)

(2033) (2690) (2526) (2569) (2229)

(833) (3004) (2326) (2223) (2127)

(845) (770) (702) (677) (643)

2471 976 673

1985 2678 2507 2628 2219

891 2914 2440 2176 2075

(2304) (870) (658)

(1950) (2632) (2468) (2598) (2169)

(816) (2950) (2097) (2132) (2008)

Br―U/kJ mol-1 803 (799) 742 (735) 679 (674) 656 (653) 635 (623)

(2212) (833) (629)

(1831) (2549) (2406) (2569) (2086)

(778) (2653) (1944) (1905) (1937)

(738) (687) (636) (617) (592)

3745 3189 ―

3054 3971 ― ― ―

2910 4443 3791 3401 3223

2814 2478 2232 2161 2063

O2-

(3724) (3273) (―)

(3029) (4142) (3806) (3907) (3502)

(3002) (4293) (3795) (3414) (3217)

(2799) (2481) (2238) (2163) (―)

3238 2865 2026

2725 3322 3121 3037 ―

2677 3832 3299 3013 2848

2499 2198 2052 1944 1850

S2-

(3376) (―) (2008)

(2711) (―) (―) (―) (―)

(―) (3841) (3318) (3038) (2874)

(2376) (2134) (1933) (1904) (―)



― 963 641

1877 2605 2441 2610 2163

889 2800 2327 2074 1963

759 705 651 628 613

I-

The main entry in the table is the experimental value of ―U (based on the Born-Haber cycle and using data in this booklet); the second entry in parentheses is the theoretical value based on calculations.

mXn+(g) + nYm-(g) → XmYn(s, 1 atm)

The lattice energy U of a crystal XmYn is the molar internal energy change for the process:

Lattice Energies

Bond Lengths and Bond Energies L E(X-Y)

Bond length Bond energy

Bond

in Br2 HBr Cl2 HCl F2

L /nm 0.228 0.141 0.199 0.127 0.142

E(X-Y) /kJ mol-1 192.9 366.3 243.4 432.0 158

Bond

in

1 2 3 4 5

Br―Br Br―H Cl―Cl Cl―H F―F

6 7 8 9 10

F―H I―I H―I H―H H―Si

HF I2 HI H2 SiH4

0.092 0.267 0.161 0.074 0.148

11 12 13 14 15

H―Ge H―N H―P H―As H―O

GeH4 NH3 PH3 AsH3 H2 O

16 17 18 19 20

H―S H―Se Na―Na K―K N―N

21 22 23 24

N=N NÐN N―O N=O

33 34 35 36 37

O―Si O=Si OÐSi P―P PÐP

SiO2(s) SiO2(g) SiO P4 P2

0.221 0.189

E(X-Y) /kJ mol-1 466 638 805 198 485

568.0 151.2 298.3 435.9 318

38 39 40 41 42

C―C C=C CÐC C―H C―H

average average average average CH4

0.154 0.134 0.120 0.108 0.109

347 612 838 413 435

0.153 0.101 0.144 0.152 0.096

285 391 321 297 464

43 44 45 46 47

C―F C―F C―F C―Cl C―Cl

average CH3F CF4 average CCl4

0.138 0.139 0.132 0.177 0.177

467 452 485 346 327

H2S H2Se Na2 K2 N 2 H4

0.134 0.146 0.308 0.392 0.145

364 313 72 49 158

48 49 50 51 52

CÓCl C―Br C―Br C―I C―I

C6H5Cl average CBr4 average CH3I

0.170 0.194 0.194 0.214 0.214

― 290 285 228 234

0.120 0.110 0.120 0.114

410 945.4 214 587

53 54 55 56

C―N C=N

average average average phenylamine

0.147 0.130 0.116 0.135

286 615 887 ―

25 NÐP

C6H14N2 N2 HNO2 NOF, NOCl PN

0.149

582

57 C―O

average

0.143

358

26 27 28 29 30

O―O O―O O=O S―S S=S

H2 O2 O3 O2 S8 S2

0.148 0.128 0.121 0.205 0.189

144 302 498.3 266 429.2

58 59 60 61 62

CH3OH CO2 HCHO aldehydes ketones

0.143 0.116 0.121 0.122 0.122

336 805 695 736 749

31 O―Si 32 Si―Si

SO3 Si(s), SiH4

0.143 0.235

469 226

63 CÐO 64 C―Si

CO (CH3)4Si, SiC(s)

0.113 0.187

1077 307

CÐN CÓN

C―O C=O C=O C=O C=O

L /nm 0.161

References: Sutton, Johnson, Cottrell.


13

Standard Electrode Potentials Eʅ

Standard electrode potential of aqueous system at 298 K, that is, standard emf of electrochemical cell in which Pt [H2(g)]|2H+(aq) forms the left-hand side electrode system

1 2 3 4 5

Right-hand electrode system Li+(aq)|Li(s) Rb+(aq)|Rb(s) K+(aq)|K(s) Ca2+(aq)|Ca(s) Na+(aq)|Na(s)

Eʅ /V -3.03 -2.93 -2.92 -2.87 -2.71

6 7 8 9 10

Mg2+(aq)|Mg(s) Ce3+(aq)|Ce(s) U3+(aq)|U(s) Al3+(aq)|Al(s) Mn2+(aq)|Mn(s)

-2.37 -2.33 -1.80 -1.66 -1.19

11 12 13 14 15

V2+(aq)|V(s) [SO⊁ (aq) + H2O(l)], [SO⊀ (aq) + 2OH (aq)]|Pt Zn2+(aq)|Zn(s) Cr3+(aq)|Cr(s) [As(s) + 3H+(aq)], AsH3(g)|Pt

-1.18 -0.93 -0.76 -0.74 -0.60

16 17 18 19 20

[2SOÕ−(aq) + 3H2O(l)], [S2OÕ−(aq) + 6OH−(aq)]|Pt Fe(OH)3(s), [Fe(OH)2(s) + OH-(aq)]|Pt S(s), S2-(aq)|Pt Fe2+(aq)|Fe(s) Cr3+(aq), Cr2+(aq)|Pt

-0.58 -0.56 -0.48 -0.44 -0.41

21 22 23 24 25

Cd2+(aq)|Cd(s) [Se(s) + 2H+(aq)], H2Se(g)|Pt

-0.40 -0.40 -0.36 -0.28 -0.28

26 27 28 29 30

V3+(aq), V2+(aq)|Pt Ni2+(aq)|Ni(s) Sn2+(aq)|Sn(white, s) Pb2+(aq)|Pb(s)

14

-

-

-

PbSO4(s), [Pb(s) + SO⊁-(aq)]|Pt Co2+(aq)|Co(s) [H3PO4(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [H3PO3(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt

[CrO42-(aq) + 4H2O(l)], [Cr(OH)3(s) + 5OH-(aq)]|Pt

-0.26 -0.25 -0.14 -0.13 -0.13


Right-hand electrode system 2H+(aq)|[H2(g)]Pt

31 32 33 34 35

½S4OÙÈ(aq), S2OÕ−(aq)|Pt [2H+(aq) + S(s)], H2S(aq)|Pt [Sn4+(aq)1.0M HCl], [Sn2+(aq)(1.0M HCl)]|Pt Cu2+(aq), Cu+(aq)|Pt

Eʅ /V 0 +0.09 +0.14 +0.15 +0.15

36 37 38 39 40

[4H+(aq) + SO⊁-(aq)], [H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt AgCl(s), [Ag(s) + Cl-(aq)]|Pt [PbO2(s) + 2H2O(l)], [Pb(OH)2(s) + 2OH-(aq)]|Pt Hg2Cl2(s), [2Hg(s) + 2Cl-(aq)]|Pt [PbO2(s) + H2O(l)], [PbO(s) + 2OH-(aq)]|Pt

+0.17 +0.22 +0.25 +0.27 +0.28

41 42 43 44 45

Cu2+(aq)|Cu(s) [VO2+(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [V3+(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt

+0.34 +0.34 +0.36 +0.40 +0.40

46 47 48 49 50

[S2OÕ−(aq) + 6H+(aq)], [2S(s) + 3H2O(l)]|Pt [IO-(aq) + H2O(l)], [I-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)]|Pt [4H2SO3(aq) + 4H+(aq)], [S4OÙÈ(aq) + 6H2O(l)]|Pt Cu+(aq)|Cu(s)

51 52 53 54 55

[MnO⊁-(aq) + 2H2O(l)], [MnO2(s) + 4OH-(aq)]|Pt [2H+(aq) + O2(g)], H2O2(aq)|Pt [C6H4O2(aq) + 2H+(aq)], C6H4(OH)2(aq)|Pt Fe3+(aq), Fe2+(aq)|Pt

56 57 58 59 60

Ag+(aq)|Ag(s)

Fe(CN)⊎-(aq), Fe(CN)⊙ -(aq)|Pt [O2(g) + 2H2O(l)], 4OH-(aq)|Pt [2H2SO3(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [S2O⊀-(aq) + 3H2O(l)]|Pt

I2(aq), 2I-(aq)|Pt

½Hg≿+(aq)|Hg(s)

[2NO„(aq) + 4H+(aq)], [N2O4(g) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt [ClO-(aq) + H2O(l)], [Cl-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)]|Pt 2Hg2+(aq), Hg≿+(aq)|Pt [NO„(aq) + 3H+(aq)], [HNO2(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt


+0.47 +0.49 +0.51 +0.52 +0.54 +0.59 +0.68 +0.70 +0.77 +0.79 +0.80 +0.80 +0.89 +0.92 +0.94

15

61 62 63 64 65

Right-hand electrode system [HNO2(aq) + H+(aq)], [NO(g) + H2O(l)]|Pt [HIO(aq) + H+(aq)], [I-(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt [VO›(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [VO2+(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt [N2O4(g) + 4H+(aq)], [2NO(g) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt Br2(l), 2Br-(aq)|Pt

66 67 68 69 70

Br2(aq), 2Br-(aq)|Pt [2IO„(aq) + 12H+(aq)], [I2(aq) + 6H2O(l)]|Pt [MnO2(s) + 4H+(aq)], [Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt

71 72 73 74 75

[PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq)], [Pb2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)]|Pt Mn3+(aq), Mn2+(aq)|Pt

76 77 78 79 80

[2HClO(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [Cl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt [2HBrO(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [Br2(l) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt

81 82 83 84 85

[Cr2O⊄-(aq) + 14H+(aq)], [2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)]|Pt Cl2(aq), 2Cl-(aq)|Pt

[MnO‹(aq) + 8H+(aq)], [Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)]|Pt 2BrO„(aq), [Br2(aq) + 6H2O(l)]|Pt [2HBrO(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [Br2(aq) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt

[H5IO6(aq) + H+(aq)], [IO„(aq) + 3H2O(l)]|Pt [2HClO(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt [2HCl(aq) + 6H+(aq)], [Cl2(g) + 4H2O(l)]|Pt Pb4+(aq), Pb2+(aq)|Pt [2ClO‚(aq) + 8H+(aq)], [Cl2(g) + 4H2O(l)]|Pt [Cl2O(g) + 2H+(aq)], [Cl2(g) + H2O(l)]|Pt [PbO2(s) + SO⊁-(aq) + 4H+(aq)], [PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt [MnO‹(aq) + 4H+(aq)], [MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt

Eʅ /V +0.99 +0.99 +1.00 +1.03 +1.07 +1.09 +1.19 +1.23 +1.33 +1.36 +1.46 +1.49 +1.51 +1.52 +1.57 +1.59 +1.60 +1.60 +1.63 +1.64 +1.66 (in 1.1M HClO4) +1.68 +1.68 +1.69 +1.70

86 87 88 89 90

Ce4+(aq), Ce3+(aq)|Pt [H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq)], 2H2O(l)|Pt Co3+(aq), Co2+(aq)|Pt Ag2+(aq), Ag+(aq)|Pt S2O⊅-(aq), 2SO⊁-(aq)|Pt

+1.70 (in M HClO4) +1.77 +1.81 (in M HNO3) +1.98 +2.01

91 92 93

[O3(g) + 2H+(aq)], [O2(g) + H2O(l)]|Pt [F2O(g) + 2H+(aq)], [2F−(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt F2(g), 2F−(aq)|Pt

+2.08 +2.15 +2.87

References: Latimer, de Bethune, Parsons, US National Bureau of Standards.

16


Standard Reduction Potentials Values at 298K (in alphabetical order).

