D7386-16

Designation: D7386 − 16

Standard Practice for

Performance Testing of Packages for Single Parcel Delivery Systems1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7386; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of  original origin al adoption or, in the case of revis revision, ion, the year of last revision. revision. A number in paren parenthese thesess indicates the year of last reappr reapproval. oval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

D5487  Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded ContainD5487 Test ers by Shock Machines D6179 Test D6179  Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates D6344 Test D6344  Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport Packages D6653 Test Metho Methods ds for Determining the Ef Effects fects of High Altitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum Method

1. Sco Scope pe 1.1 This practice practice provides a uniform uniform basis of evaluating, in a laboratory, the ability of shipping units, weighing up to but not exceeding 150 lb (68 kg), intended for the single parcel delivery system to withstand the hazards associated with the distribution environment. This is accomplished by subjecting them to a test plan consistin consisting g of a seq sequen uence ce of anticipate anticipated d hazard elements encountered in the distribution cycles. This practice is not intended to supplant material specifications or existing pre-shipment test procedures.

3. Terminology 3.1   Definitions— General General definitions for the packaging and distribution environments are found in Terminology  D996  D996..

1.2 The suitabilit suitability y of thi thiss pra practic cticee for use with hazardou hazardouss materials has not been determined.

3.2  Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.1   acceptance criteria— the the acceptable quality level that must be met after the shipping unit has been subjected to the test plan. See Section 7.

1.3 The values stated in inch-poun inch-pound d units are to be regar regarded ded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

3.2.2   assurance level— the the level of test intensity based on its probability of occurring in a typical shipment.

1.4   This standar standard d doe doess not purport purport to add addre ress ss all of the safet sa fetyy co conc ncer erns ns,, if an anyy, as asso socia ciated ted wit with h it itss us use. e. It is th thee responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro priate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.1 1.1..

3.2.3   hazard spec ecifi ificc ev even entt th that at oc occu curs rs in a hazard elemen element—  t— a sp shipme ship ment nt th that at ma may y po pose se a ha haza zard rd to a sh ship ippi ping ng un unit. it. The element will usually be simulated by a single test schedule. See Section 9. 3.2.4   shipping unit— the the smallest complete unit that will be subject sub jected ed to the dis distri tribut bution ion env enviro ironme nment, nt, for exa exampl mple, e, a shipping container and its contents.

2. Referenc Referenced ed Documents Documents 2.1   ASTM Standards: 2 D951 Test D951  Test Method for Water Resistance of Shipping Containers by Spray Method D996 Terminology D996  Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments D4332 Practic Practicee for Condi Conditionin tioning g Contain Containers, ers, Packag Packages, es, or Packaging Components for Testing D5265 Test D5265  Test Method for Bridge Impact Testing

3.2.5   single parcel delivery system— distribution distribution carrier that transp tra nsport ortss pac packag kages es weig weighin hing g up to 150 lb thr throug ough h gro ground und and/or air transport systems. 3.2.6   test plan— a specific listing of the test sequence to be followed to simulate the hazards anticipated during the distributio bu tion n cy cycle cle of a sh ship ippi ping ng un unit. it. In Inclu clude ded d wi will ll be th thee tes testt intensity and number of sequential tests to be conducted. See 8.1.. 8.1 3.2.7   test sch t he sp speci ecific fic pr proc oced edur uree to be us used ed,, schedu edule—  le— the including the three assurance level intensities (if applicable), and an d a re refe fere renc ncee to th thee tes testt me meth thod od that is th thee ba basi siss of th thee schedule.

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This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 Committee  D10 on  on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 Subcommittee  D10.21 on  on Shipping Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods. Curren Cur rentt edi edition tion app approve roved d Apr April il 1, 201 2016. 6. Pub Publis lished hed Jun Junee 201 2016. 6. Ori Origin ginall ally y approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D7386 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/D7386-16. 2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For  Annual Book of ASTM  Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.

3.2.8   unitizing bag— a bag made of a poly material, measuring approximately 39 by 27 in. (991 by 686 mm), used to contain and transport several small sized packages and envelopes.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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D7386 − 16 4. Sign Significan ificance ce and Use 4.1 This pra practic cticee pro provid vides es a gui guide de for the eva evalua luatio tion n of  shippi shi pping ng uni units ts in acc accord ordanc ancee wit with h a uni unifor form m sys system tem,, usi using ng establis esta blished hed test meth methods ods at lev levels els rep repres resent entativ ativee of tho those se occurring in actual distribution. The recommended test levels aree ba ar base sed d on av avail ailab able le in info form rmati ation on on th thee sh ship ippi ping ng an and d handling environment, and current industry/government practice and experience. The tests should be performed sequentially on th thee sa same me co cont ntai aine ners rs in th thee or orde derr gi give ven. n. Fo Forr us usee as a performance test, this practice requires that the shipping unit tested remain unopened until the sequence of tests are complet pl eted ed.. If us used ed fo forr ot othe herr pu purp rpos oses es,, su such ch as pa pack ckag agee development, it may be useful to open and inspect shipping units uni ts at var variou iouss time timess thr throug oughou houtt the seq sequen uence. ce. Thi Thiss may may,, howeve how ever, r, pro prohib hibit it eva evaluat luating ing the infl influen uence ce of the con contain tainer er closuree on contain closur container er perfo performanc rmance. e.

FIG. 1 Members of Sacks and Bags

(1)  Three express envelopes from a carrier such as USPS, FedEx, or UPS, each filled with 25 sheets of copy paper. (2)  One padded mailer measuring 10.5 by 14.0 in. (267 by 356 mm) filled with 50 sheets of copy paper. (3)  One padded mailer measuring 12.5 by 15.0 in. (317 by 381 mm) filled with 50 sheets of copy paper. (4)  One each of the following box sizes in the following table are constructed from single wall 32 ECT or 200 bursting test corrugated fiberboard, with all void space filled with paper, sand, foam, etc. to achieve the specified weight and to prevent shifting of the dummy packages.

