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HEGEL’S END-OF ART THESIS Arthur C. Danto © 1999.
"Art, con!#r# !n !t h!$h#t %ocat!on, ! an r#&a!n 'or u a th!n$ o' th# (at. Th#r#)* !t ha +ot 'or u $#nu!n# truth an +!'#, an ha rath#r )##n t ran'#rr# !nto our ideas !nt#a ideas !nt#a o' &a!nta!n!n$ !t !t #ar+!#r n#c#!t* !n r#a+!t* an occu(*!n$ !t h!$h#r (+ac#." 1 Th! ! th# &ot 'orc#'u+ o' H#$#+ &an* 'or&u+at!on o' hat # &a* #!$nat# h! En-o'-Art Th#!, Th#!, an !t a((#ar %#r* n#ar th# )#$!nn!n$ )#$!nn!n$ o' th# (u)+!h# %#r!on o' h! Lectures h! Lectures on Aesthetics - h! - h! Vorlesungen uber die Aesthetic Aesthetic - #+!%#r# 'or th# 'ourth an '!na+ t!&# !n th# !nt#r S#&#t#r S #&#t#r o' 1/0/, at th# n!%#r!t* o' 2#r+!n. Th# th#! ! o !ntr!cat#+* o%#n !nto th# t#3tur# o' H#$#+’ t#3t, ho#%#r, that !t &ut )# r#$ar# a a c#ntra+ an !n## a tructura+ '#atur# o' h! (h!+oo(h* o ' art, rath#r than a cr!t!ca+ obiter dictum r#$ar!n$ th# art o' h! t!&#. An !t a &uch a r## hat oth#r (h!+oo(h#r ha%# a! a)out art, a art !t#+'. O' cour# art !++ $o on )#!n$ &a#. Th#r# !++ )# art a't#r th# #n o' art. "Art can )# u# a a '+##t!n$ (+a*, a''or!n$ r#cr#at!on an #nt#rta!n&#nt, #corat!n$ our urroun!n$, $!%!n$ (+#aantn# to th# #3t#rna+ o' our +!'#, an &a4!n$ oth#r o)5#ct tan out )* art!t!c aorn&#nt. " 0 So un#rtoo, art !++ (+a* an* nu&)#r o' ro+# !n hat H#$#+ t#r& th# objective spirit o' o' a oc!#t* - th# *t#& o' &#an!n$ an (ract!c# that cont!tut# th# 'or& o' +!'# !t &#&)#r +!%#. 2ut H#$#+ a not (#a4!n$ o' a rt !n t#r& o' o)5#ct!%# (!r!t h#n h# a%anc# th# En-o'-Art Th#!. 6Th# un!%#ra+ n## 'or art7! &an’ rat!ona+ n## to +!'t th# !nn#r an out#r or+ !nto h! (!r!tua+ conc!oun# a an o)5#ct !n h!ch h# r#co$n!8# a$a!n h! on #+'. : That ! ! art’ 6h!$h#t %ocat!on, to h!ch a+on# th# En-o'-Art Th#! ha a((+!cat!on. So th# truth o'
th# th#! a con!t#nt !th art, an #%#n $r#at art, cont!nu!n$ to )# &a#. In th# E(!+o$u# to h! +#ctur#, Origins of the Work of Art ;19:<-:=>, ?art!n H#!#$$#r rot#@ Th# 5u$&#nt that H#$#+ (a# !n th## tat#&#nt cannot )# #%a# )* (o!nt!n$ out that !nc# H#$#+’ +#ctur#7# ha%# ##n &an* n# art or4 an art &o%#&#nt ar!#. H#$#+ ! not &#an to #n* th! (o!)!+!t*. Th# u#t!on, ho#%#r, r#&a!n@ ! art t!++ an ##nt!a+ an n#c#ar* a* !n h!ch truth that ! #c!!%# 'or our h!tor!ca+ #3!t#nc# ha((#n, or ! art no +on$#r o' th! charact#rB