Electrode reaction

Eo/V

Ag+(aq) + e- ⇌ Ag(s)

+0.80

Al3+(aq) + 3e- ⇌ Al(s)

-1.66

Ba2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Ba(s)

-2.90 +1.07

½Br2(l) + e ⇌ Br (aq) -

-

Ca2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Ca(s)

-2.87 +1.36

½Cl2(g) + e ⇌ Cl (aq) -

-

HClO(g) + H+(aq) + e- ⇌ ½ Cl2(g) + H2O(l)

+1.59

Cr2O⊄ (aq) + 14H (aq) + 6e ⇌ 2Cr (aq) + 7H2O(l)

-0.41 +1.33

Cr3+(aq) + e- ⇌ Cr2+(aq) -

-

+

3+

Cu+(aq) + e- ⇌ Cu(s)

+0.52 +0.34

Cu2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Cu(s)

+0.15

Cu2+(aq)+ e- ⇌ Cu+(aq) ½ F2(g) + e- ⇌ F- (aq)

+2.87

Fe3+(aq) + e- ⇌ Fe2+(aq)

-0.44 +0.77

Fe2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Fe(s)

+0.00

H+(aq) + e- ⇌ ½ H2(g)

+0.54

½ I2(s) + e- ⇌ I- (aq) Li+(aq) + e- ⇌ Li(s)

MnO‹(aq) + 8H (aq) + 5e ⇌ Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l) +

-

2+

MnO‹(aq) + e- ⇌ MnO⊁-(aq) MnO⊁-(aq) +2H2O(l) + 2e- ⇌ MnO2(s) + 4OH- (aq)

-3.03 +1.51 +0.56 +0.59

½H2O2(aq) + H+(aq) + e- ⇌ H2O(l)

+1.77

O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ H2O2(aq)

+0.68

½O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ H2O(l) Pb4+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Pb2+(aq)

Sn4+(aq) + 2e-⇌ Sn2+(aq) S + 2H+ + 2e- ⇌ H2S Zn2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Zn(s)


+1.23 +1.66 +0.15 +0.14 -0.76

17

Equilibrium Constants for Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution Acid or ion

Equilibrium (all in aqueous solution)

Sulfuric

H2SO4 ⇌ H+ + HSO‹

Nitric

Phosphonic Hydrogensulfate ion Chloroethanoic

Benzoic Ethanoic Propanoic Dihydrogen phosphonate ion Carbonic

1.8

H3PO3 ⇌ H + H2PO„

1.6 x 10

-2

1.8

HClO2 ⇌ H+ + ClO‚

1.0 x 10

-2

2.0

1.0 x 10-2

2.0

H3PO4 ⇌ H+ + H2PO‹

7.9 x 10-3

2.1

CH2ClCO2H ⇌ H + CH2ClCO‚

1.3 x 10

-3

2.9

HNO2 ⇌ H + NO‚

4.7 x 10

-4

3.3

HCO2H ⇌ H+ + HCO‚

1.6 x 10

-4

3.8

6.3 x 10-5

4.2

C6H5NHœ ⇌ H+ + C6H5NH2

2.0 x 10-5

4.6

CH3CO2H ⇌ H + CH3CO‚

1.7 x 10

-5

4.8

CH3(CH2)2CO2H ⇌ H+ + CH3(CH2)2CO‚

1.5 x 10

-5

4.8

1.3 x 10-5

4.9

H2PO„ ⇌ H+ + HPOÕ-

6.3 x 10-7

6.2

H2O + CO2 ⇌ H + HCO„

4.5 x 10

-7

6.4

H2S ⇌ H+ + HS-

8.9 x 10

-8

7.1

6.2 x 10-8

7.2

6.2 x 10-8

7.2

HClO ⇌ H+ + ClO-

3.7 x 10-8

7.4

HBrO ⇌ H + BrO

2.1 x 10

-9

8.7

H3BO3 ⇌ H+ + H2BO„

5.8 x 10

-10

9.2

5.6 x 10-10

9.3

4.9 x 10-10

9.3 9.9 9.9

CH3CH2CO2H ⇌ H+ + CH3CH2CO‚ +

Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogensulfite ion Dihydrogenphosphate(V) ion Chloric(I) Bromic(I)

HSO„ ⇌ H+ + SO⊀H2PO‹ ⇌ H+ + HPO⊁-

+

Boric Ammonium ion

NHŸ ⇌ H+ + NH3

Hydrocyanic Ethane-1,2-diammonium ion

18

1.5 x 10-2

+

Butanoic

Water

H2SO3 ⇌ H+ + HSO„

C6H5CO2H ⇌ H+ + C6H5CO‚

Phenylammonium ion

-1.0 0.7 1.3

+

Methanoic

-1

5.0 x 10-2

+

Nitrous

-1.4

0.8

HSO‹ ⇌ H+ + SO⊁-

Phosphoric(V)

pKa (at 298 K)

1.7 x 10-1

+

Chloric(III)

Hydrogensulfide ion

2.3 x 10

CHCl2CO2H ⇌ H+ + CHCl2CO‚

Sulfurous

Hydrogenphosphate(V) ion

CCl3CO2H ⇌ H + CCl3CO‚ HIO3 ⇌ H+ + IO„

Dichloroethanoic

Hydrogen peroxide

10

+

Iodic(V)

Butylammonium ion

H2CrO4 ⇌ H + HCrO‹ +

Trichlororethanoic

Hydrogencarbonate ion

40

HNO3 ⇌ H+ + NO„

Chromic(VI)

Phenol

Ka (298 K) /mol dm-3 Very large

HCN ⇌ H+ + CNCH2NH2CH2NHœ ⇌ H + CH2NH2CH2NH2

1.3 x 10

-10

C6H5OH ⇌ H+ + C6H5O-

1.3 x 10

-10

+

HCO„ ⇌ H+ + CO⊀C4H9NHœ ⇌ H+ + C4H9NH2 H2O2 ⇌ H+ + HO‚

4.8 x 10-11

10.3 10.8

2.4 x 10-12

11.6 12.4

HPO⊁ ⇌ H + PO⊌

4.4 x 10

-13

HS- ⇌ H+ + S2-

1.2 x 10

-13

12.9

1.0 x 10-14

14.0

-

+

H2O ⇌ H+ + OH-

-


Indicators

1 2 3 4 5

Methyl violet Malachite green Thymol blue (acid) Methyl yellow (in ethanol) Methyl orange—xylene cyanole solution

6 7 8 9 10

Methyl orange Bromophenol blue Congo red Bromocresol green Methyl red

11 12 13 14 15

Azolitmin (litmus) Bromocresol purple Bromothymol blue Phenol red Thymol blue (base)

16 Phenolphthalein (in ethanol) 17 Thymolphthalein 18 Alizarin yellow R

pKin (at 298 K) 0.8 1.0 1.7 3.5 3.7

pH range acid yellow yellow red red purple

0.0—1.6 0.2—1.8 1.2—2.8 2.9—4.0 3.2—4.2

alkaline blue blue/green yellow yellow green

3.7 4.0 4.0 4.7 5.1

red yellow violet yellow red

3.2—4.4 2.8—4.6 3.0—5.0 3.8—5.4 4.2—6.3

yellow blue red blue yellow

6.3 7.0 7.9 8.9

red yellow yellow yellow yellow

5.0—8.0 5.2—6.8 6.0—7.6 6.8—8.4 8.0—9.6

blue purple blue red blue

9.3 9.7 12.5

colourless colourless yellow

8.2—10.0 8.3—10.6 10.1—13.0

red blue orange/red

Note: Most indicators are 0.1% solutions in H2O unless stated otherwise. Warning: Certain indicators are poisonous and should be handled carefully, particularly when concentrated.