5. Test Specimen 5.1 Test Test spe specim cimens ens con consist sist of rep repres resent entativ ativee sam sample pless of  complete shipp complete shipping ing units, including actual conten contents. ts. Prod Products ucts with blemishes or minor defects may be used if the defective component is not to be studied by the test and if the defect is documented in the report. Dummy or simulated test loads are acceptable if testing the actual product might be hazardous. If  a dummy load is used, it should be instrumented to determine if the fragility level of the actual product has been exceeded. Take car caree to dup duplica licate te the loa load d cha charact racteri eristic sticss of the actu actual al product, and to avoid unnecessary handling.

Box Si z e 8 by 5 by 2 in. (203 by 127 by 51 mm) 9 by 6 by 2 in. (229 by 152 by 51 mm) 11 by 11 by 4 in. (279 by 279 by 102 mm) 11 by 8 by 4 in. (279 by 203 by 102 mm) 7 by 6 by 4 in. (179 by 152 by 102 mm) 12 by 12 by 3 in. (305 by 305 by 76 mm) 8 by 8 by 8 in. (203 by 203 by 203 mm) 6 by 6 by 6 in. (152 by 152 by 152 mm) 10 by 5 by 5 in. (254 by 127 by 127 mm)

5.2 Car Caree mus mustt be taken to ens ensure ure that no deg degrad radatio ation n has occu oc curr rred ed to ei eith ther er th thee pr prod oduc uctt or th thee pa pack ckag agee if th thee tes testt packages have been shipped to the test site. If any doubt exists as to the condition of the package, repack the product in new packaging packag ing materia materiall befor beforee testing testing..

Specified Weight 1 lb (0.4 kg) 1 lb (0.4 kg) 2 lb (0.9 kg) 2 lb (0.9 kg) 4 lb (1.8 kg) 4 lb (1.8 kg) 10 lb (4.5 kg) 2 lb (0.9 kg ) 2 lb (0.9 kg)

5.4.2   Rectangular Containers— The The procedure for identification of the members (faces, edges, and corners) of rectangular containers as shown in  Fig. 2 shall 2  shall be as follows: 5.4.2.1 5.4.2 .1 Place the container container in its most stable riding riding orientation tio n wi with th on onee of th thee sm small alles estt fa faces ces directl directly y in fr fron ontt of th thee observer. 5.4.2. 5.4 .2.2 2 Lab Label el the sur surfac facee tha thatt is facing up as Face 1. 5.4.2.3 5.4.2 .3 Label the right right side as Face 2. 5.4.2.4 5.4.2 .4 Label the bottom bottom as Face 3. 5.4.2. 5.4 .2.5 5 Lab Label el the left side as Face 4. 5.4.2.6 5.4.2 .6 Label the end nearest nearest the observer as Face 5. 5.4.2.7 5.4.2 .7 Label the end farthest from the observer observer as Face 6. 5.4.3   Cylindrical Containers— The The procedure for identification tio n of the members members (to (top, p, bot bottom tom,, sid sidewal ewall, l, and chimes) chimes) of  cylindrical containers as shown in  Fig. 3  shall be as follows: 5.4.3.1 5.4.3 .1 Place the container in its intended shipping shipping position. position. 5.4.3. 5.4 .3.2 2 Lab Label el the sur surfac facee tha thatt is facing up as Face 1.

5.3 The number of test replications replications depends depends on the desired obje ob jecti ctive vess of th thee tes testin ting g an and d th thee av avai ailab labili ility ty of du dupl plic icate ate products and shipping containers. Replicate testing is recommended to improve the reliability of the test results. 5.4 Ident Identificatio ification n of Packag Packagee Test Specim Specimen en Member Members: s: 5.4.1   Small Contai Containers ners Bagg Bagged ed for Tr Transp ansport ort by Carrier, Small pac packag kaged ed pro produc ducts ts (sm (smalle allerr tha than n Sack Sa ckss an and d Ba Bags gs—  — Small 800 in.3 (13 110 cc) and less than 10 lb (4.5 kg) and the longest dimension of the package is 14 in. (356 mm) or less) shipped through throu gh the single package environment environment are traditi traditionally onally unitized with other pac packag kageded-pro produc ducts ts in tra transp nsport ort bag bagss by the parcel delivery carriers. The procedure for the identification of  the mem member berss of ‘pa ‘packa ckaged ged-pr -produ oducts cts defi defined ned as test sam sample ple TS-1’ (bags and sacks) as shown in  Fig. 1 shall 1  shall be as follows: 5.4.1.1 5.4.1 .1 With the empty unitizing unitizing bag laying flat: (1) Label the surface that is facing up as Face 1. (2) Turn the bag over and mark the opposite face as Face 3. (3) Label the opening of the bag as Face 2. (4) Label the opposite end of Face 2 as Face 4. (5) Label one of the side faces as Face 5. (6) Label the opposite side face as Face 6. 5.4.1.2 5.4.1 .2 Place the test specimen in the center of the unitizing unitizing bag along with the following:

FIG. 2 Member Members s of Rectan Rectangular gular Containers Containers

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D7386 − 16 Criterion 1— Product Product is damage-free. Criterion 2— Package Package is intact intact.. Criterion 3— Both Both criteria 1 and 2.

7.2.1 Often Often,, this means that the shipp shipping ing container container and its contents are suitable for normal sale and use at the completion of the test cycle. Detailed acceptance criteria may allow for accepting specified damage to a product or its package. The form and content of acceptance criteria may vary widely, in accordance with the particular situation. Methods may range from simple pass-f pass-fail ail judgm judgments ents to highly quantitative quantitative scoring or analysis systems.