H#!#$$#r !&(+!#, ron$+*, that #(!t# a c#ntur* o' art!t!c r#%o+ut!on, !t a t!++ too #ar+* to a* h#th#r th# En-o'-Art Th#! #r# tru#. It ! ron$ )#cau# th# Th#! &a4# no (r#!ct!on a to th# 'utur# o' art. It ! not (r!&ar!+* a th#! a)out art o &uch a a th#! r#$ar!n$ our r#+at!onh!( to !t. It ! a th#! a)out hu&an )#!n$, ho# (ro$r# !n #+'-un#rtan!n$ &#an that # can n#%#r a$a!n r#+at# to art a our ( r##c#or ! h#n !t 6a''or# that at!'act!on o' (!r!tua+ n## h!ch #ar+!#r a$# an nat!on ou$ht !n !t. < For u, art ! &#r#+* an o)5#ct o' !nt#++#ctua+ con!#rat!on 6an that not 'or th# (ur(o# o' cr#at!n$ art a$a!n, )ut 'or 4no!n$ (h!+oo(h!ca++* hat art !.= In##, a#th#t!c (r#occu(at!on !th tat#, a !n Hu&# or !n ant, t#t!'!# (r#c!#+* to th# 'act that th# o+#r r#+at!on to art ha )##n u(#rc##. 6Tat# ! !r#ct# on+* to th# #3t#rna+ ur'ac# on h!ch '##+!n$ (+a*, h# rot#. 6So-ca++# $oo tat#’ ta4# 'r!$ht at a++ th# ##(#r #''#ct o' art an ! !+#nt h#n #3t#rna+!t!# an !nc!#nta+ %an!h. Art ! no an o)5#ct 'or tu* an (h!+oo(h!ca+ ana+*!, )ut !t no +on$#r at!'!#, )* !t#+' a+on#, th# ##(#t n## o' th# (!r!t. # ha%# out$ron art, o to (#a4. I', th#n, th#r# #r# $o!n$ a$a!n to )# a &o&#nt h#n art r#$a!n# !t #ar+!#r (ur(o#, that ou+ not )# )#cau# o' th# 4!n o' art that ca&# a)out, )ut )#cau# # our#+%#
ha r#%#rt# to an #ar+!#r con!t!on. I' that were to ha((#n, # ou+ not )# a)+# to a* o' th# art !n u#t!on that !t a 6an ##nt!a+ an n#c#ar* a* !n h!ch truth that ! #c!!%# 'or our h!tor!ca+ #3!t#nc# ha((#n. It ! th# #n o' art (r#c!#+* h#n that u#t!on can )# #nt#rta!n#. Th# &o&#nt !t ! #nt#rta!n#, th# an#r ! c+#ar. h#n art r#a++* o# #3(r# th# 4!n o' truth !n u#t!on, no on #, !n th# (!r!t o' cu+tura+ or art!t!c cr!t!c!&, can on#r h#th#r !t o#. # cannot un o th# h!tor* o' &!n, h!ch ha )rou$ht u to our (r##nt !tuat!on. I u# th# or ?!n h#r# H#$#+ #&(+o*# th# or S(!r!t, or Geist . 6S(!r!t ! not a or to h!ch th# (!r!t o' th# En$+!h +an$ua$# ! #(#c!a++* ho(!ta)+#, corru(t# a th# or ha )##n )* occu+t (r#occu(at!on an N# A$# &#ta(h*!c. 2roa+* (#a4!n$, th# #'!n!n$ act!%!t* o' S(!r!t ! th!n4!n$. In th!, H#$#+ a %#r* c+o# to D#cart#, ho att#&(t# to (ro%# that h# a, ##nt!a++* an n#c#ar!+*, a th!n4!n$ )#!n$ an ens cogitans h#r# H#$#+ !''#r# 'ro& h! (r##c#or +a* !n th# 'act that h# a th!n4!n$ a ha%!n$ a h!tor*. Th# %ar!ou h!tor!ca+ (ha# o' art ar# (ha# o' thou$ht #3(r## a art. Art ! 6)orn o' th# (!r!t an )orn a$a!n/ h# rot#@ Aus dem Geiste geborene und wiedergeborene H#nc# art ! throu$h an throu$h a (rouct o' thou$ht, thou$h +!&!t# )* th# 'act that !t &ut #3(r# !t thou$ht )* #nuou &#an. The !nd-of-Art Th#! (roc+a!& our +!)#rat!on 'ro& ha%!n$ to '!n #nuou #u!%a+#nt 'or th# cont#nt o' thou$ht. Th!n4!n$ ha r!#n a)o%# an )#*on hat art ! ca(a)+# o'. Art )#+on$ to a +# #%o+%# &o# o' th!n4!n$ than hat th# &!n, not on+* !#a++* )ut actua++*, ! ca(a)+# o' an # '!n th! h!$h#r ca(a)!+!t* on+* !n (h!+oo(h*. H#$#+ !t!n$u!h# thr## &o# o' thou$ht, h!ch h# t#r& subjective" objective" and absolute spirit Su)5#ct!%# (!r!t corr#(on to D#cart#’ cogito to co$n!t!%# o(#rat!on o' th# &!n. Objective S(!r!t, )* contrat, ! thou$ht objectified , a !t !, 'or