19

58.1 72.2 86.2 100.2 114.2 72.2

261.4 301.0 333.4 363.1 390.7 282.6

109.1 184.5 231.0 272.6 309.2 342.1 371.5 398.8 447.2 616.9

81.6 194.0

Tb /K

−2868.5 −3503.4 −4157.0 −4811.4 −5465.2 −3492.5

−890.3 −1559.7 −2219.2 −2876.5 −3509.1 −4163.0 −4816.9 −5470.2 −6777.9 —

−283.0 —

∆H̳ /kJ mol−1

−134.5 −178.9 −204.6 −229.5 −255.0 −189.8

−74.8 −84.7 −104.5 −126.5 −173.2 −198.6 −224.0 −250.0 −300.9 —

−110.5 −393.5

∆H̲ /kJ mol−1

294.6 260.4 — — — 306.4

186.2 229.5 269.9 310.1 261.2 295.9 328.5 361.1 425.9 —

197.6 213.6

Sʅ /J mol−1 K−1

0 — — — — —

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

— —

p /D



113.7 113.2 119.4 154.8 164.1 256.6

0.557liq 0.620 0.653 0.679 0.698 0.591liq g l l l l g

(CH3)2CHCH3 (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 (CH3)2CH(CH2)2CH3 (CH3)2CH(CH2)3CH3 (CH3)3CH(CH2)4CH3 C(CH3)4

20

91.1 89.8 83.4 134.7 143.1 178.1 182.5 216.3 243.4 309.9

0.466liq 0.572liq 0.585liq 0.601liq 0.626 0.660 0.684 0.703 0.730 0.789

g g g g l l l l l s

CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3(CH2)2CH3 CH3(CH2)3CH3 CH3(CH2)4CH3 CH3(CH2)5CH3 CH3(CH2)6CH3 CH3(CH2)8CH3 CH3(CH2)18CH3

16.0 30.1 44.1 58.1 72.2 86.2 100.2 114.2 142.3 282.6

74.1 216.5

28.0 1.25 x 10−3 gas 44.0 1.98 x 10−3 gas

Tm /K

g g

ρ /g cm−3

CO CO2

M /g mol−1

Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Straight chain alkanes Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Decane Eicosane Branched alkanes 2-methylpropane 2-methylbutane 2-methylpentane 2-methylhexane 2-methylheptane 2,2-dimethylpropane

St

Molar mass unless otherwise indicated Boiling temperature (at 1 atm unless stated) Standard molar enthalpy change of formation at 298 K Dipole moment in the gas phase (debye D)

Formula

State: s solid, l liquid, g gas M Density at 298 K or density of liquid at just below Tb for gases, Melting temperature (at 1 atm unless stated) Tb Standard molar enthalpy change of combustion at 298 K ∆H̲ Standard molar entropy at 298 K (the values of p standard entropy of diatomic gaseous elements is for ½ mol of the element)

Compound

St ρ Tm ∆H̳ Sʅ

Organic Compounds: Physical and Thermochemical Data

g g l l g g g g g l l g l s l g g g g l l l g g g

CH2=CH2 CH2=CHCH3 CH2=CHCH2CH3 CH3CH=CHCH3 CH3CH=CHCH3 CH2(CH2)3CH=CH C6H5CH=CH2

CHÐCH

C6H6 C10H8 C6H5CH3

CH3NH2 (CH3)2NH (CH3)3N CH3CH2NH2 CH3(CH2)3NH2 CH3CH2CHNH2CH3 C6H5NH2

CH3F CH3Cl CH3Br

St

(CH2)3 (CH2)4 CH2(CH2)3CH3 CH2(CH2)4CH3

Formula

192.3

26.0 0.618liq

179.6 180.1 155.9 192.1 224.0 201.1 266.8 131.3 176.0 179.5

34.0 0.557liq 50.5 0.916liq 94.9 1.676liq

31.1 45.1 59.1 45.1 73.1 73.1 93.1

0.660liq 0.656liq 0.633liq 0.683liq 0.739 0.734 1.022

78.1 0.879 128.2 1.101 92.1 0.867


278.6 353.6 178.1

104.1 87.9 87.8 167.6 134.2 169.6 242.5

28.1 42.1 56.1 56.1 56.1 81.2 104.2

0.610liq 0.514liq 0.595liq 0.604liq 0.621liq 0.811 0.906

Tm /K 145.5 182.4 179.2 279.6

ρ /g cm−3 — 0.694liq 0.745 0.779

42.1 56.1 70.1 84.2

M /g mol−1


Cyclo-alkanes Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Cyclopentane Cyclohexane Alkenes Ethene Propene But-1-ene E-But-2-ene (trans-But-2-ene) Z-But-2-ene (cis-But-2-ene) Cyclohexene Phenylethene (styrene) Alkynes Ethyne (acetylene) Arenes Benzene Naphthalene Methylbenzene (toluene) Amines Methylamine Dimethylamine Trimethylamine Ethylamine 1-Aminobutane 2-Aminobutane Phenylamine (aniline) Halogenocompounds Fluoromethane Chloromethane Bromomethane

Compound

194.7 248.9 276.7

266.8 280.5 276.0 289.7 350.9 336.6 457.1

353.2 491.1 383.7

189.1

169.4 225.7 266.8 274.0 276.8 356.5 418.3

240.4 285.1 322.3 353.8

Tb /K

— −764.0 −769.9

−1085.0 −1768.8 −2442.9 −1739.8 −3018.3 −3008.4 −3392.6

−3267.4 −5155.9 −3909.8

−1300.8

−1410.8 −2058.1 −2716.8 −2705.0 −2709.4 −3751.9 −4395.0

−2091.4 −2720.9 −3289.4 −3919.5

∆H̳ /kJ mol−1

−247.0 −82.0 −37.2

−23.0 −18.5 −23.7 −47.5 −127.6 −137.5 +31.3

+49.0 +77.7 +12.1

+228.0

+52.2 +20.2 −0.4 −12.2 −7.8 −38.1 +103.8

+53.3 +3.7 −107.1 −156.3

∆H̲ /kJ mol−1

— 234.5 246.3

243.3 280.5 287.0 — — — —

172.8 — 319.7

200.8

219.5 266.9 305.6 296.4 300.8 — 345.1

— — 204.3 204.4


21

— 1.86 1.79

1.30 0.93 0.71 0.99 1.32 — 1.53

0 — 0.36

0

0 0.35 0.38 0 — 0.55 0

0 — 0 —

p /D

l l l l l l l l l l s g g l l l l

CH3OH C2H5OH CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CHOHCH3 CH3(CH2)2CH2OH CH3(CH2)3CH2OH CH3(CH2)4CH2OH CH2OHCH2OH CH2OHCHOHCH2OH (CH3)3COH CH2(CH2)4CHOH