FIG. 3 Member Members s of Cylind Cylindrical rical Containers Containers

8. Hazard Hazard Elem Elements ents and Test Schedules Schedules for Single Parcel Parcel Shipments

5.4.3.3 Tur 5.4.3.3 Turn n the contai container ner over and label the opposite side (bottom) as Face 3. 5.4.3.4 5.4.3 .4 Draw two perpendicular perpendicular lines lines across the diameter of  the container on Faces 1 and 3. Connect the lines so there are four equidistant lines on the sidewall of the container. 5.4.3.5 5.4.3 .5 Label the line to the observer’s observer’s right as Face 2. 5.4.3.6 5.4.3 .6 Label the line on the observer’s observer’s left as Face 4. 5.4.3.7 5.4.3 .7 Label the line nearest the observer observer as Face 5. 5.4.3.8 5.4.3 .8 Label the line farthest farthest from the observer as Face 6.

8.1 The Hazard Elements Elements and Test Test Sch Schedu edules les are cate categogorized as follows: S c h ed u l e A

6. Condi Conditioni tioning ng 6.1 Condu Conduct ct the test at standard conditions conditions and compensate compensate for the effects of any climatic condition. Condition containers in accordance with Practice  D4332   and document the actual conditions used. A conditioning period of 72 h, or sufficient timee to re tim reach ach eq equi uilib libri rium um of all pa part rtss of th thee pa pack ckag agee an and d produc pro ductt is rec recomm ommend ended. ed. Tests sho should uld be con conduc ducted ted in the conditioned condit ioned atmosphere atmosphere when whenever ever possible. If not possib possible, le, conduct the tests as soon after removal from the conditioning atmosphere as practicable. Recondition the shipping units to the standard atmosphere as necessary during the test plan.

D

Hazard Element Handli Hand ling ng—m —man anua uall an and d automated Vibration

I J K L M N

I m pa c t , s t ab i l i t y Im p a c t , s ta b i l i ty Low pressure Impacts, punctures Im p a c ts Drops

Test Drop, impact Vibration and Vibration under load Bridged impact Hazard impact High altitude Concentrated impacts Tip-over impacts Rotational edge drops

S e c ti o n 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

9. Pro Procedu cedure re 9.1 Describe Describe shi shippi pping ng uni unitt in ter terms ms of size, wei weight ght,, and form of construction. See  3.2.6  3.2.6..  Use the following criteria to define the package test sample(s). 9.1.1 Is the test specimen smaller smaller than 800 in. 3 (13 110 cc) AND less than 10 lb (4.5 kg) AND the longest dimension dimension of the package is 14 in. (356 mm) or less AND the carrier unitizes small and light shipping units in a bag with other small and light shipping units? 9.1.1.1 9.1.1 .1 If Yes, Yes, the test specim specimen en is define defined d as TS-1. 9.1.1.2 9.1.1 .2 If No, proceed proceed to 9.1.2 to  9.1.2.. 9.1. 9. 1.2 2 Is th thee te test st sp spec ecim imen en’’s sh shor orte test st di dime mens nsio ion n 8 in in.. (203 mm) or less, AND the next shortest dimension is four (4) or mor moree time timess lar larger ger than the sho shorte rtest st dim dimens ension ion AND the cubi cu bicc vo volu lume me of th thee pa pack ckag agee is mo more re th than an 80 800 0 in in.. 3 (13 110 cc)? 9.1.2.1 9.1.2 .1 If Yes, Yes, the test specim specimen en is define defined d as TS-2. 9.1.2.2 9.1.2 .2 If No, proceed proceed to 9.1.3 to  9.1.3.. 9.1.3 9.1 .3 Is th thee tes testt sp speci ecimen men’’s lon longe gest st dim dimen ensio sion n 36 in. (914 mm) or more AND both the other dimensions dimensions are 20 % or less of that of the longest dimension? 9.1.3.1 9.1.3 .1 If Yes, Yes, the test specim specimen en is define defined d as TS-3. 9.1.3.2 9.1.3 .2 If No, the test specimen is defined as TS-4. TS-4. 9.1.4 9.1 .4 See flow chart chart in Fig. in  Fig. 4 for 4  for description and examples for package description and type determination.

6.2 In some circumstances circumstances,, it may be necessary to conduct conduct some or all of the tests at special climatic conditions, such as those given in Practice D4332 Practice  D4332,,  or Test Method D951 Method  D951,,  or others (salt, spray, water immersion, humidity, or temperature). The same climatic condition should be used for any assurance level. A condition conditioning ing period period of 24 h, or suf suffficie icient nt time to rea reach ch equilibrium of all parts of the package and product is recommended. Tests should be conducted in the conditioned atmosphere whenever possible. If not possible, conduct the tests as soon so on af after ter re remo mova vall fr from om th thee co cond nditi ition onin ing g at atmo mosp sphe here re as practicable. Recondition the shipping units as necessary during the test plan. 7. Acceptance Criteria 7.1 Accep Acceptance tance criteria must be established prior prior to testing and should consider the required condition of the product at receipt. The organizations conducting the test may choose any acceptance criteria suitable for their purpose. It is advisable to compare the type and quantity of damage that occurred to the test specimens specimens with the dam damage age tha thatt occ occurs urs during during actu actual al distribution and handling or with test results of similar containers whose shipping history is known.