#3a&(+# !n or4 o' art, or !n our (o+!t!ca+ !nt!tut!on, &ora+ co#, or 'or& o' 'a&!+* +!'#. It ! 'ro& th# (#r(#ct!%# o' o)5#ct!%# (!r!t that an* !nt!tut!ona+ th#or* o' art ! cr#!)+#. Th# u)5#ct!%# &!n o' th# art!t ! contra!n# )* th# o)5#ct!%# tructur# o' th# art or+. Art )#co&# a &att#r o' A)o+ut# S(!r!t h#n, hat#%#r oth#r ro+# !t &a* (+a*, !t o''#r, +!4# r#+!$!on an (h!+oo(h*, 6on# a* o' )r!n$!n$ to our &!n an #3(r#!n$ th# #ivine" th# ##(#t !nt#r#t o' &an4!n an th# &ot co&(r#h#n!%# truth o' th# (!r!t.
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It ! a a u(#rc## &o&#nt o' A)o+ut# S(!r!t that art ha co&# to
an #n. Art !++ no ou)t 6!nt#r(#r# !th !t (+#a!n$ 'or& #%#r*th!n$ 'ro& th# ar (a!nt o' a%a$# to th# (+#nor o' t#&(+# !th a++ th#!r r!ch# o' aorn&#nt. 1 2ut tra&&#+# )* !t #(#n#nc# u(on #nuou &#an, art ! !nca(a)+# o' ho!n$ (!r!t to !t#+' a (!r!t. R#+!$!on c+#ar+* 'a!+# to r#$!t#r th! +!&!tat!on, !nc# !t r#cru!t# art a a a* o' $!%!n$ !t !#a %!%! an $ra(h!c !&a$#@ Th# a%#nt o' art, !n a r#+!$!on t!++ !n th# )on o' #nuou #3t#rna+!t*, ho that uch r#+!$!on ! on th# #c+!n#. At th# %#r* t!&# !t ##& to $!%# r#+!$!on th# u(r#&# $+or!'!cat!on, #3(r#!on, an )r!++!anc*, !t ha +!'t# r#+!$!on o%#r !t +!&!tat!on72#aut!'u+ art, 'ro& !t !#, ha thu (#r'or&# th# a&# #r%!c# a (h!+oo(h*@ !t ha (ur!'!# th# (!r!t 'ro& !t thra++o&. 11 2ut philosoph$ ha +!'t# thou$ht o%#r art’ !n#ra!ca)+# +!&!tat!on. 6Art no +on$#r a''or that at!'act!on o' (!r!tua+ n## h!ch #ar+!#r a$# an nat!on ou$ht !n !t, an 'oun !n !t a+on#, a at!'act!on that, at +#at on th# (art o' r#+!$!on, a &ot !nt!&at#+* +!n4# !th art. 10 A+a, 6Th# )#aut!'u+ a* o' Gr##4 art, +!4# th# $o+#n a$# o' th# +at#r ?!+# A$#, ar# $on#. 1: Th# (!r!t o' our or+ toa*, or &or# (art!cu+ar+*, o' our r#+!$!on an th# #%#+o(&#nt o' our r#aon, a((#ar a )#*on th# ta$# at h!ch art ! th# u(r#&# &o# o' our 4no+#$# o' th# A)o+ut#. Th# (#cu+!ar natur# o' art!t!c
(rouct!on an o' or4 o' art no +on$#r '!++ our h!$h#t n##. # ha%# $ot )#*on %#n#rat!n$ or4 o' art a !%!n# an orh!(!n$ th#&, Th# !&(r#!on th#* &a4# ! o' a &or# r#'+#ct!%# 4!n, an hat th#* arou# !n u n## a h!$h#r touchton# an a !''#r#nt t#t. Thou$ht an r#'+#ct!on ha%# (r#a th#!r !n$ a)o%# '!n# art. 1