HCHO CH3CHO CH3CH2CHO CH3CH2CH2CHO C6H5CHO

CH3COCH3

22

l l l l s l l l l l l l

CH3I CH2Cl2 CHCl3 CCl4 CI4 CH3(CH2)3Cl CH3(CH2)3Br CH3(CH2)3I (CH3)2CClCH3 (CH3)2CBrCH3 (CH3)2CICH3 C6H5Cl

Iodomethane Dichloromethane Trichloromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetraiodomethane 1-Chlorobutane 1-Bromobutane 1-Iodobutane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Chlorobenzene Alcohols Methanol Ethanol Propan-1-ol Propan-2-ol Butan-1-ol Pentan-1-ol Hexan-1-ol Ethane-1,2-diol Propan-1,2,3-triol 2-Methylpropan-2-ol Cyclohexanol Aldehydes Methanal (formaldehyde) Ethanal (acetaldehyde) Propanal Butanal Benzaldehyde Ketones Propanone (acetone)

St

Formula

Compound

181.1 152.1 192.1 174.1 247.1

0.815 0.778 0.797 0.801 1.050

329.3

252.1 293.9 321.9 348.8 451.1

338.1 351.6 370.5 355.5 390.3 411.1 431.1 471.1 563.1 355.4 434.2

315.5 313.1 334.8 349.6 403-13sub 351.5 374.7 403.6 323.8 346.4 373.1 405.1

Tb /K

−1816.5

−570.6 −1167.1 −1820.8 −2476.0 −3525.1

−726.0 −1367.3 −2021.0 −2005.8 −2675.6 −3328.7 −3983.8 −1179.5 −1655.2 −2643.8 −3727.0

∆H̳ /kJ mol−1 −814.6 −605.8 −474.0 −359.9 — −2704.1 −2716.5 — −2692.8 — — −3111.6

−248.0

−108.7 −191.5 −217.1 −241.2 −86.8

−239.1 −277.1 −302.7 −317.9 −327.4 −353.6 −377.8 −454.8 −668.5 −359.2 −348.8

∆H̲ /kJ mol−1 −15.5 −124.1 −135.1 −129.6 — −187.9 −143.8 — −191.1 −163.4 −107.4 +11.0

—

218.7 160.2 — — —

239.7 160.7 196.6 180.5 228.0 259.0 289.5 166.9 — — —

Sʅ /J mol−1 K−1 163.2 177.8 201.8 216.4 — — — — — — — —

2.95

2.27 2.49 2.54 2.57 2.96

1.70 1.69 1.66 1.68 1.66 — 1.60 2.00 — — —

1.64 1.54 1.02 0 0 2.16 1.93 1.88 2.13 — — 1.67

p /D



177.8

179.2 155.8 146.6 183.6 183.6 194.1 226.4 261.6 293.1 298.6 298.2

206.7 178.0 209.6 250.1 — 150.0 160.7 170.1 247.7 256.9 234.9 227.5

Tm /K

0.793 0.789 0.804 0.787 0.810 0.815 0.820 1.114 1.260 0.789 0.962

2.279 1.316 1.479 1.594 4.320 0.886 1.276 1.615 0.842 1.221 1.571 1.106

ρ /g cm−3

58.1 0.789

30.0 44.1 58.1 72.1 106.1

32.0 46.1 60.1 60.1 74.1 88.2 102.2 62.1 92.1 74.1 100.2

141.9 84.9 119.4 153.8 519.6 92.6 137.0 184.0 92.6 137.0 184.0 112.6

M /g mol−1

Decomposes


ρ /g cm−3

1.220 1.049 0.993 0.958 1.404 1.563 1.617 1.607 1.206 1.653 1.360 — — 1.266

60.1 123.1 94.1 180.2 342.3

1.320 1.203 1.076 1.562 1.580

88.1 0.900

78.5 1.104 59.1 1.159 102.1 1.082

46.0 60.1 74.1 88.1 94.5 128.9 163.4 75.1 90.1 90.0 146.1 158.2 166.1 122.1

72.1 0.805 98.1 0.948

M /g mol−1


dec

s l s s s

NH2CONH2 C6H5NO2 C6H5OH C6H12O6 C12H22O11

Liquid

l

CH3CO2CH2CH3

liq

l s l

CH3COCl CH3CONH2 (CH3CO)2O

Sublimes

l l l l s l s s l s s s s s

HCO2H CH3CO2H CH3CH2CO2H CH3CH2CH2CO2H ClCH2CO2H Cl2CHCO2H Cl3CCO2H NH2CH2CO2H CH3CHOHCO2H CO2HCO2H CO2H(CH2)4CO2H C6H5SO3H C6H4(CO2H)2 C6H5CO2H

sub

l l

CH3CH2COCH3 CH2(CH2)4CO

Butanone Cyclohexanone Carboxylic acids Methanoic (formic) Ethanoic (acetic) Propanoic Butanoic Chloroethanoic Dichloroethanoic Trichloroethanoic 1-Aminoethanoic (Glycine) 2-Hydroxypropanoic (lactic) Ethanedioic (oxalic) Hexanedioic (adipic) Benzenesulfonic Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic Benzoic (benzenecarboxylic) Carboxylic acid derivatives Ethanoyl chloride Ethanamide (acetamide) Ethanoic anhydride Esters Ethyl ethanoate Miscellaneous Carbamide (urea) Nitrobenzene Phenol Glucose Sucrose

St

Formula

Compound

408.1 278.8 316.1 423.1 458.0

189.6

161.1 355.4 200.0

281.5 289.7 252.3 268.6 336.1 286.6 331.1 535dec 326.1 — 426.0 338.1 Sub 395.3

186.8 256.7

Tm /K

dec 483.9 454.8 — —

350.2

324.0 494.3 412.7

373.7 391.0 414.1 438.6 460.9 467.1 470.6 — 376.1 430sub dec — 7573sub 522.0

352.7 428.7

Tb /K

−632.2 −3087.9 −3053.4 −2802.5 −5639.7

−2237.9

— −1184.6 −1794.2

−254.3 −874.1 −1527.2 −2183.3 −715.5 — −388.3 −981.1 −1343.9 −243.3 −2795.7 — −3189.3 −3227.0