9.2   Determi Acceptance criteria Determine ne Acce Accepta ptance nce Crit Criteria eria—  — Acceptance are related to the desired condition of the product and package at the end of the distribution cycle. See Section 7. 9.3   Write P repar aree a te test st pl plan an by us usin ing g th thee Write Test Pla Plan—  n— Prep sequence seque nce presen presented ted in in Table  Table 1 for 1  for the test specimen defined in 8.1.. 8.1

7.2 In ma 7.2 many ny ca case ses, s, th thee ac acce cept ptan ance ce cr crit iter eria ia ca can n be th thee following:

9.4  Select Samples for Test— See See Section 5. 3

D7386 − 16

FIG. 4 Shipping Unit Description TABLE 1 Test Plan Schedule

NOTE   1—Precondition samples in accordance with Section 6 Section 6  of this practice. Test Specimen TS-1 TS-1 TS-2 TS-3 TS-4

 

Description

Smalll pa Smal pack ckag aged ed-p -pro rodu duct cts s ba bagg gged ed fo forr tr tran ansp spor ortt Large flat packaged products Long narrow packaged products All other packaged-products

Performance Test Schedule Sequence (see Section 8 Section 8)) 1s t

2n d

3rd

4t h

5 th

6 th

7t h

8t h

9 th

1 0 th

A1A A1 A1 A1

D2B  D1 D1 D1

KA,C  KC  KC  KC 

A4B  A2 A2 A2

D3A M M D3

A3A N N A3

J I L

D3 D3

A3 A3

L L

A

IMPORTANT—Test specimen must be removed from unitizing bag before conducting test. Test specimen must be placed in the unitizing bag before performing performing test. C  DO NOT use if package and/or product are not affected by pressure change. B 

9.5   Condition Samples— See See Section 6.

9.7   Evaluate Results— Evaluate Evaluate results to determine if the shipping units meet the acceptance criteria. See Section 7.

9.6   Perform Tests— Perform Perform tests as directed in reference ASTM st ASTM stan anda dard rdss an and d as fu furth rther er mo modi difie fied d in th thee sp spec ecial ial instructions for each test schedule.

9.8   Document Test Results Document nt test res result ultss by reResults—  — Docume porting each step. See Section 18 18..

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D7386 − 16 9.9   Monitor Shipments— When When possible, obtain feedback by monitoring shipments of the container that was tested to ensure that the type and quantity of damage obtained by the laboratory testing correlates with the damage that occurs in the distribution cycle. This information is very useful for the planning of  subsequent tests of similar shipping containers.

11. Sche Schedule dule D (D1, D2, and D3)— D3)—Vi Vibrati bration on 11.1 The test levels and test methods methods for these test schedules aree in ar inte tend nded ed to de deter termi mine ne th thee ab abili ility ty of sh ship ippi ping ng un units its to withstand withst and the vibra vibration tion conditions conditions that exist in the distrib distribution ution enviro env ironme nment nt and the dyn dynamic amic com compre pressi ssive ve for forces ces res result ulting ing from mixed commodity loads in a trailer. The test levels and methods account for the magnitude, frequency range, duration, and dir directi ection on of vib vibrati ration. on. If mor moree det detaile ailed d inf inform ormatio ation n is available on the transport vibration environment or the damage hist hi stor ory y of th thee sh ship ippi ping ng un unit, it, it is re reco comm mmen ende ded d th that at th thee following vibration procedure be modified to use such information.

10. Sched Schedule ule A (A1, A2, A3, and A4)—Handl A4)—Handling ing 10.1   Handling— The The test levels and the test method for this schedule of the distribution cycle are intended to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand the hazards occurring during transport, such as loading, unloading, stacking, sorting, pickup, and delivery. The main hazards from these operations are sho shocks cks cau caused sed by imp impacts acts with oth other er pac packag kages es or sol solid id objects and/or free-fall drops. Size, weight, and shape of the shipping unit will affect the intensity of these hazards. Two test method options are permitted, free fall and simulated drop test using shock machines. machines. While the two method methodss produce similar results, the shock machine method produces more control of  orientations of impact; see Test Method D5487 Method  D5487 for  for limitations of the shock machine method. 10.1.1 For purposes of this procedure, the bottom of a parcel is th thee su surf rfac acee on wh whic ich h th thee pa parc rcel el re rest stss in its most st stab able le orient ori entatio ation n and is not dep depend endent ent upo upon n lab label el or ori orient entatio ation n arrows (see 5.4 5.4)). 10.1.2 10. 1.2 Reco Recommen mmended ded dro drop p hei height ghts, s, num number ber of dro drops, ps, the sequence of drops, and the shipping unit orientation at impact for each test schedule sequence are shown in  Table 2. 2.

11.2   Schedule Schedule D1—V D1—Vibratio ibration n Under Compr Compressive essive Load Load—  —  For all shipping units except for bagged. 11.2.1 11 .2.1 A compr compressive essive load load is to be placed on the top surface surface of the test specimen during each sequence of the vibration test to simulate a mixed commodities load on top of the shipping unit during transport. 11.2.2 11 .2.2 Calcula Calculate te the compressive compressive load for each of the three testing orientations using the formula in   11.2.3  and distribute the load evenly over the entire surface of the parcel. NOTE  1—To prevent unnecessary damage to the test sample due to the calculated calcul ated wei weight ght shi shifti fting ng and and/or /or bou bounci ncing ng dur during ing the vib vibrat ration ion,, it is permissible to secure the weight to the sample. This can be performed with the use of several lightly wrapped layers of the stretch film. Side supports can also be used as long as they do not affect the compressive performance of the test sample.

11.2.3   Compressive Load Calculation:

TABLE 2 Recommended Drop Test Sequence and Drop Heights Sequence A1 Orientation E dg e 3– 4 E dg e 3– 6 Corner 3–4–6 Face 3 Corner 2–3–5 E dg e 4– 6

20 20 20 20 26 26

A .L . I in. (508 in. (508 in. (508 in. (508 in. (660 in. (660

26 26 20 20 20 20

A .L . I in. (660 in. (660 in. (508 in. (508 in. (508 in. (508

Orientation E dg e 2– 3 Corner 2–3–6 E dg e 2– 5 E dg e 3– 5 Corner 3–4–5 Face 1 Orientation E dg e 1– 2 Corner 1–4–6 E dg e 3– 4 E dg e 3– 6 Corner 3–4–6 Face 3

Orientation Face 3 Face 1 Face 2 Face 6 Face 4 Face 3

mm) mm) mm) mm) mm) mm)

mm) mm) mm) mm) mm) mm)