It &ut )# c+#ar 'ro& th! )ar#t o' out+!n# that th# En-o'-Art-Th#! ! *t#&at!ca++* conn#ct# !th th# ho+# o' H#$#+ thou$ht, an 'ar &or# +oo#+* conn#ct# !th th# actua+ h!tor* o' art than &a* ha%# )##n #%!#nt to h! cr!t!c. H# a Art a, o to (#a4, a ta$!n$ ar#a !n th# #(!c o' #+'-4no+#$#. Ha%!n$ #r%# that tran!t!ona+ )ut &o&#ntou #r%!c#, art &a* no +a(# )ac4 !nto th# #nt#rta!n&#nt an orna&#ntat!on o !&(ortant !n th# #nhanc#&#nt o' hu&an +!'#. Th# En-o'-Art th#! ! th# #'!n!n$ !#a o' H#$#+ (h!+oo(h* o' art, an h! (h!+oo(h* o' art ! th# h#art o' h! #nt!r# (h!+oo(h!ca+ *t#&. H# cou+ not ha%# )a# h! (h!+oo(h* o' art on an #&(!r!ca+ tu* o' art!t!c (ract!c#, a an art h!tor!an or a (*cho+o$!t o' art. For th## #&(!r!ca+ tu!# *!#+ no c+u# to art a a (ha# o' A)o+ut# S(!r!t. Th#r# ar# th# ##(#t !''#r#nc#, th#n, )#t##n th# En-o'-Art Th#! !n H#$#+, an !n !t %ar!ou 'or&u+at!on !n th# +at# t#nt!#th c#ntur* 1<, h#r# !t r#a++* o# #r%# a a u&&ar* 5u$&#nt on th# (r##nt con!t!on o' art. It ! not, !n $#n#ra+, toa* #nunc!at# a coro++ar* to a $r#at (h!+oo(h!ca+ *t#& +!4# H#$#+’, h!ch )r!n$ th# ho+# o' (!r!t !nto a tr#&#nou ho+#. h!+oo(h* !n th# +a t# t#nt!#th c#ntur* ou+ har+* )# r#$ar# a a''or!n$ 6that at!'act!on o' n## h!ch #ar+!#r nat!on ou$ht !n !t. It ro+# !n hu&an thou$ht ! a u#t!on &a r4, an !t r#c#nt h!tor* an a$on* o' #+'-cr!t!u#. ?or# than th!, th# !nt#++#ctua+ cont#3t !n h!ch th# #n o' art ! curr#nt+* ar## ! %#r* !''#r#nt 'ro& that a$a!nt h!ch H#$#+’ th#! &ut )# %!##.
A &a* ha%# )##n #n# 'ro& H#$#+’ contant #3a+tat!on o' (h!+oo(h* o%#r art, h! *t#& o' a#th#t!c ha a (o+#&!ca+ #$# To $#t a c+#ar#r #n# o' th!, +#t u turn to th# +at #ct!on o' art On# o' L#ctur# on A#th#t!c 6Th# En o' th# Ro&ant!c For& o' Art h#r# th# t#r& %omantic ta4# on a ou)+# &#an!n$. It r#'#r to on# o' th# $r#at ta$# throu$h h!ch art ha (a#, cu+&!nat!n$ (#rha( !n th# R#na!anc#. Th! ! 6ro&ant!c !n th# #n# o' on# o' th# *non*& 'or c#rta!n narrat!%# 6ro&anc#. 2ut !t a+o r#'#r to a #t o' (h!+oo(h!ca+ att!tu# that #'!n# G#r&an ro&ant!c (o#tr* an !n'+a&# G#r&an (o#t. Ro&ant!c!& h#+ that art ! superior to (h!+oo(h*. Th# En-o'art Th#! tran+at# !nto th# #n o' Ro&ant!c!& !n th! #n#. It o# o ) #cau# Ro&ant!c!&’ c+a!& to u(#r!or!t* r#t# on th# 'act that, un+!4# &#r# (h!+oo(h*, art (r##nt !t !#a !n #nuou 'or&. Th! a th# #'!n!n$ (o!t!on o' G#r&an Ro&ant!c!&, h!ch #3a+t# art an art!t !n th# +ar$#r ch#&# o' +!'#. 6It a (ro(o# to ho+ that !n art th# r#a+ r#+!$!on, th# truth, an th# A)o+ut# a to )# 'oun an that art to#r# a)o%# (h!+oo(h* )#cau# !t a not a)tract )ut conta!n# th # I#a !n th# r#a+ or+ a #++ an (r##nt# !t th#r# to concr#t# cont#&(+at!on an '##+!n$. 1= An* o' H#$#+’ au!tor !n 1/0/ ou+ ha%# h#ar, throu$h th## or, a charact#r!t!c thou$ht o' Fr!#r!ch Sch#++!n$, !n h!ch h# &a4# an !n%!!ou co&(ar!on )#t##n (h!+oo(h* an art.