∆H̳ /kJ mol−1 −2441.5 −3519.3

−332.9 +12.4 −165.0 −1273.3 −2226.1

−479.3

−272.9 −317.0 −637.2

−425.0 −484.5 −510.7 −533.9 — — −513.8 −528.6 −694.0 −829.5 −994.3 — −816.1 −384.9

∆H̲ /kJ mol−1 −275.7 −270.7

104.6 — — — —

—

200.8 — —

129.0 159.8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

Sʅ /J mol−1 K−1 — —

23

4.56 4.22 1.45 — —

1.78

2.45 3.44 2.80

1.52 1.74 1.74 — — — — — — — — — — 1.71

— —

p /D

Selected Inorganic Compounds: Physical and Thermochemical Data St ρ Tm Tb ∆H̲ Sʅ sub dhd

State: s solid, l liquid, g gas M Molar mass Density at 298 K or density of liquid at just below Tb for gases, unless otherwise indicated Melting temperature Boiling temperature (both at 1 atm unless otherwise stated) Standard molar enthalpy change of formation at 298 K Standard molar entropy at 298 K (the values of standard entropy of diatomic gaseous elements is for ½ mol of the element) Sublime dec Decomposes Dehydrated

Compound Aluminium AlCl3 AlBr3 Al2O3 Al(OH)3 Al(NO3)3.6H2O Al2(SO4)3 Barium BaCl2 BaO BaO2 Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 Ba(NO3)2 BaSO4 Bismuth BiCl3 BiOCl Boron B2H6 BF3 BCl3 B2O3 BN Caesium CsF CsCl CsBr CsI Calcium CaH2 CaF2 CaCl2 CaCl2.6H2O CaBr2 CaO Ca(OH)2 CaC2

24

St

M /g mol−1

ρ /g cm−3

Tm /K

Tb /K 2.5 atm

sub


−704.2 −527.2 −1675.7 −1287.4 −2850.5 −3440.8

110.7 163.2 50.9 85.4 467.8 239.3

−858.6 −553.5 −634.3 −944.7 −1216.3 −992.1 −1473.2

123.7 70.4 65.7 99.7 112.1 213.8 132.2

s s s s s s

133.3 266.7 102.0 78.0 321.1 342.1

2.44 — 3.97 2.42 — 2.71

463 371 2345 573 — 1043

s s s s s s s

208.2 153.3 169.3 171.3 197.3 261.3 233.4

3.91 5.72 4.96 4.50 4.43 3.24 4.50

1236 2191 723 681 1123 865 1853

s s

315.3 4.75 260.4 7.72

505 —

720 —

−379.1 −366.9

177.0 120.5

g g g s s

27.7 67.8 117.2 69.6 24.8

2.46 2.25

108 129 166 723 3300

181 173 286 2133 —

35.6 −1137.0 −403.7 −1272.8 −254.4

232.0 254.0 290.0 54.0 14.8

s s s s

151.9 168.4 212.8 259.8

4.11 3.99 4.44 4.51

955 918 909 899

1524 1563 1573 1553

−553.5 −443.0 −405.8 −346.6

92.8 101.2 113.1 123.1

s s s s s s s s

42.1 78.1 111.0 219.1 199.9 56.1 74.1 64.1

1.90 3.18 2.15 1.71 3.35 3.35 2.24 2.22

1089 1696 1055 303 1003 2887 853 720

−186.2 −1219.6 −795.8 −2607.9 −682.8 −635.1 −986.1 −59.8

42.0 68.9 104.6 284.9 130.0 39.7 83.4 69.9

0.45 2.99

dhd dec

1833 2273 1073 dec — dec —

dec

sub

in H

dhd

451 536 3253 — — —

∆H̲ /kJ mol−1

2

873 2773 1873 — 1083 3123 dec 2573

dec

dec


Compound

St

CaCO3 (calcite) Ca(NO3)2 CaSO4 CaSO4.½H2O CaSO4.2H2O Ca3(PO4)2 Carbon HCN C2N2 CS2 Chlorine Cl2O ClO2 Chromium CrCl3 CrO2Cl2 Cr2O3 Cr2(SO4)3.18H2O Cobalt CoCl2 CoCl2.6H2O CoO Co(OH)2 CoSO4 CoSO4.7H2O Copper CuCl CuCl2 CuI Cu2O CuO Cu(OH)2 Cu(NO3)2.6H2O Cu2S CuS CuSO4 CuSO4.5H2O Fluorine F2O Hydrogen HF HCl HBr HI HIO3 H2O H2O H2O2 HNO3 H2S H2SO4