14 14 14 14 20 20

1-70 lb A .L . II in. (356 mm) in. (356 mm) in. (356 mm) in. (356 mm) in. (508 mm) in. (508 mm)

20 20 14 14 14 14

1-70 lb A .L . II in. (508 mm) in. (508 mm) in. (356 mm) in. (356 mm) in. (356 mm) in. (356 mm)

1-70 lb A .L . I A .L . II 20 in. (508 mm) 14 in. (356 mm) 20 in. (508 mm) 14 in. (356 mm) 26 in. (660 mm) 20 in. (508 mm) 26 in. (660 mm) 20 in. (508 mm) 26 in. (660 mm) 20 in. (508 mm) 38 in. (965 mm) 32 in. (813 mm) Sequence A4 (for bagged smalls only) Drop Height 14 in. (356 mm) 14 in. (356 mm) 14 in. (356 mm) 20 in. (508 mm) 20 in. (508 mm) 32 in. (813 mm)

12 12 12 12 16 16

A .L . III in. (305 mm) in. (305 mm) in. (305 mm) in. (305 mm) in. (406 mm) in. (406 mm) Sequence A2

A .L . III 16 in. (406.4 mm) 16 in. (406.4 mm) 12 in. (305 mm) 12 in. (305 mm) 12 in. (305 mm) 12 in. (305 mm) Sequence A3

12 12 16 16 16 20

A .L . III in. (305 mm) in. (305 mm) in. (406 mm) in. (406 mm) in. (406 mm) in. (508 mm)

5

16 16 16 16 20 20

A. L. I in. (406 in. (406 in. (406 in. (406 in. (508 in. (508

mm) mm) mm) mm) mm) mm)

A. L. I 20 in. (508 mm) 20 in. (508 mm) 16 in. (406.4 mm) 16 in. (406.4 mm) 16 in. (406.4 mm) 16 in. (406.4 mm)

16 16 20 20 20 26

A. L. I in. (406 in. (406 in. (508 in. (508 in. (508 in. (660

mm) mm) mm) mm) mm) mm)

71-150 lb A. L. I I 12 in. (305 mm) 12 in. (305 mm) 12 in. (305 mm) 12 in. (305 mm) 16 in. (406 mm) 16 in. (406 mm)

A .L . I II 8 in. (203 mm) 8 in. (203 mm) 8 in. (203 mm) 8 in. (203 mm) 12 in. (305 mm) 12 in. (305 mm)

71-150 lb A. L. I I 16 in. (406.4 mm) 16 in. (406.4 mm) 12 in. (305 mm) 12 in. (305 mm) 12 in. (305 mm) 12 in. (305 mm)

A .L . I II 12 in. (305 mm) 12 in. (305 mm) 8 in. (203 mm) 8 in. (203 mm) 8 in. (203 mm) 8 in. (203 mm)

71-150 lb A. L. I I 12 in. (305 mm) 12 in. (305 mm) 16 in. (406 mm) 16 in. (406 mm) 16 in. (406 mm) 24 in. (610 mm)

A .L . I II 8 in. (203 mm) 8 in. (203 mm) 12 in. (305 mm) 12 in. (305 mm) 12 in. (305 mm) 20 in. (508 mm)

D7386 − 16  L 5  Mf 3 J  3 ~~ l 3 w 3 h ! / K  K ! 3 ~~ H  2 h ! / h ! 3 F 

11.3.1 Place the test specimen unitizing 11.3.1 unitizing bag on the center of  the vibration table with Face 1 or 3 in the down orientation. Place another unitizing bag, which is filled with 80 lb (37 kg) of sand (recommend using ten individual 8-lb (3.6 kg) bags of  sand), distributed evenly on top of the test specimen. 11.3.2 11 .3.2 Perfor Perform m tes testt for 30 min usi using ng the rec recomm ommend ended ed intensity for the random test in  11.5  11.5.. 11.3.3 11 .3.3 Rotate the unitizing unitizing bag 90° so Face 2 or 4 is in the down dow n ori orient entatio ation n the then n rep reposi osition tion the sec second ond uni unitizi tizing ng bag loaded with 80 lb (37 kg) on top of the test specimen. 11.3.4 11 .3.4 Perfor Perform m tes testt for 30 min usi using ng the rec recomm ommend ended ed intensity for the random test in  11.5  11.5..

(1 )

where: = minimu minimum m requi required red tes testt load load = lb lb (N), (N),  L shipp ppin ing g ca carrgo den ensi sity ty fa fact ctor or = 12 12.0 .0 lb lb/f /ftt 3  Mf    = shi (192.22 (192 .22 kg ⁄ m 3), = con conver versio sion n factor factor = 1 lbf per per lb (9.8 (9.8 N/kg N/kg), ),  J  = len length gth of shi shippi pping ng uni unitt = in. (m) (m),, l = wid width th of of shipp shipping ing uni unitt = in. in. (m), (m), w conversion rsion factor = 1728 in.3 /ft3 (1 m3 /1 m3), K  = conve maximu imum m stack stack height height = 108. 108.0 0 in. (2.7 (2.74 4 m),  H  = max = hei height ght of of shipp shipping ing unit unit as as tested tested = in. in. (m), (m), and and h 0.5.. F  = 0.5 11.2.3.1 Use the calculated compressive load, rounded up to the nearest whole number, unless one of the following conditions exists: (1) If the compressive load calculation is less than 25 lb (11.3 kg), do not use a compressive load during the vibration test. (2) If the compressive load calculation is more than 300 lb (137 kg), use 300 lb as the compressive load for the vibration testing. 11.2 1.2.4 .4 Per Perfor form m the test with Face 1 or 3 dow down n for 60 min, Face 2 or 4 down for 30 min and Face 5 or 6 down for 30 min. 11.2.5 11 .2.5 Recomm Recommended ended intensity intensity for the rando random m test is given in 11.5 in  11.5..