h!+oo(h* as (h!+oo(h* can n#%#r )# un!%#ra++* %a+!. A)o+ut# o)5#ct!%!t* ! $!%#n to art a+on#. I' art ! #(r!%# o' o)5#ct!%!t*, on# &a* a*, !t c#a# to )# hat !t ! an )#co&# (h!+oo(h*J $!%# o)5#ct!%!t* to (h!+oo(h* an !t )#co&# art. h!+oo(h* to )# ur# r#ach# th# h!$h#t +#%#+, )ut !t )r!n$ on+*, a !t #r#, a 'ra$&#nt o' &an to th! (o!nt. Art )r!n$ the whole man" a h# !, to that (o!nt, na&#+* to a 4no+#$# o' th# h!$h#t o' a++, an n th! r#t th# #t#rna+ !''#r#nc# an th# &!rac+# o' art.1
. So&#th!n$ o' th! ort, H#$#+ ant to a*, &a* % #r* #++ ha%# )##n tru# at c#rta!n ta$# !n th# h!tor* o' S(!r!t. In## hat Sch#++!n$ &a* ha%# )##n #cr!)!n$ ou+ )# (r#c!#+* art "!n !t h!$h#t %ocat!on." 2ut !n th# (r##nt &o&#nt o' art H#$#+’ &o&#nt - th# r#+at!onh!( )#t##n (h!+oo(h* an art ! (r#c!#+* o((o!t# to Sch#++!n$ %!#. Each o' H#$#+’ thr## ta$# o' art *&)o+!c, c+a!ca+, an ro&ant!c !n%o+%# !''#r#nt 4!n o' r#+at!onh!( )#t##n th# %#h!c+# o' art an !t &#an!n$. It ! *&)o+!c h#n th#r# !, )#t##n th# to, on+* an 6a''!n!t*. It ! c+a!ca+ h#n th#r# ! !nt#a an !#nt!t*. It ! Ro&ant!c h#n o&# r#'#r#nc# to (!r!tua+ tat# ! th# )#t #3(+anat!on o' h* th# art a((#ar a !t o#. Th# #n o' art &#an th# +!)#rat!on o' th# art!t 'ro& an* uch #t o' contra!nt 62ona$# to a (art!cu+ar u)5#ct &att#r an a &o# o' (ortra*a+7 ar# 'or art!t toa* o&#th!n$ (at, an art ha th#r#'or# ha )#co&# a 'r## !ntru&#nt h!ch th# art!t can !#+7!n r#+at!onh!( to an* &at#r!a+ hat#%#r.1/ It ! aton!h!n$ that H#$#+ hou+ ## th# #n o' art !n hat ! !n #''#ct a tota+ (+ura+!&, thou$h h# cou+ not ha%# 'or###n th# 4!n o' (+ura+!& that #'!n# th# artor+ toa*. 6Toa*, h# r!t#, 6th#r# ! no &at#r!a+ that tan !n an 'or !t#+' a)o%# th! r#+at!%!t*. An* &at#r!a+, ha(# !n an* a*, can )# art 6on+* !' !t o# not contra!ct th# 'or&a+ +a o' )#!n$ !&(+* )#aut!'u+ an ca(a)+# o' art!t!c tr#at&#nt. 19 It ou+ aton!h H#$#+ that )#aut* ! no +on$#r r#$ar# a a 6'or&a+ +a o' art. 2ut oth#r!# th# ##( (+ura+!& o' art a a+r#a* o&#th!n$ h# un#rtoo. 6E%#r* 'or& an #%#r* &at#r!a+ ! no at th# #r%!c# an co&&an o' th# art!t ho# ta+#nt an $#n!u ! #3(+!c!t+* 'r## 'ro& th# #ar+!#r +!&!tat!on to on# (art!cu+ar art-'or&. 0 Th# art!t, to (ara(hra# a tunn!n$ thou$ht o' ?ar3 an En$#+, can o *&)o+!c art !n th# &orn!n$,