s s s s s s

M /g mol−1 100.1 164.1 136.1 145.1 172.2 310.2

ρ /g cm−3 2.71 2.50 2.96 — 2.32 3.14

Tm /K 1612 834 1723 436 401 1943

1025atm

dhd dhd 1.5

Tb /K 1172 — — — 436 —

dec

dhd

l g l

27.0 0.70 52.0 — 76.1 1.26

259 245 162

299 252 319

g g

86.9 3.89273K 67.4 3.01214K

253 214

277 283

exp

1573 390 4273 —

sub

s l s s

158.3 154.9 152.0 716.4

2.76 1.91 5.21 1.70

1423 177 2538 373

s s s s s s

129.8 237.9 74.9 92.9 155.0 281.1

3.36 1.92 6.45 3.60 3.71 1.95

997 359 2078 dec 1008 370

s s s s s s s s s s s

99.0 134.4 190.4 143.1 79.5 97.6 295.6 159.1 95.6 159.6 249.7

4.14 3.39 5.62 6.0 6.40 3.37 2.07 5.6 4.6 3.60 2.28

703 893 878 1508 1599 dec 299.4 1373 376 473 383

54.0 1.9040 k

g g g g g s l g l l g l

20.0 36.5 80.9 127.9 175.9 18.0 18.0 34.0 63.0 34.1 98.1

0.99 1.64159K 2.77206K 2.85268K 4.63 1.00 — 1.44 1.50 1.54188K 1.84

dhd 12 in HCl

dec

dhd 3

dhd 4

1322 383 — — — 693 1763 1266 1563 2073 — — — — 493 923 423

dhd

dhd

dec dec

dec dec dhd

Sʅ /J mol−1 K−1 92.9 193.3 106.7 130.5 194.1 236.0

108.9 307.9 89.7

112.8 242.1 151.3

80.3 102.5

266.1 256.7

−556.5 −579.5 −1139.7 −8339.5

115.3 221.8 81.2 —

−312.5 −2115.4 −237.9 −539.7 −888.3 −2979.9

109.2 343.0 53.0 79.0 118.0 406.1

−137.2 −220.1 −67.7 −168.6 −157.3 −449.8 −2110.8 −79.0 −53.1 −771.4 −2279.6

86.2 108.1 96.7 93.1 42.6 75.0 — 120.9 66.5 109.0 300.4

49

128

−21.7

247.3

190 158 185 222 383 273 273 273 231 188 283

293 188 206 238 — 373 373 323 356 212 611

−271.1 −92.3 −36.4 26.5 −230.1 −285.8 −241.8 −187.8 −174.1 −20.6 −814.0

173.7 186.8 198.6 206.5 118.0 69.9 188.7 109.6 266.3 205.7 156.9

dec


exp

∆H̲ /kJ mol−1 −1206.9 −938.4 −1434.1 −1576.7 −2022.6 −4120.8

25

Compound

St

H3PO4 H3BO3 Iodine ICl ICl3 I2O5 Iron FeCl2 FeCl3 FeCl3.6H2O FeO Fe2O3 Fe3O4 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 FeCO3 FeS FeSO4.7H2O Fe2(SO4)3 Lead PbCl2 PbCl4 PbI2 PbO Pb3O4 PbO2 PbCO3 Pb(NO3)2 PbS PbSO4 PbCrO4 Pb(CH3CO2)2.3H2O Pb(C2H5)4 Lithium LiH LiF LiCl LiBr LiI Li2O LiOH Li2CO3 LiNO3 Li2SO4 LiAlH4 Magnesium MgCl2 MgCl2.6H2O MgO MgCO3 Mg3N2

26

s s

M ρ −1 /g mol /g cm−3 98.0 1.83 61.8 1.44

Tm /K 316 442

s s s

162.3 3.18 233.3 3.12 333.8 4.80

300 374 573

s s s s s s s s s s s s

126.7 162.2 270.3 71.8 159.7 231.5 89.9 106.8 115.8 87.9 278.0 399.9

3.16 2.90 — 5.7 5.24 5.18 3.4 — 3.8 4.74 1.90 3.10

945 579 310 1642 1838 1867 dec — dec 1468 337 753

s l s s s s s s s s s s l

278.1 349.0 461.0 223.2 685.6 239.2 267.2 331.2 239.2 303.2 323.2 379.3 323.4

5.85 3.18 6.16 9.53 9.1 9.37 6.6 4.53 7.5 6.2 6.12 2.55 1.66

774 258 675 1159 773 563 588 743 1387 1443 1117 348 137

s s s s s s s s s s s

7.9 25.9 42.4 86.8 133.8 29.9 23.9 73.9 68.9 109.9 37.9

0.82 2.64 2.07 3.46 4.08 2.01 1.46 2.11 2.38 2.22 0.92

953 1118 878 823 722 >1973 723 996 537 — 398

s s s s s

95.2 203.3 40.3 84.3 100.9

2.32 1.57 3.58 2.96 2.71

987 390 3125 623 1073

Tb /K 486 dhd½ 573dhd1½ 16 atm dec

dec

dec dec dec dec

dhd 1

dec

dec dec dec

371 350 —

dec

sub 588 dec 553-558 — — — — — — dec 363 dhd 6 — 1223 378 1127 1745 — — — — 1553 — dec 473 473 — 1949 1613 1538 1444 — 1197 1583 873 1118 — 1685 — 3873 1173 973

dec dec

dec dec dec

−CO dec

2

∆H̲ /kJ mol−1 −1279.0 −1094.3

Sʅ /J mol−1 K−1 110.5 88.8

−35.1 −89.5 −158.1

— 167.4 —

−341.8 −399.5 −2223.8 −271.9 −824.2 −1118.4 −569.0 −823.0 −740.6 −100.0 −3014.6 −2581.5

117.9 142.3 — 58.5 87.4 146.4 88.0 106.7 92.9 60.3 409.2 261.7

−359.4 −329.2 −175.5 −217.3 −718.4 −277.4 −700.0 −451.9 −100.4 −919.9 −899.6 −1851.5 52.7

136.0 — 174.8 68.7 211.3 68.6 131.0 213.0 91.2 148.6 152.7 — 472.5

−90.5 −616.0 −408.6 −351.2 −270.4 −597.9 −484.9 −1215.9 −483.1 −1436.5 −116.3

20.0 35.6 59.3 74.3 86.8 37.6 42.8 90.4 90.0 115.1 78.7

−641.3 −2499.0 −601.7 −1095.8 −460.7

89.6 366.1 26.9 65.7 90.0


Compound

St

Mg(NO3)2.6H2O MgSO4 MgSO4.7H2O Mg2Si Manganese MnO2 MnSO4 Mercury Hg2Cl2 HgCl2 HgS red Nickel NiCl2 NiSO4 NiSO4.7H2O Ni(CO)4 Nitrogen N2H4 N2O NO N2O3 NO2 N2O4 N2O5 Ammonia NH3 NH4Cl NH4Br NH4I NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 Oxygen O3 Phosphorus PH3 PCl3 PCl5 POCl3 P4O6 P4O10 Potassium KF KCl KClO3 KClO4 KBr KI KIO3 KIO4 K2O KO2