11.4  Schedule D3—Vibration Without a Compressive Load: 11.4.1 11 .4.1 Center test specimen specimen on vibration table with Face 3 of the test specimen in the down orientation. Perform test for 30 min using the random vibration profile provided in  11.6  11.6..

11.3   Schedule Schedule D2—V D2—Vibrati ibration on Under Compr Compressive essive Load—  For  small  shipping units bagged for transport (TS-1).

11.6   D3—Rand D3—Random om Vibrati ibration on Test—Pi est—Pick-up ck-up and Delivery Vehicle:

11.5   D1 and D2—Random Vibration Test—Over the Road  Trailer: 11.5.1   Special Instru The pow power er spe spectra ctrall den densiti sities es Instructions ctions—  — The shown sho wn in   Fig. Fig. 5, as de defin fined ed by th thei eirr mo mode de of tr tran ansp spor ort, t, frequency and amplitude breakpoints, and test durations are recommended recomm ended in in 11.2.4  11.2.4 and and 11.3.4  11.3.4..  See  Note 2. 2. NOTE   2—See Bibliography items (3) and (4) for source of technical rationale for psd profile.

Power Spectral Density Level, g2 /Hz 0 .0 0 0 7 0 .0 2 0 .0 2 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 4 0 .0 0 4 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 0. 00 00 04 0. 53

Frequency Hz 1 3 5 7 12 15 24 28 36 42 75 20 0 Overall, g rms

FIG. 5 Power Spectral Densities—Over Densities—Over the Road Trailer Trailer

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D7386 − 16 11.6.1   Special Instru The pow power er spe spectr ctral al den densiti sities es Instructions ctions—  — The show sh own n in   Fig. Fig. 6,   as de defin fined ed by th their eir mo mode de of tr tran ansp spor ort, t, frequency frequ ency and amplitu amplitude de break breakpoint points, s, and test durati durations ons are recommended in  11.4.1  11.4.1.. See See Note  Note 2. 2.

that a majority of package to package impacts occur from an angle edge. Therefore, this test should be performed with the angle edge of the impacting missile. This is different from the method described in Test Method  D5265  D5265..

12. Sched Schedule ule I—Bridge I—Bridge Impac Impactt

13. Sche Schedule dule J—Hazard J—Hazard Drop

12.1 This test method method is intended to determine determine the capability capability of a long package with a narrow cross-section to resist impact near its center when the package is supported only at its ends. This Th is me meth thod od al allo lows ws th thee op oper erato atorr to se selec lectt fr from om tw two o tes testt options: option s: Option A emplo employs ys the use of a free-fall drop tester, tester, and Option Opt ion B emp employ loyss the use of simu simulate lated d mec mechan hanical ical imp impact act testing equipment (SMITE). The two procedures are designed to im impa part rt th thee sa same me am amou ount nt of ki kine netic tic en ener ergy gy at im impa pact; ct; therefore each procedure yields the same damage producing potential.

13.1 The test levels and test met 13.1 method hodss for this schedule schedule is intended to determine the ability of shipping units to withstand impacts to the center of large flat faces. 13.2   Option A—Free-Fall Drop Tester: 13.2.1   Impactor— Composed Composed of hardwood, with a mass of  9.0 6 0.4 lb (4.1 6 0.2 kgw) and dimensions of 12 × 12 × 12 in. (300 × 300 × 300 mm). The impactor shall have at least one bottom edge covered by angle iron. The box shall be filled with the specified weight and void fill to keep the weight in place. 13.2.2 13. 2.2 Plac Placee the test specimen specimen on a rig rigid id surface surface such as steel or concrete so that one of the largest faces is facing up. Find Fi nd th thee ge geom ometr etric ic cen center ter of th thee bo box. x. Dr Draw aw a pe penc ncil il lin linee parallel to the longest dimension on the face and across the midpoint of the shortest dimension of the face—this identifies the center of the large face. 13.2.3 13.2. 3 Positio Position n the impactor above the drop table or sling it suitably so that the following conditions are met: 13.2.3.1 13.2. 3.1 The edge of the impacto impactorr strikes the center of the package, as identified above. 13.2.3 13. 2.3.2 .2 The bottom bottom edg edgee of the impactor impactor is the required required drop dro p hei height ght above the upp upper er sur surfac facee of the package package bein being g tested.

12.2 Materia Materials ls shipped in long, narrow packages packages are liable to damage as a result of impact near their midpoint when only the ends are supported. This type of damage can occur during shipment of packaging of mixed dimensions. It is particularly prevalent during conveyer line transport and sortation. This test method meth od pro provid vides es a mea means ns of det determ erminin ining g res resista istance nce to suc such h damage. 12.3   Test Method  D5265 Method  D5265:: 12.3.1   Special T his me meth thod od is de desi sign gned ed to Special Instru Instructions ctions—  — This simul sim ulat atee a pa pack ckag agee of sp spec ecific ific we weig ight ht imp impact actin ing g an anot othe herr package with an equivalent force of 12 ft-lb (16.3 J). Studies of  the shipping environment environment being simulat simulated ed here have shown

Power Spectral Density Level, g2 /Hz 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 3 5 0 .0 3 5 0 .0 0 0 3 0. 00 0 3 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0. 00 0 1 0. 00 0 1 0 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 0 0 5 0. 46

Frequency Hz 1 3 4 7 13 15 24 29 50 70 10 0 20 0 Overall, g rms

FIG. 6 Power Spectral Densities—Pick-u Densities—Pick-up p and Delivery Veh Vehicle icle

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D7386 − 16 TABLE 3 Bridge Impact Testing Data

test duration and pressure levels may be modified based on knowledge of the shipping environment, product value, desired damage level acceptances, or other criteria as described in Test Method D6653 Method  D6653..