c+a!ca+ art at noon, ro&ant!c art !n th# a't#rnoon an th# (h!+oo(h* o' art !n th# #%#n!n$. Th# ho+# !nt#rna+ +o$!c o' th# h!tor* o' art cu+&!nat# !n an a)o+ut# art!t!c 'r##o&. 2ut art!t ar# no +on$#r, !n H#$#+ (h!+oo(h*, th# $r#at cu+tura+ h#ro# throu$h r#'#r#nc# to ho& Ro&ant!c!& #'!n# !t#+'. Th#!r #ra !n that ca(ac!t* ! !rr#%oca)+* o%#r. So th# En-o'-Art &ut )# un#rtoo !n t#r& o' to o((o# *t#& o' G#r&an thou$ht !n th# #ar+* n!n#t##nth c#ntur*, #ach o' h!ch #a+ !n !''#r#nt a* !th art an !nt#++#ct, an !th th# ro+# o' #ach !n t#r& o' hu&an un#rtan!n$. H#$#+ ! announc!n$ a n# a$# o' r#aon, !n h!ch thou$ht ! th# u)tanc# o' (!r!t. Th# o+# thou$ht h!ch (h!+oo(h* )r!n$ to th# tr#at&#nt o' h!tor* ! th# !&(+# conc#(t o' %eason@ that R#aon ! th# +a o' th# or+ an that th#r#'or#, !n or+ h!tor*, th!n$ ha%# co&# a)out rat!ona++*. 01
H!tor!ca++*, ho#%#r, th# Ro&ant!c!t conc#(t!on o' art an o' th# art!t!c $#n!u (ro%# !rr#!t!)+#, +on$ a't#r H#$#+’ (h!+oo(h* o' art !th#r# !nto a ut* to(!c 'or h!tor!an o' (h!+oo(h*. Th# Ro&ant!c!t %!!on o' art '+our!h# !n a$n#r an !n N!#t8ch#, !n th# Futur!t an th# A)tract E3(r#!on!t. It cont!nu# to #3#rt a (o#r'u+ attract!on on Aorno an th# Fran4'ort Schoo+. On+* +at# !n th# t#nt!#th c#ntur*, throu$h th# r#a+!8at!on !n art!t!c (ract!c# o' th# 'r##o& H#$#+ 'or#a, ! h! (h!+oo(h* o' art onc# a$a!n at th# c#nt#r o' a#th#t!c !cu!on.
1 &egel's Aesthetics( Lectures on )ine Arts Tran+at# )* T. ?. no3. O3'orJ Th# C+ar#non r#, 19<. 1. n+# oth#r!# !n!cat#, a++ r#'#r#nc# to H#$#+’ r!t!n$ ar# to th! u(#r) tran+at!on. 0 !)!., . : I)!. :1. ?art!n H#!#$$#r, 6Th# Or!$!n o' th# or4 o' Art. Tran+at!on )* A+)#rt Ho'tat#r. *hilosophies of Art and +eaut$( ,elected %eadings in Aesthetics from *lato to &eidegger E!t# )* A+)#rt Ho'tat#r an R!char uhn. N# Kor4J Th# ?o#rn L!)rar*, 19=. . < H#$#+, !)!., 1. =
I)!., 11.
H#$#+, !)!. :. / I)!., 0. 9 I)!., . 1 I)!., :. 11 &egel's *hilosoph$ of ind *art Three of the !nc$clopedia of *hilosophical ,cience E!t# )* .N. F!n+a*. Tran+at# )* T. 09=-09. 10 &egel's Aesthetics" 1. 1: I)!. 1 I)!. 1< Han 2#+t!n$, The !nd of Art &istor$. Ch!ca$oJ n!%#r!t* o' Ch!ca$o r#, 199T. Arthur C Danto, After the !nd of Art( /ontremporar$ Art and the *ale of &istor$ r!nc#tonJ !nc#ton n!%#r!t* r#, 199. 1= I)!., =0/-=09. 1 Fr!#r!ch Sch#++!n$, 6S*t#& o' Tranc#n#nta+ I#a+!&0*hilosophies of Art and +eaut$ :-:<. 1/ I)!., =<. 19 I)!. 0 I)!., ==. 01 H#$#+. %eason in &istor$( A General 1ntroduction to the *hilosoph$ of &istor$ Tran+at# )* Ro)#rt S. Hart&an. N# Kor4J L!)#ra+ Art r#, 19<:. 11.