s s s s

M /g mol−1 256.4 120.4 246.5 76.7

ρ /g cm−3 1.64 2.66 1.68 1.94

Tm /K 362 1397 423 1375

dec dhd 6

s s

86.9 5.03 151.0 3.25

808 973

dec

s s s

472.1 7.15 271.5 5.44 232.6 8.10

673 549 857

sub

s s s l

129.6 154.8 280.9 170.7

3.55 3.68 1.95 1.32

l g g g g g s

32.0 44.0 30.0 76.0 46.0 92.0 108.0

1.01 1.98182 K 1.27123 K 1.45171 K 1.49262 K 1.45262 K 1.64

275 182 110 171 262 262 303

g s s s s s

17.0 53.5 97.9 144.9 80.0 132.1

0.77195K 1.53 2.43 2.51 1.72 1.77

195 613 725 824 443 508

48.0 2.1481K

g

1274 1121 372 248

sub

dec

Tb /K 603 — 473 — — 1123

sub sub dec

dec

1246 — 376 316

240 793 508 493 483 786

sub dhd 6

dec

dec

>1 atm vac vac >1 atm

Sʅ /J mol−1 K−1 452.0 91.6 372.0 75.0

−520.0 −1065.2

53.1 112.1

−265.2 −224.3 −58.2

192.5 146.0 82.4

−305.3 −872.9 −2976.3 −633.0

97.7 92.0 378.9 313.4

50.6 82.0 90.2 83.7 33.2 9.2 −41.3

121.2 219.7 210.7 312.2 240.0 304.2 178.2

−46.1 −314.4 −270.8 −201.4 −365.6 −1180.9

192.3 94.6 113.0 117.0 151.1 220.1

81

161

142.7

238.8

185 349 440 378 448 573

5.4 −319.7 −443.5 −597.1 −1640.1 −2984.0

210.1 217.1 166.5 222.5 — 228.9

−567.3 −436.7 −397.7 −432.8 −393.8 −327.9 −501.4 −467.2 −361.4 −284.9

66.6 82.6 143.1 151.0 95.9 106.3 151.5 176.0 — 116.7

g l s l s s

34.0 137.3 208.2 153.3 219.9 283.9

— 1.57 2.12 1.67 2.13 2.39

140 161 435 275 297 853

s s s s s s s s s s

58.1 74.6 122.5 138.5 119.0 166.0 214.0 230.0 94.2 71.1

2.48 1.98 2.32 2.52 2.75 3.13 3.93 3.62 2.32 2.14

1131 1043 629 883 1007 954 833 855 623 653

sub

>1 atm

sub

1778 1773 673 673 1708 1603 373 573 — dec


dhd

— 575 —

387 185 121 277 294 294 320 sub

dec

∆H̲ /kJ mol−1 −2613.3 −1284.9 −3388.7 −77.8

dec

sub

sub dec dec

dec dec

27

Compound

St

KOH K2CO3 KHCO3 KNO2 KNO3 KCN KCNS K2SO4 KMnO4 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 KAl(SO4)2.12H2O K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 Rubidium RbCl Silicon SiH4 SiCl4 SiO2 (quartz) Sodium NaH NaF NaCl NaClO3 NaClO4 NaBr NaI Na2O Na2O2 NaOH Na2CO3 Na2CO3.10H2O NaHCO3 NaNO2 NaNO3 Na2S Na2SO4 Na2SO4.10H2O NaHSO4 Na2S2O3 Na2S2O3.5H2O Na3PO4 Na2SiO3 (water glass)

s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

28

M /g mol−1 56.1 138.2 100.1 85.1 101.1 65.1 97.2 174.3 158.0 194.2 294.2 474.4 329.3 368.3

ρ /g cm−3 2.04 2.43 2.17 1.92 2.11 1.52 1.89 2.66 2.70 2.73 2.68 1.76 1.85 —

s

120.9 2.80

g l s

32.1 0.68188 K 169.9 1.48 60.1 2.65

s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

24.0 42.0 58.4 106.4 122.4 102.9 149.9 62.0 78.0 40.0 106.0 286.1 84.0 69.0 85.0 78.0 142.0 322.2 120.1 158.1 248.2 164.1 122.1

0.92 2.56 2.17 2.49 — 3.20 3.67 2.27 2.81 2.13 2.53 1.44 2.16 2.17 2.26 1.86 — 1.46 2.43 1.67 1.73 — 2.4

Tm /K 633 1164 373 713 607 908 446 1342 <513 1241 671 366 dec dec

dec

dec

Tb /K 1593 dec — dec 673 — 773 1962 — — 773 473 — —

dec dec

dec dhd

∆H̲ /kJ mol−1 −424.8 −1151.0 −963.2 −369.8 −494.6 −113.0 −200.2 −1437.8 −837.2 −1403.7 −2061.4 −6061.8 −249.8 −594.1

Sʅ /J mol−1 K−1 78.9 155.5 115.5 152.1 133.1 128.5 124.3 175.6 171.7 200.1 291.2 687.4 426.1 418.8

991

1663

−435.3

95.9

88 203 1883

161 331 2503

34.3 −687.0 −910.9

204.5 239.7 41.8

— 1968 1686 dec dec 1663 1577 — 930 1663 dec 306 — 593 653 — — 373 dec — 373 — —

−56.3 −573.6 −411.2 −365.8 −383.3 −361.1 −287.8 −414.2 −510.9 −425.6 −1130.7 −4081.3 −950.8 −358.7 −467.9 −364.8 −1387.1 −4327.3 −1125.5 −1123.0 −2607.9 −1917.4 −1554.9

40.0 51.5 72.1 123.4 142.3 86.8 98.5 75.1 95.0 64.5 135.0 564.0 101.7 103.8 116.5 83.7 149.6 592.0 113.0 155.0 372.4 173.8 113.8

1073 1266 1074 521-534 755 1020 934 1548 733 592 1124 306-8 543 544 580 1453 1157 306 588 — 313-318 — 1361

dec

dec

sub dec

dec

dec

dhd dec dec

dhd

dhd


Compound Sulphur SF4 SF6 SCl2 SOCl2 SO2Cl2 SO2 SO3 Tin SnCl2 SnCl4 SnO2 (cassiterite) Titanium TiO2 Xenon XeF2 XeF4 XeF6 XeO3 Uranium UF6 UO2(NO3)2 Vanadium VCl2 VCl3 VCl4 VO2 V2O5 Zinc ZnCl2 ZnO ZnCO3 Zn(NO3)2 ZnS (blende) ZnSO4

St

M /g mol−1

ρ /g cm−3

Tm /K

g g g l l g l

108.1 146.1 103.0 119.0 135.0 64.1 80.1

— 1.88223 K 1.62 1.66 1.67 1.43200 K 1.97

149 223 195 168 219 200 290

s l s

189.6 3.95 260.5 2.23 150.7 6.95

519 240 1903

925 387 2123

s

79.9 3.84

2103

4.3 4.1 — 4.6

Tb /K

∆H̲ /kJ mol−1


−774.9 −12.9.0 −19.7 −245.6 −394.1 −296.8 −441.0

291.9 291.7 282.2 307.9 216.7 248.1 95.6

−325.1 −511.3 −580.7

— 258.6 52.3

—

−939.7

49.9

413 387 319 dec

— — — —

−133.9 −261.5 −380.7 401.7

133.9 146.4 — —

338 —

329 —

−2112.9 −1377.4

379.7 276.1

−452.0 −580.7 −569.4 — −1550.6

97.1 131.0 255.2 — 131.0

−415.1 −348.3 −812.8 −483.7 −206.0 −982.8

111.5 43.6 82.4 — 65.3 119.7

m

233 209 332 352 342 263 318

s s s s

169.3 207.2 245.3 179.3

g s

352.0 4.68 394.0 —

s s l s s

121.8 157.3 192.8 82.9 181.9

3.23 3.00 1.82 4.34 3.36

— dec 245 2240 963

— — 422 — 2023

s s s s s s

136.3 319.2 125.4 189.4 97.4 161.4

2.91 4.74 4.40 — 4.10 3.54

556 719 573 — 1293 873

1005 897 — — — —

dec

dec

sub dec

sub

dec

1936sb301008S:\LT\PD\Support\GCE Chemistry Data booklet Issue 3.doc.1-35/0


29

The Periodic Table of the Elements

30


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Data Booklet -IAL chemistry

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