Option A—Free-Fall Method Drop Height of Missile, 9.0 lb (4.1 kg) 16.0 in. (406 mm) Drop Height of Missile, 50 lb (22.68 kg) 4.5 in. (114.3 mm)

Vi

Kinetic Energy

111 in./s (2.8 m/s) Option B—SMITE

12 ft-lb (16.3 J)

Vi

Kinetic Energy

58.94 in./s (1.49 m/s)

18.75 ft-lb (25.4 J)

15. Schedule L—Concentrated L—Concentrated Impacts Impacts 15.1 15. 1 The test method method is intended intended to eva evalua luate te the abi ability lity of  packaging packag ing to res resist ist the for force ce of con concen centra trated ted imp impacts acts fro from m outside sources, such as those encountered in various modes of  transportation and handling. These impacts may be inflicted by adja ad jacen centt fr frei eigh ghtt jo jost stlin ling g ag again ainst st th thee pa pack ckag agee in a ca carr rrie ierr vehicle, by accidental bumps against other freight when loaded or unloaded from vehicles, by packages bumping against one another during sorting on conveyors or chutes, or many other circumstances.

13.2 13 .2.4 .4 Drop Drop th thee imp impact actor or fr from om a fr free ee-f -fal alll dr drop op he heig ight ht sufficie suff icient nt to pro produc ducee a spe specifi cified ed imp impact act vel veloci ocity ty.. Reco Recommmended impact velocities are provided in 13.2.6 in  13.2.6.. Due to energy conservation, the potential energy before drop is equal to the kinetic energy at impact. 13.2.5 13.2. 5 Equate an impact velocity to a free-fall drop height, height, or vice versa, as follows:

15.2   Test Method  D6344:   D6344 : 15.2.1 15.2. 1 This test method covers procedures procedures and equipm equipment ent for testing complete filled transp transport ort packages for resista resistance nce against concentrated low-level impacts typical to those encountered ter ed in the sin single gle parcel shipping shipping environme environment. nt. The tes testt is most appropriate appropriate for packages such as thin fluted/lighter fluted/lighter grade corrugated boxes. 15.2.2 15.2. 2 This test method is intended to determine determine the ability of packaging to protect contents from such impacts, and to evalua eva luate te if the there re is suf suffficie icient nt clea clearan rance ce or sup suppor portt or bot both h between the package wall and its contents. 15.2.3   Special Instr ertical ical fall dis distanc tancee of the Instruction uctions—  s— Vert impacting mass shall be 36 in. (914.4 mm). The test should be conducted on the geometric center of any face of the shipping container where there is possibility of the mass deflecting the contain con tainer er wall suf suffficie iciently ntly tha thatt the mass will dam damage age the surface of the packaged item. It is acceptable to impact the center of a taped seam instead of the geometric center of a face.

~ solving for free 2 fall drop height! V  5 =2  gh ~ solving for impact velocity!

h 5 V i 2 /2 g i

where: free-fall all drop heigh height, t, in.(m) in.(m),, h = free-f measured ed impact impact velocity velocity,, in./s (m/s), (m/s), and V i = measur acceleration ation due due to gravity gravity,, 386 in./s in./s (9.8 (9.8 m/s) g = acceler 13.2.6 13.2. 6 See   Table 4   for recommended drop heights of impactor. 14. Sched Schedule ule K—High Altitude Altitude 14.1 14 .1 Th Thee te test st lev level elss an and d te test st met metho hods ds fo forr th this is se secti ction on is intended to determ intended determine ine the ef effects fects of press pressure ure differential differential when packaged products are transported via certain modes of transportt (su por (such ch as fee feeder der air aircra craft ft or gro ground und over hig high h mou mounta ntain in passes). The results of the tests are intended to be used for qualitative purposes.

16. Schedule M—Tip Over Test Test 16.1   Test Methods  D6179  (Method G): 16.1 16 .1.1 .1 Use a ca case se or cr crate ate fu full lly y lo load aded ed wi with th th thee ac actu tual al contents. If use of actual contents is not practical, a dummy load of the same total mass, size, and weight distribution may be substituted. The contents or simulated load shall be blocked, braced, and cushioned in place and the package closed normally as for shipment. 16.1.2 16.1. 2 Place the test item in the predetermined predetermined attitude attitude on the impact surface (such as standing on its base or one of its smaller faces) faces).. 16.1 16 .1.3 .3 Th Thee tes testt ite item m sh shal alll be slo slowl wly y ti tipp pped ed un until til it fa falls lls freel fr eely y wi with thou outt th thru rust st on onto to th thee fa face ce op oppo posi site te th that at of lo load ad application. 16.1.4 16.1. 4 Examin Examinee the test item and record any external external signs of damage. 16.1 16 .1.5 .5 Rep Repea eatt th thee tes testt wit with h th thee tes testt ite item m st stan andi ding ng on on,, or impacting onto other appropriate faces. In the case of tall test items, the repeat tests shall be carried out with the test item standing standi ng on its normal base and toppli toppling ng onto each side face in turn (see Fig. (see  Fig. 7). 7). In the case of flat test items (or tall test items where the normal base is not defined), the tests shall be carried out with the test item standing on each smaller face in turn and impacting onto each of the larger faces.

14.2   Test Method  D6653 Method  D6653:: 14.2.1 14.2. 1 This test should be includ included ed for products and packages that could be sensitive to a low pressure environment, for exampl exa mple, e, se seale aled d flex flexib ible le no nonn-po poro rous us pac packag kages es,, liq liquid uid containers, or porous packages that may be packed in such a manner as to be adversely affected by low pressure environments. This test may be deleted from the DC when testing shippi shi pping ng uni units ts con contain tain pri primar mary y pac packag kages es that hav havee a por porous ous material (porous packaging material is defined in Terminology F1327). 14.2.2 14. 2.2 Test Test the pac packag kages es to the exp expecte ected d alti altitud tudee lev levels els encountered during shipment. If these are not known precisely, use levels recommended by Test Method  D6653  of pressure equivalent to 14 000 ft (4267 m) for a period of 60 min. The TABLE 4 Hazard Drop Testing Data Option A—Free-Fall Method Drop Height of Missile, 9.0 lb (4.1 kg) 16.0 in. (406 mm)

Vi

Kinetic Energy

111 in./s (2.8 m/s)

12 ft-lb (16.3 J)

8

D7386 − 16

Stand on Face 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Tilt over Edge 1– 5 2– 5 3– 5 4– 5 1– 6 2– 6 3– 6 4– 6

Topple onto Face 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6

FIG. 7 Test Sequence for Flat Cases and Crates

17. Schedule N—Rotational Edge Drop Test Test Gross Weight

17.1   Test Methods  D6179   (Method A): 17.1.1 17. 1.1 Rais Raisee one end of the case or crate and set it upo upon na timber or other support, placed at right angles to the length of  the case or crate. The height of the support shall be sufficient to ensure that there will be no support for the base between the ends of the test item when dropping takes place, but should not be high enough to cause the test item to slide on the support when the drop end is raised for the drop. Raise the other end of  the test item successively to prescribed heights and release to fall freely on the impact surface. Where test items are tall or top heavy, provision must be made to prevent the test item from tipping over after the drop is made. 17.1.2 17.1. 2 Perfo Perform rm one rotational edge drop from each opposite opposite supported edge. 17.1.3 17.1. 3 Use the following drop drop heights:

Drop Height (in.) Assurance Levels I II III

0–100 0–10 0 lb lb (0– (0–45 45.4 .4 kg kg)) 24 in in.. (61 (610 0 mm) mm) 101–15 101 –150 0 lb lb (45. (45.4–6 4–68 8 kg) kg) 12 in. (30 (305 5 mm) mm)

18 in in.. (45 (457 7 mm) mm) 12 in in.. (30 (305 5 mm) mm) 9 in. in. (22 (229 9 mm) mm) 6 iin. n. (12 (127 7 mm) mm)

18. Repo Report rt 18.1 Rep 18.1 Report ort fully all the steps taken. taken. At a min minimu imum, m, the report should include: 18.1.1 18.1. 1 Referen Reference ce to this practice, practice, 18.1.2 18.1. 2 Descrip Description tion of product and shipping unit, 18.1.3 18.1. 3 Packag Packagee test specim specimen en and test plan, 18.1.4 18.1. 4 Assur Assurance ance levels and rationale, 18.1.5 18.1. 5 Numbe Numberr of sample sampless tested, 18.1.6 18.1. 6 Condit Conditioning ioning used, 18.1.7 18.1. 7 Accepta Acceptance nce criteria, 18.1.8 18.1. 8 Vi Vibratio bration n option used, rando random m or sine,

9

D7386 − 16 18.1.9 Random 18.1.9 Random vib vibrat ration ion pow power er spe spectr ctral al den density sity plo plot, t, if  used, 18.1.10 Variation from recommended procedures, 18.1.11 18.1. 11 Condi Condition tion of specimens after test, 18.1.12 18.1. 12 Party performing performing testing, and 18.1.13 18.1. 13 Testing facility used.

20. Keyw Keywords ords 20.1 compr compression ession test; distribution distribution cycle; distrib distribution ution environment; drop test; mechanical handling; package; package test specimen; specim en; packag packaging; ing; rando random m vibra vibration; tion; shipp shipping ing contai container; ner; shipping unit; single parcel; vibration

19. Pre Precisi cision on and Bias 19.1 The precision and bias of this practic practicee are dependent dependent on th thos osee of th thee va vari riou ouss tes testt me meth thod odss us used ed,, an and d can canno nott be expressly determined.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (1)   Singh, S. P., Newsham, M. D., and Pierce, S., “Distribution, Parcel Labels Pose Challenges for Drop Orientation,”  Packaging Technology and Engineering,  Vol 8, No. 4, 1999. (2)   Newsha Newsham, m, M., Pie Pierce rce,, S. S.,, and Sin Singh, gh, S. P., “Me “Measu asurem rement ent and Analys Ana lysis is of the Dis Distri tribut bution ion Env Enviro ironme nment nt (MA (MADE) DE),” ,” Eve Evelyn lyn Gilmore, August 1999. (3) Singh, S. P., Burgess, Burgess, G., Singh, J., and Kremmer, M., “Measurement and Analysis of the Next-day Air Shipping Environment for Midsized and Lightweight Packages for DHL, FedEx, and United Parcel Service,”  Packaging Technology and Science, John Wiley and Sons, Vol 19, 2006, www.interscience.wiley.com.

(4)  Singh, S. P., Burgess, G., and Hays, Z., “Measurement and Analysis of the UPS Ground Ground Shi Shippi pping ng Env Enviro ironme nment nt for Lar Large ge and Hea Heavy vy Packages,”  JTEVA, Vol 29, ASTM, 2001. (5)   Singh Singh,, J., Sin Singh, gh, S. P., Bur Burges gess, s, G., Sah Saha, a, K. K.,, “Me “Measu asurem rement ent,, Analysis and Comparison of the Parcel Shipping Shock and Drop Enviro Env ironme nment nt of Uni United ted Sta States tes Pos Postal tal Ser Servic vicee wit with h Com Commer mercial cial Carriers,”  JTEVA, Vol 35, July 2007. (6)  Singh, P., Burgess, G., Singh, J., Kremer, M. , “Measurement and Analysis of the Next-day Air Shipping Environment for Mid-sized and Lig Lightw htweigh eightt Pac Packag kages es for DHL DHL,, Fed FedEx Ex and Uni United ted Par Parcel cel Service,”  JPTS , Vol 19, Issue 4, pp. 227–235, July/August 2006.

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